Section 16 Physical Introduction ‘This section contains a number of charts, correla- tons, and discussions concerning the physical prop- fetties of hydrocarbons and related compounds. Fig. 1641 is a table of physical constants of a number of hydrocarbon compounds, other common chemicals, and some common gases. Fig. 16-2 is an fabridgement of GPA Publication 2145, an official industry standard that is widely referenced in con tracts for custody transfer and other commercial purposes. ‘These two tables are followed by correlations on compressibility of gases. Additional correlations fol Tow on hydrocarbon fluid densities, boiling points, ASTM distillation, critical properties, acentric factors, ‘Yapor pressures, viscosity, thermal conductivity, sur face tension, and gross heating Value of natural gases Compressibility of gases PRESSURE- VOLUME-TEMPERATURE. In dealing with gases at low pressure, the ideal ga relationship has been, and is, a convenient and gen- rally satisfactory tool, But when faced with messure- ments and caleulations for gases under high pressure the use of the ideal gas relationship may lead to errors as great as 500%, as compared with 2 or 3% at atmospheric pressure. Many equations of state which have been proposed for representing the pressure-volume-temperature Felationship of gases are complicated and inconven lent in practical use. The compressibility factor is reasonably convenient and sufficiently accurate for many engineering requirements, It corresponds to a multiplying correction factor (Z) by which the vol- lume computed from the ideal gas equation is con- Verted to the correct acival volume, PV = ZNRT P = pressure, psia V = volume, cu ft Z = compressibility factor N = No.of Ib moles, or pound mols, or Tb/molecular wt R = gas constant, 10.73 for all gases, (psia-fe'/°R- Ib mol) absolute temperature, (459.67 + °F) Properties ‘The compressibility factor Z is a dimensionless factor independent of the extent or weight of the gas fand determined. by the character of the gas, the tem- perature, and pressure. Once Z is known’ or deter Tnined, the calculation of pressure-temperature-volume Felationshipa may be made with as much ease at high pressure at at low pressure ‘The equation used to calculate gas density is: MP 10.73 TZ Where: be = gas density, Ib/eu ft M_ = molecular weight Other symbols described above Since molecular weight, pressure, and tempera ture are get by process considerations, it is necessary to determine compressibility factor Z to obtain gas density. ‘According to the theorem of corresponding states e deviation of any’ actual gas from the ideal gas law is the same for different gases when at the same corresponding state, The same corresponding states are found at the same fraction of the absolute erit- ical temperature and pressure, which are known as the Reduced temperature, Ty Reduced pressure, P, = P/P. Te Where: ‘T. = absolute critical temperature P = absolute critical pressure T = absolute temperature at which the gas exists P = absolute pressure at which the gas exists Any units of temperature or pressure may be used provided only that the same absolute units be used for ‘Tas for T. and for P as P.. GASEOUS MIXTURES Fig, 16-3 represents the compressibility factor as 8 function of pseudo reduced pressure and pseudo 16-1 ev. 1974FIG. 16-1 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF HYDROCARBONS”?! [See Note No. 1 z aT 1 Sacer | | | t . io | E “ 2 Io} compound | | 2 fq i ig a = 2 | 2 | a8 Ee ze | = ; | 3 i 28 ie 5a i E é 2 & $ io & 1] Methane. CHe 16.043 | ~258.74128) | (5000.) 206.454 | 6678 0.0988 2| Eine Eh, | bre | =tarae"?| aan) wore ores 3} Provera ing | tour | “2a | Bs. oie oor? | mute Gut | seize | “Sisz | ‘tse 5507 ogra | souane Sis | Serge | fore | Fea 5253 ogre | menace Cots | 72157 | 9991 | 8075 ase6 674 5] Repent Sear | is | senr | das oe 679 | Nespertae Snr | Rt | Sto | Bee sea Br 9] ntexane Gora | 28.178 | 15573 “4360 2389 9.0687 18) Sah Eshg | 838 | ous 3383 3 8882 ie esis | a8ize | tase Ses 3 682 8 rit | Serre | tsier Sass 3 868 131 B80teevoviane | estes | Seve | 13830 oe 33 Sees 4] spine Erttre p 190208 | 208 e201 Zee 0.0600 Fe piss | 188808 | Peas 22% Be 8869 48| Suemviacane | Eris | WSadee | 78 28 Bt 83648 17] Setibeenane | crane | too-205 | 20028 2orm pire 8868 1g] 220 !memvigentne| Ernie | tooaes | foes Sie 033 85 19) 24Dmemnigertene | Cire | 100.208 | 176.8 ase ao | 88868 26| 330imetnvpertane | Cyr, | 100208 | 1861 ine an 8.82 | Trotane too206 |_17758 ams toa S3e8 Bal noetane raza | 25021 osm70 x08 | 96810 | o0s00 | Bikcbury 114232 | 23640 14017 3608 su0s1 | 0.0676 3a| fcoeans 123% | Hoes 170093 ges | Sieas | Soesr 351 wonane ieee | Sate otra Bis | gest |ceeee 3B] nDecune Vieee | See So600 gia} Gere’ [coco FF) eycoperane Wiss | 2088 ease B33 | BIS [eater 28) Wempevelopancane acter | Tee os $83 | doje | Goeor 33) Cyconotane Beles | Sorat 33s Boa | See" feat 30] Memlevlanexane Sates | 237 ote kee | 8h |ceeor 31] Eshane Ethylene 23054 | ~194 7909] “3.470 | 9313 ase [oars 3] Fessenietetin Bt | BB are | | Bi | S58 | Beas 33] Saree acne seioe | “Gor | “Beto | ? | : 3 (No zg i ge] 2 | EL | 2 _[ suilbt : 22 5 32 | BS], af : e3.| # ER | EEE] | aus ee Bas 5 3. 5.22) oo as Bz Es £ Ee [3s oar [ear nes [oie em — Tt Baten | 28ton 12Sbo | S2:do [8Sees foanse | 2 an | EBA fin | Soa [oscar fossse, | 3 Gee | Sark Sm | 40 [O01 [oseeran | ees | Se5e Sues [0'007 [oseoial | 8 oss | 5281 2797 [ogee fossa | 6 cee — | 206, ; cseecs | are 4 ogesn | 5598 3 cee | 388 Seem | 8597 See ES essa | 5738 Sess | Saat a O%eea | Base SS Saree | Sasa = Sere | 38a = Seer | S87 = Seo | S901 = 07070 | sae osee; | o7ea* Sao00 | Sate eee | Seoee | Soe cont | — are | 8019 auase | — oyu | San casot | — Sioa | 886 aisaes | caeat ore | 8288 aizaes | 2 Sree | Saat Same | — Siro | 8383 ofc | = gam | sae foamed S588 | SER Set | 3358 earn atom | $08qn | Ease jinn [eovoml 3 Beer | Fem [ii See [babi Seo | Sage | Eon, |"Stme | Soamue ogzra | Szz08 | 3220" |raath logon Seaot | 8300 | Stir" [ivr jooomee oss | — f= | — | — Saas | 737 | 7395 1059 focooes Sane | 7369 | 7380 [1288 [Scone Serr | ter | 73a Jiast [ooooee Siees6| Sore| 2397 [ozvesloaria |x Sener | 738 | 73a Jia [Seco tess| Sra | 030 Zevaloaer [és sams 138 | 73m ines [Sonne Gees | Sere | 88 [ogres oaose | 48 Saese | 738 | 328 fiat [Soooee eess| Sere 2820 [oreo |oaees | 47 Serre | rae | 73a8 (133: (Gomer 3200] Saag S00 [ogres loarse | aa Seon (488 LTS [leah [Scones ithe | $484 | 2285 [o2srs eacer | 38 0.7963 6.699 | 6830 | 4.826 Jo.ooces 7083] 11.843 | 78.61 [osz29oses3 | 60 Sanam | REBrmiaey | ORO | 828d OO? loser: | age" | 2° (ozan2 se |B Saivek | Stamey | aoe | Sas | — etas| ‘Sis | sazer (Btomo| — (83 Sharm | Sama) 880% | $4584 | — 1588] 1288 | SE288 8278 [a saenian) 2 Same” |S Behecde |sfaak" | Sagan | 21%5| "2388 | 3.5m o.1aza [ove] 9617) | s1aah=ic0] 5.120" | 229] — | o2s7e | ogseerao Josaso| 2228 i171 ]oepe7|1.12x.90 | se SSezmiany | 338m 719) S22") oem | | S| Saeco” |SS000| 38 a2 |" |a2se0|' 2 | 5p Garo | dsssimsn| — | 339m) — |-oaiow |8086 loaeaelieezs| — [Baer] — [82 ‘azimios)| Sszzmcsar | — | S3eom| — |"dx00 | Saoasc0 |ttoee|'rrase | — azise] — | 9 acca (a8 tegen | — | Srerm| — | oogr2 | oase7” logera| taser] — laze] — [60 tage" am”? gen | Sarak | — | oors7 |tasersitisel2eeat| 'Sas2 | eaas fatigy| — [gr oqo |'a'asr | |'aa0 | 3340, foccooe | okae | iSa0| ata8 1986 foseer|s007 | 62 Ofasiom | Yoatomtaal| = | Saggm| =m | 9. | rooasieo) fosaar| dase |'—— {1920 |" Jes asim Tro | room | ena” jocooss | O.rza2_| SP [f2688| To:aae | 726 josgoe| — [es Rev 1974 1978 fey. 1981PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF HYDROCARBONS'””! SS REESS oo a . i} Sonar ; ales No. compare \ 3 tse | 3 iby 3 | a| = H2|: if ) |é ledetglegl as 8) 2B) | BE 398| Sue |Se¢| Se |a228 | $8 [5 24 | bEo BES 2b: [248 | gs [#8] 28 [ef] b |b lee |e 7] Metare os [rome | — | —. | 21020 ox [so [eo] — | —, 3| Be eceor | 31039 | vioaeon | 1890 | 28 | 188 | aoe | sre 5| aces Sebeae | Tesce | Ldansat B82 | ae | gs 4) nati sBoorar | joss | 1.3s0000 fa | 88 [So | sue Aes ‘soooeh | 15782 13 [84 [58 | Saou o] pPenane vioons | ase | aan vas fee | a7! $) Raper 12008, | S88 | eS 83 |S | 82 | nesses tose | ear [13 (83 | so2_| fe 9] atirare e088 137488 72, [289 | 248 18] Bietenane nes 13 Eh | 3 | BE 1 Sem oar Hest | 1383 Gn | 3 | tas 13| Rees Ts | 138% on [sia | ee, 13| 25 Shreve 118208 13908 GR | S28 S05 va Terao. | seca | zoo | e862 12876 70 | oo | a0 iH icee’ | Eises | 2ueer | 13es1 138088 do | 82 | ae 8 Steet |Etses |20er1 | eat0 eee 183] ss | 0 8 Stee | secs | Zoere | arse \3ees0 45 | 3 | 0 8 etre: | Eiez? | ome | esse 1a fo | see | ses 18] 2apimeiteenan |Seace | Exe [esse | e531 13h fo | se | Sat 38] ReBmemviperars | 3086 | 4000 | 2oeeg | 1209 {ons tra) | see, | S83 2 tice Herd | Sten |Zoese_| toss 13038 a | SS8 | Ser 22] pocane pee Pexesa [soon | 2122 "ao7a = Bl sacers, S863 [GBS | 2ehes | sees | 1a = |e | a 2] ioscan Hosa |zar |2osee | 009 13a = |B? 88 2] ore Bisa | So008 |2eeee | Wane 1088 je ye 3s| powre Sass | Ue |3Stce | etee ie Bisls 3] Gelseenane | 51a | S00? | aorae | tassee joss [23 dar” | 28 | ae | or 3a] GstneySObemane | aia; | 2019 | Zora | eae 14950 | a8 (13) | oes | 883 | 323 | Gsctane °° | iva | aan | feos | 1See risers [4258/12 | 98°] 2 | 83 Bo] sietnorane_| 08 | Sb |e | Haor8 isa |S | 12 ra | Sa 3h Ethene Enver) [14985 | 5992 | — | — T= Taelar Jue [zs | 97 | positon | ea | 18838 = = [HB] 25 /%88 | BS | ee | atte ioions (2090 | 008 roasios | tora | Bes) Te [88 | Se | ae Beste" (Jeri | See iopsige | Hag | [SS cis) | | sss eo Gorw2Suone | 330841 | 30063 ‘Blow | Hass | — dss |is | | Se festa esas | Soca Heo | ioe | — [eet || | eee sein | ese Mesoe | 1824s [saree [3658 (v2 | a7 [Tra | soe 1 2Butadiene 2788.1 | 2940.0 112081" | (193.3) — } 2628 }i20) fiz | — — 13auiniore | ant | ase foes | ties | — [88/30 |4F5 | | awe [Sire | 50023 tarda" (082) [vaaroe [833% | 55 lame | a -ewtyine ena [727 — |= nates fa) — |— soe BRS [BEA veges | roaio |rgon2 [553 | 23 | Par | Zaar ere EHS | tue 1388 | 18253 |1S8u3 | a8 | Tae | 48 | 8 | ear Fintona [aan | Babs |S | takes | aaeas [2501 | odee | ote | gra’ | 138 oie a3 | Bes jie | 1583 | tatees fect | tae" | Gaz ieee | Seite io |e 3B | aS | Ses |B | ce | Sa "Phar | aor Booties i353 | tes wae | pas [rags Lage | ie | gee | sa | oar Bore ‘isiae | dees Hoge | dea, | PeNSEE [Sa | at | a | soar |? Tprobvineneene | eet 3 | ee Hess [9290 [S388 |Sia5 | ddee | 83e | 383° (2200 ‘Methyl Alcohol 766.2 | 966.8 eavaq | 402.58 | 1a2ee0 | 7.16 | @72)[ 3580; — | — eooyamcene” | aaa | 2as% | satar | Stzne | SS | 1Sere8 | dae | $988)| Tess) | Eltonwinenase | "Stoo ‘Siao| =] SAF | 9? | 1Sboen | 255 fasoi! | ra20 | — | — eaesngenaes | Sg] G79) | aan | 188ees | PP || | FraeerSurse | 5087s] egtoo| — | — | Bas? | 1 B0089 | 736] saoin | «550 |= | Spermnsueee | Sees] eater] | | 2 | hese | U8 | soe S| | = “nonin weave] sansa] — | | sana | tcceae | ase fiesos| mm) — | — ar weaee) aezee) | | Bd, | SER | SR Re | Ayeroaen wrass| seats] — | — | 1837 |sooora | 258] aon] rao) — | — Stren zaee) seats] | | tgp | tama? | 258] Soci) raz) | Seas =| =| =| = | Be joes | |= | =|= [= nome =l=|=/= |S? eps j= | SH j= soe @ | wa] eo] To | #83 3 |= |= | == j= WE ercnonse | = | = | = | = fess [1888 | =| = | =|= |= ew 074.178 — fev. 1981isncoweoed ort teeeo Trace ones oo | og eevee ae eared Fea. fine ‘eee ore a ie wae ieee ome Beer eee term wo o001ey fontaNad WAOWEY — ,.)9HLZ VOREDHANS Vad SVD TVUNLYN JO SININOAWOD H3HLO ONY SNOBUVOOUGAH NISAVHVd JO SINVISNOD TVOISAHd oer) fev. 1976, 1979, 1981REFERENCES rs ‘3 Hest inate ibs tok ASA Soe fads SP an 92 Nessun Tole fhe ‘Begun Penn ae fey. 1981 16-6reduced temperature for natural gases, It was pre- pared from data on binary mixtures of methane with propane, ethane and butane, and natural gases cover- ing a wide range in composition of hydrocarbon mixtures containing methane, No mixtures having molecular weights in excess of 40 were included in preparing this plot although mixtures of cyclohexane and benzene as well as the paraffin series and up to three of four per cent of nitrogen were included, ‘This plot is entirely satisfactory for all engineer- ng computations involving natural gases with minor mounts of nonhydrocarbon constituents up to pres~ sures of about 10,000 psi with an accuracy approach- ing 1%, Al the conveniences of the compressibility factor in the case of single component gases, can be extend- ced to gaseous mixtures by use of the pseudo-critical temperature and pseudo-critical pressure of the gas- ous mixture in place of the critical temperature ‘and critical pressure for the single component gas, The molecular average critical temperature of the mix- ture is the pseudo-critical temperature, and the mole cular average critical pressure of the mixture is the pseudo-critieal pressure, which are used in the same manner as the critical temperature and critical pres- sure of ‘8 pure gas to determine the values of Z from Fig. 16-3. Computation of preude critical temperature ‘and pressure of a natural gas : 2 2 4 s 6 a cH 08s19 943.3 285.6 GK, 008485501 4.7 Cy 0.0437 645.028. HEM 0.0078 735056 nGiHin 00168 7856 129 Hcyhy, 0.0057 829047 nGsHin 0.0032 8456 27 CoH 0.0063 9136 5.8 393.1 Attempts to prepare a generalized plot suitable for application to the low molecular weight hydro- carbons, including methane, ethane, propane, indi- cated that an error frequently in excess of 2 to 3% was unavoidable, due to the departure from the theo- fem of corresponding states, At low pressures the different compounds appear to conform more closely, and the plot, Fig. 16-4, for vapors at low reduced pressures may be used with satisfactory results on practically all of the hydrocarbon gases, Fig. 18-5 1s for pressures near atmospheric and is based on atmos- pheric density data of pure components and mixtures, ‘The compressibility factors from Fig. 16-5 appear to be reliable within about 0.001 in most cases. Figs. 163, 164, and 16-5 were independently developed, 6-7 ‘each based on different data seta, Compreasibility factors from these charts at the same reduced conditions may differ slightly. Fig. 16-6 graphs convenient approximations for determining the pseudo-critical pressure and pseudo critical temperature of gases when only the gravity of the gas is available. "The specific gravity of the iss shown in the earlier caleulation of pseudo critical properties is 0.706. From Fig. 16-6, the pseudo critical temperature is 303°R. compared with 298.1°R. cal culated; the pseudo critical pressure is 687 psia com= pared with 66238 psia calculated. ‘These relationships should not be used when the natural gas contains more than 5% of nitrogen, and it should be distinctly understood that they do not apply to all types of gases. These compressibility ccharts cover regular hydrocarbon gases at conditions comfortably removed from liquid formations. For irregular hydrocarbons or mixtures containing wig nificant water and/or acid gases, and for all mixtures fas liquids or as saturated Huids, use Pitzer’s correla tons for computing Z factors No single correlation is satisfactory for obtaining compressibility of both natural gas and high-mole= cular-weight hydrocarbon vapors which occur in ga processing plants, so two methods are necessary. Fur= ther, for natural gases containing more than 50% methene and with other restrictions set out below, alternate methods can be used, Fig. 16-7 can be used directly by choosing the closest molecular weight chart and locating tempera- ture and pressure. Average error of about two per- cent can be expected unless non-hydrocarbons such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide are present in substantial quantity. Concentrations up to 53% will not seriously affect accuracy. ‘The area of largest error occurs when molecular weight is above 20 and compressibility is below 0.6; errors as large fs 10% may occur in this area, Compressibilities of residue gas from rich oll deethanizers and demethan- izers are predicted accurately, Fig, 16-8 can be used to obtain compressibilities of higher molecular weight vapors such as. those encountered in fractionators. Molecular weight of the vapor is used to obtain the critical pressure, Pe. Compressibility of the dew point vapor can then be read as a function of the reduced pressure. For ‘example, for pure propane with a molecular weight of 44, Pe™= 616 psia. At 275 paia, P, = 275/616 = 0446 From Fig. 16-8, Z= 0.700 ‘Where methane is present in the vapor, itis neces- sary to correct the indicated Z by the equation given fon Fig. 16-8. For example, for a product demethan- ler reboiler vapor with molecular weight of 32.33 at 410 psia, indicated Z is 0.635; methane content of the vapor Is 10% oF 0.10 mole fraction. Z corrected = (1 — 0.10) (0.635) + 0.1 PURE HYDROCARBONS Mollier charts in Section 17 can be used to obtain gas densities & compressibilities of pure hydrocarbon, Rev. 1976FIG. 16-3, ty factors for natural gas Tena 16-860 Pernpes moj 40 s404204 aneu $9508 40) $40120) 441 root s-918vapors. For example for propane at 300 psia and }40°F. turn to the Mollier chart for propane, Fig 17-6, locate the 300 pia and 140°F. point, and inter- polate on the constant specific volume lines to obtain 6:33 cu ft/lb, Dividing this into 1 gives 3.03 Ib/ew ft tas the density, py. If the compressibility is required, MP 10.78 T py Symbols have been defined previously. Then (44.10) (800) zZ 0.68 (4073) (4604140) (3.03) ACID GASES Natural gases which contain H,S and/or CO, fre- quently exhibit different compressibility factor be- havior than do sweet gases. Wichert and Aziz (Gas Processing Canada, pp 20-25, January/February 1971; Hydrocarbon Processing, pp 119-122, May 1972) present a simple easy to use calculational procedure to account for these differences. The method uses the Standard. gas compressibility factor chart (Figure 16-3) and provides accurate sour gas compressibili- carr oat gravity (0 Rev. 1976 16 ties for ges compositions that contain as much as 80% total acid gas. Wichert and Aziz define "Critical temperature ‘adjustment factor” which 1s a function of the con Centrations of CO, and H,S in the sour gas, This correction factor is then used to adjust the pseudo Critical temperature and pressure of the sour gases ‘according to the equations: _ ‘ - PT! (7. + BQ-B)«) Where ‘Ty = Mole fraction average pseudo critical temperature, Mole fraction average pseudo critical ‘pressure, psi ‘Th = Pseudo critical temperature adjusted for acid ‘gas composition, °R (ext cont'd. p. 18-18) F1G.16-6 jes of natural gases 09 =10FIG.16-7A weight netorel gevey Compre: 16-11& z a E & 16-12FiG.16-7¢ 16-18peo wegen Aq pedojenep wosieieie> o cs o os daceamsend peompen 16-14P, = Pseudo critical pressure adjusted for acid gas ‘composition, psia «= Pseudo critical temperature adjustment ‘actor, $F or °R. B = Mole fraction H,S in sour gas stream ‘The pseudo critical temperature adjustment fac tor is plotted in Figure 16-8. To use the factor the pseudo critical temperature and pressure are calcu lated following the procedure outlined earlier. In this calculation the H.S and CO, are included as well as all hydrocarbon and other non-hydrocarbon con- stituents. The pseudo critical temperature adjustment factor is read from Figure 16-9, and used to adjust the Values of critical temperature and pressure. The reduced temperature and reduced pressure are calcu- lated using the adjusted values. The compressibility factor is then read from Figure 16-3 Example Problem: A sour natural gas has the following composition. Determine the compressibility factor for the gas at 100°F and 1000 psia, PSEUDO-CRITICAL TEMPERATURE HH PER CENT CO? EF Per 16-15 ‘Component Mole Fraction co, 0.0 HS 0.20 N 0.08 G 0.60 ce 0.05 Solution: The first step is to calculate the pseudo critical temperature and pseudo critical pressure for the sour gas. Following the procedure outlined earlier, they are calculated to be P; = 829.0 psia and T, = 434.3°R. ‘The pseudo critical temperature adjustment factor ls read from Fig. 16-9 to be 29.8°F. The adjusted peeudo critical temperature is Ty = 4343-298 = 4065°R (Text cont'd. p. 16-18) ADJUSTMENT FACTOR, ¢, °F or °R ¢ » Saat rn a a ENT Hi8 16-16 16-17 ew. 1974‘The adjusted value for the pseudo critical pressure is 529.0 x 4045 Pla adetaianed [494.9+0.2(1-0.2) 2983) 763.7 psia ‘The reduced temperature and reduced pressure are: 580 hs = 1.384 4085 1000 P, 1.308 From Figure 16-3, read a compressibility factor of 0.831, REFERENCE “Compressibility Factor of Sour Natural Gas,” Report No. CER 3, The University of Calgary. July, 1970. By Edward Wichert, Canadian Fina Oil Ltd: and Khalid Aziz, University of Calgary Wichert, E., and Aziz, K.,“Compressibility Factor of Sour Natural Gases,” Can. J. of Chem. Eng, Vol. 49, No. 2 pp. 287-273 (97D. Note: Due to revision, Figs. 16-10 and 16-11 have been deleted. Hydrocarbon fluid densi Fig, 16-12 gives hydrocarbon fluid densities, ang Fig. 16-13 is a plot of specific gravity for petroleum by Fig. 16-15 temperature from 0° to 1,000°F and pressures from atmospheric to 1,500 psia. The petrol- um fraction is identified within the center grid by two of three characteristics — API gravity at 60°F the characterization factor, Ky, or the mean-average boiling point. The mean’ average boiling point is Getermined. from Fig. 18-18, together with the API gravity and an ASTM distillation of the petroleum fraction. Effect of temperature on hydrocarbon fluid den~ sities is shown in Fig 16-16, and effect of pressure is shown in Fig, 16-17, Boiling point, ASTM distillation, critical properties, acentric factor, vapor pressui Fig, 16-18 gives molecular weight vs boiling point and gravity for petroleum fractions. Fig, 16-19 is a correlation for determining eritical temperatures for hhydrocarbon fractions, while Figs. 1620 and 1621 tnable the critical pressure calculation. Fig. 1622 gives acentric factor from boiling and cvitical points. This accounts for the deviation of com~ plex mixtures {rom simple fluids. A full explanation Of the use of acentrie factors can be found pp. 22-28, Applied Hydrocarbon ‘Thermodynamics, Wayne C. Eamister, Example problem Determine mean average boiling point(Me ABP) ang molecular weight fora 56.8" API petroleum Hlaction with these ASTM distillation date Heeineh over Temp °F “The specific gravity of paraffinie hydrocarbons at 5 130 their bubble point pressure can be obtained from 10 133 Fig. 16-14. ‘The nomograph applies to mixtures as 20 191 wall ay to single components. Alnment point for 30 27 paraffinic mixtures and pure components are located to 244 cording to moleeular weight. : : 50 280 Fig 16-i¢ generally pedi, sect ravis 80 318 within 3/¢_of measured Values for paraffin mixe 70 384 ures, However, the accuracy is somewhat less for 20 ase rmintures having ; a 1. Reduced temperatures above 0.8 © 640 2, Molecular weights less than 30 (low tempera- ture refion) and where methane is a significant Solutfon: part ofthe liquid. Refer to Fig. 16-18, : to — thy 892 — 158 Other references for density calculation are Slope, § 1. J.B, Desm, 1. K. Kellizy and RN. Maddox— 80 80 Calculating Density of Saturated Hydrocarbon Mix tures," Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the tut Bho + Natural Gas Processors Association, pp. 48-51, March, Vol ave bp 1968" (Dallas) ‘ 2. L. D, Bagels and R. N, Maddox — “Celeulating 158 + 2(280) + 992 Surface Tension of Hydrocarbon Mistures,” Proceed = ings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Natural Ges 4 Processors Association, “pp. s1-%5, Maren, 1970 : (Denver) sere Specific gravities of petroleum fractions are given (Text cont'd, p. 16-24) fan 1076 1678 18-18* aasas jan 954 DD 353 utearg poremeg yo sonsodorg