Review for Exam 2 (The following problems are all from old exams)

1. Write down, but do not evaluate, an integral which represents the volume when y = ex , 0 x 1, is
rotated about the y axis.

2
Soln: Divide the solid into equal horizontal slices (along the y-axis) and notice that the volume of each slice is approximatly V ' (log y) dy.
Z e
2
Thus the total volume is then V = (log y) dy.
1

1
2. Find the volume of the solid formed by rotating the graph of y = x for 1 x about the x-axis.
Z
1 2
Soln: ( ) dx = .
1 x

3. Let R be the curve y = 3x2 , 0 x 2.

(a) Set up (but do not evaluate) an integral to compute the volume of the solid generated by rotating R
around the x-axis.
(b) Set up an integral to compute the volume of the solid generated by rotating R around the line y = 1.
(c) Set up an integral to compute the volume of the solid generated by rotating R around the y-axis.
Z 2
4
Soln: (a) The volume of each slice is V y 2 dx = (3x2 )2 dx = 9x4 dx. The total volume is then 9x dx. (b) Here the volume element
0
is V (1 + y)2 dx = (1 + 3x2 )2 dx and so V = 02 (1 + 3x2 )2 dx. (c) Here the volume element is V x2 dy = ( y/3)2 dy = y/3dy and so
R p

R 12
V = 0 y/3dy.

2
4. Find the volume when y = ex , 0 < x < 1, is revolved about the y-axis
Z e

The volume element here is V x2 dy = ( log y)2 dy = log ydy. The total volume is V = log ydy.
1

5. Use integration to derive a formula for the volume of a sphere of radius r. [Hint: Think of the sphere as
a surface of revolution.]
Z r
p p 2 4 2
Soln: The sphere is obtained by revolving the circle y = r 2 x2 , r x r, about the x-axis. The volume is ( r 2 x2 ) dx = r .
r 3

6. We wish to estimate the volume of a flower vase using only a calculator, a piece of string, and a ruler.
We measure the height of the vase to be 6 inches. We then use the string and the ruler to find the
circumference of the vase (in inches) at 1/2 inch intervals starting at the bottom. The circumferences are
5.4, 5.8, 6.5, 7.1, 8.5, 9.8, 10.2, 10.8.11.6, 11.6, 10.8, 9.0, 6.3.

(a) Using the above information, approximate the volume of the vase.
2 2 1
Soln: If C(x) is the circumference at height x, the radius is equal to r(x) = C(x)/2 and so the volume of each slice is r(x) dx = (C(x)/2) .
2
The approximate volume (using a left-hand sum) is
1 5.4 2 5.8 2 6.5 2 7.1 2 8.5 2 9.8 2 10.2 2 10.8 2 11.6 2 11.6 2 10.8 2 9.0 2
V ' (( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) ) = 40.234
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

(b) If C(x) represents the circumference (in inches) of the vase at height x inches from the bottom, find
a integral which represents the volume of the vase.
Z 6
C(x) 2
Soln: At each height, the radius is equal to C(x)/2. Thus the volume is equal to ( ) dx
0 2

7. Write down an integral which represents the length of the hyperbola xy = 1 from the point (1, 1) to the
point (2, 1/2).
1
2

Z 2q Z 2q
Soln: The curve is parameterized by y = 1/x, 1 x 2. The volume is thus 1 + (y 0 )2 dx = 1 + 1/x2 dx.
1 1

8. Find the length of the parabola y 2 = x from (0, 0) to (1, 1).

Z bq Z 1s Z 1s
1 1
Soln: The length of a curve y = f (x), a 6 x 6 b is 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx. In our case, y = x and so L = 1 + ( )2 dx = 1+ dx.
a 0 2 x 0 4x

9. A force of 10 lbs. is required to hold a spring stretched 4 in. beyond its natural length. How much is
done in stretching it from its natural length to 6 in. beyond its natural length.
Soln: By Hookes law. F = kx (k is Hookes constant and x is the displacement from its natural position). Note that 10 = k 4 and so k = 5/2.
Z 6
Thus F = 5/2 x. Notice that work element is W = F dx = 5/2 x dx and so the total work is then W = 5/2 x dx
0

10. It takes 21, 714 pounds to compress a coil spring assembly on a New York City subway car from its
natural height of 8 inches to a fully compressed height of 5 inches. How much work does it take to compress
the assembly the first one inch?
Z 1 Z 1
Soln: By Hookes law, F (x) = kx. But since F (3) = 21714, we get k = 7238. Thus the total work is F (x)dx = 7238xdx = 3619.
0 0

11. An upright cylindrical tank with height 20 ft. and radius 5 ft. is 100 ft. underground (i.e., the top of the
tank is 100 ft. below the surface). If the tank is 1/4 filled with a fluid which weighs 61.2 pounds per cubic
foot, write down, but do not evaluate, an integral which represents the work it takes pump out the tank.
Soln: The work it takes to move a horizontal slab of fluid is W ' 61.2 52 dx (120 x). Thus the total work it takes to pump is then
Z 5
2
61.2 5 (120 x) dx. Notice the limits of integration since the tank is only 1/4 filled.
0

12. Consider an upright cylindrical tank with radius 3 ft and height 10 ft which is completely filled with
a fluid which weights 50 lbs/ft3 . Write down, but do not evaluate, an integral which computes the work
exactly.
Soln: If x is the distance from the bottom of the tank (x = 0 is the bottom of the tank while x = 10 is the top of the tank), then the distance
a slab of water at height x must be lifted is d = 10 x. The volume of a slab of water is V = 32 dx. The amount of work is takes to move a
Z 10
2
slab of water is W 50 V d = 50 32 (10 x) dx. The total work is then 50 3 (10 x) dx.
0

13. A cylindrical tank with height 10 ft. and radius 2 ft. is buried upright so that the top of the cylinder is
200 ft. underground. If the cylinder is 1/2 full with a fluid which weights 52.8 lbs/ft3 , write down, but do
not evaluate, an integral which represents the exact amount of work it takes to empty the tank.
Soln: Let x be the distance from the bottom of the tank (x = 0 is the bottom of the tank while x = 10 is the top of the tank). Then the
distance a slab of water at height x must be moves is d = 210 x. The volume of a slab of water is V = 22 dx. The work is takes to move a
Z 5
2
slab of water at height x is then W 52.8 d V = 52.8 22 (210 x) dx. The total work is then W = 52.8 2 (210 x) dx. Notice
0
the 5 in the upper limit of integration since the tank is only half filled with water.

14. A rectangular tank with the following dimensions

length 10 ft.
width 12 ft.
height 15 ft.
is buried 30 ft. underground (i.e. the top of the tank is 30 ft. below the surface). If the tank is 1/2 filled
with a fluid which weights 58.16 lbs./ft3 ., find the work it takes to pump all its contents to the surface.
Soln: Let x be the distance from the bottom of the tank (x = 0 is the bottom of the tank while x = 15 is the top of the tank). The distance
a slab of water at height x must be moves is d = 45 x. The volume of a slab of water is V = 12 10 Zdx. The work is takes to move a slab of
7.5
water at height x is then W 58.16 V d = 58.16 12 10 dx (45 x). The total work is then W = 58.16 12 10 (45 x) dx. Notice
0
the 7.5 in the upper limit of integration since the tank is half filled.

15. A cubical (10 x 10 x 10) tank, full of water, is buried 20 feet underground (the top of the tank is 20 feet
under). Set up an integral to compute the amount of work required to pump all the water to the surface?
(Water weighs 62.4 lbs/ft3 .) You do not have to evaluate the integral.
 3

Soln: Let x be the distance from the bottom of the tank (x = 0 is the bottom of the tank while x = 10 is the top of the tank). The distance
a slab of water at height x must be moves is d = 30 x. The volume of a slab of water is V = 10 10 dx. The work is takes to move a slab of
Z 10
water at height x is then W 62.4 V d = 62.4 10 10 dx (30 x). The total work is then W = 62.4 10 10 (30 x) dx.
0

16. An upright cylindrical tank of height 20 feet and radius 4 feet is 1/3 filled with a fluid which weights
52.61 lbs/ft3 . If the tank is buried 200 feet underground, find the work it takes to empty it.
Soln: Let x be the distance from the bottom of the tank (x = 0 is the bottom of the tank while x = 20 is the top of the tank). The distance
a slab of water at height x must be moves is d = 220 x. The volume of a slab of water is V = 42 dx. The work is takes to move a slab of
Z 20/3
2
water at height x is then W 52.61 V d = 52.61 42 dx (220 x). The total work is then W = 52.61 4 (220 x) dx. Notice
0
the 20/3 in the upper limit of integration since the tank is 1/3 filled.

17. A worker on a scaffolding 75 ft. above the ground needs to lift a 500 lb. bucket of cement from the
ground to a point 30 ft. above the ground by pulling on a rope weighing 5 lbs./ft. How much work is
required?
Soln: Let x be the distance from the ground. The weight of the rope and cement at a point x feet off the ground is 500 + 5 (75 x). The
Z 30
total work is then W = [500 + 5 (75 x)]dx.
0

18. A 1000 lb. weight is being lifted to a height 10 ft. off the ground. It is lifted using a rope which weighs
4 lbs./ft. and which is being pulled up by a construction workers standing on a roof 30 ft. off the ground.
Find the work done to lift the weight.
Soln: Let x be the distance from the ground. The weight of the rope and 1000 lb. weight at a point x feet off the ground is 100 + 4 (30 x).
Z 10
The total work is then W = [1000 + 4 (30 x)]dx.
0

19. A circular oil slick has the following density function

2
(r) = er kg/m2 ,
where r (in meters) is the distance from the center of the slick. If the slick extends from r = 0 to r = 100,
write down an integral which gives the mass of the slick exactly. You need not evaluate the integral.
Soln: Divide up the oil slick into annuli (concentric circles), we see that the area of an annulus with inner (or outer) radius r is approximately
Z 100
2 r dr. The mass of this portion of the oil slick is then M (r) 2 r dr and so the total mass is then M = (r) 2 r dr.
0

20. The density of people living r miles from the center of a city is (r) millions/square mile. Write down
an integral (in terms of the density function ) which represents the total number of people living within a
50 mile radius of the center of the city.
Soln: This is very similar to the previous problem.

21. Scientists are looking to compute the mass of a certain tumor which is 5 mm tall. An MRI analysis
reveals the following results.
height h (mm) cross sectional area A(h) (mm2 ) density (h) (g/mm3 )
1 2.16 0.12
2 3.81 0.16
3 4.19 0.19
4 2.28 0.11
5 0.81 0.09
(a) Use numerical integration to estimate the mass of the tumor.
(b) Write down an integral (in terms of the functions A(h) and (h)) which computes the exact mass of
the tumor.
(b) Soln: Using the basic identity that mass is density times volume, we get the mass of a slab of the tumor h units from the base and of
Z 5
thickness dh is M A(h) dh (h). The total mass is then M = A(h) (h) dh. (a) Using a RHS to approximate this integral, we get
0
M A(1) (1) 1 + + A(5) (5) 1.
4

22. (a) A rectangular swimming pool is 30 feet wide and 40 feet long. The table below shows the depth
h(x) (in feet) of the water at 5-ft. intervals from one end of the pool to the other. Estimate the volume of
the water in the pool.
position x 0.0 5.0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
depth h(x) 6.0 8.2 9.1 9.9 10.5 11.0 11.5 11.9 12.3
(b) Find a mathematical expression which gives the exact volume of the pool.
Soln: Let x = 0 and x = 40 be the two ends of the pool. The volume of a slab at (position x and of thickness dx) of water is V 30 h(x) dx.
Z 40
The total volume is V = 30 h(x) dx. (a) Use a RHS to estimate V 30 h(5) 5 + 30 h(10) 5 + + 30 h(40) 5.
0

23. The density (in kg/m2 ) of a thin 3 m by 5 m rectangular plate is (x) = 4x2 , where x is the distance
from the 3 m side. Write down, but do not evaluate, an integral which represents the exact mass of the
plate.
Soln: Let x = 0 and x = 5 represent the two ends of the plate and divide up the plate into vertical strips each of thickness dx. The mass of
Z 5
2
each strip is then M (x) 3 dx (density times area) and so the total mass is then M = 4x 3 dx.
0

24. Match the slope field with the corresponding differential equation.
dy dy dy dy
(a) = xy (b) =xy (c) = x + y2 (d) = x + x2
dx dx dx dx
 5

Soln: a - d - b - c

25. The slope field below represents which differential equation.

(a) y 0 = sin x, (b) y 0 = y, (c) y 0 = y 1/2y 2 , (d) y 0 = x + y, (e) y 0 = x2 , (f) y 0 = 1, (g) y 0 = y 2 , (h)
0
y = x2 + y 2 .

Soln: f.

26. The slope field below represents which differential equation.

(a) y 0 = sin x, (b) y 0 = y, (c) y 0 = y 1/2y 2 , (d) y 0 = x + y, (e) y 0 = x2 , (f) y 0 = 1, (g) y 0 = y 2 , (h)
0
y = x2 + y 2 .

Soln: e.

27. The slope field below represents which differential equation.

6

(a) y 0 = sin x, (b) y 0 = y, (c) y 0 = y 1/2y 2 , (d) y 0 = x + y, (e) y 0 = x2 , (f) y 0 = 1, (g) y 0 = y 2 , (h)
0
y = x2 + y 2 .

Soln: d.

28. The slope field below represents which differential equation.

(a) y 0 = sin x, (b) y 0 = y, (c) y 0 = y 1/2y 2 , (d) y 0 = x + y, (e) y 0 = x2 , (f) y 0 = 1, (g) y 0 = y 2 , (h)
0
y = x2 + y 2 .

Soln: b.

29. The slope field below represents which differential equation.

(a) y 0 = sin x, (b) y 0 = y, (c) y 0 = y 1/2y 2 , (d) y 0 = x + y, (e) y 0 = x2 , (f) y 0 = 1, (g) y 0 = y 2 , (h)
0
y = x2 + y 2 .

Soln: a.

30. Solve the following differential equation y 0 = y(y + 1), y(0) = 2.

1 1
Soln: Separate the variables and use partial fractions to get [ ]dy = dt. Now integrate to get log |y| log |y + 1| = t + c. Use
y y+1
y y t Cet
laws of loge to get log | | = t + c. Exponentiate to get = Ce . A little algebra says y(t) = . The initial conditions says that
y+1 y+1 1 Cet
2/3et
2 = C/(1 C) and so C = 2/3. The final solution is then y(t) = .
1 2/3et

31. Solve the following differential equations.

(a) y 0 + 2y = et
Soln: Use an integrating factor for this one. The integrating factor is = e2t and so, multiplying both sides of the DE by we get (y)0 = et
and so y = et + c. This says y(t) = 1 + ce2t .

(b) P 0 = P P 2
dP Cet
Soln: Use separation of variables to write this as = dt. Now integrate using partial fractions to get P (t) = .
P (1 P ) 1 + Cet

32. Solve the following differential equation: x2 y 0 + 6xy = 2x

Soln: rewrite the equation as y 0 + (6/x)y = 2/x. The integrating factor for this equation is = x6 . Thus (y)0 = x6 (2/x) = 2x5 and so
1 6 1 C
y = x + C. From here we get y(x) = + .
3 3 x6
 7

33. Find the most general solution to the following differential equations.
(a) y 0 = 2y(1 y)
dy Ce2t
Soln: Separate variables to get = 2dt. Now integrate, using partial fractions and some algebra, to get y(t) = .
y(1 y) 1 Ce2t

(b) P 0 = P log P 2 .
dP 2t
Soln: Separate variables and get = 2dt. Now integrate, using u = log P , to get log log P = 2t + C. This means that log P = Ce
P log P
Ce2t
and so P (t) = e .

34. Find the general solution to the following differential equations.

dx
(a) = 2x x2
dt
dx 1 1
Soln: Separate variables to get = dt. Now integrate, using partial fractions to obtain log x log(2 x) = t + c. Now use a little
x(2 x) 2 2
2t
2Ce
algebra to get the final solution as x(t) = .
1 + Ce2t

(b) (1 + t)y 0 + 2y = (1 + t)2

0 2
Soln: First rewrite the differential equation as y + y = 1 + t and multiply both sides by the integrating factor = (1 + t)2 to get
1+t
4
0 3 (1 + t) (1 + t)2 C
(y) = (1 + t) . Now integrate and obtain y = + C and do a little algebra to get the final solution as y(t) = + .
4 4 (1 + t)2

35. For the initial value problem v 0 = 1 v 2 , v(0) = 0,

(a) use Eulers method with 2 steps to estimate v(1).
2 2
Soln: t0 = 0, v0 = 0. t1 = t0 + h = 1/2, v1 = v0 + h(1 v0 ) = 1/2. t2 = t1 + h = 1, v2 = v1 + h(1 v1 ) = 7/8. So v(1) ' 7/8 = 0.875

(b) compute the exact value of v(1).

1+v 1+v 2t
Soln: Separate variables and use partial fractions to get ln( ) = 2t + C. Thus = Ce . From here, 1 + v = (1 v)Ce2t =
1v 1v
Ce2t 1 e2t 1 e2 1
Ce2t vCe2t and so v = . Using the initial condition v(0) = 0 says C = 1 and so v = . So v(1) = = 0.761594.
1 + Ce2t e2t + 1 e2 + 1

36. Solve the following initial value problem: x2 y 0 + 4xy = x4 , y(1) = 2

0 4 2
Soln: Rewrite the differential equation as y + y = x . Multiply both sides by the integrating factor = x4 to get (y)0 = x6 and integrate
x
x7 x3 C
to get y = + C. Finally we get y = + . Use the initial condition to compute C = 13/7.
7 7 x4

37. Solve the following differential equations.

(a) y 0 = y(y + 2)
2Ce2t
Soln: Separate variables and use partial fractions to get y(t) = .
1 Ce2t
2x
3 e
(b) y 0 + y= 3
x x
1 2x
Soln: Multiply both sides of the equation by the integrating factor = x3 to get (y)0 = e2x . Now integrate and obtain y = e + C.
2
1 e2x C
Finally y(x) = + .
2 x3 x3

38. Solve the following differential equations:

(a) y 0 = y ln y 2
Soln: This is very similar to one we have already solved.

4 e2x
(b) y 0 + y= 4
x x
1 e2x C
Soln: Use the integrating factor = x4 to obtain the solution y(x) = + .
2 x4 x4

39. An RL circuit is an electric circuit consisting of a resistor R (measured in ohms) and an inductor L
(measured in Henrys) all hooked up to a voltage source E(t) which possibly changes in time. The current
I(t) at time t satisfies the differential equation LI 0 + RI = E.
8

(a) Solve this differential equation with L = 10, R = 2, and E = 1.

(b) Solve this differential equation with L = 1, R = 2, and E = sin t.
Soln: All of the above differential equations can be solved using integrating factors.

40. The velocity (in feet per second) of a falling object subject to air resistance is governed by the following
differential equation
v 0 = 32 0.4v 3/2 .
(a) Compute the limiting velocity of this object.
Soln: The limiting velocity occurs when v 0 = 0 (i.e., there is no change in the velocity). Thus the limiting velocity is the solution v to the
2/3
equation 32 0.4v 3/2 which is v = (32/0.4) 18.5664

(b) Using Eulers method with a step size of 0.25, estimate the velocity of the object after 1 second.
Assume the object is dropped and not thrown, i.e., t0 = 0, v0 = 0.
Soln: Let f (t, v) = 32 0.4v 3/2 . Note that t0 = 0, v0 = 0, and h = 0.25. Then

t1 = t0 + h = 0 + 0.25 = 0.25, v1 = v0 + f (t0 , v0 )h = 0 + f (0, 0) 0.25 = 32 0.25 = 8.

t2 = t1 + h = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5, v2 = v1 + f (t1 , v1 )h = 8 + f (0.5, 8) 0.25 = 13.7373

t3 = t2 + h = 0.5 + 0.25 = 0.75, v3 = v2 + f (t2 , v2 )h = 16.6457

t4 = t3 + h = 0.75 + 0.25 = 1.0, v4 = v3 + f (t3 , v3 )h = 17.8544

Thus v(1) 17.8544

41. Consider the following initial value problem: (1 + x)y 0 = y 2 , y(0) = 1.

(a) Use Eulers method with step size equal to 0.25 to estimate y(1).
Soln: Let f (x, y) = y 2 /(1 + x), x0 = 0, y0 = 1, and h = 0.25. Then

x1 = x0 + h = 0.25, y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 )h = 1.25

x2 = x1 + h = 0.5, y2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 )h = 1.5625

x3 = x2 + h = 0.75, y3 = y2 + f (x2 , y2 )h = 1.9694

x4 = x3 + h = 1.0, y4 = y3 + f (x3 , y3 )h = 2.52348

Thus y(1) 2.52348.
(b) Solve the above initial value problem and use your answer to compute y(1) exactly.
dy dx 1
Soln: Use separation of variables to get = . Integrate and use some algebra to obtain y = . Use the initial condition
y2 1+x c + log(1 + x)
1 1
y(0) = 1 to get that c = 1. Thus the solution to the IVP is y(x) = . So y(1) = 3.25889.
1 + log(1 + x) 1 + log 2

42. A painting attributed to the Dutch artist Johannes Vermeer (1632 - 1675), which should contain more
than 96.2% of its original carbon-14, contains 99.5% instead. About how old is the forgery? Note that the
half-life of carbon-14 is 5780 years and that the rate of change of the amount of a radioactive substance is
proportional to the amount present.
Soln: If Q(t) is the amount of isotope at time t, the Q0 = rQ and so Q(t) = Q0 ert , where Q0 is the initial amount. Using the fact that
Q(5780) = 0.5Q0 , we get the equation 0.5Q0 = Q0 e5780r . Thus r = 0.0001199 and so Q(t) = Q0 e0.0001199t . Now we find the t so that
Q(t) = Q0 e0.0001199t = 0.995Q0 which turns out to be t ' 41 years.

43. Snow is falling at a constant rate of 1 in/hour and is melting at a rate equal to 3/4 of the amount already
on the ground per hour. If y(t) is the amount of snow on the ground (in inches) and y(0) = 2,
(a) Write a differential equation satisfied by y(t).
0 3
Soln: y = 1 y
4
(b) Solve this differential equation.
2 3/4t
Soln: Use an integrating factor (or separation of variables - either one works) to get y(t) = (2 + e ).
3

(c) What is the equilibrium level of snow.

Soln: You can get this in one of two ways. First you can find the y so that y 0 = 0, i.e. the solution to the equation 1 3/4y, i.e. y = 4/3.
2 3/4t
Second, you can compute the limit lim y(t) = lim (2 + e ) = 4/3.
t t 3
 9

44. A drug is being injected in the bloodstream at a constant rate of 2 ml/hr and is absorbed by the body
at a rate equal to 1/2 the amount present.
(a) If a(t) is the amount of the drug present after t hours, write down an differential equation which a(t)
satisfies.
0 1
Soln: a = 2 a
2

(b) If a(0) = 1 ml, find a(t).

t/2
Soln: Use separation of variables - or integrating factors - to solve the differential equation as a(t) = 4 3e .

(c) Find the equilibrium amount of the drug in the bloodstream.

t/2
Soln: The equilibrium level is lim a(t) = lim 4 3e =4
t t

45. At 4:00 AM. snow begins to fall at a constant rate of 4 inches per hour. The snow melts at a rate equal
to 1/2 the current height.
(a) What is the height of the snow at 9:00 PM?
(b) What is the limiting height of the snow?
Soln: This problem is very similar to one we have already seen.

dP
46. A familiar model for population growth is dt = kP . Another similiar model, called the doomsday
model is given by
dP
= kP 1+
dt
where  is a very small constant. Consider the doomsday model, with k = 3 and  = 13 ,
dP 4
= 3P 3
dt

(a) Find P (t) if P (0) = 1728 and t is measured in years.

1728
Soln: Use separation of variables to get P (t) = .
(1 + 12t)3
1
(b) What happens to P (t) as the end of the first month approaches (t = 12 )?
Soln: From the solution to the differential equation, P (t) as t 1/12

47. The velocity v(t) of a falling object with air resistance taken into account satisfies the differential equation
dv 3
= 2 .07v 2 feet per second.
dt
(1) If v(0) = 0, use Eulers Method with 2 steps to estimate v(1).
(2) Compute lim v(t).
t
Soln: This problem is very similar to one we have already seen.

48. The velocity (in feet per second) of a falling object subject to air resistance is governed by the following
differential equation
v 0 = 32 0.4v 3/2 .
(a) Compute the limiting velocity of this object.
(b) Using Eulers method with a step size of 0.25, estimate the velocity of the object after 1 second.
Assume the object is dropped and not thrown.
Soln: This problem is very similar to one we have already seen.

49. Consider the Gompertz equation which is used to model certain populations.
P 0 = P lnP.
(a) For the initial value P (0) = 2, estimate, using Eulers method with step size equal to 1, the value of
P (2).
10

Soln: Let f (t, P ) = P log P , t0 = 0, P0 = 2, and h = 1. Then

t1 = t0 + h = 1, P1 = P0 + f (t0 , P0 )h = 0.613706

t2 = t1 + h = 2, P2 = P1 + f (t1 , P1 )h = 0.913341

(b) Solve the Gompertz equation with initial condition P (0) = 2.

dP t
Soln: Separate variables to get = dt. Now integrate and obtain log log P = t + c. Exponentiate and get log P = Ce and again
P log P
Cet
to get P = e . Use the initial condition to calculate C as log 2.

50. A 1000 gallon tank of pure water is being filled with a water and cobalt solution of 20 grams/gallon at
a constant rate of 35 gallons/hour and the well mixed solution is being emptied at the same rate.
(a) Set up (but do not solve) a differential equation for S(t) = the amount of cobalt (in grams) in the
tank at time t.
0 S
Soln: The differential equation is S = 35 20 35 . The first term in the rate at which cobalt is entering the tank (rate of solution
1000
concentration = rate of cobalt) while the second term is the rate at which the cobalt is leaving.

(b) Set up (but do not solve) a differential equation for S(t) if the solution leaves the tank at 15 gal-
lons/hour.
0 S
Soln: In this situation, the volume of the tank at time t is 1000 + 20t and so the differential equation becomes S = 35 20 15 .
1000 + 20t

51. A number of fish P (t) at time t satisfy the differential equation

dP
= k P where k is a positive constant. Find a general form for the solution P (t).
dt
1 2
Soln: Use separation of variables to get P (t) = (kt + C) .
4

52. After giving a final exam, a popular calculus professor is found dead in her office at 10:00 A.M. The
temperature of the body at the time that it is found is 81.2 F ; an hour later the temperature of the body
was 78.4 F . The professor was a little eccentric and always kept her office at 60 F.
(a) Write a differential equation for dB
dt , where B(t) is the temperature of the body at time t. Recall that
Newtons Law of Cooling says that the rate at which temperature of a body changes is proportional to the
difference between its temperature and the temperature of its surroundings.
0
Soln: B = k(60 B).

(b) What time was the professor murdered?

Soln: By separation of variables, the solution to the above differential equation is B(t) = 60 + Cekt . B(0) = 81.2 and so C = 21.2.
Thus B(t) = 60 + 21.2ekt . Also, B(1) = 78.4 and so k = 0.141651. The complete solution to the differential equation is then B(t) =
60 + 21.2e0.141651t . To find the time of death, we need to find the t so that B(t) = 98.6, i.e., solve the equation 98.6 = 60 + 21.2e0.141651t

for the variable t. The solution is t = 4.23049. Thus the time of death is roughly 5 : 30AM .

53. (a) Mr. Titewad invests $10,000 in an account which pays 4.2 % per year (compounded continuously).
He withdraws $1,500 per year from this account. Let A(t) be a amount in this account after t years and set
up, but do not solve, an initial value problem involving A(t).
Soln: A0 = .042A 1500, A(0) = 10000.

54. An investor puts $100,000 in an account which pays 5.2 % per year (compounded continuously). He also
withdraws $10,000 per year (continuously). When will his money run out?
Soln: If A(t) is the amount of money in the account at time t (is years), then A(t) satisfies the initial value problem A0 = .052A10000, A(0) =
.052t
100000. By separation of variables, the solution is A(t) = 192308 92308e . The money will run out when A(t) = 0, or equivalently when
.052t
192308 92308e = 0. This occurs when t = 14.7387.

55. Suppose that h(t) is a function which satisfies the following differential equation h0 = 20.5 h. Compute
lim h(t).
t
 11

If the above limit exists, it will be when h is not changing any more, i.e., h0 = 0. Thus the limiting h will be the solution to the equation

0 = 2 0.5 h which is h = 16.

56. A water tank initially contains 200 cubic feet of water. Water runs into the tank at a constant rate of
20 cubic feet per minute, but a valve allows the water to flow out of the tank at a rate equal to 18 % of the
volume of the water in the tank per minute. Find the amount of water in the tank after one hour.
Soln: If V (t) is the amount of water in the tank at time t, then V satisfies the initial value problem V 0 = 20 0.18V, V (0) = 200. Using
0.17999t
separation of variables, the solution to this IVP is V (t) = 111.111 + 88.889e . Note that V (1) = 185.357.

57. Eulercillin is a drug given to anxious students during exams. The drug is injected into the bloodstream
at a rate of 2 cc per hour and is absorbed at a rate equal to twice the amount present. If y(t) is the amount
of Eulercillin present after t hours,
(a) write down the differential equation that y satisfies.
Soln: y 0 = 2 2y.

(b) If the initial amount of the drug present is 0.7 cc, find the amount present at any time t and determine
what happens to y as t .
2t
Soln: Using separation of variables, the initial value problem y 0 = 2 2y, y(0) = 0.7 has the solution y(t) = 1 0.3e . Also, as t ,
y(t) 1.

58. A water tank with a maximum capacity of 100 gallons is initially filled with 50 gallons of pure water.
A salt water mixture with 5 grams of salt per gallon of water is flowing in at a rate of 2 gallons per minute
and the well mixed solution is leaving at a rate of 1 gallon per minute.
(a) Write down a formula for the volume V (t) of water in the tank at time t.
Solution: V (t) = 50 + t (50 to start off and a net gain of 1 gallon per minute).

(b) How long will it take for the tank to overflow?

Solution: The tank will overflow when V (t) = 100 which is when t = 50.

(c) Write down a differential equation satisfied by y(t), the amount of salt in the tank at time t
Solution: The the change in y is the rate in minus the rate out. This gives us y 0 = 5 2 y(t)/V (t) 1 Note here we are using (twice)
the fact that the rate of change of salt is the concentration of salt in solution times the rate of solution. Plugging in for V (t) = 50 + t, we get
y 0 = 10 y/(50 + t)

(d) Solve the differential equation.

Soln: The differential equation can be handled by integrating factors. But first, we need to put the equation in standard form
0
y + y/(50 + t) = 10.

The integrating factor

1
Z
log(50+t)
= exp( )=e = 50 + t.
50 + t
Using the usual facts about integrating factors, we get (y)0 = 10(50+t). Integrating we get y = 5(50+t)2 +C and so y(t) = 5(50+t)+C/(50+t).
To compute C, we recall that y(0) = 0 (pure water) and so 0 = 250 + C/50 and so C = 12500. Thus the solution to the d.e. is y(t) =
5(50 + t) 12500/(50 + t).

(e) How much salt is in the tank at the moment it overflows?

Solution: The tank will overflow when t = 50. Thus the amount of salt is then y(50) = 375.

59. A tank is being filled with water at a constant rate of 4 gallons/minute and is leaking at a rate equal to
1/3 of the amount present. If y(t) is the amount of water present after t minutes,
(a) Write down a differential equation which y satisfies.
(b) If the initial amount of water is 20 gallons, find the amount present at any time t.
Soln: This problem is very similar to previous problems.

60. A six foot tall tank is completely filled with water which is leaking out from a small hole in the bottom.
Let y(t) be the height (in feet) of the water in the tank at time t (in minutes). From a principle of engineering
12

(called Torricellis Law), y(t) satisfies the differential equation

y 0 = y.

(a) Find a formula for the height of the water at any time t.

Solution: Separate the variables to get y 1/2 dy = dt. Now integrate to get 2 y = t + c. A little algebra gives us y(t) = ( 2
t + c)2 . To

2 t
2
find the constant c note that 6 = y(0) = c and so c = 6. From this we get y(t) = ( 2 + 6) .

(b) How long will it take for the tank to empty completely.
t +

Solution: The tank will be empty when y(t) = 0. This occurs when 2 6 = 0 which is when t = 2 6.

(c) If, in the previous problem, water is being pumped into the tank at a constant rate of 2 feet per
minute, the differential equation becomes

y 0 = 2 y.

If the tank is initially empty, use Eulers method with two steps to estimate the height of the water after
1 minute.
Soln: This problem is similar to previous problems.

61. A 2000 gallon capacity tank contains 1000 gallons of pure water. A salt water solution containing 1/4
pound of salt per gallon, flows in at a rate of 20 gallons per minute and the well-mixed solution leaves at a
rate of 15 gallons per minute. Write down (but do not solve) a differential equation (along with an initial
condition) satisfied by Q(t), the amount (in pounds) of salt in the tank at time t (in minutes).
0 1 Q
Soln: Q = 20 15 , Q(0) = 0.
4 1000 + 5t

62. A team of archeologists find a piece of clothing and after extensive Carbon-14 dating, they find this
cloth has 25% of the Carbon-14 of a new piece of cloth. If the half-life of Carbon-14 is 5730 years, find the
age of the cloth. (Note here that we are assuming the rate of change of Carbon-14 is proportional to the
amount present).

63. Archeologists find a sample of human hair which they determine has 87 % of the Carbon-14 of living
hair. If the amount of Carbon-15 left after t years satisfies the differential equation Q0 = kQ, and the half-life
of Carbon-14 is 5730 years, find the age of the hair sample.