Guia de Diseño AISC No 11-Murray

1
Colombian Institute of Steel Construction ICCA
The New and Improved Design Guide 11 2nd Ed.

Vibrations of Steel-Framed Systems due to
Human Activity
AISC DESIGN GUIDE 11 2nd Edition
3
TODAYS OBJECTIVES
An overview of DG11 2nd Ed.
Discuss selected topics.
Provide some tips for designers.
4
OVERVIEW OF DG11 2ND Ed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLA DE CONTENIDO
1. Introduction 1. Introduccin
2. Evaluation Criteria for Human 2. Criterio de Evaluacin enfocado a
Comfort la Comodidad Humana
3. Natural Frequency of Steel- 3. Frecuencia Natural de Vibracin de
Sistemas de Entrepiso en Edificios
Framed Floor Systems Aporticados de Acero
4. Design for Walking Excitation 4. Diseo para Vibraciones Inducidas
5. Design for Rhythmic Excitation al Caminar
6. Design for Sensitive Equipment 5. Diseo para Vibraciones Inducidas
por Actividades Rtmicas
and Sensitive Occupancies
6. Diseo Asociado a Uso y
7. Finite Element Analysis Equipamiento Sensibles a
Methods Vibraciones
8. Evaluation of Vibration 7. Mtodos de Anlisis Basados en
Problems and Remedial Elementos Finitos
Measures 8. Evaluacin de Problemas de
Symbols Vibracin y Medidas Correctivas.
References Smbolos
Referencias
5
1. INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCCIN
1.1 Objectives of Design Guide 1.1 Objetivos de la Gua de
Diseo
1.2 Road Map
1.2 Mapa de Ruta
1.3 Background 1.3 Antecedentes
1.4 Basic Vibration Terminology 1.4 Vocabulario Relacionado
1.5 Structural Response con Vibraciones
Principles Related to Human 1.5 Fundamentos de la
Activity Respuesta Estructural
1.6 Walking, Running and Asociada con la Actividad
Humana
Rhythmic Forcing Functions
1.6 Caminar, Correr y
1.7 Use of Finite Element Funciones de Fuerza Rtmica
Analysis 1.7 Uso de Anlisis Basados
en Elementos Finitos
6
2. EVALUATION CRITERIA 2. CRITERIO DE

FOR HUMAN COMFORT EVALUACIN PARA LA
COMODIDAD HUMANA
2.1 Sources of Tolerance Limits
2.1 Limites de Tolerancia
2.2 Walking Excitation Floors
and Pedestrian Bridges 2.2 Circulacin de Peatones
Entrepisos y Puentes
2.3 Walking and Running Peatonales
Excitations Monumental 2.3 Vibraciones Inducidas por
Stairs Caminar y Correr Escaleras
2.4 Running on a Level Surface con Consideraciones
Especiales
2.5 Rhythmic Excitation
2.4 Vibraciones Inducidas al
Correr en Superficies Planas
2.5 Vibraciones Inducidas por
Actividades Rtmicas
7
3. NATURAL FREQUENCY 3. FRECUENCIA NATURAL

OF STEEL-FRAMED DE VIBRACIN DE
FLOOR SYSTEMS SISTEMAS DE ENTREPISO
3.1 Fundamental Relationships EN EDIFICIOS
APORTICADOS DE ACERO
3.2 Composite Action
3.1 Relaciones Fundamentales
3.3 Superimposed Loads for
Vibration Analysis 3.2 Accin Compuesta
3.4 Deflection Due to Shear in 3.3 Cargas Superimpuestas
Beams and Trusses para Anlisis de Vibraciones
3.5 Special Consideration for 3.4 Deflexin Debida a
Open Web Joists and Joist Cortante en Vigas y Armaduras
Girders 3.5 Consideraciones
Especiales para Celosas y
Vigas Principales con Celosa8
4. DESIGN FOR WALKING 4. DISEO PARA

EXCITATION VIBRACIONES INDUCIDAS
4.1 Recommended Evaluation AL CAMINAR
Criterion for Low-Frequency 4.1 Criterios de Evaluacin
Building Floors Recomendados para
4.2 Recommended Evaluation Entrepisos con Baja
Criteria for Pedestrian Bridges Frecuencia
4.3 Recommended Evaluation 4.2 Criterios de Evaluacin
Criteria for Linear Monumental Recomendados para Puentes
Stairs Peatonales
4.4 Design Examples 4.3 Criterios de Evaluacin
Recomendados para Escaleras
de Diseo Especial
4.4 Ejemplos de Diseo
9
5. DESIGN FOR RHYTHMIC 5. DISEO PARA

EXCITATION VIBRACIONES INDUCIDAS
5.1 Recommended Evaluation POR ACTIVIDADES
Criterion RTMICAS
5.2 Estimation of Parameters 5.1 Criterios de Evaluacin
5.3 Application of the Recomendados
Evaluation Criteria and 5.2 Determinacin de
Examples Parmetros
5.3 Aplicacin de los Criterios
de Evaluacin y Ejemplos
10
6. DESIGN FOR SENSITIVE 6. DISEO ASOCIADO A

EQUIPMENT AND EQUIPAMIENTO Y
SENSITIVE OCCUPANCIES SENSIBLES A
6.1 Evaluation of Vibrations in VIBRACIONES
Areas with Sensitive Equipment 6.1 Evaluacin de Vibraciones
6.2 Evaluation of Vibrations in en reas con Equipamiento
Areas with Sensitive Occupants Sensible a Vibraciones
6.3 Design Examples 6.2 Evaluacin de Vibraciones
en reas de uso Sensibles a
Vibraciones
6.3 Ejemplos de Diseo
11
7. FINITE ELEMENT 7. ANLISIS BASADO EN

ANALYSIS ELEMENTOS FINITOS
7.1 Introduction 7.1 Introduccin
7.2 Model Development 7.2 Creacin del Modelo
7.3 Natural Frequencies and 7.3 Frecuencias Naturales y
Modes Modos de Vibracin
7.4 Human Comfort Evaluation 7.4 Evaluacin del Confort
7.5 Evaluation of Floors Humano
Supporting Sensitive 7.5 Evaluacin de Sistemas de
Equipment Pisos que Soportan Equipos
Sensibles a Vibraciones
12
8. EVALUATION OF 8. EVALUACIN DE
VIBRATION PROBLEMS PROBLEMAS DE
AND REMEDIAL VIBRACIN Y MEDIDAS
MEASURES CORRECTIVAS.
8.1 Evaluation 8.1 Evaluacin
8.2 Recommended Vibration 8.2 Tcnicas Recomendadas
Measurement Techniques en la Medicin de Vibraciones.
8.3 Remedial Measures 8.3 Medidas Correctivas
8.4 Protection of Sensitive 8.4 Proteccin de Equipos
Equipment Sensibles a las Vibraciones
13
SELECTED TOPICS FOR TODAYS PRESENTATION
A. DESIGN FOR WALKING EXCITATION
B. DESIGN FOR RHYTHMIC EXCITATION
C. PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES
D. MONUMENTAL STAIRS
E. SENSITIVE EQUIPMENT
F. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS METHODS

14
TOPICS :
Development of the Human Tolerance Criterion for
Walking:
a p P o exp( -0.35f n ) a o
=
g W g
Frequency
Superimposed Loads and Damping
Tips on determining Floor Width and Floor Length
How good is DG11 2nd Ed. Human Tolerance Criterion
for Walking?
15
Tolerance Criterion:a p P o exp( -0.35f n ) a o
=
g W g
Walking Dynamic Loading:
Single Foot Step Multiple Footsteps
16
Specialized Fourier Series for Walking
Weight of Harmonic Phase

Walker (lb) Number Lag
4
F (t ) 0 Q i sin(2 i f Step t i )
i 1
DC Offset Harmonic Dynamic Step or Pacing

not needed. Amplitude Coefficient Frequency
Need Q, i and walking speeds.

Neglect Phase Lag.
17
4
i 1
Q = Body Weight (157 lbs, 0.7 kN) i = 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05
fStep between 1.6 Hz and 2.2 Hz

(96 bpm and 132 bpm)
Average is about 1.9-2.0 Hz
(114-120 bpm)
18
4
i 1
The maximum harmonic

frequency, ifstep, thats possible is
about 9-10 Hz, which defines a
Resonant Build-up or Low
Frequency Floor (LFF).
19
0.35 f n
0.83e
F Q x
(Q )( 0.83 )e0.35 fn
20
Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) Approximation
a(t ) F
aSteadyState
K 2M
F sin( 2f nt )
M
(at resonance)
C
t
21
Adjust for
Incomplete resonant build-up.
Walker and annoyed person are not at the same
location at the same time.
Use a reduction factor, R = 0.5 for floors with two-way
mode shapes
Use R = 0.7 for footbridges with a one-way mode.
22
Putting it All Together
Po = (0.5)(0.7 kN)(0.83)
= 0.29 kN for floors
Po = (0.7)(0.7 kN)(0.83)
= 0.41 kN for pedestrian bridges
23
Predicted Peak Acceleration Due to Walking
a p P o exp(0.35 f n)

g W
Walking Human Tolerance Criterion

Predicted < Tolerance
a p P o exp(0.35 f n) a o

g W g
24
Resonance
g W g
When nfstep = fn, subharmonic resonance occurs, resulting in

maximum acceleration.
If an occupants natural walking speed is a subharmonic of
the floor natural frequency, the potential for annoying
vibrations is increased.
Example: Floor natural frequency, fn, = 6 Hz.
Walking at 2 Hz, means n = 3 or 3rd subharmonic.
25
Definitions
ap = peak acceleration a p P o exp(0.35 f n) a o

ao = acceleration limit g W g
g = acceleration of gravity, 9,81 mm/sec2

fn = fundamental frequency of a beam or joist panel, girder
or a combined panel, as applicable
Po = a constant force equal to 0.29 kN for floors and
0.41 kN for pedestrian bridges
= modal damping ratio (0.01 to 0.05 or 1% to 5%)
W = effective weight of panel,
26
Frequency
1/2
gE s I t (Hz.)
f
2 4
wL
n
5wL / 384E s I t
4
(mm)
f 0.18 g / (Hz.)
n
f 0.18 g / ( )
n b g
beam deflection, mm
b Bay
girder deflection, mm
g
27

g W g
Estimating Superimposed Loads and Damping

SUPERIMPOSED LOADS, W DAMPING,
Dead Load: Structural System 1%
Mechanical 0.1 kPa Ceiling and Ductwork 1%
Electronic Office Build-Out 0.5%
Ceiling 0.1 kPa Paper Office Build-Out 1%
Live Loads: Churches, Schools, Malls 0%
Paper Office 0.5 kPa Dry Wall Partitions in Bay 2%
Electronic Office 0.3-0.4 kPa Note: Damping is cumulative.
28
Office Build-Outs
Electronic Office Paper Office 29

Effective Weight, W a p P o exp(0.35 f n) a o

Floor Width g W g
j g
W = W + W

j g
j

j g
g
W j =(w j /S)B j L j
Floor Length
B j =C j(Ds /Dj )1/4Lj 2/3 Floor Width

W
Wg = (w g /Lj,avg )Bg Lg
Bg =Cg (Dj /Dg )1/4Lj 2/3 Floor Length
30
Effective Weight, W
31
Floor Length and Floor Width
70
10 5 @ 10 = 50 10
32
Floor Length and Floor Width
Dry Wall Partitions

(Wall Support)
Floor Length
Exterior Cladding
(Wall Support)
33
How Accurate is the DG11 Walking Tolerance Criterion?

g W g
34
TOPICS:
Human Tolerance Criterion for Rhythmic Excitation
Loadings
Reduction for Loaded Area
Deflection Rule
Design Solutions
Aerobics in Multi-Story Buildings
35
Human Tolerance Criterion for Rhythmic Activities
Predicted Tolerance Limit
1.5 1/1.5
a p ,i

ap ao
1.5 Power Rule
g g g
where ao /g = acceleration tolerance limit
i = harmonic number = 1, 2, 3
1.3 i w p / wt
a p ,i

2
fn
2
2 f n
2
if step
1
if step
36
Tolerance Acceleration Limits
37
Dynamic Loading Parameters
38
Reduction in Loading Considering Activity Area in Bay
Dining and Dancing

0.60 kPa if Over Entire Bay
Reduction Considering Dance Floor Area:

Dance Floor Area = 5 m x 8 m = 40 m2
Bay Area = 8 m x 17 m = 136 m2
Live Load, wp = 0.60 kPa x 40/136
= 0.18 kPa
39
Aerobics on a Floor Designed for Office Occupancy
5 in. Total Depth

2 in. Deck
Normal Wt. Concrete
fc = 4,000 psi
Ec = 3,500 ksi
n = Es/(1.35Ec) = 6.15
Mech. and Clg. = 4 psf
Slab + Deck Wt. = 56.4 psf
Wt. of Participants = 4.2 psf
16 ft Supporting Columns
fn = 4.43 Hz
40
Aerobics on a Floor Designed for Office Occupancy
43.3%g
Note:
fn/2 = 4.43 Hz/2
= 2.22 Hz
(Second Harmonic
Resonance)
2.22 Hz
41
Rhythmic Frequency Rule
g
f n 0.18

For a given fn, is a constant.

Example: For fn = 6.0 Hz, g = 9,810 mm/sec2
= 8.8 mm regardless of span length!!
For fn = 6.0 Hz, stiffness must 16 times greater for a

20 m span compared to a 10 m span floor.
42
Design Tip:
Activity Flooring -- Does not reduce structural vibrations.
43
Design Tip:
Isolation: Double Framing
44
Design Tip:
Checkerboard Framing to
Reduce Girder Size
45
DESIGN FOR RHYTHMIC EXCITATION
Upper Story Responses from Rhythmic Activity
R Office Personnel Complaining
10
Dance Studios
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
46
Upper Story Responses from Rhythmic Activity
Jumping at 2 Hz.
Frequency of 10th Floor
was 4 Hz.
Resonance Problem
Need to Consider
Column Shortening
g
f n 0.18
j g c
c = Column Shortening
Response at 10th Floor, %g 47

C. PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES
Acceleration Ratio vs. Number of Walkers (Natural Walk),
OCCC Bridge
15.000
13.000
11.000 Synchronized an =n a1
n/a 1
9.000
Ratio of a
RMS Natural
7.000
5.000
Natural an = n a1
New Criterion 3.000
1.000
a p 0.41 n exp(0.35 f n) a o 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
5% 7%
W
Number of Walkers
g g
n = Number of Walkers
Engineering judgement
required to determine n.
48
TOPICS:
Features and Challenges
Evaluation Criteria
Tolerance Limits
DG11 Chapter 4 Manual
Calculation Method
49
Features and Challenges

Long spans and slender stringers low fn
Wide range of step frequencies
Regular descents up to 2.5 Hz
Fast descents up to 4.0 Hz
Easy to cause resonance
Low mass and damping
High accelerations
50
Aceleration Evaluation Criterion

Predicted peak acceleration tolerance limit
ap ao

g g
Natural Frequency Evaluation Criteria

Vertical: fn 5 Hz
Lateral: fn 2.5 Hzc
51
Tolerance Limits
Waveform Sinusoidal Peak Accelerations
Regular Descents & Ascents
Similar to indoor footbridges.
1.7%g
Fast Descents & Ascents
People expect more severe vibrations.
3.0%g
Fast Groups
4.5%g
52
Chapter 4 Manual Method

Applies to linear stairs. Chapter 4 does not
Classical equations for apply. FEA required.
modal properties.
No vertical support.
53

Idealize stair as a sloped beam:
gEI
fn
2 Ws L3s
x
sin
Ls
Meff 0.5MS
54

2

ap
g
0.624e gfn RQ cos
Ws

1 e 100 W R
where
g = 0.29 for a regular descent, 0.19 for fast
R = 0.7 for a regular descent; 0.7 or 0.5 for fast
Q = 0.75 kN
Ws = weight of stair, kN
= damping
55
Chapter 4 Manual Method Damping
= 0.01 = 0.038
56
Manufacturers requirements
often in terms of velocity, but
sometimes acceleration.
Generic requirements are
available.
Requirements are usually
very strict.
Massive and stiff floors are
required.
57
Floors for Sensitive Equipment

High frequency floors (HFF) are often used.
Natural frequency high enough to prevent
resonance.
No resonant build-ups relative low vibrations.
Many types of equipment less sensitive to high
frequency vibrations.
Human tolerance is rarely a concern with high
frequency floors.
58
Equipment Tolerance Limits

Waveform peak velocity or acceleration specific limit.
Narrowband spectral velocity or acceleration specific limit.
One-third octave spectral velocity or acceleration generic
limit.
3
10
V1/3,Lim
Velocity (mips, rms)

V1/3
2
10
1
10
0
10
4 5 6.3 8 10 12.5 16 20
Time (sec)
Frequency (Hz)
Acceleration Waveform Narrowband Acceleration One-third Octave
Spectrum Velocity Spectrum 59
Example: Waveform
Acceleration Limit
GE Open MRI Pre-
installation Manual
60
Example Waveform Acceleration Limit
61
Example Waveform Acceleration Limit
0.1
Peak Accel. = 0.0537 %g
Limit = 0.01 m/s2
Pred. Acceleration (%g)
X: 1.551
Y: 0.04613
0.05
0 aPeakToPeak = 0.0998%g
= 0.00979 m/s2
-0.05
X: 1.5
Y: -0.05374
-0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (sec.)
62
Example Narrowband Spectrum Specific Limit

Need to predict this
magnitude.
0.01
Predicted
Pred. RMS Accel. (%g)

0.008 Limit
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
5 10 15 20
Frequency (Hz)
Acceleration Due to Walking
63
Generic Limits
Specific limited are often not
available. Generic limits can
be used.
Usually expressed as one-
third octave spectral velocity
magnitudes.
Most common are Vibration
Criteria (VC) curves
64
One-Third Octave Spectral Responses

Limit
900 min./s.
Lengthy
Mathematical
Operations
65
One-Third Octave Spectral Velocity Predictions
175 106
e gfn if fn fL
W fn
V1/3
250 106 fstep

2.43
2 fn / fstep
1 e if fn fU
W 1.8
fn
First Expression: Resonant Response

Second Expression: Impulse Response
Interpolate in intermediate range.
66
Predicted Frequency
fn = min(fb, fg)
Walking Speeds
Difficult to compare first Second Edition First Edition
and second editions.
Models very different. Very Slow 75 bpm Slow 50 bpm
Slow 96 bpm
Moderate 75 bpm
Moderate 111 bpm
Fast 126 bpm Fast 100 bpm
67
Adjustments for Walker and Equipment

Locations
Prediction equations assume walker
and equipment are at mid-bay
conservative.
Predictions can be scaled assuming a
unity-normalized mode shape.
Example:
x ( y Lg )
sin sin if fb fg
Lb 3Lg
( x Lb ) y
sin sin if fb fg
3Lb Lg
68
Adjustments for Walker and Equipment Locations

If walker and equipment are both away from mid-bay,
the prediction is scaled using
= we
where
fw = mode shape value at walker
fe = mode shape value at equipment
69
Cantilever
Manual methods in Chapters
4, 5, and 6.
Easier
Experience
Better established
FEA Methods
Use FEA methods in
Chapter 7 for structures
outside the scope of
manual methods.
Partitions
Retrofit
70
Evaluation Approach (Chapter 7)

Develop 3D model.
Predict natural modes.
Predict frequency response function (FRF).
Predict response to human activity.
Compare to tolerance limit.
71
Bay Being
Evaluated
Model Development
Extent of Model
Do not over-predict area in motion.
Slab
Shell elements
Uncracked
Members
Frame elements
Transformed MOI
Continuous connections
72
Natural Mode Predictions

Eigenvalue analysis.
Number of Modes
All modes with single curvature within a bay.
Include modes up to about double the
fundamental frequency.
Many modes are often predicted what to do next?!
73
Frequency Response Functions (FRFs)

Concept:
X: 9.1
1 lb sinusoidal force Y: 0.01498
X: 7.2
Y: 0.00756
1 lb
Steady state
response, %g
Frequency = f
74
Frequency Response Function (FRF)

Advantages
Indicates which frequencies will provide high
responses if excited.
Provides %g/kN that can be scaled to predict
response to human activity.
75
FRF Method in DG11 Chapter 7

Basic Form for Resonant Reponses (LFF)
ap FRFMax FHarmonic R
where
FRFMax = maximum FRF magnitude within reach of
the maximum considered harmonic.
FHarmonic = bodyweight x dynamic coefficient
R = adjustment or calibration factor for some
applications..
76
Application to Rhythmic Group Loads

Compute peak acceleration due to each harmonic.
ap,i FRF (ifstep ) i w p
Weight of
%g/kN/m2 for ith participants, psf
harmonic
Combine to predict the peak acceleration.

1/1.5
ap a1.5
p,i
i
77
GRACIAS!
78

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1

Colombian Institute of Steel Construction ICCA

The New and Improved Design Guide 11 2nd Ed.

An overview of DG11 2nd Ed.

Discuss selected topics.

Provide some tips for designers.

2. EVALUATION CRITERIA 2. CRITERIO DE

3. NATURAL FREQUENCY 3. FRECUENCIA NATURAL

4. DESIGN FOR WALKING 4. DISEO PARA

5. DESIGN FOR RHYTHMIC 5. DISEO PARA

6. DESIGN FOR SENSITIVE 6. DISEO ASOCIADO A

7. FINITE ELEMENT 7. ANLISIS BASADO EN

A. DESIGN FOR WALKING EXCITATION

B. DESIGN FOR RHYTHMIC EXCITATION

F. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS METHODS

Single Foot Step Multiple Footsteps

Weight of Harmonic Phase

DC Offset Harmonic Dynamic Step or Pacing

Need Q, i and walking speeds.

fStep between 1.6 Hz and 2.2 Hz

The maximum harmonic

Walking Human Tolerance Criterion

When nfstep = fn, subharmonic resonance occurs, resulting in

g = acceleration of gravity, 9,81 mm/sec2

Estimating Superimposed Loads and Damping

Electronic Office Paper Office 29

B j =C j(Ds /Dj )1/4Lj 2/3 Floor Width

Dry Wall Partitions

Predicted Tolerance Limit

Dining and Dancing

Reduction Considering Dance Floor Area:

5 in. Total Depth

For a given fn, is a constant.

For fn = 6.0 Hz, stiffness must 16 times greater for a

Response at 10th Floor, %g 47

Features and Challenges

Aceleration Evaluation Criterion

Natural Frequency Evaluation Criteria

Chapter 4 Manual Method

Chapter 4 Manual Method

Chapter 4 Manual Method

Chapter 4 Manual Method Damping

Floors for Sensitive Equipment

Equipment Tolerance Limits

Velocity (mips, rms)

Example Waveform Acceleration Limit

Example Waveform Acceleration Limit

Example Narrowband Spectrum Specific Limit

Pred. RMS Accel. (%g)

One-Third Octave Spectral Responses

One-Third Octave Spectral Velocity Predictions

First Expression: Resonant Response

Adjustments for Walker and Equipment

Adjustments for Walker and Equipment Locations

Evaluation Approach (Chapter 7)

Natural Mode Predictions

Frequency Response Functions (FRFs)

Frequency Response Function (FRF)

FRF Method in DG11 Chapter 7

Application to Rhythmic Group Loads

Combine to predict the peak acceleration.

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