Reinforced Concrete Element

Serviceability

LB3 Civil Engineering ITS

Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya

Last Edited 2014

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete First Ed Sept 2014 1 / 21

Serviceability

Serviceability limit states refer to the performance of structures under

normal service loads and are concerned with the uses and/or
occupancy of structures, its is measured by the magnitudes of
deflections, cracks, and vibrations of structures, as well as by surface
deterioration of the concrete and corrosion of the reinforcing.

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Serviceability Limit State: Deflection

Control of Deflections :
Minimum Thicknesses
Initial Camber

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Deflection Calculation

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Effective Moments of Inertia

Section 9.5.2.3 of the code gives a moment of inertia expression that is

to be used for deflection calculations. This moment of inertia provides
a transitional value between Ig and Icr that depends upon the extent of
cracking caused by applied loads. It is referred to as Ie , the effective
moment of inertia, and is based on an estimation of the probable
amount of cracking caused by the varying moment throughout the
span.
"  #
Mcr 3 Mcr 3
  
Ie = Ig + 1 Icr
Ma Ma
Ig is gross inertia,
Mcr = fr Ig /yt , cracking moment,
p
fr = 0.62 fc0 , tension flexural strength,
Ma is service moment.

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Long-Term Deflections

Because of the several factors the magnitudes of long-term deflections

can only be estimated. The code (9.5.2.5) states that to estimate the
increase in deflection due to these causes.

=
1 + 500
Time Factor for Sustained Loads
(SNI/ACI Code 9.5.2.5)
Duration of Load Time Factor
5 years or more 2.0
12 months 1.4
6 months 1.2
3 months 1.0

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The long-term deflection will equal the initial live load deflection, L ,
plus the infinitely long-term multiplier, , times the dead load
deflection, D , plus t , the live load sustained multiplier, times the
initial live load deflection, SL .
LT = L + D + t SL
The steps involved in calculating instantaneous and long-term
deflections can be summarized as follows:
(a) Compute the instantaneous or short-term deflection, D , for dead
load only.
(b) Compute instantaneous deflection, D+L , for dead plus full live
load.
(c) Determine instantaneous deflection, L , for full live load only.
(d) Compute instantaneous deflection due to dead load plus the
sustained part of the live load, D + SL .
(e) Determine instantaneous deflection, L , for the part of the live
load that is sustained.
(f) Determine the long-term deflection for dead load plus the
sustained part of the live load, LT .
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Example:1

A simple supported beam 300x500mm reinforced with 3D29, (effective

depth d = 430 mm). Supports a dead load including its own weight
(DL) of 15 kN/m and a live load (LL) of 10 kN/m, fc0 = 20MPa, span
length is 6000mm.
(a) Calculate the instantaneous deflection for D + L.
(b) Calculate the deflection assuming that 30% of the live load is
continuously applied for three years.
Solution:
(a) Instantaneous or Short-Term Dead Load Deflection (D )
1 3 1
Ig = bh = 300 5003 = 3125000000 mm4
12 p 12
fr = 0.62 fc0 = 0.62 20 = 2.77 MPa.
fr Ig 2.77 3125000000
Mcr = = 106 = 34.659 kN-m.
yt 250

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 15 62
Ma = MD = = 67.5 kN-m.
8
Ma > Mcr section is cracked.
Should the dead load moment, MD , be less than the cracking moment,
Mcr , we should use Mcr = Ma and Ie = Ig .
By transformed-area calculations, the values of y and Icr can be
determinedp
Ec = 4700 fc0 = 4700 20 = 21019.04 MPa.
Es 200000
n= = = 9.52
Ec 21019.05
As (3D29) = 3 292 /4 = 1981.56 mm2
y
by = n As ( d y )
2
y
300 y = 9.52 1981.56 (430 y)
2
150y2 + 18864.45y 8111714.016 = 0
y = 170 mm

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 1 2 1
Icr = by + nAs (d y)2 = 300 1702 + 9.52 1981.56 (430 170)2
3 3
Icr = 1765891352.65 mm4 .
Then Ie is calculated
" with SNI/ACI Equation(9-8)
 3  3 #
Mcr Mcr
Ie = Ig + 1 Icr
Ma Ma
"  #
34.659 3 34.659 3
  
Ie = 3125000000 + 1 1765891352.65
67.5 67.5
Ie = 1949880818.3394 mm4 , Ig > Ie > Icr
5wl4 5 15 60004
D = = = 6.17 mm
384Ec Ie 384 21019.04 1949880818.3394

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(b) Instantaneous or Short-Term Deflection for Dead + Full Live Load
(D+L )
(DL + LL)l2 (15 + 10)62
Ma = = = 112.5 kN-m.
8 8 "  #
34.659 3 34.659 3
 
Ie = 3125000000 + 1 1765891352.65
112.5 112.5
Ie = 1805633077.24 mm4
5wl4 5 25 60004
D+L = = = 11.11 mm
384Ec Ie 384 21019.04 1805633077.24

(c) Initial Deflection for Full Live Load (L )

L = DL D = 11.11 6.17 = 4.94 mm

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(d) Initial Deflection Due to Dead Load + 30% Live Load (D + SL )
(DL + 0.3LL)l2 (15 + 0.3 10)62
Ma = = = 81 kN-m.
8 "8   #
3
34.659 3
 
34.659
Ie = 3125000000 + 1 1765891352.65
81 81
Ie = 1872366737.88 mm4
5wl4 5 (15 + 0.3 10) 60004
D + SL = = = 7.72 mm
384Ec Ie 384 21019.04 1872366737.88
(e) Initial Deflection Due to 30% Live Load (SL )
SL = (D + SL ) D = 7.72 6.17 = 1.55 mm.
(f) Long-Term Deflection for Dead Load Plus Three Years of 30%
Sustained Live Load (LT )
2.0 2.0 1.8
= 0
= = 2.0 3 years = = 1.8
1 + 50 1 + 50 0 1 + 500
LT = L + D + 3 years SL
LT = 4.94 + 2.0 7.72 + 1.8 1.55 = 23.17 mm.
while l/240 = 6000/240 = 25 mm.

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Serviceability Limit State: Cracking
Cracking of concrete will occur whenever the tensile strength (or the
ultimate tensile strain) of concrete is exceeded.
Types of Cracks:

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Control of Flexural Cracks

ACI Committee 224, in a report on cracking, presented a set of

approximately permissible maximum crack widths for reinforced
concrete members subject to different exposure situations.

Crack width formula in SNI-2002(12.6.4) is dismisses in the new

SNI/ACI code, its replace by limiting the bar spacing 10.6.4.

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Calculating Crack Width
Crack size estimated by the following equation:

w = 0.0113 h fs 3 dc A 103
where
w = the estimated cracking width in mm
h = ratio of the distance to the neutral axis from the extreme tension
concrete fiber to the distance from the neutral axis to the centroid
of the tensile steel (values to be determined by the working-stress
method, approx 1.2 for beam, 1.35 for slab)
fs = steel stress, in MPa at service loads (designer is permitted to use
0.6fy for normal structures)
dc = the cover of the outermost bar measured from the extreme tension
fiber to the center of the closest bar or wire (for bundled bars, dc is
measured to the centroid of the bundles)
A = the effective tension area of concrete around the main reinforcing
(having the same centroid as the reinforcing) divided by the
number of bars
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Example:2

A beam of 400x685 mm with span of 9000mm, d = 610mm, carry load

DL=15 kN-m, and LL=22 kN-m. Reinforced with 3D36mm with
fy = 400 MPa. Use h = 1.2
Solution:
Approximate Solution:
dc = h d = 685 610 = 75mm.
2dc b 2 dc 400
A= = = 20000mm2
nbar 3
h = 1.2 (Assumed for beam, 1.35 for slab).
fs = 23 fy = 240 MPa

w = 0.0113 h fs 3 dc A 103
w = 0.0113 1.2 240 3 75 20000 103 = 0.373mm.

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Refined Solution:
As = 3d2b /4 = 3 362 /4 = 3053.6 mm2
(DL + LL)L2 (15 + 22) 92
M= = = 374.625 kN-m.
8 8
Es
n= = 9 assumed.
Ec
Calculate the neutral axis (cracked section)
y
by = nAs (d y)
2
y
400 y = 9 3053.6 (610 y) y = 228.8 mm
2
1 3 1
I = by + nAs (d y)2 = 300 228.83 + 9 3053.6 (400 228.8)
3 3
I = 5.591 109 mm4
My 374.625 106 228.8
fs = n =9 = 137.99 MPa.
I 5.591 109
hy 685 228.8
h = = = 1.19
dy 610
228.8
w = 0.0113 h fs 3 dc A 103
w = 0.0113 1.19 137.99 3 75 20000 103 = 0.214 mm.
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Example:3

Find the crack width of a slab, reinforced with 10 500, fy = 400

MPa , thickness of the slab is 150mm.
Solution:
10
dc = dec + = 20 + = 30 mm.
2 2
2dc b 2 30 500
A= = = 30000
nbar 1
h = 1.35 (assumed)

w = 0.0113 h fs 3 dc A 103

w = 0.0113 1.35 3 400 30 30000 103 = 0.3535 mm.

2 3

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ACI Code Provisions Concerning Cracks

In the SNI/ACI Code, Sections 10.6.3 and 10.6.4 require that flexural
tensile reinforcement be well distributed within the zones of
maximum tension so that the center-to-center spacing of the
reinforcing closest to a tension surface is not greater than the value
computed with the following expression:
   
280 280
s = 380 2.5cc 300
fs fs
The term cc represents the clear cover from the nearest surface in
tension to the surface of the tensile reinforcement.
For beam with fy = 400 MPa, and clear decking 40 mm, maximum bar
spacing is: !
280
s = 380 2 2.5 40 = 215mm
3 400

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Skin Reinforcement
For relatively deep flexural members, some reinforcements should be
placed near the vertical faces of the tension zone to control cracking in
the web. Without such auxiliary steel, the width of the cracks in the
web may exceed the crack widths at the level of the flexural tension
reinforcement.
SNI/ACI 10.6.7 :
Where h of a beam or joist exceeds 900 mm, longitudinal skin
reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed along both side faces of
the member. Skin reinforcement shall extend for a distance h/2 from
the tension face.

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Home Works

1. What is the maximum permissible spacing of 10mm bars in the

one-way slab that will satisfy the SNI/ACI Code crack
requirements? when fy = 400 MPa.
2. Solve problem 6.23, 6.24, and 6.25
3. For all problems, calculate the crack width as well, compare the
crack width result of approximate solution and refined solution.

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