Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ABSTRACT
The main aim of this project is to develop a new type of wind turbine that can easily mount to
any type human environment such as roof, wall of the house and street light poles, etc for
domestic power generation purpose. It also reduces the cost of new pole for mounting wind
turbine. For my research, the vertical axis wind turbine was chosen because of it reacts to wind
from any direction, and low cost for small energy needs. The number of U.S patents was studied
and for the research two types of wind turbines were selected. One is straight bladed hallow
cored wind turbine which was invented by Matthew Leo Ruder in 2012 and another is savonius
wind turbine which was invented by savonius in 1924. The research is carried out on straight
bladed hallow cored wind turbine and savonius wind turbine in order to improve its efficiency.
Our state has long coastal line of 972 KM and also having second largest wind potential in India
of about 8275 MW. The development of small wind turbines is necessary to convert the wind
energy in to useful form of energy.
The twelve vertical axis wind turbine models were investigated. Out of which eight are hollow
cored type models and four are savonius type models. This research is carried out by considering
three factors on which the output power of the wind turbine depends. They are the cross-
sectional area of the wind turbine, wind velocity, generator. These 12 models are fabricated by
using Aluminum sheet metal and tested in wind tunnel at various wind speeds. The results are
noted in a tabular column and the graphs are plotted for power, coefficient of torque &
coefficient of power against wind speed. By comparing these results, it is found that the three
bladed double helical hallow cored wind turbine (DHHCWT) with helical angle 300 has
maximum efficiency of about 8.84%. And an overall 1.04% of efficiency is increased then the
three bladed hallow cored wind turbine model.
By using Autodesk CFD 2014, the CFD simulation test is conducted in order to find out the
reason behind this efficiency. The standard K- turbulence model scheme and standard
boundary conditions are used. The coefficient-drag for the straight hallow cored blade and
double helical hallow cored wind turbine blade were analyzed and compared. And the result
showed that the double helical wind turbine has low drag coefficient which is necessary for
every wind turbine in order to penetrate in to the upcoming wind. And by using Autodesk CFD
simulation, the static torque for one complete revolution of three bladed hallow cored wind
turbine, three bladed double helical hallow cored wind turbine, the two and three bladed savonius
wind turbine with stator vane type arrangement at wind speed 10 m/sec were analyzed and
compared. And the result shown that the three bladed double helical (300) hallow cored wind
turbine has high static torque when compared to all.
The prototype of the three bladed double helical hallow cored wind turbine is fabricated by using
aluminum sheet metal of 28 gauge thickness. To improve the efficiency of the wind turbine, the
low rpm radial permanent magnet generator was built by using resin casting method. This
prototype wind turbine converts wind energy in to electrical energy by means of a permanent
magnet generator (PMG). And the prototype is installed in high altitude to conduct the
performance tests for this prototype. The prototype gives about 40 watts at 6.82 m/sec with an
efficiency of about 14%. The generated output is used to charge a series of 12 volts heavy duty
batteries.
In this thesis, the eight embodiments were designed by using CATIA V5 which explains the
installation of small vertical wind turbines for future power generation purpose. The main
advantage of these wind turbines are capability of self starting, no need to provide input energy,
it is safer, simpler, less expensive to install. It reduces our dependence on non-renewable energy
fuels. This is the Ideal choice for rural, sea shore areas, hill & mountain areas, plain areas, and
areas which lack other resources. If properly placed and installed it can be reduce our power bills
.so the future scope of these type of wind turbines is good.
2
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
In the continuous research of non-conventional, abundant and pollute free energy for future
demands. The wind energy is one of the best option for future energy purpose.
Wind mills
Wind machines
Wind turbines
DEFINITION:
Windmills: If the mechanical energy produced by the wind is utilized directly by the machinery
without converting in to other form of energy, that machine is called as wind mill. Such as pump
or grinding stones, etc.
Wind Turbines: If the mechanical energy produced by the wind is then converted into
electricity, that machine is called a wind turbine.
3
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF WIND-TURBINES
Wind turbines are classified into two general types: Horizontal axis wind turbines and Vertical
axis wind turbines.
A horizontal axis wind turbine has its blades rotating on an axis parallel to the ground. A tail
vane is usually used to keep the blades facing into the wind. Some very large wind turbines use a
motor-driven mechanism that turns the machine in response to a wind direction sensor mounted
on the tower. The main components of horizontal axis wind turbines are the blades, hub, pitch
change device, nacelle, transmission system, generator, tower, and control room.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
They will not react to wind from any direction and therefore yawing
equipment is needed to turn the rotor in to the wind.
It has high cut in speed.
Cost is high and high maintenance is needed.
They can require les structural support because heavy components like gear
box, generator can be placed at ground level.
4
Figure (1.1): various types of horizontal axis wind turbines.
5
b. Vertical Axis Wind Turbines:
A vertical axis wind turbine has its blades rotating on an axis perpendicular to the ground. It axis
of rotation is vertical. The common vertical axis turbines are the Darrieus, which has curved
blades, the Giromill, which has straight blades, and the Savonius, which has half cylindrical
blades to catch the wind. A vertical axis wind turbine reacts to wind from any direction. Because
of the shaft is vertical, the transmission and generator can be mounted at ground level allowing
easier maintenance and low for cost supporting structure. The main components of vertical axis
wind turbines are the blades, transmission system, supporting structure, axle and generator.
Disadvantages:
6
Figure (1.2): various types of vertical axis wind turbines.
7
Merits of wind energy:
1. Favorable winds are available only in few geographical locations, away from
cities, in forests.
2. Direction of wind changes and it is un-steady.
3. Small units are more reliable but have higher capital cost per kWh.
4. Requires energy storage batteries and/or standby diesel generators for supply of
continuous power to load
5. Only in kW and a few MW range does not meet the energy needs of large cities
and industry
6. Wind forms require flat vacant land, sea shore areas, and hill areas.
8
1.4 Gross wind power potential in India over 47345 MW:
Gross wind power potential in the country has been estimated at over 47345 MW, based on the
areas having wind power density of 200 Watts per square meter.
2. Gujarat 9675 MW
3. Karnataka 6620 MW
4. Kerala 875 MW
6. Maharashtra 3650 MW
7. Orissa 1700 MW
8. Rajasthan 5400 MW
Total 47345 MW
9
1.5 Wind map of India:
Figure (1.3): The map of India indicating the various wind energy sites in India.
10
1.6 The power in the wind:
The wind turbine works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical
energy. We know that power is equal to energy per unit area.
1
The kinetic energy in the wind = 2mv2. Equation 1
The amount of air passing in unit time through an area A, with velocity (v) = A .V
m = Av .. Equation 2
1
Kinetic energy = 2 A v. v2
= A v3 watts
There are three factors which determine the output from a wind turbine.
iii) The overall conversion efficiency of the rotor, transmission system and generator.
11
1.7 Classification of wind turbines based on power out-put:
The broad classification is as follows.
Small 1 to 15 KW
Medium 15 to 200 KW
12
2. LITERATURE REVIEW:
2.1 Literature review of hallow cored wind turbine:
Commonly, vertical axis wind turbines are divided in to two types. They are the savonuis wind
turbine, darrieus wind turbine. Savonius has vertical half cylindrical blades and it is a drag type
wind turbine. Darrieus wind turbine has egg beater blades that have a flat side and a curved side
to create the lift. The air flowing over the airfoils (wind turbine blades) is converted into
rotational energy which rotates the generator. In the vertical axis wind turbine swept area is a
cylinder perpendicular to air flow. The efficiency can be improved by improving the swept area
of the wind turbine rotor. The challenge in a vertical axis wind turbine design is to optimize the
shape and angle of the blade to minimize the drag caused by the blades not facing into the wind.
A turbine blade designer, Matthew Leo Ruder, (2012) invented Straight bladed Hallow cored
wind turbine. It is a combination type wind turbine which consists of both positive drag forces
and lift forces. Here, the hallow cored means the inner cored part is empty. By this reason these
blades are weight less compared to the conventional wind turbine. In hallow cored type of wind
turbine blades; there are two types of drag forces acting on the blade surface. First type of the
drag force is parallel to the relative wind. And another type of the drag force is opposite to the
relative wind. The Hallow cored wind turbine Wings are simply constructed using aluminum
and fiber glass to form the airfoil blades.
Savonius wind
turbine (Drag type)
Darrieus wind
turbine (Lift type)
13
2.2 Literature review of Savonius wind turbine:
Savonius wind turbine was invented by a Finnish engineer, S.J. Savonius .Savonius wind turbine
is a fluid machine that has been studied by number of investigators since 1925. It can develop a
relatively high torque at low rotational speeds and is cheap to build, but it harnesses only a small
fraction of the wind energy incident upon it. It is simple to assemble. It consists of vertical half
cylindrical blades. Generally, the applications of Savonius wind turbine are pumping water,
driving an electrical generator, providing ventilation, and agitating water to keep stock ponds
ice-free during the winter [Mondi and Fernando(1989) , Ogawa (1989) ].Numerous
investigations have been undertaken in the past to study the performance characteristics of two
and three bladed wind turbine rotor.
These include wind tunnel experiments, field experiments and numerical studies.
Test data were collected for speed, torque, and power of the rotor at a large numbers of the wind
speeds at different overlap ratio, and design criteria was established from the performance data.
[Fuji saw and Goth (1992)] studied the power of Savonius rotor by pressure measurements on
the blade surface and by a flow visualization experiments. Through an exhaustive bibliographical
research, it is possible to identify the influent parameters, and to show that the aerodynamic
efficiency of the Savonius rotor can be notably improved by its geometrical parameters. This
study suggests using a two stage Savonius rotor with two paddles and two End-plates. The height
of the rotor should be twice its diameter. The primary overlap ratio must be between 0.15 and 0.3
times the diameter of the paddle. The optimum overlap ratio = 0.24 is found by Luc Menet,
Machida. Where the overlap between the shaft and the vanes is given as e and the diameter of
each vane is given as d.
14
3. EXPERIMENTAL TESTS
Where, = Angular velocity of the rotor (Rad/ sec); R = radius of the rotor (m);
3. The torque:
Torque is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis. It is the product of
force and radius.
Mathematically, Torque = F * r
15
4. The Torque Coefficient ( CT ): It is defined as the ratio between the actual torque
developed by the rotor (T) and the theoretical torque available in the wind (Tw), thus
the torque coefficient (CT) is given by
Mathematically, CT = =
. 2
Where,
T = the rotor torque N-M CT = the Torque Coefficient
5. Power coefficient (CP): Power coefficient, (CP) of a wind turbine is the ratio of the
extracted power from the wind to the available power of the wind.
Mathematically, CP = =
.
Where,
PE = The power extracted from the wind (watts) = , T = the rotor torque N-M
16
3.2 The Wind Tunnel:
Wind Tunnel is a device for producing airflow relative to the body under test. Wind tunnels
provide uniform flow conditions in their test section. Experiments were conducted in an open
circuit subsonic wind tunnel available in the R&D cell of the Siva wind turbine private limited.
The size of the wind tunnel test section was 40 cm x 40 cm, and length of the test section was 1
meter. It consists of centrifugal fan, damping chamber, settling chamber, test section, diffuser,
etc. The operating range of the wind tunnel was 0-12 m/sec. The wind tunnel was operated by a
centrifugal fan having 10 kW capacity motor that supplies 5500 cubic feet per meter at rated
2800 rpm. The turbulence intensity of the wind tunnel was around 1%. The Air Speed Regulator
is used to control the air speed flowing through the wind tunnel.
17
3.3 The measuring instruments:
a. Anemometer:
It is used to measure the wind speed and it is commonly used in weather station. It
represents Wind velocity in (m/sec). The speed of the fan is measured by a revolution
counter and later it is converted in to wind speed through an electronic chip. I used a
vane type anemometer and its capacity is 0 to 30 m/sec.
It is used to measure the rotational speed of the rotor. This device generally displays the
revolutions per minute on a display. And its capacity is 4000 Rpm.
It is used to measure the torque produced by the rotor of the wind turbine. It is the oldest
and simplest method to determine the torque of the wind rotor. It consists of plastic
pulley, spring balance, weighting pan, rope, etc.
18
3.4 Hallow cored wind turbine
The model is the small scale replica of the actual machine / equipment or structure. All the
blades are fabricated by using aluminum sheet metal of 30 gauge thickness. These vertical axis
wind turbine models are fabricated as per the standards of the Matthew Leo Ruder scientist. It is
a straight bladed vertical axis wind turbine with hallow cored blades. The height and diameter of
the wind turbine model is 20 cm. The rotor was mounted on central aluminum shaft of 10mm
diameter and the height of the shaft is 38 cm. Hallow cored wind turbine blade can easily made
by combing half cylindrical sheet metal and sheet metal plate. This type of blade is weight less
and low cost and less raw materials are required for fabrication. These blades are connected to
the shaft by means of circular aluminum plate or spokes. The two bladed hallow cored wind
turbine model consists two blades and each are separated by 1800. These wind turbine models are
placed in the subsonic wind tunnel. The three bladed hallow cored wind turbine model consists
three blades and each are separated by 1200.The four bladed hallow cored wind turbine model
consists four blades and each are separated by 900. The five bladed hallow cored wind turbine
model consists five blades and each are separated by 720. The six bladed hallow cored wind
turbine model consists six blades and each are separated by 600.
Figure (3.4): Two bladed hallow cored Figure (3.5): Three bladed hallow cored
19
Figure (3.6): Four bladed hallow cored Figure (3.7): Five bladed hallow cored model
20
3.4.2 Numerical parameters:
Figure (3.9): Standard dimensions of the Hallow cored wind turbine wind turbine.
21
3.4.3 Experimental procedure:
1. Take the wind turbine model and properly place it in the wind tunnel test section.
2. In such a way that the two ends of the shaft is inserted in to the frictionless
bearings.
3. The mechanical power for the wind turbine models is calculated by measuring the
mechanical torque on the rotating shaft and rotational speed of the shaft.
4. The testing arrangement contains plastic pulley system, nylon string of 1mm
diameter, weighing pan and spring balance, etc.
5. The plastic pulley is mounted on the shaft and to this pulley a nylon thread is
wounded by one turn in the order that one end of string is hooked to the spring
balance and another end is connected to the weighing pan.
6. The torque is measured by simple rope brake dynamometer and by using weights
hanged freely around a pulley which is mounted on the rotating shaft by adding
weights gradually until the shaft fully stopped.
7. By using air regulator switch, we can select appropriate wind speed that is 2 to 10
m/sec.
8. For every model, first find out the cut-in speed of the wind turbine model by using
digital anemometer.
9. And also measure the rotational speed of the wind turbine by using laser digital
tachometer.
10. And find out the speed and torque at different wind speeds ( up to 10 m/sec)
11. From torque measurement and rotational speed measurement, power could be
calculated.
12. Mathematically , The power extracted from the wind (watts) =
13. Note the values in a tabular column for further calculations.
14. Calculate the power, CP, CT by using the above formulas and also draw the
performance graphs of the wind turbine models.
22
3.4.4 Effect of number of blades on efficiency:
0.12
Cp of 2 bladed hallow cored
Coeffiecient of power
The graph (3.a) shows the relation between the coefficient of power and wind speed (2 to 10
m/sec) for two, three, four, five and six bladed hallow cored wind turbine models. According to
the Matthew Leo Ruder standards, we can place up to 2 to 6 blades in each configuration of wind
turbine. To find out the number of blades for optimum efficiency, these models are tested in the
wind tunnel. By conducting wind tunnel tests, it is found that the average efficiency of two
bladed hallow core wind turbine is 6.6 %. The average efficiency of three bladed hallow core
wind turbine is 7.8 %. The average efficiency of four bladed hallow core wind turbine is 7.46 %.
The average efficiency of five bladed hallow core wind turbine is 7.4 %. And the six bladed
hallow core wind turbine has average efficiency of about 7.5 %. It was seen that the coefficient
of performance of the three bladed hallow cored wind turbine model is high when compared two,
four, five and six bladed models. This may be due to on increasing the blades number the torque
is decreasing simultaneously because of the net drag force affected on the wind turbine blades.
By comparing the results, it is concluded that the three bladed hallow cored wind turbine model
has high efficiency.
23
3.5 Double helical wind turbine:
There are three factors which determine the output from a wind turbine.
iii) The overall conversion efficiency of the rotor, transmission system and generator.
By considering the swept area factor, we know that the power available in the wind is directly
proportional to the swept area of the turbine. If the swept area of the wind turbine is increased,
automatically the efficiency of the wind turbine is also increases. Therefore, these blades are
designed in the shape of double helical.
It consists two half helical blades. The first half is counter clock wise helical blades are
connected to the second half clock wise helical blade. It increases the swept area of the rotor. It
has two helical angles so, these wind turbine is named as double helical hallow cored wind
turbine. These blades are connected to the shaft by means of circular aluminum plate or spokes.
It is necessary to find out at which helical angle gives optimum efficiency. So, the double helical
hallow cored wind turbine is investigated by changing the helical angles from 200, 300, 400. These
double helical wind turbines are fabricated by using aluminum sheet metal of 30 gauge
thickness. The height and diameter of the wind turbine model is 20 cm. The rotor was mounted
on central aluminum shaft of 10mm diameter; the height of the shaft is 38 cm. And each blade is
separated by 1200.
24
Figure ( 3.10): Three bladed double helical (200) Figure ( 3.11): Three bladed double helical (300)
hallow cored wind turbine model. hallow cored wind turbine model.
Figure (3.12): Three bladed double helical (400) hallow cored wind turbine model.
These three double helical hallow cored wind turbines are tested in the wind tunnel. And
the values are noted in a tabular column for calculation of the performance of the wind
turbines at different helical angles.
25
3.5.2 Effect of double helical angle on efficiency:
0.14
0.12
coefficient of performance
0.1
CP at 200 helical
CPangle
at 20 helical angle
0.08
CP at 300 helical
0.06 CPangle
at 30 helical angle
CP at 400 helical
0.04 CP at 40 helical angle
angle
0.02
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Wind speed m/sec
Graph (3.b): Representing the coefficient of the performance versus wind speed.
The Graph 3.b shows the relation between the coefficient of power and wind speed (m/sec) for
double helical (200,300,400) hallow cored wind turbine. The average efficiency of three bladed
Double Helical (200) hallow cored wind turbine model is 8.15%. The average efficiency of three
bladed Double Helical (300) hallow cored wind turbine model is 8.84%. The average efficiency
of three bladed Double Helical (200) hallow cored wind turbine model is 8.36%.By comparing
the results it is found that at helical angle (300) gives optimum efficiency. And an overall
1.04% of efficiency is increased then three bladed straight hallow cored wind turbine. Therefore,
it is concluded that the three bladed double helical (300) hallow cored wind turbine is efficient
than other models.
26
3.5.3 Performance graphs:
1.6
1.4
1.2
POWER (Watts)
1
Power of three bladed hallow
0.8 cored wind turbine
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
wind speed m/sec
Graph 3.c shows the relation between the power (watts) and wind speed (m/sec) for three bladed
hallow cored wind turbine and three bladed double helical (300) hallow cored wind turbine. By
conducting the wind tunnel tests, it was seen that the three bladed double helical hallow cored
wind turbine has high power when compared to three bladed hallow cored wind turbine model.
This is may be due to increase in overall cross section area of the wind turbine. The mechanical
power plays important role in the performance of every wind turbine.
27
b. Coefficient of power of the wind turbines VS Wind speed
0.14
0.12
coeffiecient of power
0.1
0.06
Cp of Three bladed double
helical hallow cored wind
0.04 turbine
0.02
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
wind speed (m/sec)
Graph 2.d shows the relation between the coefficient of power and wind speed (m/sec) for three
bladed hallow cored wind turbine model and three bladed double helical (300) hallow cored wind
turbine model. By conducting the wind tunnel tests, it was seen that the three bladed double
helical hallow cored wind turbine has high coefficient of power when compared to three bladed
hallow cored wind turbine model. And an overall 1.04% of efficiency is increased then the three
bladed hallow cored wind turbine model. Therefore, it is concluded that the three bladed double
helical hallow cored wind turbine is efficient than other models.
28
c. Coefficient of torque of the wind turbines VS Wind speed
0.4
0.35
0.3
coeffiecient of torque
0.25
CT of Three bladed hallow cored
wind turbine
0.2
CT of Three bladed double
helical hallow cored wind turbine
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
wind speed (m/sec)
Graph 3.e shows the relation between the coefficient of torque and wind speed (m/sec) for
three bladed hallow cored wind turbine and three bladed double helical hallow cored wind
turbine model. By conducting the wind tunnel tests, it was seen that the three bladed double
helical (300) hallow cored wind turbine has high coefficient of torque when compared to three
bladed hallow cored wind turbine model. The static torque plays important role in the
performance of every wind turbine.
29
3.6 Savonius wind turbine:
Figure (3.13): Two bladed savonius Figure (3.14): Three bladed savonius
The two bladed savonius wind turbine model consists of two vertical half cylinders blades and
each blade is separated by 1800 as shown in the figure. The three bladed savonius wind turbine
model consists of three vertical half cylinders blades and each blade is separated by 1200 as
shown in the figure. These blades are constructed by using aluminum sheet metal of 30 gauge
thickness in the workshop department. The height of the each blade is = 20cm, and diameter the
each blade is 15cm. The overlap ratio = 0.24 Where the overlap between the shaft and the
vanes is given as e and the diameter of each vane is given as d. And the rotor was mounted
on central aluminum shaft of 10mm diameter. These wind turbine models are placed in the
subsonic wind tunnel.
30
3.6.2 Numerical parameters:
Figure (3.15): Isometric view of Figures (3.16): Top view of the savonius wind turbine
The main parameter for the design of the rotor is the e/d ratio. Where the overlap between the
shaft and the vanes is given as e and the diameter of each vane is given asd . This parameter
influences the structure of the flow inside the rotor this diameter is often necessary for the
mechanical design. The optimal value = 0.24 is found by Luc Menet, Machida. The blades are
arranged offset from one another, so that part of the wind is diverted from the left and right
straight to the sides of the blades that are open towards the flow and act on the backside of the
concave blades there.
31
3.6.3 Graphs:
0.08
0.07
coeffiecient of power
0.06
0.05
coefficient of power of two
0.04 bladed savonius wind turbine
coefficient of power of three
0.03 bladed savonius wind turbine
0.02
0.01
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
wind speed (m/sec)
Graph 3.f shows the relation between the coefficient of power and wind speed (m/sec) for two
bladed savonius and three bladed savonius wind turbine. In order to improve the savonius wind
turbine, it is necessary to predict the performance of the savonius wind turbine. By conducting
wind tunnel tests, it is found that the average efficiency of two bladed savonius wind turbine
model is 7.07%. And the average efficiency of three bladed savonius wind turbine model is
7.40%. It was seen that the three bladed savonius wind turbine has high coefficient of power
when compared to two bladed savonius wind turbine. Therefore, it is concluded that the three
bladed savonius wind turbine is efficient than two bladed savonius wind turbine model.
32
3.7 Savonius wind turbine Stator vane type arrangement:
By considering another factor which is wind velocity (v), we know that the power available in
the wind is directly proportional to the wind speed. If the wind speed is increased, automatically
the mechanical power of the wind turbine is also increased. In order to increase the wind velocity
artificially, the stator vane type arrangement is designed by using john Rowe concept. In this
stator vane type arrangement, the savonius blades are rotate about vertical axis. It has six
vertically extending stator vanes circumferentially spaced apart about the rotor in a circular
array. The vane type blades are angled at 600 and are also arranged towards the wind turbine at
an angle 450. Each vane has a radial inward facing and an extended surface on the outer edge.
The extended surface serves to create a turbulent swirling boundary layer on the vane surfaces,
which creates a high pressure zone or region boundary. It is well know that the air flowing over
sharp edges creates a vacuum or low pressure region on the downstream side which tends to
move air forcedly from high pressure region to low pressure region (or) turbine region.
Therefore, it increases the speed and torque of the wind turbine.
33
Figure (3.17): Top view of the stator vane type arrangement
Figure (3.18): Two bladed savonius wind Figure (3.19): Two bladed savonius wind
turbine with stator vane type arrangement. turbine with stator vane type arrangement.
34
3.7.2 Physical model description:
The two bladed savonius wind turbine model consists of two vertical half cylinders blades and
each blade is separated by 1800. And this wind turbine is placed in the stator vane type
arrangement as shown in the figure. The three bladed savonius wind turbine model consists of
three vertical half cylinders blades and each blade is separated by 1200. And this wind turbine
model is placed in the stator vane type arrangement as shown in the figure. These savonius
blades are constructed by using aluminum sheet metal of 30 gauge thickness in the workshop
department. The height of the each blade is 20 cm and diameter of the each blade is 15 cm. The
overlap ratio = 0.24 Where the overlap between the shaft and the vanes is given as e and the
diameter of each vane is given as d.
Figure (3.20): Top view of the two bladed savonius wind turbine with stator vane type
arrangement
35
Figure (3.21): Top view of the three bladed savonius wind turbine with stator vane
type arrangement
These stator vane type blades are constructed by using aluminum sheet metal of 28 gauge
thickness. The height of the each blade is 30 cm, length of each blade is 3 cm and the length of
the extended surface is 1 cm. And the rotor was mounted on central aluminum shaft of 10mm
diameter. In this stator vane type arrangement, the savonius blades are rotate about vertical axis.
The turbine includes six vertically extending stator vanes circumferentially spaced apart about
the rotor in a circular array. It consists of six vane type blades which are angled at 600 and are
also arranged towards the wind turbine at an angle 450. Each vane has a radial inward facing and
an extended surface on the outer edge. These wind turbine models are placed in the subsonic
wind tunnel.
36
3.7.3 Graphs:
0.09
0.08
coefficient of power of two
0.07 bladed savonius wind turbine
Coeffiecient of power
0.06
coefficient of power of three
0.05 bladed savonius wind turbine
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
wind speed (m/sec)
Graph (3.g) shows the relation between the coefficient of power and speed (m/sec) for two
bladed, three bladed savonius wind turbine with and without stator vane blades. By conducting
wind tunnel tests, it is found the average efficiency of two bladed savonius wind turbine model
with stator vane type arrangement is 8.15%. And the average efficiency of three bladed savonius
wind turbine model with stator vane type arrangement is 8.29%.It was seen that the three bladed
savonius wind turbine with stator vane blades has high coefficient of power when compared to
all savonius models. On comparing the results, it is concluded that the three bladed savonius
wind turbine model with stator vane bladed arrangement is efficient than normal savonius wind
turbine. An overall 1% of efficiency is increased by using this stator vane bladed arrangement
than normal. This is due to increase in the speed and torque of the savonius wind turbine by
stator vane type arrangement. It can be used to any drag type vertical axis wind turbine for
increasing its efficiency.
37
Coefficeint of torque vs Wind speed
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.1
coefficient of torque of three
bladed savonius wind turbine
0.08
coefficient of torque of two
0.06 bladed savonius wind turbine
with stator vane blades
coefficient of torque of three
0.04
bladed savonius wind turbine
with stator vane blades
0.02
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
wind speed (m/sec)
Graph (3.h) shows the relation between the coefficient of torque and speed (m/sec) for two
bladed, three bladed savonius wind turbine with and without stator vane blades. By conducting
the wind tunnel tests, it was seen that the both two and three bladed savonius wind turbine with
stator vane blades has high coefficient of torque when compared to normal savonius wind
turbine. On comparing the results, it is concluded that the three bladed savonius wind turbine
with stator vane bladed arrangement has high torque than normal savonius wind turbine.
38
4. CFD ANALYSIS:
Experiments Simulations
Expensive Cheaper
Slow Faster
Sequential Parallel
Single-purpose Multiple-purpose
39
numerical methods (called discretization) to develop approximations of the governing equations
of fluid mechanics in the fluid region of interest.
Governing differential equations: algebraic. The collection of cells is called the grid. The set of
algebraic equations are solved numerically for the flow field variables at each node. Systems of
equations are solved simultaneously to provide solution. The solution is post-processed to extract
quantities of interest (e.g. lift, drag, Torque, heat transfer, separation, pressure loss, etc.)
Discretization
Algebraic Equations (+ - )
40
4.2 Procedure for Autodesk CFD simulation:
i.) Draw the desired wind turbine blade in the CATIA V5.
ii.) Export the file in to the IGES format.
iii.) File save as change the file type to IGES (.igs) format click save.
Start All programs Autodesk CFD 2014 Fluid flow simulation mode
41
Figure (4.1) : schematic diagram boundry conditions of the wind turbineGoverning
Equations
The standard K- turbulence model with second order upwind discretization scheme and
standard boundary conditions are used. The governing equations are the continuity and Navier-
Stokes equations. These equations are written in a frame of reference rotating with the blade.
This has the advantage of making our simulation not require a moving mesh to account for the
rotation of the blade.
Prior to running an Autodesk Simulation CFD analysis, the geometry is broken up into small
pieces called elements. The corner of each element is a node. The calculation is performed at the
nodes. These elements and nodes make up the mesh. In three dimensional models, most elements
are tetrahedral s: a four sided, triangular faced element. In two dimensional models, most
elements are triangles. Types of meshes:
42
Figure (4.2): Different types of meshes used in CFD.
Step 7: Solving:
Use the Solve task to specify the type of analysis to run.
i.) Enable the flow simulation in tools Add Flow simulation Click ok.
ii.) Open the flow simulation menu.
iii.) Click analysis type.
iv.) Choose external flow click rotational analysis.
v.) Choose fluid to air.
vi.) Click on the extrude body not the wind turbine model.
vii.) Adjust the resolution number. And click finish.
viii.) Run the flow simulation.
ix.) Wait till the solver is finished and click done.
43
Start the analysis by clicking the Solve button.
Define how the analysis will run using the Control tab:
Set the Solution Mode to Steady State.
Select the Solver Computer (the local computer is the default).
Select the Iteration.
Enter the number of Iterations to Run.
Optional: select additional Result Quantities.
Start the analysis by clicking the Solve button.
(Note: 100 iterations are generally sufficient for approaching convergence in most analyses.)
Procedure to calculate the average coefficient of drag (Cd) for the wind turbine blade:
i.) Click tools Flow design Air flow simulator Import (.igs) format.
ii.) Assigning the Material (Al) Select automatic option for boundary conditions
and mesh size.
iii.) Click set up panel Simulation settings Flow speed and number of
iterations (set 100).
iv.) Run the simulation.
v.) After simulation click flow design tab Click the Cd (Drag) option.
vi.) Note down the average Cd .
Procedure to calculate the average torque for the wind turbine:
i.) Click calculator tab.
ii.) Click function calculator.
iii.) Select torque under function.
iv.) Select the wind turbine blade surfaces.
v.) Change axis to z.
vi.) Click calculate.
Step 8: Results:
To view results
1. Click Results.
2. Select parts of interest from the model.
44
3. Click Calculate either on the Parts dialog or from the Parts context menu.
4.3 Drag coefficient analysis for double heliacal (300) hallow cored wind turbine blade
and hallow cored wind turbine blade (straight):
In fluid dynamics, the drag coefficient is a dimensionless quantity that is used to calculate the
drag or resistance of an object in a fluid environment, such as air or water. It is commonly
denoted as Cd .Where a lower drag coefficient indicates the object will have less aerodynamic or
hydrodynamic drag. The drag coefficient is always associated with a particular surface area.
The equation for coefficient of drag: Cd =
45
is the mass density of the fluid. A is the surface area.
Factors that affecting the coefficient of drag:
Therefore coefficient of drag plays important role in all moving objects. In hallow cored type
of wind turbine blades; there are two types of drag forces acting on the blade surface. First
type of the drag force is parallel to the relative wind. And another type of the drag force is
opposite to the relative wind. The drag force which is parallel to the relative wind must be
low in order to increase the efficiency. If the coefficient of drag is low the blade of the wind
turbine can easily penetrate in to the upcoming wind.
In order to find out the drag coefficient of hallow cored wind turbine blade (straight) and
double helical (300) hallow cored wind turbine blade it is simulated in Autodesk CFD 2014.
46
Figures (4.4 ) displaying Contours of Velocity for double heliacal (300) hallow cored
wind turbine blade and hallow cored wind turbine blade (straight) at different wind
velocities :
Double helical (300) hallow cored blade Double helical (300) hallow cored blade
and hallow cored blade at 2 m/sec and hallow cored blade at 4 m/sec
Double helical (300) hallow cored blade Double helical (300) hallow cored blade
and hallow cored blade at 6 m/sec and hallow cored blade at 8 m/sec
Double helical (300) hallow cored blade Double helical (300) hallow cored blade
and hallow cored blade at 10 m/sec and hallow cored blade at 12 m/sec
47
Graphs:
0.7
0.6
0.5
Drag Coffiecient
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20
Wind speed (m/sec)
The graph (4.a) shows the relation between the drag coefficient and wind speed for hallow cored
wind turbine blade (straight) and double helical (300) wind turbine blade. The two types of
blades are simulated in Autodesk CFD 2014. By comparing the simulation results, it is found
that the double helical (300) wind turbine blade has low coefficient of drag than hallow cored
wind turbine blade (straight). If the coefficient of drag is low the blade of the wind turbine can
easily penetrate in to the upcoming wind. Therefore, it is better than hallow cored wind turbine
blade.
48
4.4 Static torque analysis for three bladed double heliacal (300) hallow cored wind turbine
and three bladed hallow cored wind turbine:
Torque is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis. It is the product of force and
radius. Mathematically (T = F * r). Static torque is a torque applied to a non-accelerating object.
And the torque applied to an object with angular acceleration is called dynamic torque. The
mechanical power (P) is equal to the product of the torque and angular velocity of the rotor.
Mathematically, (P= T * ). The static torque plays important role in the performance of the
every wind turbine. Therefore, it is necessary to analysis the static torque of the three bladed
double heliacal hallow cored wind turbine and three bladed hallow cored wind turbine.
A wind turbine designed for a particular application should have its performance characteristics
tested before proceeding to prototype fabrication. A dimensionally similar and scaled down
prototype of the design model is normally tested in a wind tunnel for this purpose. CFD
commercial software is also used to save time and cost. In CFD, pressure and fluid velocities are
always calculated in conjunction. Pressure can be used to calculate forces, drag, lift, static
torque, etc on objects. This is done by integrating the pressure over the surface of the object.
Generally, the pressure consists of three components. They are the hydrostatic pressure (gh),
Dynamic pressure (v2/2), static pressure.
Navier stokes equations:
49
These equations describe how the velocity, pressure, temperature, and density of a moving fluid
are related. The equations were derived independently by G.G. Stokes, in England, and M.
Navier, in France, in the early 1800's.
Computer simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations have been applied to solve wind turbine
problems. With Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), NavierStokes equations are solved
together with models approximating turbulence to reveal the flow characteristics. The flow field
near a vertical axis wind turbine is represented by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations.
The two-dimensional governing equations for an idealized incompressible flow are derived from
the basic principles of mass and momentum conservation .The aerodynamic blade loads are
transferred through the rotor and they are converted into torque on the low speed rotor shaft. The
rated torque is calculated for a rated wind speed by an analysis of the forces on the surface of the
rotor blades. The numerical predictions will use a multiple rotating reference frame (MRF)
formulation to simulate the turbine performance. By using Autodesk CFD simulation, I analyzed
the static torque for one complete revolution of three bladed hallow cored wind turbine, three
bladed double helical hallow cored wind turbine.
50
Figures (4.7) displaying Contours of Velocity for three bladed double heliacal (300) hallow
cored wind turbine and three bladed hallow cored wind turbine at 10m/sec:
Hallow cored and double heliacal (300) Hallow cored and double heliacal (300)
hallow cored wind turbine at an angle 00 hallow cored wind turbine at an angle 600
Hallow cored and double heliacal (300) Hallow cored and double heliacal (300)
hallow cored wind turbine at an angle 1200 hallow cored wind turbine at an angle 1800
Hallow cored and double heliacal (300) Hallow cored and double heliacal (300)
hallow cored wind turbine at an angle 2400 hallow cored wind turbine at an angle 3000
51
Graph:
0.12
0.1
Static torque (N-m)
0.04
0.02
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
ANGLE OF ATTACK
Graph (4.b) shows the relation between the torque and angle of attack of the three bladed double
heliacal hallow cored wind turbine and three bladed hallow cored wind turbine. By using
Autodesk CFD simulation, the static torque for one complete revolution is analyzed for the three
bladed hallow cored wind turbine, three bladed double helical hallow cored wind turbine. By
comparing the simulation results, it is found that the three bladed double heliacal hallow cored
wind turbine has high torque when compared with three bladed hallow cored wind turbine
(straight). Therefore, it is efficient than three bladed hallow cored wind turbine.
52
4.5 Static torque analysis for two bladed savonius and three bladed savonius wind turbine
with stator vane type blades:
Torque is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis. It is the product of force and
radius. Mathematically (T = F * r). Static torque is a torque applied to a non-accelerating object.
And the torque applied to an object with angular acceleration is called dynamic torque. The
mechanical power (P) is equal to the product of the torque and angular velocity of the rotor.
Mathematically, (P= T * ). The static torque plays important role in the performance of the
wind turbine. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the static torque of the two bladed savonius
and three bladed savonius wind turbine with stator vane type blades.
A wind turbine designed for a particular application should have its performance characteristics
tested before proceeding to prototype fabrication. A dimensionally similar and scaled down
prototype of the design model is normally tested in a wind tunnel for this purpose. CFD
commercial software is also used to save time and cost. In CFD, pressure and fluid velocities are
always calculated in conjunction. Pressure can be used to calculate forces, drag, lift, static
torque, etc on objects. This is done by integrating the pressure over the surface of the object.
Generally, the pressure consists of three components. They are the hydrostatic pressure (gh),
Dynamic pressure (v2/2), static pressure.
These equations describe how the velocity, pressure, temperature, and density of a moving fluid
are related. The equations were derived independently by G.G. Stokes, in England, and M.
Navier, in France, in the early 1800's.
Computer simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations have been applied to solve wind turbine
problems. With Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), NavierStokes equations are solved
blades together with models approximating turbulence to reveal the flow characteristics. The
flow field near a vertical axis wind turbine is represented by the incompressible Navier-Stokes
equations.
53
Figure (4.8): boundary conditions of savonius wind turbine with stator vane
The two-dimensional governing equations for an idealized incompressible flow are derived from
the basic principles of mass and momentum conservation .The aerodynamic blade loads are
transferred through the rotor and they are converted into torque on the low speed rotor shaft. The
rated torque is calculated for a rated wind speed by an analysis of the forces on the surface of the
rotor blades. The numerical predictions will use a multiple rotating reference frame (MRF)
formulation to simulate the turbine performance. For the stator and surrounding domain, a
stationary reference frame is selected. And for the rotor reference frame rotates with respect to
the inertial frame. By using Autodesk CFD simulation, the static torque for one complete
revolution is analyzed for the two bladed savonius and three bladed savonius wind turbine with
stator vane type blades.
54
Figures (4.9) displaying Contour of Velocity for two bladed savonius and three bladed
savonius wind turbine with stator vane type blades:
Two and Three bladed savonius wind Two and Three bladed savonius wind
turbine with stator vane type blades at turbine with stator vane type blades at
an angle 00 an angle 600
Two and Three bladed savonius wind Two and Three bladed savonius wind
turbine with stator vane type blades at turbine with stator vane type blades at
an angle 1200 an angle 1800
Two and Three bladed savonius wind Two and Three bladed savonius wind
turbine with stator vane type blades at turbine with stator vane type blades at
an angle 2400 an angle 3000
55
Graphs:
0.2
static torque (N-m)
0.15
Static torque of the two bladed
savonius wind turbine with
stator vane type blades.
0.1 Static torque of the three
bladed savonius wind turbine
with stator vane type blades.
0.05
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Angle of attack
Graph (4.c) shows the relation between the static torque and angle of attack of the two bladed
savonius and three bladed savonius wind turbine with stator vane type blades. By using
Autodesk CFD simulation, I analyzed the static torque for one complete revolution of the two
bladed savonius and three bladed savonius wind turbine with stator vane type blades. By
comparing the simulation results, it is found that the three bladed savonius wind turbine with
stator vane type blades has high torque when compared with two bladed savonius with stator
vane type blades. Therefore, it is efficient than two bladed savonious with stator vane type
blades.
56
5. PROTOTYPE CONSTRUCTION
Figure (5.1): The prototype of the three bladed double helical hallow cored wind turbine.
57
On the comparing the twelve wind turbine models, it is found that the three bladed double helical
hallow cored wind turbine (DHHCWT) with helical angle 300 has maximum efficiency of about
8.84%. Therefore, the prototype of three bladed double helical hallow cored wind turbine is
fabricated.
1. Supporting block.
2. Radial permanent magnet generator.
3. Pulley and belt drive system (Transmission system).
4. Axle (stator).
5. Rotor.
1. Supporting block:
It is a wooden block of length (12 inches), width (5 inches), and height (3 inches). It is
used to support the shaft of the wind turbine. In the upper part of the wooden block, a
four holed flange is fixed by using four 6mm bolts of 5 inches length. And the lower part
of the wooden block is to the two long wooden bars of length (73Cm), width (4 Cm ),
thickness (2 Cm ) by using 1 inch L angles, screws, nuts and washers. And also the
generator stand is also fixed to this wooden block by using L angles, and screws. As
shown in the above figure.
The power output of the wind turbine depends up on the generator. To improve the
efficiency of the wind turbine, I built a low rpm radial PMG which efficient. This
generator was built by using the method of resin casting method which uses the
composite materials. It is the method of plastic casting where a mold is filled with a
liquid synthetic resin, which then hardens. The used composite materials are the fiber
58
glass and the polyester resin. It is a machine which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
a. Fiber glass:
It is a type of fiber reinforced plastic where the reinforcement fiber is glass fiber. The glass fiber
is commonly rolled in to a mat or tape. And the plastic matrix may be a thermosetting plastic like
epoxy, polyester resin. The glass fibers are made of various types of glass depending upon the
fiberglass use. These glasses all contain silica or silicate, with varying amounts of oxides of
calcium, magnesium, and sometimes boron. Applications of fiberglass include aircraft, boats,
automobiles, bath tubs and enclosures, swimming pools, hot tubs, septic tanks, water tanks,
roofing, pipes, cladding, casts, surfboards, and external door skins.
b. Polyester resin:
Polyester resins are unsaturated synthetic resins formed by the reaction of dibasic organic acids
and polyhydric alcohols. Polyester resins are used in casting, sheet molding, compound, bulk
molding compound and the toner of laser printers. Wall panels fabricated from polyester resins
reinforced with fiberglass so called fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) are typically used in
restaurants, kitchens, restrooms and other areas that require washable low-maintenance walls. It
is easy to build by converting an old ceiling fan and neodymium magnets into radial permanent
magnet generator. The 16strong neodymium magnets of one inch square magnets of inch
thickness, armature and top plate of Crompton ceiling fan are used in order to construct the radial
PMG. Aluminum sheet metal of one inch width is wounded to the inner side and outer side of the
top plate. The neodymium magnets are fixed to the top plate of the ceiling fan by using super-
glue. In an order of N, S, N, S, N, S pattern and also by placing 9mm wooden pieces between
each neodymium magnets. The fiber glass tape of required size is attached to the neodymium
magnets and to the plate. And the resin mixture is prepared for resin casting. This resin mixture
consists of polyester resin, catalyst, and accelerator. This resin mixture is poured into the rotor
mould and it is kept about one day for drying and hardening the mould. The generator consists of
an armature which is having 16 poles, shaft, two coils of copper windings (starter, main coil
gauge = 35), rotor (which consists of neodymium magnets), and a radial ball bearing (which
59
supports the rotor), apee auto pulley, and PMG stand. This generator gives maximum 600 to 650
ac voltage which can be rectified and can be used to charge a series of batteries.
The two same ratio apee auto pulleys of diameter 12 cm are used because of the high torque
generator. One of the pulley is attached to the rotor of the generator by using screws and another
pulley is attached to the bottom plate of the wind turbine by using 6mm bolts of 2 inch length.
In order to increase the friction to the pulley and belt, the grips are made by using resin and fiber
glass tape. The belt is used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means of pulleys
which rotate at the same speed. The flat Belt type is used and its number is B1059LP/B40.
60
An axle, though similar in shape to the shaft, is a stationary machine element and is used as a
support for some rotating body. The axle is acts as stator in order to support the wind turbine.
The inch galvanized iron (GI) pipe is used and the length of the pipe is 5.04 Feet. At the
bottom and top of the axle has counter holes, in order to mount the two, four holed flange
bearing.
At the bottom of the axle, two holes drilled in order to combine the supporting block to the axle.
I also designed two arms which are used to mount the wind turbine to the street light pole or
apartment side wall which eliminates the pole for wind turbine. The two mounting arms are
designed, In order to mount this type wind turbine to the apartment side wall, pole. These
mounting arms consist of four holed flange, inch GI pipe of three feet long, four linkages,
three blots of 6mm diameter, nuts and washers. The GI pipe is welded to the centre of the flange
by using arc welding machine. Therefore, by using these arms the wind turbine can be mount the
wind turbine to the street light pole and to the wall.
5. Rotor:
These are circular wooden plates of diameter (D= 26 Cm). The two holed flange
bearing is mounted on the top plate and to the axle. And the four holed flange bearing
is mounted on the bottom plate and to the axle. Each having three rectangular
aluminum hallow bars. The length, width, height of the arms is equal to 37, 5, 2.54
Cm. These are 14 gauge hallow aluminum bars. One end of the bar is fixed to the
plate by using 2 inches screws (5mm), nuts and washers. At the other end of each
bar, the 1 inches hinges are fixed by using screws. These hinges are used to hold
the wind turbine blades.
61
b. Double helical blades:
These blades are fabricated by using 28 gauge aluminum sheet metal. In this wind
turbine there are three double helical hallow cored blades. In each blade, half of the
helical blade is in counter clockwise direction and another half helical blade is in
clock wise direction. And each blade is fabricated by joining two half blades. At the
top and the bottom holes are drilled in order to join the blades to the aluminum bars
by using hinges. The helical angle of the top and bottom blade is 30o. These blades
are constructed by following the standard parameters of the Matthew Leo Ruder. The
chord length = 30.2 cm, and blade width = 16.8 cm. And several aluminum washers
are also fabricated in order to construct the double helical wind turbine blades.
62
5.2 Tabular column:
The wind speed is measured by means of anemometer. The digital multi-meter is used to
measure the voltage and current from the generator. We know that power (electrical) is equal to
the product of the voltage and the current. And the co-efficient of performance is equal to the
ratio of power extracted to the power available. The readings of the tests are noted in a tabular
column in order to draw power curve of the three bladed double helical hallow cored wind
turbine.
63
5.3 Power curve graph:
Power Curve
45
40
35
Power output (watts)
30
25 Power extracted
20
15
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wind speed (m/sec)
Graph (5.a) shows the relation between power output (Watts) and wind speed for three bladed
double helical hallow cored wind turbine (Prototype). In order to calculate its performance, this
prototype is tested at various wind velocities. This prototype is installed at top of the building to
perform the test. The corresponding voltage and current at different wind velocities is noted in a
tabular column. It is seen that the power is increased with increase in speed of the wind. And the
efficiency of the prototype is about 14.36% at 6.82 m/sec wind velocity. And the output power is
used to charge a series of 12 Volts batteries. Therefore, it is economical and efficient.
64
5.4 Cost analysis:
Table (5.b): The raw materials required for the construction of the prototype.
65
6. THE EMBODIMENTS OF INSTALLATION OF VERTICAL AXIS
WIND TURBINES:
Every wind turbine should properly installed, arranged and mounted in order to give optimal
efficiency and also for effective utilization of land. If the vertical axis wind turbine not installed
properly the efficiency of the wind turbine will be decreased. So, the eight embodiments were
designed by using CATIA V5 which explains the installation of small vertical wind turbines for
future power generation purpose.
1.) Installation of vertical axis wind turbines in cities, urban areas, and rural areas for small
scale power production :
a.) Installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the roof.
b.) Installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the wall.
66
5.) Installation of wind turbine to the street light pole
a.) Installation of vertical axis wind turbine wind turbine to the street light pole (Type 1)
b.) Installation of vertical axis wind turbine wind turbine to the street light pole of the
bridge (Type2)
7.) Installation of vertical axis wind turbine on power transmission towers, communication
towers, etc.
8.) Installation of wind turbines at sea shores, hill, mountain areas and plain areas
a.) Installation of wind turbines at sea shores, hill, mountain areas and plain areas
(Type 1)
b.) Installation of wind turbines at sea shores, hill, mountain areas and plain areas
(Type 2)
67
6.1 Installation of vertical axis wind turbines in cities, urban areas, and rural areas for
small scale power production.
Figure (6.1): Installation of vertical axis wind turbines in cities, urban areas, and rural
areas for small scale power production.
68
Figure (6.2): Installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the roof.
Using building roof tops provides the needed height above the ground to clear obstacles such
as trees and other buildings.
69
Figure (6.3): Installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the wall.
70
Installation of vertical axis wind turbines in cities, urban areas, and rural areas for small
scale power production:
This figure illustrates the installation of wind turbines in cities, urban, rural areas. There
are two types of arrangements i) Roof mounting arrangement
The 8 type arrangement is designed for this installation. It requires less area for installation of
multiple wind turbines. In wall mounting arrangement the wind turbines are directly fixed to the
wall by using mounting arms. Because of these mounting arms it can be easily installed in cities,
urban and rural areas. Advantages are effective utilization of land and renewable energy
resources.
The figure (6.2) illustrates the installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the roofs of the
houses and buildings. It consists of an axle, vertical axis wind rotor, flange bearings, axial
generator, supporting iron plate, etc. Here the axle is used to support the wind turbine. It rotates
with irrespective of wind direction. In this arrangement, a low rpm direct drive axial permanent
magnet generator is used to convert mechanical energy in to electrical energy. It was the first
generator invented by Michael faraday in 1831. The advantage of this axial PMG is it reduces
the transmission loses, maintenance. By mounting vertical axis wind turbine to the roofs it
reduces the pole cost.
b.) Installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the wall:
The figure (6.3) illustrates the installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the wall of the houses
and buildings. It consists of an axle, vertical axis wind rotor, mounting arms, flange bearings,
axial generator, supporting iron plate, etc. In wall mounting arrangement the wind turbines are
directly fixed to the wall by using mounting arms. Because of these mounting arms it can be
easily installed in cities, urban and rural areas.
71
6.2 An array of vertical axis wind turbines:
a. Connected by a chain drive transmission system to a single radial Permanent
magnet generator :
Figure (6.4): An array of vertical axis wind turbines connected by a transmission system to
a single radial Permanent magnet generator
This figure illustrates an array of vertical axis wind turbines connected by a transmission system
to a single radial PMG. It consists of shafts, supporting structures, chain drive system, vertical
axis wind rotor, single large radial PMG, four holed flange bearings, etc. In this type of
installation we can mount up to three vertical axis wind turbines in an array. The three shafts are
connected to the single chain drive system and the produced mechanical power is used to rotate
the large radial PMG for small scale power production. It is efficient and economical. It is
suitable for remote and rural areas where the other power is insufficient.
72
b. Connected to the direct drive radial permanent magnet generator:
Figure (6.5): An array of vertical axis wind turbines connected to the direct drive radial
permanent magnet generator.
This figure illustrates an array of vertical axis wind turbines connected to drive radial permanent
magnet generator. It consists of shafts, supporting structures, vertical axis wind rotor, radial
PMGs, four holed flange bearings, etc. In this type of installation, we can mount multiple
numbers of vertical axis wind turbines in parallel order. Here, every shaft is connected to the
direct drive radial PMG. The produced mechanical power is used to drive the radial PMG. Its
advantage is ease of installation, suitable for remote and rural areas where the other power is
insufficient, efficient, and economical.
73
6.3 Installation on the fishing boat:
a. Installation of vertical axis wind mill to power the fishing boat.
Figure (6.6): Installation of vertical axis wind mill to power the fishing boat.
This figure illustrates the installation of vertical axis wind mill to power the fishing boat. It
consists of two vertical axis wind rotors, shaft, four holed flanges bearings, bevel gears,
propeller, supporting structure, etc. Generally the seashores, lakes and rivers have high wind
potential. The bevel gears are used to transmit the power from wind rotor to the propeller.
Therefore, the produced mechanical power can be directly used to power the fishing boat without
any conversion. It reduces the non-renewable fuels, reduces transportation cost and economical
for fishing purposes.
74
b. Installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the fishing boat for power generation.
Figure (6.7): Installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the fishing boat for power
generation.
This figure illustrates the installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the fishing boat for micro
power generation. It consists of an axle, wind rotor, axial permanent magnet generator,
supporting iron plate, etc. The fishing boat needs electrical power for communication purposes,
to power lights, to recharge batteries, etc. Generally the seashores, lakes and rivers have high
wind potential. By installing, it can capture wind energy and generate small amount of power
which satisfies the needs of the fishing boats. Therefore it is economical, efficient, renewable
and also useful in emergency purposes.
75
6.4 The tree type arrangement:
a. Embodiment of tree type arrangement of vertical axis wind turbines and solar
panels.
Figure (6.8): Embodiment of tree type arrangement of vertical axis wind turbines and solar
panels.
This figure illustrates the tree type arrangement of vertical axis wind turbines. By using this
arrangement we can mount 15 to 19 turbines and four solar panels. It consists of main pole,
supporting poles, vertical axis wind turbines, flange bearings, axial PMGs, solar panels, axle, etc.
I estimated that the tree type arrangement of vertical axis wind turbines and solar panels gives an
output of 5.5 KW. The advantages are requires less land area, economical, and efficient. By
using this arrangement we can easily mount several wind turbines in a less area (effective
utilization of land) and we can produce large amount of electricity.
76
b. S type array of the tree type wind turbine arrangement around solar power plant.
Figure (6.9): S type array of the tree type wind turbine arrangement around solar power
plant.
This figure illustrates the installation of tree type wind turbine arrangement in S type array
around the solar power plant. Advantages are we can produce electricity during night time also,
economical, and efficient. By proper installation, it will satisfy the needs of the power plant. The
S type array is the best choice because it equally distributes the wind and has very less
abstractions compared to all designs.
77
6.5 Installation of wind turbine to the street light pole:
a. Installation of vertical axis wind turbine wind turbine to the street light pole Type 1:
Figure (6.10): Installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the street light pole (Type 1)
This figure illustrates the installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the street light pole. Every
wind turbine requires a pole. In order to reduce the pole cost and area required for installation.
We can use the existing poles like street light poles, telephone poles, etc. It consists of an axle,
vertical axis wind rotor, mounting arms, flange bearings, axial generator, supporting iron plate,
etc. The mounting arms and U shaped bolts are used to mount the wind turbine to the street
light. The generated electricity is used to the charge the battery of the street light. And during
78
night times the stored energy is used for street lighting purpose. Advantages are pole cost is
reduced, economical.
79
b. Installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the street light pole of the bridge Type 2:
Figure (6.11): Installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the street light pole of the bridge
(Type 2)
This figure illustrates the installation of vertical axis wind turbine to the street light pole of the
bridge. Every wind turbine requires a pole. In order to reduce the pole cost and area required for
installation. We can use the existing poles like street light poles, telephone poles, etc. It consists
of an axle, vertical axis wind rotor, mounting arms, flange bearings, axial generator, supporting
iron plate, etc. The mounting arms and U shaped bolts are used to mount the wind turbine to
the street light. The generated electricity is used to the charge the battery of the street light. And
during night times the stored energy is used for street lighting purpose. Advantages are pole cost
is reduced, economical.
80
6.6 Installation of the wind turbine to the truck :
Figure (6.13): Detailed view of the Installation of wind turbine to the truck
81
Figure (6.14): Section view of the wind turbine mounting arrangement to the truck:
The figure (6.12) illustrates the installation of the wind turbine to the truck. This wind turbine
captures the opposite direction winds and the produced mechanical energy is used to rotate the
radial PMG. The produced electrical energy is stored in the battery for the needs of the truck. It
consists of vane type wind turbine, radial PMG, deflector, supporting structure, rectifier, battery,
etc. The vane type wind turbine is best for this purpose. The deflector is used to increase the
force of the wind and also to enter the air in single direction only. The aerodynamic shape wind
deflector is commonly used on truck and this wind turbine arrangement can be easily mount on
it. The shaft of the wind turbine is directly connected to the shat of the radial PMG. This
eliminates the transmission losses. The exhaust wind is escaped through the bottom of the
turbine. The rectifier is used to convert AC to DC. The DC power is supplied to the battery.
This power is used to powering the emergency lights, to recharge communication devices, to
power D.C fan, etc. The supporting structure is used to mount the wind turbine to the roof of the
truck. The 2 four holed flange bearings are used to support the shaft of the wind turbine. The
advantages are it is simple, low cost &maintenance, economical and efficient.
82
6.7 Installation of vertical axis wind turbine on power transmission towers,
communication towers, etc:
Figure (6.15): Installation of vertical axis wind turbine on power transmission towers,
communication towers, etc.
This figure illustrates the installation of vertical axis wind turbine on power transmission towers.
We can mount several vertical axis wind turbines on the power transmission towers. The
produced electricity can be directly sent to the grid. And it can also be used for irrigation purpose
in order to power the pumps, led lights, spray irrigation, etc. The advantages are reduced pole
and land cost for installation, economical, and efficient.
83
6.8 Installation of wind turbines at sea shores, hill, mountain areas and plain areas
(Type 1) and (Type 2):
This figure illustrates installation of wind turbines at sea shores, hill, mountain areas and plain
areas (Type 1). Local winds are caused at coastal areas by means of differential heating of land
and water. Solar insolation during the day is readily converted to sensible energy of the land
surface but is partly consumed in evaporating some of that water. The land mass becomes hotter
than water, which causes the air above the land to heat up and become warmer than the air above
water. The warmer light air above the land rises, and the cooler heavier air above the water
moves in to replace it. This is the mechanism of shore breezes.
At night, the direction of the breezes is reversed because the land mass cools to the sky more
rapidly than the water. The second mechanism of local winds is caused by hills and mountains
sides. The air above the slopes heats up during the day and cools down at night, more rapidly
than the air above the low lands. This causes heated air the day to rise along the slopes and
relatively cool heavy air to flow down at night. In type 1 installation, the drag type wind turbines
are installed in horizontal axis. Each pair of structure has four arrays of wind turbines and each
shaft has four helical or spherical wind turbines. And the two ends of the shaft are supported by
flange bearings and are connected to the radial permanent magnet generator. The above to and
fro mechanism is used to produce the mechanical energy and this is used to drive the radial
PMG. It is easy to install of this type of structures.
In type II installation, each pair of structure has six arrays of wind turbines and each array consist
of four vertical axis wind turbines. And each axle has single helical or spherical wind turbine.
The each turbine is connected to the axial PMG by means of flange bearings. Andhra Pradesh
has Eastern Ghats and 972 Km coastal line. Therefore, it is easy to find the best locations and by
proper installing we can able to covert the wind energy in to useful energy. The advantages are
no need of input fuel (fossil fuels), ease of installation, economical and efficient.
84
Figure (8.16): Installation of wind turbines at sea shores, hill and mountain areas (Type 1)
Figure (8.17): Installation of wind turbines at sea shores, hill and mountain areas (Type 2)
85
7. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS:
In this project work, the twelve vertical axis wind turbine models were investigated in sub sonic
wind tunnel. Out of which eight are hollow cored type models and four are savonius type
models. Firstly, it is found that the three bladed hallow cored wind turbine has maximum
efficiency when compared to the 2,4,5,6 bladed hallow cored wind turbines. In order to increase
the efficiency of three bladed hollow cored wind turbine. By considering the swept area factor, I
designed the blades into double helical hallow cored shape. In order to find out at which helical
angle gives optimum efficiency. The double helical hollow cored wind turbines with helical
angles 200,300 ,400 are tested in the wind tunnel. After comparing the results, it is found that the
optimum helical angle should be 300. The double helical (300) hollow cored wind turbine has
efficiency of about 8.84%. And an overall 1.04 % efficiency is increased. Both coefficient of
performance and coefficient of torque is increased by designing the blades in double helical
hallow cored shape.
In order to increase the efficiency of the savonius wind turbine, the average efficiency of two
bladed and three bladed savonius wind turbine models is calculated through wind tunnel tests. It
is found that the three bladed savonius model has high efficiency then two bladed savonius
model. In order to increase the wind velocity artificially, the stator vane type arrangement is
designed by using john Rowe concept. The extended surface serves to create a turbulent swirling
boundary layer on the vane surfaces, which creates a high pressure zone boundary. It tends to
move air forcedly from high pressure region to low pressure region or turbine region. By
conducting wind tunnel tests, it is found that the average efficiency of two bladed savonius wind
turbine model with stator vane type arrangement is 8.15%. And the average efficiency of three
bladed savonius wind turbine model with stator vane type arrangement is 8.29%.It was seen that
the three bladed savonius wind turbine with stator vane blades has high coefficient of power
when compared to all savonius models. On comparing the results, it is concluded that the three
bladed savonius wind turbine model with stator vane bladed arrangement is efficient than normal
savonius wind turbine. An overall 1% of efficiency is increased by using this stator vane bladed
arrangement than normal. Both coefficient of performance and coefficient of torque is increased
by using the stator vane type blades.
86
On the comparing the twelve wind turbine models, it is found that the three bladed double
helical hallow cored wind turbine (DHHCWT) with helical angle 300 has maximum efficiency of
about 8.84%.
By using Autodesk CFD 2014, the CFD simulation test is conducted in order to find out the
reason behind this efficiency. The standard K- turbulence model with second order upwind
discretization scheme and standard boundary conditions are used. The drag coefficient for the
straight hallow cored blade and double helical hallow cored wind turbine blade is analyzed and
compared. And the result showed that the double helical wind turbine has low drag coefficient
which is necessary for every wind turbine in order to penetrate in to the upcoming wind. By
using Autodesk CFD simulation, the static torque for one complete revolution is analyzed for the
three bladed hallow cored wind turbine and three bladed double helical hallow cored wind
turbine at wind speed 10 m/sec. By comparing the simulation results, it is found that the three
bladed double heliacal hallow cored wind turbine has high torque when compared with three
bladed hallow cored wind turbine (straight). Therefore, it is efficient than three bladed hallow
cored wind turbine. And also by using Autodesk CFD simulation, the static torque for one
complete revolution is analyzed for the two bladed savonius and three bladed savonius wind
turbine with stator vane type blades at wind speed 10 m/sec. By comparing the simulation
results, it is found that the three bladed savonius wind turbine with stator vane type blades has
high torque when compared with two bladed savonius with stator vane type blades. Therefore, it
is efficient than two bladed savonius with stator vane type blades.
The prototype of the three bladed double helical hallow cored wind turbine is fabricated by using
aluminum sheet metal of 28 gauge thickness. To improve the efficiency of the wind turbine, the
low rpm radial permanent magnet generator was built by using resin casting method. This
prototype wind turbine converts wind energy in to electrical energy by means of a permanent
magnet generator (PMG). And the prototype is installed at top of the building, in order to
conduct the performance tests for this prototype. The prototype gives about 40 watts at 6.82
m/sec with an efficiency of about 14%. The generated output is used to charge a series of 12
volts heavy duty batteries the eight embodiments were designed by using CATIA V5 which
explains the installation of small vertical wind turbines for future power generation purpose
87
8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION:
The three bladed double helical hallow cored wind turbine (DHHCWT) is one of the efficient
and new type of vertical axis wind turbine. It reacts to wind from any direction is advantageous
over a conventional horizontal axis wind turbine of the same capacity. It is concluded that the
eight embodiments are highly useful for future power generation purpose.
The main advantages of the three bladed double helical hallow cored wind turbine
(DHHCWT):
88
My recommendations are
89
Appendix: A
90
A.3 Four bladed hallow cored wind turbine:
3 110 0.325 11.51 0.383 0.006 0.0785 0.022 0.662 0.309 0.118
4 142 0.44 14.87 0.37 0.009 0.1373 0.0392 1.569 0.188 0.087
5 177 0.55 18.53 0.37 0.0115 0.214 0.0613 3.065 0.187 0.0698
6 208 0.8 21.78 0.36 0.0168 0.365 0.0882 5.29 0.19 0.0691
7 248 1.12 25.132 0.359 0.0235 0.5911 0.12 8.41 0.196 0.0702
8 272 1.37 28.48 0.356 0.0288 0.8193 0.1569 12.55 0.183 0.065
9 306 1.6 32.04 0.356 0.0336 1.076 0.19 17.87 0.177 0.0602
10 352 1.82 36.86 0.3686 0.0382 1.4087 0.2452 24.52 0.156 0.057
91
A.5 Six bladed hallow cored wind turbine:
A.6 Three bladed double helical (200) hallow cored wind turbine:
92
A.7 Three bladed double helical (300) hallow cored wind turbine:
A.8 Three bladed double helical (400) hallow cored wind turbine:
93
A.9 Two bladed savonius wind turbine:
94
A.11 Two bladed savonius wind turbine with stator vane type arrangement:
A.12 Three bladed savonius wind turbine with stator vane type arrangement:
95
APPENDIX: B
B.1 Drag coefficient analysis for hallow cored blade and Double helical (300) hallow cored
blade:
B.2 Static torque analysis for three bladed double helical hallow cored wind turbine and
three bladed hallow cored wind turbine:
96
B.3 Static torque analysis for two bladed and three bladed savonius wind turbine with
stator vane type blades:
97