SISMGRAFOS I

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 2. EL SISMGRAFO

2.1 Sismgrafos analgicos y digitales

2.2 Sismgrafos, acelergrafos, inclinmetros, etc.
2.3 Sismmetros de banda ancha
2.4 Calibracin y curvas de respuesta
2.5 Sismgrafos porttiles y sismgrafos permanentes
2.6 Telemetra de seales ssmicas.

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SISMOGRAMA, SISMMETRO Y
SISMGRAFO
Sismograma: El sismograma U(t) se
puede escribir como una convolucin
entre 3 componentes, la fuente S(t), la
respuesta de la Tierra P(t) y la respuesta
del instrumento I(t):

U(t) = S(t)*P(t)*I(t)

Sismmetro: Un aparato que detecta

el movimiento de las ondas ssmicas (el
sensor)

Sismgrafo: Un conjunto de
instrumentos que detectan y graban
Lay & Wallace
movimiento de ondas ssmicas.

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 QU TIENE QUE HACER EL
SISMMETRO?
Rango dinmico (~0.1 nm10 m;
2 CHAPTER 1
109-1011) -ratio mx./mn. seal registrable;
dB-
(m/s2) is the most natural unit, since it is directly related to force and the peak ground
acceleration is an often quoted measure.
Rango de frecuencia: 10-5 - 103 Hz
The range of amplitudes measured in seismology is very large. The natural background
noise, highly frequency dependent,
Sensibilidad setsms
(la seal the pequea
limit for the
quesmallest
se amplitudes we can
measure, which is typically 1 nm displacement at 1 Hz (Chapter 3), while the largest
puede
displacement is inresolver)
the order of 1 m. This is a dynamic range of 109. The band of
frequencies we are interested in also has a large range, from 10-5 to 1000 Hz (Table 1).
Linealidad
The challenge is therefore to construct seismic instruments, both sensors and recorders,
which cover at least part of this large frequency and dynamic range.

Table 1.1 Typical frequencies generated by different seismic sources.

Frequency (Hz) Type of measurements

0.00001-0.0001 Earth tides
0.0001-0.001 Earth free oscillations, earthquakes
0.001-0.01 Surface waves, earthquakes
0.01-0.1 Surface waves, P and S waves, earthquakes with M > 6
0.1-10 P and S waves, earthquakes with M> 2Rangos de amplitud y frecuencia que debe cubrir un sismgrafo.
10-1000 P and S waves, earthquakes, M< 2
Respuesta de un sismgrafo.
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La respuesta de un sismgrafo depende de la amplitud del movimie
 UN EJEMPLO - EL
SISMGRAFO DE PENDULO
322 11. I N S T R U M E N T S , N O I S E , A N D A N I S O T R O P Y

spring

hinge

mass Sismgrafo de pndulo.

magnet
viscous
fluid coil to amplifier
wire and data recorder

Figure 11.1 A simple inertial seismometer for measuring vertical motion. Movement of the
suspended magnet induces a voltage in the coil; this signal is then amplified and recorded.

Shearer
function is easily derived for simple inertial seismometers such as that shown in
Figure 11.1. Let u(t) be the vertical Earth displacement and z(t) be the displace-
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ment of the mass with respect to Earth, each relative to their rest positions. The
 pizzarn

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 h = 1/4

LA RESPUESTA DEL
1.5

Amplitude
1.0 1/2

INSTRUMENTO 0.5
1
2
4

0 = 1 Hz 0.0
0.1 1 10
Frequency (Hz)
324 11. I N S T R U M E N T S , N O I S E , A N D A N I S O T R O P Y

180
2.0

h = 1/4
1.5

Phase (degrees)
Amplitude

90
1.0 1/2

1 Figure 11.2
4 and phase re
0.5 2
4 1 for a seismo
h = 1/4 natural reso
levels of dam
0.0 0 damping co
0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) for critical d

180
The strength of the damping relative to the stiffness of the spring m
by h = !/0 , where h is the damping constant. When h = 1 (! =
is said to be critically damped. Under critical damping, a displ
grees)

return to its rest position in the least possible time, without ove7