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Sarajevo
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For other uses, see Sarajevo (disambiguation).
Sarajevo
????????
City
City of Sarajevo
Sarajevo City Panorama.JPG
Tsars Mosque.jpgJesusesHearthCathedral.jpg
Sarajevo ortodox church.JPGSarajevo Vijecnica 2013.JPG
The Bridge, site of the beginning of world war I.jpgSebilj, Sarajevo.jpg
From top, left to right: Sarajevo panorama, Emperor's Mosque, Sarajevo Cathedral,
Orthodox Cathedral, Sarajevo Library, Latin Bridge, and Sebilj.
Flag of Sarajevo
Flag Official seal of Sarajevo
Seal
Nickname(s): Jerusalem of Europe,[1] Jerusalem of the Balkans,[2] eher, Rajvosa[3]
Location in Europe and Bosnia and Herzegovina (dark blue)
Location in Europe and Bosnia and Herzegovina (dark blue)
Coordinates: 4352'N 1825'ECoordinates: 4352'N 1825'E
Country Bosnia and Herzegovina
Entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Canton Sarajevo Canton
Municipalities 4
Founded 1461
Government
Mayor Abdulah Skaka (SDA)
Area
City 141.5 km2 (54.6 sq mi)
Urban 489 km2 (189 sq mi)
Metro 3,350 km2 (1,290 sq mi)
Elevation 550 m (1,800 ft)
Population (Census 2013.)[4]
City 275,524
Density 1,900/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
Urban 395,133
Urban density 810/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
Metro 555,210
Metro density 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
Demonym Sarajlija
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 71000
Area code(s) +387 (33)
Website City of Sarajevo
Tourist office of Sarajevo
Sarajevo (Cyrillic: ????????, pronounced [saraje?o]; see names in other languages)
is the capital [5] and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of
275,524 in its current administrative limits.[4][6] The Sarajevo metropolitan area,
including Sarajevo Canton and East Sarajevo as well as some neighboring
municipalities is home to 555,210 inhabitants.[7][clarification needed] Nestled
within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps
and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the
Balkans.

Sarajevo is the leading political, social and cultural center of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, a prominent center of culture in the Balkans, with its region-wide
influence in entertainment, media, fashion, and the arts.[8][9]

Due to its long and rich history of religious and cultural diversity, Sarajevo was
sometimes called the "Jerusalem of Europe"[1] or "Jerusalem of the Balkans".[2] It
is the only major European city to have a mosque, Catholic church, Orthodox church
and synagogue within the same neighborhood.[10] A regional center in education, the
city is also home to the Balkans' first institution of tertiary education in the
form of an Islamic polytechnic called the Saraybosna Osmanli Medrese, today part of
the University of Sarajevo.[11][12]

Although settlement in the area stretches back to prehistoric times, the modern
city arose as an Ottoman stronghold in the 15th century.[13] Sarajevo has attracted
international attention several times throughout its history. In 1885, Sarajevo was
the first city in Europe and the second city in the world to have a full-time
electric tram network running through the city, following San Francisco.[14] In
1914, it was the site of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria,
which sparked World War I, after which the city experienced a period of stagnation
as part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The establishment of the Socialist Republic
of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Second Yugoslavia led to a massive expansion
of Sarajevo, the constituent republic's capital, which hosted the 1984 Winter
Olympics. For 1,425 days, from April 1992 to February 1996, the city suffered the
longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare, during the
Bosnian War and the breakup of Yugoslavia.[15]

Sarajevo has been undergoing post-war reconstruction, and is the fastest growing
city in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[16] The travel guide series, Lonely Planet, has
named Sarajevo as the 43rd best city in the world,[17] and in December 2009 listed
Sarajevo as one of the top ten cities to visit in 2010.[18] In 2011, Sarajevo was
nominated to be the European Capital of Culture in 2014 and will be hosting the
European Youth Olympic Festival in 2019.[19][20]

Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 Environment
2.1 Geography
2.2 Cityscape
2.3 Climate
2.4 Air quality
3 History
3.1 Ancient times
3.2 Middle Ages
3.3 Ottoman era
3.4 Austria-Hungary
3.5 Yugoslavia
3.6 Siege of Sarajevo during Bosnian War
3.7 Present
4 Administration
4.1 Largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina
4.2 Municipalities and city government
4.3 Metropolis
5 Economy
6 Tourism and recreation
7 Demographics
8 Transportation
8.1 Roads and highways
8.2 Tram, bus and trolleybus
8.3 Future metro plans
8.4 Cable car (Mt. Trebevi)
8.5 Airport
8.6 Railway
9 International relations
9.1 Twin towns Sister cities
9.2 Fraternity cities
10 Communications and media
11 Education
12 Culture
12.1 Museums
12.2 Music
12.3 Festivals
12.4 Sports
13 See also
14 Historical Sarajevo gallery
15 Modern Sarajevo gallery
16 Gifts and donations to city of Sarajevo (post1992)
17 Mountains and hills surrounding Sarajevo
18 References
18.1 Notes
18.2 Bibliography
19 External links
Etymology[edit]
The earliest known name for the large central Bosnian region of today's Sarajevo is
Vrhbosna.[3]

Sarajevo is a slavicized word based on saray, the Turkish word for palace[21] (the
letter J in the Bosnian language is equivalent soundwise to the English Y). The evo
portion may come from the term saray ovasi first recorded in 1455,[22] meaning "the
plains around the palace" or simply "palace plains".[23] However, in his Dictionary
of Turkish loanwords, Abdulah kalji maintains that the "evo" ending is more
likely to have come from the widespread Slavic suffix "evo" used to indicate place
names, than from the Turkish ending "ova", as proposed by some.[24] The first
mention of name Sarajevo was in 1507 letter written by Feriz Beg.[25] The official
name during the 400-year Ottoman period was Saraybosna (Palace of Bosnia), and it
is still known by that name in modern Turkish.

Sarajevo has had many nicknames. The earliest is eher, which is the term Isa-Beg
Ishakovi used to describe the town he was going to build. It is a Turkish word
meaning an advanced city of key importance (ehir) which in turn comes from
Persian: ?????? shahr (city). As Sarajevo developed, numerous nicknames came from
comparisons to other cities in the Islamic world, i.e. "Damascus of the North". The
most popular of these was "European Jerusalem".

Some argue that a more correct translation of saray is government office or house.
Saray is a common word in Turkish for a palace or mansion (from Persian word ?????
saray, means "house, palace").

Stari Grad

Ferhadija Street

Miljacka river

View towards Novi Grad

Environment[edit]
Sarajevo topographic map

Sarajevo seen from SPOT Satellite

Geography[edit]
Sarajevo is located near the geometric center of the triangular-shaped Bosnia-
Herzegovina and within the historical region of Bosnia proper. It is situated 518
meters (1,699 ft) above sea level and lies in the Sarajevo valley, in the middle of
the Dinaric Alps.[26] The valley itself once formed a vast expanse of greenery, but
gave way to urban expansion and development in the post-World War II era. The city
is surrounded by heavily forested hills and five major mountains. The highest of
the surrounding peaks is Treskavica at 2,088 meters (6,850 ft), then Bjelanica
mountain at 2,067 meters (6,781 ft), Jahorina at 1,913 meters (6,276 ft), Trebevi
at 1,627 meters (5,338 ft), with 1,502 meters (4,928 ft) Igman being the shortest.
The last four are also known as the Olympic Mountains of Sarajevo (see also 1984
Winter Olympics). The city itself has its fair share of hilly terrain, as evidenced
by the many steeply inclined streets and residences seemingly perched on the
hillsides.

The Miljacka river is one of the city's chief geographic features. It flows through
the city from east through the center of Sarajevo to west part of city where
eventually meets up with the Bosna river. Miljacka river is "The Sarajevo River",
with its source (Vrelo Miljacke) 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) south of the town of
Pale[27] at the foothills of Mount Jahorina, several kilometers to the east of
Sarajevo center. The Bosna's source, Vrelo Bosne near Ilida (west Sarajevo), is
another notable natural landmark and a popular destination for Sarajevans and other
tourists. Several smaller rivers and streams such as Koevski Potok also run
through the city and its vicinity.

Cityscape[edit]
Sarajevo is located close to the center of the triangular shape of Bosnia and
Herzegovina in southeastern Europe. Sarajevo city proper consists of four
municipalities (or "in Bosnian and Croatian: opina, in Serbian: optina"): Centar
(Center), Novi Grad (New City), Novo Sarajevo (New Sarajevo), and Stari Grad (Old
City), while Metropolitan area of Sarajevo (Greater Sarajevo area) includes these
and the neighbouring municipalities of Ilida, Hadii, Vogoa and Ilija (before
the war and new (Dayton-imposed) administrative division, Metro of Sarajevo
consisted also, beside above mentioned, three municipalities today's divided
between Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine and Republika Srpska Trnovo, Federacija
Bosne i Hercegovine / Trnovo, Republika Srpska, Lukavica and Pale). The city has an
urban area of 1,041.5 square kilometres (402.1 sq mi). Veliki Park (Great park) is
the largest green area in the center of Sarajevo. Its nestled between Titova,
Koevo, Didikovac, Tina Ujevia and Trampina Streets and in the lower part there
is a monument dedicated to the Children of Sarajevo.

Climate[edit]

Vrelo Bosne park is on the city outskirts

Sarajevo has a humid continental climate/humid subtropical climate. Sarajevo's
climate exhibits influences of oceanic zones, with four seasons and uniformly
spread precipitation. The proximity of the Adriatic Sea moderates Sarajevo's
climate somewhat, although the mountains to the south of the city greatly reduce
this maritime influence.[28] The average yearly temperature is 10 C (50 F), with
January (-0.5 C (31.1 F) on average) being the coldest month of the year and July
(19.7 C (67.5 F) on average) the warmest.

The highest recorded temperature was 40.7 C (105 F) on 19 August 1946, and on 23
August 2008 (41.0) while the lowest recorded temperature was -26.2 C (-15.2 F) on
25 January 1942. On average, Sarajevo has 46 days where the temperature exceeds 32
C (89.6 F) and 4 days where the temperature drops below -15 C (5 F) per year.
[29] The city typically experiences mildly cloudy skies, with an average yearly
cloud cover of 45%.

The cloudiest month is December (75% average cloud cover) while the clearest is
August (37%). Moderate precipitation occurs fairly consistently throughout the
year, with an average 75 days of rainfall. Suitable climatic conditions have
allowed winter sports to flourish in the region, as exemplified by the Winter
Olympics in 1984 that were celebrated in Sarajevo. Average winds are 2848 km/h
(1730 mph) and the city has 1,769 hours of sunshine.

A panoramic view of Sarajevo valley from "Yellow Bastion" (uta tabija) lookout,
spring 2012.
[hide]Climate data for Sarajevo
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high C (F) 18.2
(64.8) 21.4
(70.5) 26.6
(79.9) 30.2
(86.4) 33.2
(91.8) 35.9
(96.6) 38.2
(100.8) 40.0
(104) 37.7
(99.9) 32.2
(90) 24.7
(76.5) 18.0
(64.4) 40.0
(104)
Average high C (F) 3.7
(38.7) 6.0
(42.8) 10.9
(51.6) 15.6
(60.1) 21.4
(70.5) 24.5
(76.1) 27.0
(80.6) 27.2
(81) 22.0
(71.6) 17.0
(62.6) 9.7
(49.5) 4.2
(39.6) 15.8
(60.4)
Daily mean C (F) -0.5
(31.1) 1.4
(34.5) 5.7
(42.3) 10.0
(50) 14.8
(58.6) 17.7
(63.9) 19.7
(67.5) 19.7
(67.5) 15.3
(59.5) 11.0
(51.8) 5.4
(41.7) 0.9
(33.6) 10.1
(50.2)
Average low C (F) -3.3
(26.1) -2.5
(27.5) 1.1
(34) 4.8
(40.6) 9.0
(48.2) 11.9
(53.4) 13.7
(56.7) 13.7
(56.7) 10.0
(50) 6.4
(43.5) 1.9
(35.4) -1.8
(28.8) 5.4
(41.7)
Record low C (F) -26.8
(-16.2) -23.4
(-10.1) -26.4
(-15.5) -13.2
(8.2) -9.0
(15.8) -3.2
(26.2) -2.7
(27.1) -1.0
(30.2) -4.0
(24.8) -10.9
(12.4) -19.3
(-2.7) -22.4
(-8.3) -26.8
(-16.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 68
(2.68) 64
(2.52) 70
(2.76) 77
(3.03) 72
(2.83) 90
(3.54) 72
(2.83) 66
(2.6) 91
(3.58) 86
(3.39) 85
(3.35) 86
(3.39) 928
(36.54)
Average rainy days 8 10 13 17 17 16 14 13 15 13
12 11 159
Average snowy days 10 12 9 2 0.2 0 0 0 0 2
6 12 53
Average relative humidity (%) 79 74 68 67 68 70 69 69 75
77 76 81 73
Mean monthly sunshine hours 57.1 83.8 125.6 152.3 191.7 207.1 256.3 238.2 186.6
148.8 81.2 40.7 1,769.4
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net[30]
Source #2: NOAA (sun, 19611990)[31]
Air quality[edit]
Air pollution is a major issue in Sarajevo.[32][33][34] According to the 2016 World
Health Organization's Ambient Air Pollution Database,[35] the annual average PM2.5
concentration in 2010 was estimated to be 30 g/m3 based on PM10 measurement, which
is 3 times higher than recommended by WHO Air Quality Guidelines[36] for annual
average PM2.5. Currently, there are no recent direct long-term PM2.5 measurements
available in Sarajevo and only estimates can be made from PM10, which is the less
health-relevant than PM2.5.[37] Currently, real-time air quality data in the form
of PM10, ozone, NO2, CO and SO2 by the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute.[38]
History[edit]
Main articles: History of Sarajevo and Timeline of Sarajevo
See also: History of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Historical affiliations
Ottoman Empire 14611878
Austro-Hungarian Empire 18781918
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs 1918
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 19181929
Kingdom of Yugoslavia 19291941
Independent State of Croatia 19411945
SFR Yugoslavia 19451992
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992
Ancient times[edit]
Main article: Stari Grad, Sarajevo
One of the earliest findings of settlement in the Sarajevo area is that of the
Neolithic Butmir culture. The discoveries at Butmir were made on the grounds of the
modern-day Sarajevo suburb Ilida in 1893 by Austro-Hungarian authorities during
the construction of an agricultural school. The area's richness in flint was
attractive to Neolithic humans, and the settlement flourished. The settlement
developed unique ceramics and pottery designs, which characterize the Butmir people
as a unique culture, as described at the International Congress of Archaeologists
and Anthropologists meeting in Sarajevo in 1894.[39]

The next prominent culture in Sarajevo were the Illyrians. The ancient people, who
considered most of the West Balkans as their homeland, had several key settlements
in the region, mostly around the river Miljacka and the Sarajevo valley. The
Illyrians in the Sarajevo region belonged to the Daesitiates, the last Illyrian
people in Bosnia and Herzegovina to resist Roman occupation. Their defeat by the
Roman emperor Tiberius in 9 A.D. marks the start of Roman rule in the region. The
Romans never built up the region of modern-day Bosnia, but the Roman colony of
Aquae Sulphurae was located near the top of present-day Ilida, and was the most
important settlement of the time.[40] After the Romans, the Goths settled the area,
followed by the Slavs in the 7th century.[41]

Middle Ages[edit]
See also: Sarajevo during the Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages Sarajevo was part of the Bosnian province of Vrhbosna near
the traditional center of the Kingdom of Bosnia. Though a city named Vrhbosna
existed, the exact settlement in Sarajevo at this time is debated. Various
documents note a place called Tornik in the region, most likely in the area of
Marijin Dvor neighborhood. By all indications, Tornik was a very small marketplace
surrounded by a proportionally small village, and was not considered very important
by Ragusan merchants.

Other scholars say that Vrhbosna was a major town located in the wider area of
modern-day Sarajevo. Papal documents say that in 1238, a cathedral dedicated to
Saint Paul was built in the area. Disciples of the notable saints Cyril and
Methodius stopped in the region, founding a church near Vrelo Bosna. Whether or not
the town was located somewhere in the area of modern-day Sarajevo, the documents
attest to its and the region's importance. There was also a citadel Hodidjed north-
east to Old City, dating from around 1263 until it was occupied by the Ottoman
Empire in 1429.[42]

Steak inside of National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Neolithic period Butmir vase

White fortress of the old Vratnik Town
Ottoman era[edit]
See also: Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine

The Sebilj is a pseudo-Ottoman style wooden fountain in the centre of Baarija

square.
Sarajevo was founded by the Ottoman Empire in the 1450s upon its conquest of the
region, with 1461 used as the city's founding date. The first Ottoman governor of
Bosnia, Isa-Beg Ishakovi, transformed the cluster of villages into a city and
state capital by building a number of key structures, including a mosque, a closed
marketplace, a public bath, a hostel, and of course the governor's castle ("Saray")
which gave the city its present name. The mosque was named "Careva Damija" (the
Tsar's Mosque) in honor of the Sultan Mehmed II. With the improvements Sarajevo
quickly grew into the largest city in the region. By the 15th Century the
settlement was established as a city, named Bosna-Saraj, around the citadel in
1461. The name Sarajevo is derived from Turkish saray ovasi, meaning the field
around saray.

Following the expulsion of Jews from Spain at the end of the 15th century, and the
invitation from the Ottoman Empire to resettle their population, Sephardic Jews
arrived in Sarajevo, which over time would become a leading center of Sephardic
culture and the Ladino language. Though relatively small in size, a Jewish quarter
would develop over several blocks in Baarija.

Many local Christians converted to Islam at this time. To accommodate the new
pilgrims on the road to Mecca, in 1541 Gazi Husrev-Beys quartermaster Vekil-
Harrach built a Pilgrims mosque for which it is still known to this day Hadijska
mosque.

Under leaders such as the second governor Gazi Husrev-beg, Sarajevo grew at a rapid
rate. Husrev-beg greatly shaped the physical city, as most of what is now the Old
Town was built during his reign. Sarajevo became known for its large marketplace
and numerous mosques, which by the middle of the 16th century numbered more than
100. At the peak of the empire, Sarajevo was the biggest and most important Ottoman
city in the Balkans after Istanbul. By 1660, the population of Sarajevo was
estimated to be over 80,000. By contrast, Belgrade in 1838 had 12,963 inhabitants,
and Zagreb as late as 1851 had 14,000 people. As political conditions changed,
Sarajevo became the site of warfare.

In 1697, during the Great Turkish War, a raid was led by Prince Eugene of Savoy of
the Habsburg Monarchy against the Ottoman Empire, which conquered Sarajevo and left
it plague-infected and burned to the ground. After his men had looted thoroughly,
they set the city on fire and destroyed nearly all of it in one day. Only a handful
of neighborhoods, some mosques, and an Orthodox church, were left standing.
Numerous other fires weakened the city, which was later rebuilt but never fully
recovered from the destruction. By 1807, it had only some 60,000 residents.

In the 1830s, several battles of the Bosnian uprising had taken place around the
city. These had been led by Husein Gradaevi. Today, a major city street is named
Zmaj od Bosne (Dragon of Bosnia) in his honor. The rebellion failed and for several
more decades the Ottoman state remained in control of Bosnia.

The Ottoman Empire made Sarajevo an important administrative centre by 1850.

Baarija was built becoming an old bazaar and a historical and cultural center of
the city in the 15th century when Isa-Beg Isakovi founded the town .[43] The word
Baarija derives from the Turkish language.
Baarija in twilight

The Gazi-Husrev-Beg-Bazaar.

Baarija Mosque courtyard

Pigeon Square

Sarajevo Old Town souvenirs

Mosque in Sarajevo's downtown

Austria-Hungary[edit]

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria arrives at the city hall on the day of his
assassination, 28 June 1914

The Latin Bridge was the site of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.
Austria-Hungary's occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina came in 1878 as part of the
Treaty of Berlin, and complete annexation followed in 1908, angering the Serbs.
Sarajevo was industrialized by Austria-Hungary, who used the city as a testing area
for new inventions such as tramways, which were established in 1885 before they
were later installed in Vienna. Architects and engineers wanting to help rebuild
Sarajevo as a modern European capital rushed to the city. A fire that burned down a
large part of the central city area (arija) left more room for redevelopment. As
a result, the city has a unique blend of the remaining Ottoman city market and
contemporary western architecture. Sarajevo also has some examples of Secession-
and Pseudo-Moorish styles that date from this period.

The Austro-Hungarian period was one of great development for the city, as the
Western power brought its new acquisition up to the standards of the Victorian age.
Various factories and other buildings were built at this time,[44] and a large
number of institutions were both Westernized and modernized. For the first time in
history, Sarajevo's population began writing in Latin script.[41][45] For the first
time in centuries, the city significantly expanded outside its traditional borders.
Much of the city's contemporary central municipality (Centar) was constructed
during this period.

Architecture in Sarajevo quickly developed into a wide range of styles and

buildings. The Cathedral of Sacred Heart, for example, was constructed using
elements of neo-gothic and Romanesque architecture. The National Museum, Sarajevo
brewery, and City Hall were also constructed during this period. Additionally,
Austrian officials made Sarajevo the first city in this part of Europe to have a
tramway.

Although the Bosnia Vilayet de jure remained part of the Ottoman Empire, it was de
facto governed as an integral part of Austria-Hungary with the Ottomans having no
say in its day-to-day governance. This lasted until 1908 when the territory was
formally annexed and turned into a condominium, jointly controlled by both Austrian
Cisleithania and Hungarian Transleithania.

In the event that triggered World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was
assassinated, along with his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg in Sarajevo on 28
June 1914 by a self-declared Yugoslav, Gavrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia.
[46] In response, many residents of Sarajevo organized riots against the Serbs,
killing two and destroying their property.

In the ensuing war, however, most of the Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade,
and Sarajevo largely escaped damage and destruction. Following the war, after the
Balkans were unified under the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Sarajevo became the
capital of Drina Province.

Architecture from Austro-Hungarian period

Sarajevo Main Post office

Sarajevo National Theatre design by Karel Pak

The Academy of Fine Arts was originally built to serve as an Evangelical Church in
1899.

National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina established in 1896

Memorial of Franz Ferdinand

Yugoslavia[edit]

Vladimir "Valter" Peri plaque

After World War I and contributions from the Serbian army alongside rebelling
Slavic nations in Austria-Hungary, Sarajevo became part of the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia. Though it held some political significance as the center of first the
Bosnian region and then the Drinska Banovina, the city was no longer a national
capital and saw a decline in global influence.[47]

During World War II the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's army was overrun by German and
Italian forces. Following a German bombing campaign, Sarajevo was captured on 15
April 1941 by the 16th Motorized infantry Division. The Axis powers created the
Independent State of Croatia and included Sarajevo in its territory.

Immediately following the occupation, the main Sephardi Jewish synagogue, Il Kal
Grande, was looted, burned, and destroyed by the Nazis with assistance from a
handful of local Bosniaks. Within a matter of months, the centuries-old Sephardi
and Ashkenazi Jewish communities of Sarajevo, comprising the vast majority of
Bosnian Jewry, would be rounded up in the Old Synagogue (Stari hram) and deported
to their deaths in Croatian concentration camps. Roughly 85% of Bosnia's Jewish
population would perish at the hands of the Nazis and the Ustae during the
Holocaust. The Sarajevo Haggadah was the most important artifact which survived
this period, smuggled out of Sarajevo and saved from the Nazis and Ustae by the
chief librarian of the National Museum, Dervi Korkut.

On 12 October 1941, a group of 108 notable Bosniak citizens of Sarajevo signed the
Resolution of Sarajevo Muslims by which they condemned the persecution of Serbs
organized by the Ustae, made a distinction between the Bosniaks who participated
in such persecutions and the rest of the Bosniak population, presented information
about the persecutions of Bosniaks by Serbs, and requested security for all
citizens of the country, regardless of their identity.[48] By mid-summer 1942,
around 20,000 Serbs found refuge in Sarajevo from Ustae terror.[49]

The city was bombed by the Allies from 1943 to 1944.[50] The Yugoslav Partisan
movement was represented in the city. In period February May 1945 Maks Luburi
set up Ustae headquarters in a building known as Villa Luburi and used it as
torture and execution place whose 323 victims were identified after the war.
Resistance was led by Vladimir "Walter" Peri, who died while leading the
liberation of the city on 6 April 1945.

After the war, Sarajevo was the capital of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and
Herzegovina within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Republic
Government invested heavily in Sarajevo, building many new residential blocks in
Novi Grad Municipality and Novo Sarajevo Municipality, while simultaneously
developing the city's industry and transforming Sarajevo into a modern city.
Sarajevo grew rapidly as it became an important regional industrial center in
Yugoslavia. Between the end of the war and the end of Yugoslavia, the city grew
from a population of 115,000 to more than 600,000 people. The Vraca Memorial Park,
a monument for victims of World War II, was dedicated on 25 November, the "Day of
Statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina" when the ZAVNOBIH held their first meeting in
1943.[51]

A crowning moment of Sarajevo's time in Socialist Yugoslavia was the 1984 Winter
Olympics. Sarajevo beat out Sapporo, Japan; and Falun/Gteborg, Sweden to host the
Olympic games. The games were followed by a tourism boom, making the 1980s one of
the city's most prosperous decades.[52]

Iconic buildings of Sarajevo, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Eternal flame symbolising World War II victory over fascism

UNITIC World Trade Towers

Holiday Inn (now Hotel Holiday)

Markale market
Siege of Sarajevo during Bosnian War[edit]
Main article: Siege of Sarajevo
See also: Sniper Alley

The Sarajevo Red Line, a memorial event of the Siege of Sarajevo's 20th
anniversary. 11,541 empty chairs symbolized 11,541 victims of the war which were
killed during the Siege of Sarajevo.[53][54]
The Bosnian War for independence resulted in large-scale destruction and dramatic
population shifts during the Siege of Sarajevo between 1992 and 1996. Thousands of
Sarajevans lost their lives under the constant bombardment and sniper shooting at
civilians by the Serb forces during the siege,[55] the longest siege of a capital
city in the history of modern warfare.[56] Serb forces of the Republika Srpska and
the Yugoslav People's Army besieged Sarajevo from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996.

When Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia and achieved
United Nations recognition, Serbian leaders declared a new Serbian national state
Republika Srpska (RS) which was carved out from the territory of Bosnia and
Herzegovina.[57] The Serbian Army encircled Sarajevo with a siege force of
18,000[58] stationed in the surrounding hills, from which they assaulted the city
with artillery, mortars, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, heavy machine-guns, multiple
rocket launchers, rocket-launched aircraft bombs, and sniper rifles.[58] From 2 May
1992, the Serbs blockaded the city. The Bosnian government defence forces inside
the besieged city were poorly equipped and unable to break the siege.

During the siege, 11,541 people lost their lives, including over 1,500 children. An
additional 56,000 people were wounded, including nearly 15,000 children.[55] The
1991 census indicates that before the siege the city and its surrounding areas had
a population of 525,980.

When the siege ended, the concrete scars caused by mortar shell explosions left a
mark that was filled with red resin. After the red resin was placed, it left a
floral pattern which led to it being dubbed a Sarajevo Rose.

Sarajevo structural damage and destruction

Vedran Smailovi playing on top of the ruins of the National library (in 1992)

Parliament building in flames May 1992

Marijin Dvor May 1996

Osloboenje building destroyed

Present[edit]
Main article: History of modern Sarajevo
Various modern buildings now occupy Sarajevo's skyline, most significantly the
Bosmal City Center, BBI Centar, Sarajevo City Center and the Avaz Twist Tower,
which is the tallest skyscraper in the Balkans.

Recent years have seen population growth as well as increases in tourism.[59] In

2014 the city saw anti-government protests and riots and record rainfall that
caused historic flooding.

Bosmal City Center Towers, erected 2001

Avaz Twist Tower, erected 2008

BBI Centar, erected 2009

Sarajevo City Center, erected 2014

Administration[edit]
Largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]

Parliament Building

Building of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo is the capital[60] of the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sub-
entity, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as of the Sarajevo
Canton. It is also the de jure capital of another entity, Republika Srpska.[61]
Each of these levels of government has its parliament or council, as well as
judicial courts, in the city. In addition many foreign embassies are located in
Sarajevo.

Sarajevo is home to the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Presidency of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the operational
command of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[62]
Bosnia and Herzegovina's Parliament office in Sarajevo was damaged heavily in the
Bosnian War. Due to damage the staff and documents were moved to a nearby ground
level office to resume the work. In late 2006, reconstruction work started on the
Parliament and was finished in 2007. The cost of reconstruction is supported 80% by
the Greek Government through the Hellenic Program of Balkans Reconstruction (ESOAV)
and 20% by Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Municipalities and city government[edit]

The four municipalities, Stari Grad, Centar, Novo Sarajevo and Novi Grad
The city comprises four municipalities Centar, Novi Grad, Novo Sarajevo, and Stari
Grad. Each operate their own municipal government, united they form one city
government with its own constitution. The executive branch (Bosnian: Gradska
Uprava) consists of a mayor, with two deputies and a cabinet. The legislative
branch consists of the City Council, or Gradsko Vijee. The council has 28 members,
including a council speaker, two deputies, and a secretary. Councilors are elected
by the municipality in numbers roughly proportional to their population. The city
government also has a judicial branch based on the post-transitional judicial
system as outlined by the High Representative's "High Judicial and Prosecutorial
Councils".[63]

Sarajevo's Municipalities are further split into "local communities" (Bosnian,

Mjesne zajednice). Local communities have a small role in city government and are
intended as a way for ordinary citizens to get involved in city government. They
are based on key neighborhoods in the city.

Metropolis[edit]

View west toward Novi Grad

Due to being political, economic, cultural, social, university and scientific
infrastructure centre of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo is with over 688,354[7]
inhabitants on its metropolitan area the only metropolis of the country. Not only
the importance, size and opulence but also the panorama of Sarajevo, its
skyscrapers like Avaz Twist Tower, Sarajevo City Center, Bosmal City Center, or
Sarajevo Tower (which is under construction),[64] and worldwide famous festivals
like Sarajevo Film Festival give Sarajevo the flair of a metropolis. With possible
construction of in 2015 announced urban district Nova Ilida (2.2 billion),[65]
Tourist district Trnovo (2.4 billion),[66] other neighbourhoods like Sarajevo
Waves and buildings which are under construction (only in 2014 over 700 million KM
were invested in real estates),[67]

Also, the proposed tram network extension to neighborhoods Hrasnica[68] and

Dobrinja as well as metro[69] from Baarija to Otoka (1. phase) will improve the
citys infrastructure and attract new investments.

Between 2015 and 2017 Sarajevo will reconstruct the whole tram line from Marijin
Dvor to Ilida with estimated costs of 25 million KM.[70] Due to this, Sarajevo
will become the only city in the Balkans with a completely reconstructed tram
network. In 2015 the city will also get fully renovated trams from Konya and new
trolleybuses from Geneva.

Also, the direct connection from Stup Interchange to the Sarajevo Bypass and thus
to A1 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) will be finished by the end of 2015. Therefore,
Sarajevo will have three direct connections to the motorway. Sarajevo Beltway was
already finished in 2005.

A panoramic view of Sarajevo from the 36th-floor observation deck of the Avaz Twist
Tower, spring 2011
Economy[edit]
Main article: Economy of Sarajevo

Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo's large manufacturing, administrative, and tourism sectors make it the
strongest economic region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Indeed, Sarajevo Canton
generates almost 25% of the country's GDP.[71] After years of war, Sarajevo's
economy saw reconstruction and rehabilitation programs.[72] The Central Bank of
Bosnia and Herzegovina opened in Sarajevo in 1997 and the Sarajevo Stock Exchange
began trading in 2002.

While Sarajevo had a large industrial base during its communist period, only a few
pre-existing businesses have successfully adapted to the market economy. Sarajevo
industries now include tobacco products, furniture, hosiery, automobiles, and
communication equipment.[41] Companies based in Sarajevo include BH Telecom,
Bosnalijek, Energopetrol, Sarajevo Tobacco Factory, and Sarajevska Pivara (Sarajevo
Brewery).

In 2002 the total export for the greater Sarajevo region was worth about
259,569,000KM. Most of Sarajevo's exports (28.2%) head to Germany, with Great
Britain following behind at 16.8% and Serbia and Montenegro third with 12.8%. The
largest amount of imported goods come from Germany, at 15.8%. With a worth of total
import at about 1,322,585,000KM, the total import is almost 5.1 times the total
export.

In 1981 Sarajevo's GDP per capita was 133% of the Yugoslav average.[73] Gross pay
in Sarajevo in February 2015 was KM 1,578 or 790, while net salary was KM 1,020 or
521.[74] Sarajevo is after Ljubljana and Zagreb the richest city in former
Yugoslavia and one of the richest cities in the Balkans.

A panoramic view of Sarajevo from Koevsko Hill (Koevsko Brdo), summer 2010.
Tourism and recreation[edit]
Sarajevo has a wide tourist industry and a fast expanding service sector thanks to
the strong annual growth in tourist arrivals. Sarajevo also benefits from being
both a summer and winter destination with continuity in its tourism throughout the
year. The travel guide series, Lonely Planet named Sarajevo as the 43rd best city
in the world,[17] and in December 2009 listed Sarajevo as one of the top ten cities
to visit in 2010.[18]

In 2013 302.570 tourists visited Sarajevo, up 17.9% compared to 2012, giving

595.637 overnight stays, which is 18% more than in 2012.[75][76]

Sports-related tourism uses the legacy facilities of the 1984 Winter Olympics,
especially the skiing facilities on the nearby mountains of Bjelanica, Igman,
Jahorina, Trebevi, and Treskavica. Sarajevo's 600 years of history, influenced by
both Western and Eastern empires, makes it a tourist attraction with splendid
variations. Sarajevo has hosted travellers for centuries, because it was an
important trading center during the Ottoman and Austria-Hungarian empires. Examples
of popular destinations in Sarajevo include the Vrelo Bosne park, the Sarajevo
cathedral, and the Gazi Husrev-beg's Mosque. Tourism in Sarajevo is chiefly focused
on historical, religious, cultural sites and winter sports.

Sarajevo is host to many parks throughout the city and on the outskirts of city. A
popular activity among Sarajevo citizens is street chess, usually played at Trg
osloboenja Alija Izetbegovi. Veliki Park is the largest green area in the center
of Sarajevo. Its nestled between Titova, Koevo, Didikovac, Tina Ujevia and
Trampina Streets and in the lower part there is a monument dedicated to the
Children of Sarajevo. Hastahana skate park is a popular place to relax in the
Austro-Hungarian neighborhood of Marijin Dvor.[77] Goat's Bridge, locally known as
Kozija uprija, in the Miljacka Canyon is also a popular park destination along the
Dariva walkway and river Miljacka.[78][79]

Sarajevo is also famous for its city lookouts; including an observation deck on
Avaz Twist Tower, Park Prineva restaurant, Vidikovac lookout (Mt. Trebevi),
Zmajevac lookout and Yellow/White fortresses lookouts (in Vratnik) as well as
numerous other rooftops throughout the city (i.e. Alta Shopping Center, BBI Center,
Hotel Hecco Deluxe).

Parks, rivers and public spaces in Sarajevo

Great Park (Veliki Park)

Koevo Park

Vilsonovo etalite (Wilson's Promenade) around Miljacka

Great Lane (Velika aleja), Ilida

River Bosna at Vrelo Bosne Park

Demographics[edit]
Main article: Demographics of Sarajevo

Sarajevo at twilight
Ethnic composition of Sarajevo city proper, by municipalities, 2013 census
Municipality Total Bosniaks Serbs Croats Others
Centar 55,181 41,702 (75.57%) 2,186 (3.96%) 3,333 (6.04%) 7,960
(14.42%)
Novi Grad 118,553 99,773 (84.16%) 4,367 (3.68%) 4,947 (4.17%) 9,466
(7.98%)
Novo Sarajevo 64,814 48,188 (74.35%) 3,402 (5.25%) 4,639 (7.16%)
8,585 (13.24%)
Stari Grad 36,976 32,794 (88.69%) 467 (1.3%) 685 (1.85%) 3,030 (8.19%)
Total 275,524 222,457 (80.74%) 10,422 (3.78%) 13,604 (4.94%) 29,041
(10.54%)

Ethnic structure of Sarajevo by settlements 1991

Ethnic structure of Sarajevo by settlements 2013

The last official Yugoslav census took place 1991 and recorded 527,049 people
living in the city of Sarajevo (ten municipalities). In the settlement of Sarajevo
proper, there were 416,497 inhabitants.[80] The war displaced hundreds of thousands
of people, a large majority of whom have not returned.

The first census since Bosnia and Herzegovina became an independent country was not
taken until 2013 and as a result, for many years Sarajevo's population was not
known clearly and statistics were based on estimates contributed by the United
Nations Statistics Division and the Federal Office of Statistics of the Federation
of Bosnia and Herzegovina, among other national and international non-profit
organizations. As of June 2011, the population of the city's four municipalities
was estimated to be 411,161, whereas the Sarajevo Canton population was estimated
at 578,757.[81] With an area of 1,280 square kilometres (490 sq mi), Sarajevo has a
population density of about 2,173 inhabitants per square kilometre (5,630/sq mi).
According to these estimates, the Novo Sarajevo municipality is the most densely
populated part of Sarajevo with about 7,524 inhabitants per square kilometre
(19,490/sq mi), while the least densely populated is the Stari Grad, with 2,742
inhabitants per square kilometre (7,100/sq mi).[82]

In June 2016, the final results of the 2013 census were published. According to the
census, the population of the Sarajevo Canton was 413,593, with 55,181 residents in
Centar Sarajevo, 118,553 in Novi Grad, 64,814 in Novo Sarajevo and 36,976 in Stari
Grad.[83]

The war changed the ethnic and religious profile of the city. It had long been a
multicultural city,[84] and often went by the nickname of "Europe's Jerusalem".[1]
At the time of the 1991 census, 49.2 per cent of the city's population of 527,049
were Bosniaks, 29.8 percent Serbs, 10.7 percent Yugoslavs, 6.6 percent Croats and
3.6 percent other ethnicities (Jews, Romas, etc.). By 2002, 79.6 per cent of the
canton's population of 401,118 were Bosniak, 11.2 percent Serb, 6.7 percent Croat
and 2.5 percent others (Jews, Romas, etc.).[85]

According to academic Fran Markowitz there is a number of "administrative

apparatuses and public pressures that push people who might prefer to identify as
flexible, multiply constituted hybrids or with one of the now unnamed minority
groups into one of the three Bosniac-Croat-Serb constituent nations".[86] These
include respondents being encouraged by census interviewers to identity as
belonging to one of the three constituent peoples.[87] Her analysis of marriage
registration data shows, for instance, that 67 per cent of people marrying in 2003
identified as Bosniak or Muslim, which is significantly lower than the 79.6 per
cent census figure from 2002 (unlike the census, where people respond to an
interviewer, applicants to the marriage registry fill in the form themselves).

Heralded as the 'European Jerusalem' due to city's diverse ethnic and religious
makeup

Emperor's Mosque

Catholic Cathedral Sacred Heart

Orthodox Cathedral

Sarajevo Synagogue
Transportation[edit]
Roads and highways[edit]

Dragon of Bosnia street

Sarajevo's location in a valley between mountains makes it a compact city. Narrow
city streets and a lack of parking areas restrict automobile traffic but allow
better pedestrian and cyclist mobility. The two main roads are Titova Ulica (Street
of Marshal Tito) and the east-west Zmaj od Bosne (Dragon of Bosnia) highway (E761).
Sarajevo is Bosnia's main intersection and the most passable city in Bosnia and
Herzegovina and the third in region. The city is connected to all the other major
cities by highway or national road like Zenica, Banja Luka, Tuzla, Mostar, Gorade
and Foa. Tourists from Central Europe and elsewhere visiting Dalmatia driving via
Budapest through Sarajevo also contribute to the traffic congestion in and around
Sarajevo. The trans-European highway, Corridor 5C, runs through Sarajevo connecting
it to Budapest in the north, and Ploe at the Adriatic sea in the south.[88] The
highway is built by the government and should cost 3.5 billion Euro. Up until March
2012, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina invested around 600 million Euro in
the A1. In 2014 the sections Sarajevo-Zenica and Sarajevo-Tarcin were completed
including the Sarajevo Beltway ring road.

Tram, bus and trolleybus[edit]

Sarajevo tram
Sarajevo's electric tramways, in operation since 1885, are the oldest form of
public transportation in the city.[89] Sarajevo had the first full-time (dawn to
dusk) tram line in Europe, and the second in the world.[14] Opened on New Year's
Day in 1885, it was the testing line for the tram in Vienna and the Austro-
Hungarian Empire, and operated by horses. Originally built to 760 mm (2 ft 5 15/16
in) Bosnian gauge, the present system in 1960 was upgraded to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1/2
in) standard gauge. The trams played a pivotal role in the growth of the city in
the 20th century.

There are seven tramway lines supplemented by five trolleybus lines and numerous
bus routes. The main railroad station in Sarajevo is located in the north-central
area of the city. From there, the tracks head west before branching off in
different directions, including to industrial zones in the city. Sarajevo is
currently undergoing a major infrastructure renewal; many highways and streets are
being repaved, the tram system is undergoing modernization, and new bridges and
roads are under construction.

Future metro plans[edit]

Sarajevo-based architect, Muzafer Osmanagi, in order to solve traffic congestion
in Sarajevo, has proposed a study called "Eco Energy 20102015", idealizing a
subway system underneath the bed of the river Miljacka. The first line of Metro
Sarajevo should connect Baarija with Otoka. This line should cost some 150
million KM and be financed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
[90]

Cable car (Mt. Trebevi)[edit]

Trebevi ropeway (cable car), Sarajevos key landmark during 1984 Winter Olympic
Games, has been announced to be rebuilt by JKP GRAS Sarajevo and Sarajevo Canton as
one of the new transportation systems due out in last quarter of 2016. The cable
car would run from Sarajevo at Bistrik station to Trebevi at Vidikovac station.
[91]

Airport[edit]

Sarajevo International Airport

Sarajevo International Airport (IATA: SJJ), also called Butmir, is located just a
few kilometers southwest of the city and was voted Best European Airport With Under
1,000,000 Passengers at the 15th Annual ACI-Europe in Munich in 2005. During the
war the airport was used for UN flights and humanitarian relief. Since the Dayton
Accord in 1996, the airport has welcomed a thriving commercial flight business.

In 2011 Sarajevo International Airport had 599,996 passengers which is more than
all of the airports in Bosnia-Herzegovina had together and 6.5% more than in 2010.
The growth rate in 2012 is expected to be around 10%.[92]

Plans for extension of the passenger terminal, together with upgrading and
expanding the taxiway and apron, are planned to start in Fall 2012. The existing
terminal will be expanded by approximately 7,000 square metres (75,347 square
feet).[93] The upgraded airport will also be directly linked to the commercial
retail center Sarajevo Airport Center, making it easier for tourists and travellers
to spend their time before flight boarding shopping and enjoying the many amenities
that will be offered.[94] Between 2015 and 2018 the airport will be upgraded for
more than 25 Million .
Railway[edit]
Sarajevo has only two daily international connections to Zagreb and Ploe. There
are also connections between Sarajevo and all major cities within Bosnia and
Herzegovina. Once, the East Bosnian railway connected Sarajevo to Belgrade. The
Sarajevo Main Railway Station is among the biggest in Europe.

Sarajevo Railway

A locomotive hauled train at Sarajevo Railway Station

Sarajevo train station in 2011

FBH 441-047 at Sarajevo train station

International relations[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Twin towns Sister cities[edit]
Sarajevo is twinned with:[95]

Catalonia Spain Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (since 2000)[95]

Croatia Zagreb, Croatia (since 2001)[95][96]
Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia (since 2002)[95][97]
Utah United States Salt Lake City, UT, United States (since 2002)[95]
Egypt Cairo, Egypt (since 2006)[95]
Croatia Dubrovnik, Croatia (since 2006)[95]
Norway Lillehammer, Norway (since 2006)
Republic of Macedonia Skopje, Macedonia (since 2006)[95][98]
Turkey Konya, Turkey (since 2007)[95]
Iran Rasht, Iran (since 2008)[95]
Iran Tehran, Iran (since 2016)[99]
Fraternity cities[edit]
Sarajevo's fraternity cities include:[100]

Turkey Bursa in Turkey (since 1979)[101]

Turkey Akhisar in Turkey
Turkey Istanbul in Turkey (since 1997)[102][103]
Turkey Ankara in Turkey (since 2007)[104]
China Tianjin in China (since 1981)
China Shanghai in China
Veneto Italy Venice in Veneto, Italy (since 1994)
Piedmont Italy Collegno in Turin, Piedmont, Italy (since 1994)
Emilia-Romagna Italy Ferrara in Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (since 1978)
Campania Italy Naples in Campania, Italy (since 1976)
Tuscany Italy Prato in Prato, Tuscany, Italy (since 1995)
Hungary Budapest in Hungary (since 1995)[105][106]
Croatia Karlovac in Croatia
England Coventry in West Midlands, England, United Kingdom (since 1957)[107][108]
Lower Saxony Germany Wolfsburg in Lower Saxony, Germany (since 1985)
Saxony-Anhalt Germany Magdeburg in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany (since 1972)[109]
Baden-Wrttemberg Germany Friedrichshafen in Baden-Wrttemberg, Germany (since
1972)
Spain Madrid in Spain (since 2007)[110]
Catalonia Spain Barcelona in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (since 1986)[111]
Austria Innsbruck in Tyrol, Austria (since 1980)
Netherlands Amsterdam in North Holland, Netherlands
France Serre Chevalier in Hautes-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Cte d'Azur, France (since
1995)
Republic of Macedonia Skopje in Macedonia (since 2007)
Sweden Stockholm in Sweden (since 1997)
Czech Republic Tbor in Czech Republic
Albania Tirana in Albania (since 1996)
Ohio United States Dayton in Ohio, United States (since 1999)
Azerbaijan Baku in Azerbaijan (since 1972)[112]
Kuwait Kuwait City in Kuwait (since 1998)
Algeria Algiers in Algeria
Algeria Tlemcen in Algeria (since 1964)
Libya Tripoli in Libya (since 1976)
Communications and media[edit]
Main article: Communications and media in Sarajevo

Observation deck top of Avaz Twist Tower, Dnevni avaz headquarters.

As the largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo is the main center of the
country's media. Most of the communications and media infrastructure was destroyed
during the war but reconstruction monitored by the Office of the High
Representative has helped to modernize the industry as a whole.[113] For example,
internet was first made available to the city in 1995.[114]

Osloboenje (Liberation), founded in 1943, is Sarajevo's longest running

continuously circulating newspaper and the only one to survive the war. However,
this long running and trusted newspaper has fallen behind Dnevni Avaz (Daily
Voice), founded in 1995, and Jutarnje Novine (Morning News) in circulation in
Sarajevo.[115] Other local periodicals include the Croatian newspaper Hrvatska
rije and the Bosnian magazine Start, as well as weekly newspapers Slobodna Bosna
(Free Bosnia) and BH Dani (BH Days). Novi Plamen, a monthly magazine, is the most
left-wing publication currently.

The Radiotelevision of Bosnia-Herzegovina is Sarajevo's public television station,

one of three in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other stations based in the city include
NRTV "Studio 99", NTV Hayat, TV 1, Open Broadcast Network, TV Kantona Sarajevo and
Televizija Alfa.

The headquarters of Al Jazeera Balkans are also located in Sarajevo, with a

broadcasting studio at the top of the BBI Center. The news channel covers Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia and Montenegro and the surrounding Balkan states.
[116]

Many small independent radio stations exist, including established stations such as
Radio M, Radio Stari Grad (Radio Old Town), Studentski eFM Radio,[117] Radio 202,
Radio BIR,[118] and RSG. Radio Free Europe, as well as several American and Western
European stations are available.

Education[edit]
Higher Education

Rectorate and the Faculty of Law, University of Sarajevo

National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Higher education has a long and rich tradition in Sarajevo. The first institution
that can be classified as a tertiary educational institution was a school of Sufi
philosophy established by Gazi Husrev-beg in 1531; numerous other religious schools
have been established over time. In 1887, under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a
Sharia Law School began a five-year program.[119] In the 1940s the University of
Sarajevo became the city's first secular higher education institute, effectively
building upon the foundations established by the Saraybosna Hanika in 1531. In the
1950s, post-bachelor graduate degrees became available.[120] Severely damaged
during the war, it was recently rebuilt in partnership with more than 40 other
universities.

There are also several universities located in Sarajevo, including:

University of Sarajevo
Sarajevo School of Science and Technology
International University of Sarajevo
American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo Graduate School of Business
International Burch University
Primary and Secondary Education

As of 2005, in Sarajevo there are 46 elementary schools (Grades 19) and 33 high
schools (Grades 1013), including three schools for children with special needs,
[121]

There are also several international schools in Sarajevo, catering to the

expatriate community; some of which are Sarajevo International School and the
French International School[122] of Sarajevo, established in 1998.

Culture[edit]
Main article: Culture of Sarajevo

The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina houses many important historical
items from BiH
Sarajevo has been home to many different religions for centuries, giving the city a
range of diverse cultures. In the time of Ottoman occupation of Bosnia, Muslims,
Serbian Orthodox, Roman Catholics, and Sephardi Jews all shared the city while
maintaining distinctive identities. They were joined during the brief occupation by
Austria-Hungary by a smaller number of Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, Czechs and
Ashkenazi Jews. By 1909, about 50% of the city's inhabitants were Muslim, 25% were
Catholic, 15% were Orthodox, and 10% were Jewish.[123]

Historically, Sarajevo has been home to several famous Bosnian poets, scholars,
philosophers, and writers during the Ottoman Empire. To list only a very few; Nobel
Prize-winner Vladimir Prelog is from the city, as is Academy Award-winning director
Danis Tanovi, multiple award-winning writer Aleksander Hemon and famous multiple
award-winning writer and screenwriter Zlatko Topi. One of the region's most
prolific and prominent poets, writers and screenwriters, Abdulah Sidran is also a
Sarajevo native. Nobel Prize-winner Ivo Andri attended high school in Sarajevo for
two years. Sarajevo is also the home of the East West Theatre Company, the only
independent theater company in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Sarajevo National Theatre is the oldest professional theater in Bosnia and
Herzegovina, having been established in 1921.

A panoramic view of the ruined castle of Bijela Tabija "White Bastion" in the very
east of Sarajevo.
Museums[edit]

Copies of the Sarajevo Haggadah

The city is rich in museums, including the Museum of Sarajevo, the Ars Aevi Museum
of Contemporary Art, Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Museum of
Literature and Theatre Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the National Museum of
Bosnia and Herzegovina (established in 1888) home to the Sarajevo Haggadah,[124] an
illuminated manuscript and the oldest Sephardic Jewish document in the
world[citation needed] issued in Barcelona around 1350, containing the traditional
Jewish Haggadah, is on permanent display at the museum. It is the only remaining
illustrated Sephardic Haggadah in the world.[125] The National Museum also hosts
year-round exhibitions pertaining to local, regional and international culture and
history, and exhibits over 5,000 artefacts from Bosnia's history.

The Alija Izetbegovi Museum was opened on 19 October 2007 and is located in the
old town fort, more specifically in the Vratnik Kapija towers Ploa and irokac.
The museum is a commemoration to the influence and body of work of Alija
Izetbegovi, the first president of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The city also hosts the Sarajevo National Theater, established in 1919, as well as
East West Theatre Company and the Sarajevo Youth Theatre. Some other cultural
institutions include the Center for Sarajevo Culture, Sarajevo City Library, Art
Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Bosniak Institute, a privately owned
library and art collection focusing on Bosniak history.

Demolitions associated with the war, as well as reconstruction, destroyed several

institutions and cultural or religious symbols including the Gazi Husrev-beg
library, the national library, the Sarajevo Oriental Institute, and a museum
dedicated to the 1984 Olympic games. Consequently, the different levels of
government established strong cultural protection laws and institutions.[126]
Bodies charged with cultural preservation in Sarajevo include the Institute for the
Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Bosnia and
Herzegovina (and their Sarajevo Canton counterpart), and the Bosnia and Herzegovina
Commission to Preserve National Monuments.

Museums of Sarajevo

Bosniak Institute, containing collections of the history of Bosnia and Bosniaks

Museum "Sarajevo 1878 1918"

Alija Izetbegovi museum

Medieval tombstones around National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo Tunnel Museum

Music[edit]
See also: List of Bosnia and Herzegovina patriotic songs
Sarajevo is and has historically been one of the most important musical enclaves in
the region. The Sarajevo school of pop rock developed in the city between 1961 and
1991. This type of music began with bands like Indexi, Pro Arte, and singer-
songwriter Kemal Monteno. It continued into the 1980s, with bands such as Plavi
Orkestar, Crvena Jabuka, and Divlje Jagode, by most accounts, pioneering the
regional rock and roll movement. Sarajevo was also the home and birthplace of
arguably the most popular and influential Yugoslav rock band of all time, Bijelo
Dugme, somewhat of a Bosnian parallel to the Rolling Stones, in both popularity and
influence. Sarajevo was also the home of a very notable post-punk urban subculture
known as the New Primitives, which began during the early 1980s with the Baglama
Band which was banned shortly after first LP and was brought into the mainstream
through bands such as Zabranjeno Puenje and Elvis J. Kurtovi & His Meteors, as
well as the Top Lista Nadrealista radio, and later television show. Other notable
bands considered to be part of this subculture are Bombaj tampa. Besides and
separately from the New Primitives, Sarajevo is the hometown to one of the most
significant ex-Yugoslavian alternative industrial-noise bands, SCH (1983current).
Perhaps more importantly, Sarajevo in the late 19th and throughout the 20th century
was home to a burgeoning and large center of Sevdalinka record-making and
contributed greatly to bringing this historical genre of music to the mainstream,
which had for many centuries been a staple of Bosnian culture. Songwriters and
musicians such as Himzo Polovina, Safet Isovi, Zaim Imamovi, Zehra Deovi, Halid
Beli, Hanka Paldum, Nada Mamula, Meho Puzi and many more composed and wrote some
of their most important pieces in the city.

Sarajevo also greatly influenced the pop scene of Yugoslavia with musicians like
Dino Merlin, Hari Mata Hari, Tifa, Kemal Monteno, eljko Bebek, and many more.

Many newer Sarajevo-based bands have also found a name and established themselves
in Sarajevo, such as Regina who also had two albums out in Yugoslavia and Letu
tuke, who actually formed their band in Yugoslavia with the famous Bosnian-
American writer Aleksandar Hemon and got their real breakthrough later in the
2000s. Sarajevo is now home to an important and eclectic mix of new bands and
independent musicians, which continue to thrive with the ever-increasing number of
festivals, creative showcases and concerts around the country. The city is also
home to the region's largest jazz festival, the Sarajevo Jazz Festival (see
"Festival" section below this).

American heavy metal Savatage, released a song entitled "Christmas Eve (Sarajevo
12/24)" on their 1995 album Dead Winter Dead, which was about a cello player
playing a forgotten Christmas carol in war-torn Sarajevo. The song was later re-
released by the same band under the name Trans-Siberian Orchestra on their 1996
debut album Christmas Eve and Other Stories, which the song gave them instant
success.

Festivals[edit]

Sarajevo National Theatre, where the annual hosting of Sarajevo Film Festival is
held
Sarajevo is internationally renowned for its eclectic and diverse selection of
festivals. The Sarajevo Film Festival was established in 1995 during the Bosnian
War and has become the premier and largest film festival in the Balkans and South-
East Europe.[citation needed] It has been hosted at the National Theater, with
screenings at the Open-air theater Metalac and the Bosnian Cultural Center, all
located in downtown Sarajevo and has been attended by celebrities such as Angelina
Jolie, Brad Pitt, Emile Hirsch, Orlando Bloom, Daniel Craig, Danny Glover, John
Malkovich, Morgan Freeman and many others. The Sarajevo Winter Festival, Sarajevo
Jazz Festival and Sarajevo International Music Festival are well-known, as is the
Baarija Nights festival, a month-long showcase of local culture, music, and
dance.[citation needed]

In the past sixteen years, the festival has entertained people and celebrities
alike, elevating it to a recognized international level. The first incarnation of
the Sarajevo Film Festival was hosted in still-warring Sarajevo in 1995, and has
now progressed into being the biggest and most significant festival in south-
eastern Europe.[citation needed] A talent campus is also held during the duration
of the festival, with numerous world-renowned lecturers speaking on behalf of world
cinematography and holding workshops for film students from across South-Eastern
Europe.[127]

The Sarajevo Jazz Festival is the region's largest and most diverse of its kind and
has been entertaining jazz connoisseurs for over ten years and has hosted such
artists as Richard Bona, Birli Lagrene, Cristina Branco, Dhafer Youssef, Bugge
Wesseltoft, Dennis Chambers, Joseph Tawadros and many more.[citation needed] The
festival takes place at the Bosnian Cultural Center (aka "Main Stage"), just down
the street from the SFF, at the Sarajevo Youth Stage Theater (aka "Strange Fruits
Stage"), at the Dom Vojske Federacije (aka "Solo Stage"), and at the CDA (aka
"Groove Stage").

Sports[edit]

Postage stamps depicting 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo.

Bosnian football player Edin Deko was born in Sarajevo. He is the all-time leading
goalscorer of the BiH national football team.[128][129]

Damir Dumhur, a Sarajevo born multi-Grand Slam tennis player.

Asim Ferhatovi Hase Stadium, home to FK Sarajevo, is largest stadium in Bosnia and
Herz.[130]
The city was the location of the 1984 Winter Olympics. Yugoslavia won one medal, a
silver in men's giant slalom awarded to Jure Franko.[131] Many of the Olympic
facilities survived the war or were reconstructed, including Olympic Hall Zetra and
Asim Ferhatovi Stadion. In an attempt to bring back some of Sarajevo's lost
Olympic glory,[132] the original Olympic luge and bobsled tracks are being
repaired, due to the efforts of both the National Olympic Committee of Bosnia and
Herzegovina[133] and local sports enthusiasts.[134] After co-hosting the Southeast
Europe Friendship games, Sarajevo was awarded the 2009 Special Olympic winter
games,[135] but cancelled these plans.[136][137] The ice arena for the 1984
Olympics, Zetra Stadium, was used during the war as a temporary hospital and,
later, for housing NATO troops of the IFOR.

In 2011 Sarajevo was the host city of the 51st World Military Skiing Championship
with over 350 participants from 23 different nations. This was the first
international event of such standing since the 1984 Olympics.[138]

Football (soccer) is popular in Sarajevo; the city hosts FK Sarajevo and FK

eljezniar, which both compete in European and international cups and tournaments
and are have a very large trophy cabinet in the former Yugoslavia as well as
independent Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other notable soccer clubs are FK Olimpik and
SAK. Another popular sport is basketball; the basketball club KK Bosna Sarajevo
won the European Championship in 1979 as well as many Yugoslav and Bosnian national
championships making it one of the greatest basketball clubs in the former
Yugoslavia. The chess club, Bosna Sarajevo, has been a championship team since the
1980s and is the third ranked chess club in Europe, having won four consecutive
European championships in the nineties. RK Bosna also competes in the European
Champions League and is considered one of the most well organised handball clubs in
South-Eastern Europe with a very large fan base and excellent national, as well as
international results. Sarajevo often holds international events and competitions
in sports such as tennis and kickboxing.

The popularity of tennis has been picking up in recent years. Since 2003, BH
Telecom Indoors is an annual tennis tournament in Sarajevo.

Since 2007, the Sarajevo Marathon is being organized in late September. Giro di
Sarajevo is also run in the city with over 2,200 cyclists taking part in 2015.[139]

In 2019, Sarajevo and East Sarajevo will host the European Youth Olympic Winter
Festival (EYOWF).

Club Sport Leagues Venue Est.

eljezniar Football Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina Grbavica Stadium
1946
Sarajevo Football Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina Asim Ferhatovi
Hase 1946
Olimpik Football Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina Otoka Stadion
1993
RK Bosna Handball Handball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina Dvorana
Mirza Delibai 1948
KK Bosna Basketball Premier League of Basketball of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dvorana Mirza Delibai 1951
HK Bosna Ice Hockey Bosnia and Herzegovina Hockey League Olympic Hall Zetra
1980
VK Bosna Waterpolo Bosnia and Herzegovina Waterpolo League Olimpijski Bazen
Otoka 1984
SDI Spid Volleyball Bosnia Sitting Volleyball Championships Dvorana Ramiz
Salin 1994
Fantomi Volleyball Bosnia Sitting Volleyball Championships Dvorana Ramiz
Salin 1995
See also[edit]
flag Bosnia and Herzegovina portal
Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Folklore of Sarajevo
Istono Sarajevo
List of Sarajevans
List of shopping malls in Sarajevo
Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vrhbosna
Sarajevo International Culture Exchange
Sites of interest in Sarajevo
Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Historical Sarajevo gallery[edit]

Sarajevo in 1897

Sarajevo 1900.

Sarajevo Tram in 1901

Sarajevo market (in 1914)

Miljacka River Sarajevo in 1914

Memorial of Franz Ferdinand

Modern Sarajevo gallery[edit]

Inside BBI Center

Sarajevo City Center

Hotel Europe next to medieval ruins

Bosmal City Center

UNITIC twin towers

Gifts and donations to city of Sarajevo (post1992)[edit]

GreeceBosnia and Herzegovina Friendship Building

King Fahd Mosque, was financed by Saudi Arabia as the largest mosque in Balkans.

Istiqlal Mosque, was a gift from Indonesian people and government.

Malaysian-Bosnian Friendship Bridge, engi Vila.

Mountains and hills surrounding Sarajevo[edit]

Hum Hill to North-NW

Inter-valley headlands (capes) to Northeast

Mount Trebevi to Southeast

Mount Bjelanica (snow peaks) to Southwest

Mount Igman (foreground) to Southwest

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Jump up ^ markbooth_mcfc (21 August 2014). "Dzeko signs four-year deal at City".
mcfc.co.uk. Manchester. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Olimpijski stadion Asim Ferhatovi Hase". rekreacija.ba. Retrieved 24
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Jump up ^ Winter Olympic host city Sarajevo to stage course for luge trainers. [1]
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Jump up ^ Sports enthusiasts repair devastated Winter Olympic tracks [2] Retrieved
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Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. (277 kB) Spirit. Retrieved on 5
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Jump up ^ Hem, Brad (29 July 2006). Idaho may be in the running to host the 2009
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Jump up ^ Special Olympics (May 2006). Boise, Idaho (USA) Awarded 2009 Special
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Jump up ^ Phone Web (9 June 2011). "CISM Conseil International du Sport Militaire
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Jump up ^ klix.ba (6 September 2015). "Giro di Sarajevo via drone". klix.ba.
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Bibliography[edit]
See also: Bibliography of the history of Sarajevo
Bollens, Scott A. (2007). Cities, Nationalism, and Democratization. Abingdon:
Routledge. ISBN 0-415-41947-6.
Donia, Robert J. Sarajevo: A Biography. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press,
(2006).
Gumz, Jonathan (1998). "German Counterinsurgency Policy in Independent Croatia,
19411944". The Historian. 61 (1): 3350. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1998.tb01422.x.
Halligan, Benjamin. (2010). "Idylls of Socialism: The Sarajevo Documentary School
and the Problem of the Bosnian Sub-proletariat". Studies in Eastern European Cinema
(Autumn 2010).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20130226221204/http://usir.salford.ac.uk/11571/3/visua
lrecollectivisationpostcopyedit.pdf>
Tanzer, Kim; Longoria, Rafael (11 April 2007). The Green Braid: Towards an
Architecture of Ecology, Economy and Equity. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-12058-1.
Maniscalco, Fabio (1997). Sarajevo. Itinerari artistici perduti (Sarajevo. Artistic
Itineraries Lost). Naples: Guida
Markowitz, Fran (2007). "Census and sensibilities in Sarajevo". Comparative Studies
in Society and History. 49 (1): 4073. doi:10.1017/S0010417507000400.
Markowitz, Fran (2010). Sarajevo: A Bosnian Kaleidoscope. Urbana, IL: University of
Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07713-X.
Prstojevi, Miroslav (1992). Zaboravljeno Sarajevo (Forgotten Sarajevo). Sarajevo:
Ideja
Valerijan, ujo; Imamovi, Mustafa; urovac, Muhamed (1997). Sarajevo. Sarajevo:
Svjetlost
My Life in Fire (a non-fiction story of a child in a Sarajevo war)
Mehmedinovi, Semezdin (1998). Sarajevo Blues. San Francisco: City Lights.
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