Telecommunication Transmission &

Switching
EN454

Laboratory Assignment 1

Group Members:
060371N P.L.Porambage

060387T R.A.S.D. Rabel

060411N R.A.N.P Rupasinghe

060412T M.A.D. Ruwanthilaka

060424G H.H.S.R. Samarasiri

060426N B.S.S. Sameera

Date of Submission:

21-06-2010
Assignment 1
Practical 1
1) If a call is made from telephone 1 to telephone 2, what happens if telephone 2 is
replaced (Switch Hook pressed), and then picked up again?
Conversion is started from Telephone 1. So as long as telephone 1 is not
replaced the path would be reserved. Therefore even telephone 2 is replaced and then
picked up conversation can resume without any interruption.
2) With the same call what happens if the telephone 1 is replaced?
Then the call will end .The reserved path would be released. Hence
conversation would be terminated. Only way to start the conversation again is
redialing.
3) What tones or messages do you expect for Dial Tone, Ring Tone, Busy Tone and
Number Unobtainable, when using your normal telephone?
Dial Tone: Continuous tone
Ring Tone: On time of the tone is less than the off time (e.g. 1s on time and 3s
off time tone.)
Busy Tone: On time and off time is quite equal (e.g. 0.4 s on time and 0.4 s off
time)
Number Unobtainable Tone: Continuous tone but different frequency to Dial
tone

Practical 2
1) If you have access to an internal telephone system, are the Tones used in that system
different from those in the main public system?
Frequencies and on and off times may be vary. But normal regulations will be
the same.
2) What is the value of having similar or even identical Tones for the main public system
in different countries?
So if a ring tone in one country is similar to a busy tone in another country
there will be a misunderstanding when a person from one country travels to the other.
In order to eliminate such situations it is really advisable to use the same tones in all
the countries.
 3) Why does CCITT not have a standard for Ringing?
Some countries are still dealing with analog systems. Since analog systems
cannot provide up as much as digital systems ringing cannot be Standardized by ITU-
T.
4) When would it be useful to have different Ringing cadences?
When we have two or more phones on a table (one from direct line and one
from PABX line) it is useful to have different tones for two cases in order to inform
the user which one is direct line and which is the PABX line. This also applies in the
case of different operators operating in one country.

Assignment 2

Practical 1

1) What is the essential process in digital switching?

Time slot mapping.
2) How many data transfers between timeslots are required for one telephone
connection?
Two data transfers are needed between time slots for one telephone
connection.
3) How often are the data transfers made?
Data transfers are made in every frame, once in every 125µs
4) How long is each data sample available on the serial bus?
It wills available about 3.9 µs. (8 bits of data)
5) How many connections can be made between telephones on one 30 channel bus?
15 connections can be made on 30 channel bus. ( 15 Inlet busses and 15 Outlet
busses )
Practical 2 (Time and Space Switching)

1) Why is space switching sometimes required as well as time switching?

Space switching is required to establish more connections using the same time slots
2) How many telephones can be connected through a digital switch with 8 Inlet and
Outlet 30 channel serial busses? This is the format of the switch used on the Work
board?
120 (15x8 = 120) telephones can be connected.
 3) Consider how several similar switches could be connected to provide for 16 inlets and
outlets?

8 Inlets and 8 Inlets and 8 outlets

Outlets switch Outlets switch
8 inlets

8 inlets
8 Inlets and 8 Inlets and 8 outlets
Outlets switch Outlets switch

Assignment 3
Practical 1
1) How many locations in the Connection Memory need to be written for one speech
connection?
One location in the Connection Memory need to be written for one speech
connection.
2) How long does each sample of data remain in the data memory?
1.25 μs
3) What is the sequence of actions to find the correct data for the Outlet during a
particular timeslot?
Every location in the Data Memory keeps data of a particular time slot, which
the position in the data memory indicates to which time slot it is connected. Every
location in the Connection Memory is used for the same time slot as the
corresponding location in the Data Memory. They contain the address of the Data
Memory location which should be read and data is sent to the Outlet for each time
slot. Therefore correct data for the Outlet is found for each time slot.
4) What entries are made in which locations in the Connection Memory for a connection
between lines L2 and L4?
2nd location of Connection Memory contains the address of 4 th location in Data
Memory.
4th location of Connection Memory contains the address of 2 nd location in Data
Memory.
Practical 2 (Connection of Tones)
1) What address is entered into which location of the Connection Memory to apply Dial
tone to Line L3?
3rd location of the Connection Memory contains the address of the 1 st location
in Data Memory
2) Why?
Because 1st location of the data Memory corresponds to the Dial Tone. So the
address of that location is put to the 3rd location on Connection memory. 3rd time slot
which is connected to line L3.
3) Is there any limit to the number of lines which can receive the same tone from one
source at the same time?
No. Each tone can be connected to as many telephones.

Assignment 04:
Practical 1
1) Can you detect a difference in speed of response to the switch hook when the telephone is
starting a call, or answering in the silent period (call detect), or when it is ringing (answer
detect)?
There is a difference in speed of response.
2) 2. Why is there a difference?
SLIC (Subscriber’s Line Interface Circuit) normally uses a call detect circuit
to test the switch hook when the telephone is under the normal condition. But when the
telephone is receiving a ringing signal then it uses an Answer detect circuit.
SLIC is very fast but Answer detected circuit takes about 200ms to respond.
Therefore a considerable time delay is sensible when giving the response to the Switch
hook status.

3) Consider a call which has been established from line L3 to Line L4. What action is
expected by the control if
 Bit 3 changes from 1 to 0 – Connection 3 is changed from Off –hook to On-Hook
state.
  Bit 2 changes from 1 to 0 – Connection 2 is changed from Off –hook to On-Hook
state.

Practical 2.

1) Under what condition should the microprocessor control use the DTMF code for any
particular line?
If a valid DTMF is detected the DTMF receiver circuit sets an output pin
positive for at least 40ms
2) Why does the line scan occur every 20 ms?
 To ensure the reliable response to the DTMF receiver
 To ensure no valid DTMF detection inputs are missed.

3) How does the control determine whether a keypad button has been pressed more than
once?
DTMF detection signal is routed 50 times in a second by the
microprocessor in the switching stage. To signal a valid key detection it takes nearly
40mS. So after that standard time slot, another key pressing can be detected. Even the
same key being pressed more than once can be detected in the same way.

4) What advantage is there in keeping the DTMF receivers connected continuously?

 Key pressings can be detected even after a call is connected.
 A pressed key can be identified even while a call is going on.

Assignment 5
Practical 1

1) Establish a call step by step between two telephones. Record the sequence of States used,
including the name and code for each State.
The sequences of states:

In this case the call has been established successfully to remote telephone. Therefore Busy
(S5), NU (S6) won’t be encountered.
 IDLE (S0)
• Idle (S0)
• Call Request (S1)
Call Request (S1)
• Dialling (S2)
(S1)
• Find Line (S3)
Dialling (S2)
• Ringing (S4)
• Busy (S5)
Find Line (S3)
• Connect (S7)

Number Unobtainable
Ringing (S4) Busy (S5)

Connect (S7)

If other phone is engaged states S3 will be routed to Busy (S5) state and finally go to idle
state. If dialled number is not in use S3 go to NU (S6)

2) What circumstances cause the system to reach states S5 or S6?

If the dialled number is engaged system will reach S5 and if dialled number is wrong one
state S6 would have been achieved.

3) This small system can only provide 2 connections at one time. Why are Call records
provided?
This small system used for the practical is having only 4 phones. Two telephones connect for
a single connection; hence only 2 connections can be achievable at a given time. But it is
possible for all 4 telephones to be off hock or idle. So there has to be one call record for each
and every phone. Each call record tells us about the current state of particular telephone.
Hence for 4 telephones, 4 call records were provided.
4) Does a large public telephone network need a Call record for every telephone connected?
No.
In large public telephone network most telephones are not in connection at a particular time.
Therefore call record for each and every telephone is not needed.
5) What are the advantages of the Call state Diagram?
 Get to know about the progress of a particular call.
  Can predict the next state of a particular call.
 It serves an introduction to the Specification and Description Language (SDL)

Practical 2

1) When is a new call Record started?

When the telephone goes off hook (lifted).
2) When is a call Record cleared?
When connection is established between two telephones
3) If a Call is made from Line L1 to Line L2 at what stage of the call is the required Line
Identity entered into the call Record?
Ringing (S4)
4) Consider a call at state S4 with CLI=L2 and RLI=L3
a. What is happening?
Call is made from Line 2 to Line 3
b. For each case what switching is required?
Switching between L3 and L2

5) What is the essential information required in the Call Record for the control of a call.
Call state S and the Line Identities CLI and if appropriate the dialled number or RLI/
Telecommunication Transmission & Switching
Discussion:

Early days in telecommunication two parties were connected via a pair of copper wires.
When number of customers increase it was realized that this method was inefficient. As a
result telephone operators were introduced .There when a customer wanted to speak to
another person he had to ask from operator to connect to that person.
Modern day switches provide several functionalities;
B - Battery
O - Over voltage protection
R - Ringing
C - Coder / Decoder
S - Supervision
H - Hybrid
T - Test
The switch supplies line voltage (-48 V :off-hook) to the subscriber premises. Therefore even
under domestic power failures, it is possible to make calls through the line. The ringing
current is also supplied by the exchange.
Exchanges are digital equipments, which handles the signals in digital forms. But in copper
wires, voice travels in analog form, from customer premises to exchange. Therefore these
signals have to be digitized and this task is performed by the exchange.
Manual switching concept was not a good idea when demand increases. Then, A. B. Strowger
in UK developed a method, which was having relays to connect two lines electrically. After
that Cross-Bar switch was introduced in Sweden (1965) and that was controlled by a
mechanical controller.

Switch (Mechanical)

Controller (Mechanical)

- Cross Bar Switch -

The first electronic switch was come in 1968, which was invented by Bell Laboratory
(AT&T).
Generally, a digital switching system serves several time division multiplexed (PCM)
samples. These PCM samples are conveyed on PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) highways.
Switching of calls, in this environment, requires placing digital samples from one time-slot of
a PCM in the same or different time-slot of another PCM multiplex.
The interconnection of time slots (i.e. switching of digital signals) can be achieved using two
different modes of operation. These modes are,
 Space Switching
 Time Switching

Usually, a combination of both the modes is used in exchanges.

TSy
TSi TSx
Space Switch Time Switch
HWY1 HWY1 HWY1
TSi

HWY2

- Time & Space Switching -

In Space Switching mode, corresponding time slots of I/C (Incoming) and O/G (Outgoing)
PCM Highways are interconnected. In a given time-slot, TSi of I/C HWY (HWY1) is
switched to same time-slot, TSi of O/G HWY (HWY2). Obviously, there is no delay in
switching of the sample from one highway to another highway, since the sample transfer tales
place in the same time-slot of the PCM frame (32 time-slots for 1 PCM frame).

Time Switching, on the other hand, involves the interconnection of different time-slots on the
incoming and outgoing highways by re-assigning the channel sequence. As shown in the
figure, a time-slot TSx of an I/C highway can be connected to a different time-slot, TSy, of
the O/G highway. In other words, a time switch is, basically, a time-slot changer.