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Article history: This systematic review aims to analyze the case reports, case series, or clinical studies describing the
Accepted 30 March 2015 women with cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP), and thus, to determine the efcacy and safety of
different primary treatment modalities in the management of CSEP.
Keywords: A thorough search of electronic databases showed that 274 articles on CSEP were published between
cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy January 1978 and April 2014.
ectopic pregnancy
Systemic methotrexate, uterine artery embolization, dilatation and curettage (D&C), hysterotomy, and
treatment
hysteroscopy were the most frequently adopted rst-line approaches. The success rates of systemic
methotrexate, uterine artery embolization, hysteroscopy, D&C, and hysterotomy were 8.7%, 18.3%, 39.1%,
61.6%, and 92.1%, respectively. The hysterectomy rates were 3.6%, 1.1%, 0.0%, 7.3%, and 1.7% in CSEP cases
that were treated by systemic methotrexate, uterine artery embolization, hysteroscopy, D&C, and hys-
terotomy, respectively. The ability to achieve a subsequent term pregnancy is related to successful sys-
temic methotrexate treatment (p 0.001) or hysterotomy (p 0.009). Future term pregnancy was
signicantly more frequent in the hysterotomy group (p 0.001).
Hysteroscopy and laparoscopic hysterotomy are safe and efcient surgical procedures that can be
adopted as primary treatment modalities for CSEP. Uterine artery embolization should be reserved for
cases with signicant bleeding and/or a high suspicion index for arteriovenous malformation. Systemic
methotrexate and D&C are not recommended as rst-line approaches for CSEP, as these procedures are
associated with high complication and hysterectomy rates.
Copyright 2016, Taiwan Association of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. This
is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
4.0/).
Introduction cesarean deliveries, and 1/531 for women who had at least one
cesarean delivery [2].
Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP) refers to implantation of The diagnosis of CSEP is often difcult, and a false-negative
pregnancy within the myometrial tissue that corresponds to the diagnosis may result in major complications such as severe hem-
site of prior hysterotomy. However, CSEP usually occurs as a late orrhage, uterine rupture, and emergency hysterectomy. The
complication of a previously performed cesarean section [1]. following criteria are required for the diagnosis of CSEP: (1) empty
Up to date, caesarean scar pregnancy (CSEP) is considered as the uterus and empty cervical canal; (2) development of gestational sac
rarest form of the ectopic pregnancies. Although its exact incidence or placental tissue in the anterior wall of the cervical isthmus; (3)
is unknown, the incidence of CSEP has been estimated to be 1/3000 discontinuity on the anterior uterine wall as demonstrated on a
for the general obstetric population, 1/1800e1/2500 for all sagittal plane of the uterus running through the amniotic sac; (4)
absent or diminished healthy myometrium between the bladder
and gestational sac/placental tissue; and (5) high velocity with low
impedance peritrophoblastic vascular ow clearly surrounding the
* Corresponding author. Selcuklu Mah. Adnan Kahveci Cad., Number 16/2, D: 4, sac in Doppler examination [2,3].
Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
E-mail address: minekanat@hotmail.com (M. Kanat-Pektas).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2015.03.009
1028-4559/Copyright 2016, Taiwan Association of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
264 M. Kanat-Pektas et al. / Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 55 (2016) 263e269
Up to date, there is no standard treatment modality for CSEP. interval to prior cesarean delivery, gestational age, crownerump
Therapeutic options can be medical, surgical, or a combination of length measurements, existence of embryonic/fetal cardiac activity,
both. Since there is a dramatic rise in the prevalence of cesarean serum concentration of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (b-
delivery, it is obvious that more women will be diagnosed with HCG) at the time of admission, clinical symptoms, treatment mo-
CSEP in the near future. Therefore, a set of criteria should be dalities, resolution time, and future fertility were retrieved from the
developed for the therapeutic options [3]. original manuscript.
This systematic review aims to analyze the case reports, case
series, or clinical studies describing the women with CSEP, and thus, Limitation and bias
to determine the efcacy and safety of different primary treatment
modalities in the management of CSEP. To the best of our knowl- The major limitation of the study was the dependence on
edge, the present review is the most extensive and comprehensive nonstandardized knowledge gathered from anecdotal case reports
account of rst-line approaches that have been adopted for the and series. The methods of b-HCG measurement, the methods of
treatment of CSEP cases. crownerump length measurement, the quality of ultrasonography
equipment, and the experience or skillfulness of the sonographers
Materials and methods were not uniform and lacked standardization. Moreover, the rep-
resentation and reportage of data related to CSEP lacked constancy
Literature search and uniformity.
Potentially relevant citations identified from electronic searches to identify primary articles on
Primary articles retrieved for detailed evaluation References excluded after screening
Articles excluded
-Multiple/duplicate publication (n = 6)
-Reviews/letters/comments/editorials (n = 35)
Figure 1. Literature search and study selection process for cesarean section ectopic pregnancy.
Table 1
Primary treatment modalities of cesarean section ectopic pregnancy.
Table 2
Cesarean section ectopic pregnancies primarily treated with systemic methotrexate.
Successful Unsuccessful p
(n 144) (n 415)
Table 3
Cesarean section ectopic pregnancies primarily treated with uterine artery embolization.
Successful Unsuccessful p
(n 66) (n 295)
respectively, 53.7%, 26.9%, 16.4%, and 3.0% of CSEP cases that were The success rate of D&C was 61.6% in the CSEP cases. Secondary
primarily treated with hysteroscopy. However, no hysterectomy treatment was uterine artery embolization, systemic methotrexate,
was needed. Lower gravidity, lower parity, a higher number of prior hysterotomy, and intragestational vasopressin injection in,
cesarean deliveries, lower gestational age, and shorter duration of respectively, 60.7%, 10.1%, 6.7%, and 5.6% of CSEP cases that were
resolution were signicantly associated with successful hysteros- primarily treated with D&C. Hysterectomy was indicated in 17
copy (p 0.006, p 0.001, p 0.001, p 0.016, and p 0.001, cases, yielding a rate of 7.3%. Shorter time from prior cesarean de-
respectively; Table 4). livery, presence of embryonic cardiac activity, and absence of
symptoms were signicantly related with successful D&C
(p 0.031, p 0.044, and p 0.001, respectively; Table 5).
Table 4
Cesarean section ectopic pregnancies primarily treated with hysteroscopy. Hysterotomy was performed by laparoscopy (48.3%), laparot-
omy (44.8%), and transvaginal route (6.9%). Hysterotomy was suc-
Successful Unsuccessful p
cessful in 92.1% of the cases. Secondary treatment was D&C,
(n 43) (n 67)
systemic methotrexate, uterine artery embolization, and hysteros-
Maternal age (y) 32.2 3.3 30.4 3.9 0.124 copy in, respectively, 50%, 14.3%, 7.1%, and 7.1% of the cases who
Gravidity 2.4 0.5 3.3 0.8 0.006*
Parity 1.3 0.5 2.1 0.3 0.001*
underwent hysterotomy. Hysterectomy was performed in three
Prior cesarean delivery 1.3 0.4 3.6 1.1 0.001* cases, corresponding to a rate of 1.7%. No factors were signicantly
Bleeding 3 (7.0) 14 (20.9) 0.051 associated with successful hysterotomy (Table 6).
Gestational age (wk) 6.8 1.0 8.2 1.4 0.016* Table 7 compares the most frequently adopted rst-line ap-
Beta-HCG (IU/mL) 34,132.3 14,284.8 30,116.1 11,143.0 0.367
proaches for CSEP. Maternal age, gravidity, parity, and serum b-HCG
Fetal cardiac activity 8 (18.6) 2 (3.0) 0.398
Resolution time (d) 19.7 7.2 35.8 8.6 0.001* levels were signicantly higher in the hysterotomy group. The
Future term pregnancy 1 (2.3) 5 (7.5) 0.381 number of previous cesarean deliveries was signicantly higher
Data are presented as n (%) or mean standard deviation.
and the time from prior cesarean delivery was signicantly longer
*p < 0.05 was accepted to be statistically signicant. in the uterine artery embolization group. Bleeding and embryonic
HCG human chorionic gonadotropin. cardiac activity were signicantly more frequent, and gestational
M. Kanat-Pektas et al. / Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 55 (2016) 263e269 267
Table 5
Cesarean section ectopic pregnancies primarily treated with dilatation and curettage.
Successful Unsuccessful p
(n 143) (n 89)
Table 6
Cesarean section ectopic pregnancies primarily treated with hysterotomy.
Successful Unsuccessful p
(n 160) (n 14)
Table 7
Comparison of most frequently adopted rst-line approaches for cesarean section ectopic pregnancy.
Hysterotomy (n 160) Systemic methotrexate (n 144) D&C (n 143) UAE (n 66) H/S (n 43) p
Maternal age (y) 34.4 3.2 33.3 3.5 33.9 3.9 31.6 2.0 32.2 3.3 0.001*
Gravidity 3.8 1.6 3.6 1.6 4.0 1.2 3.0 0.3 2.4 0.5 0.001*
Parity 2.0 0.9 2.0 1.5 1.9 0.9 2.2 0.6 1.3 0.5 0.001*
Prior C/S 1.7 0.7 1.5 0.8 1.6 0.9 3.9 1.0 1.3 0.4 0.001*
Time from prior C/S (mo) 5.5 2.7 5.8 3.4 3.7 2.3 5.5 1.2 d 0.001*
Indication for C/S 0.364
CPD 2 (1.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) d d
Fetal distress 2 (1.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) d d
Bleeding 44 (27.5) 20 (13.9) 73 (51.0) 22 (33.3) 3 (7.0) 0.001*
Gestational age (wk) 7.9 1.8 7.2 1.1 8.4 4.0 7.7 1.3 6.8 1.0 0.001*
CRL (mm) 9.7 7.6 13.3 1.2 12.4 0.5 d d 0.308
Beta-HCG (IU/mL) 60,754.8 60,092.1 25,522.7 22,080.2 32,105.6 24,443.3 33,409.9 5880.7 34,132.3 14,284.8 0.001*
Fetal cardiac activity 24 (15.0) 5 (3.5) 18 (12.6) d 8 (18.6) 0.001*
Resolution time (d) 20.2 10.2 60.1 18.9 46.3 26.9 58.5 4.3 19.7 7.2 0.001*
Future term pregnancy 23 (14.4) 17 (11.8) 5 (3.5) 1 (1.5) 1 (2.3) 0.001*
age was signicantly higher in the D&C group. Future term preg- The rst application of this minimally invasive procedure in the
nancy was signicantly more frequent in the hysterotomy group treatment of CSEP was described by Wang et al [17]. Similar studies
(p 0.001 for each). have since reported encouraging data about the hysteroscopic
management of CSEP and claimed that this procedure offers less
Discussion blood loss, shorter postoperative hospital stay, and shorter reso-
lution time [18e23]. An expert review also designated hysteros-
In case of CSEP, successful births have been described with copy as an optimal rst-line approach for CSEP with the lowest
expectant management, but the prognosis for an uneventful term complication rate (15.7%) [12]. Accordingly, this review showed
pregnancy is poor. The hysterectomy rates in these cases are that hysteroscopy was successful in 39% of the reviewed CSEP cases,
considerably high because of the increased risk of placenta previa/ and there was no need for hysterectomy.
accreta, uterine rupture, and related life-threatening massive Arslan et al [24] described the rst case of CSEP that was suc-
hemorrhage [5,6]. Therefore, termination of pregnancy in the rst cessfully treated with D&C alone. Although the same technique failed
trimester is generally recommended. The treatment of CSEP should or caused complications in other case series [11,24e31], it was argued
aim at the prevention of massive blood loss and conservation of that D&C could be performed under sonographic control if gesta-
uterus so that health status, life quality, and future fertility of tional age was < 7 weeks and myometrial thickness was > 3.5 mm
affected women should be maintained [6,7]. [23,24,31]. A recent review demonstrated that D&C alone had a
The incidence of CSEP has been substantially elevated, probably complication rate of 63% in the treatment of CSEP [32]. This sys-
owing to the increasing rate of caesarean deliveries and awareness tematic review showed that D&C was successful in 62% of cases, and
of this pathology. Despite this prominent increase, no universal the hysterectomy rate was nearly 7%. Therefore, it would be rational
treatment guidelines have been established till now, and the to avoid D&C as a rst-line approach, since it can lead to profuse
management of CSEP in daily clinical practice is still based on bleeding and complementary treatment procedures, requiring gen-
anecdotal case reports and small series [8,9]. eral anesthesia, blood transfusion, and laparotomy. In addition, D&C
Initially, systemic methotrexate has been adopted as a rst-line as a rst-line approach is associated with infertility and poor obstetric
approach for the CSEP treatment [10]. At rst, the success rate of outcome irrespective of whether it is successful or not.
systemic methotrexate was reported to range between 71% and Wedge excision of CSEP by hysterotomy is mandatory when
80%, with a hysterectomy rate of only 6% [11]. Later, it was uterine rupture is conrmed or strongly suspected. This conven-
concluded that systemic methotrexate alone had a 62.1% compli- tional surgery allows complete removal of the CSEP and simulta-
cation rate [12]. This systematic review also showed that rst-line neous repair of the myometrial scar, so that any probable
systematic methotrexate was successful in only 8.7% of CSEP recurrence is hindered and the resolution time is shortened [6e9].
cases, and hysterectomy rate was approximately 4%. However, the Yet, this approach results in larger surgical wounds, postoperative
ability to achieve a subsequent term pregnancy was found to be adhesions, longer hospital stay, and longer recovery time, with a
related to successful systemic methotrexate treatment. possible higher risk of future placenta previa/accreta [33,34].
These ndings point out the inappropriateness of recommend- Laparoscopic wedge resection of CSEP is justied in hemodynam-
ing systemic methotrexate as a rst-line approach for CSEP. The ically stable women who have deeply implanted gestational sacs
reason is that it may take a long time before systemic methotrexate growing toward the abdominal cavity and bladder. Similar to hys-
exerts its effects on embryonic cardiac activity and placental teroscopy, this technique also requires general anesthesia, opera-
growth, and there is a possibility that these effects may never occur. tive skills, and equipment. The rst case of CSEP managed with
If this is the case, complementary treatment is aimed at a larger laparoscopy was reported by Lee et al [35]. The following reports
gestational sac with an enriched vascularization. Wasting such suggest that laparoscopic evacuation of CSEP is a safe and less time-
precious time may eventually result in with more severe compli- consuming procedure [19,35e37].
cations that may harm the patients. An expert review also designated hysteroscopy as an optimal
Uterine artery embolization was originally developed as a con- rst-line approach for CSEP with a lower complication rate (20%)
servative treatment for postpartum hemorrhage, uterine leiomyo- [12]. This systematic review demonstrated that hysterotomy suc-
mas, and cervical pregnancy. Utilization of uterine artery cessfully treated 92% of the reviewed CSEP cases, and hysterectomy
embolization in association with systemic or local administration of was required in only 2% of the cases. Moreover, the ability to ach-
methotrexate for the treatment of CSEP was reported in several ieve a subsequent term pregnancy was found to be related to
case series [13e16]. A recently published expert review stated that successful hysterotomy, whereas the inability to maintain a sub-
uterine artery embolization alone had a complication rate of 80%, sequent pregnancy is associated with unsuccessful hysterotomy.
and thus, uterine artery embolization should be used as a spare Hysteroscopy and laparoscopic hysterotomy appear as safe and
method in uncomplicated cases of CSEP [12]. As for the present efcient surgical procedures that can be adopted as primary
review, complementary treatment was required in 82% of the CSEP treatment modalities for CSEP. Uterine artery embolization should
cases that were primarily treated with uterine artery embolization, be reserved for CSEP cases with signicant bleeding and/or a high
and the inability to maintain a subsequent pregnancy was associ- suspicion index for arteriovenous malformation. Systemic metho-
ated with the failure of unsuccessful uterine artery. These ndings trexate and D&C are not recommended as rst-line approaches for
suggest that the use of uterine artery embolization as a rst-line CSEP, as these procedures are associated with high complication
approach should be limited to cases with signicant bleeding rates and require hysterectomy.
and/or a high suspicion index for arteriovenous malformation.
Hysteroscopy allows direct visualization of the gestational sac Conicts of interest
and coagulation of the related vascular texture at the implantation
site so that any profuse bleeding may be prevented. Other advan- The authors have no conicts of interest relevant to this article.
tages of this minimally invasive procedure over systemic metho-
trexate and uterine artery embolization are the avoidance of
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