imvqb

HSC-2017
 cixvMvi mvaviYZ KvevwwjK GwmWi mvwWqvg jeYK mvWvjvBg viv Zxe fve D Ki AvjKb
cvIqv hvq| GLvb KvewwjK g~jK (-COOH) Kveb WvB AvBW (CO2) wnmve AcmvwiZ nq|

RCOONa + NaOH.(CaO) R-H + Na2CO3.(CaO)
mvwWqvg AvjKvbqU mvWvjvBg AvjKb
Avevi, cixvMvi mvwWqvg ebRvqU I mvWvjvBgi wgkYK D Kij ebwRb ev I mvwWqvg KvebU Drcb nq| Drcb
ebwRbK cvZb cYvjxZ Zij wnmve msMn Kiv nq|

KvewwjK g~jKi Gfve AcmvibK wWKvewjkb (Decarboxylatio) ej| Gfve AvjKb ev ebwRb Ges mvwWqvg KvebU
Drcb nq|

h wewqvq GKwU hM nZ GK ev GKvwaK cigvYy ev gyjK Abyic msLK Aci Kvb cigvYy ev g~jK viv
cwZvwcZ nq ZvK cwZvcb wewqv ej|
CH4 + Cl2 = CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2 = CH2Cl2 + HCl
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 = CHCl3 + HCl
CHCl3 + Cl2 = CCl4 + HCl

(Markownikovs Rule) : AcwZmg Am hMi m AcwZmg weKviKi hyZ wewqvq weKviK AYyi
FYvZK Ask mvaviYZ Kg msLK nvBWvRb cigvYy wewk Am Kveb cigvYyZ hy nq| A_vr AvjwKbi w-eb hy (
eb) `yB Kvebi h Kveb nvBWvRbi cwigvY Kg _vK weKviKi (HX) FbvZK Ask (X) cigvYywU mB Kveb hy nq|
hgb, cvwcb Gi mv_ nvBWvRb KvivBWi wewqvq 2-Kviv cvcb Drcb nq|

cvwcbi 2bs Kveb cigvYyZ gv 1wU H-cigvYy _vK ZvB HCl Gi FbvZK Ask (Cl) 2bs Kvebi mv_ hy nq Ges nvBWvRb
cigvYywU 1bs Kveb hy nq|

1933 mvj wevbx Lvivm (Kharasch) `Lvb h, ^ cwigvb cviAvBWi DcwwZZ AcwZmg AvjwKbi mv_ HBr Gi
wewqvi dj gvKwbKfi wbqgi wecixZ wqv NU| GK cviAvBW cfve ev Lvivmi cviAvBW cfve ev wecixZ gvKwbKfbxwZ
ej|
A_vr AcwZmg Am hMi m AcwZmg weKviKi hyZ wewqvq weKviK AYyi FbvZK Ask ekx msLK nvBWvRb cigvYy
wewk Am Kveb cigvYyZ hy nq|

AvjwKbi mv_ ay HBr mshvRbi ejvZB wecixZ gvKwbKfbxwZ AbymZ nq|

wbic ev vixq cUvwmqvg cvigvvbU (KMnO4) Gi kxZj I jNy Rjxq `eY Bw_b Gi m wewqvq `ywU
nvBWvwj (-OH) g~jK hy nq Bw_wjb MvBKj ev 1,2- WvB Aj Drcb nq| dj cUvwmqvg cvi gvvbUi eY `~i nq| D
wewqvwU `Z eY cwieZb NUvq| GwU GKwU g`y RviY agi D`vniY|
2KMnO4 + 2KOH 2K2MnO4 + H2O +[O]

GB cixvwU eqvi cixv bvg cwiwPZ| AmZv mbvKiY GB cixvwU eenvi Kiv nq|
 Qq Kveb cigvYy wewk ebwRb KvVvgv ev ejqK ebwRb wbDwKqvm ev AvivgwUK wbDwKqvm
ej| GB AvivgwUK wbDwKqvmi mwnZ wewfb hMi KvhKixg~jK mivmwi hy nBqv wewfb kYxi AvivgwUK hM Drcb Ki|
bvBUkb, nvjvRbkb, mvjdvbkb I wdWjvdU AvjKvBjkb I AvmvBjkb BZvw` wewqv ebwRbi mv_ Pi
wbDwKvqvm NU| mywZ KvVvgv wZM nq bv ej AvivgwUK hM Gme wewqv c`kb Ki|

ebwRb Pi GK ev GKvwaK nvBWvRb cigvYyK mivmwifve Kvb Kveb cigvYy wewk

AvwjdwUK hMg~jK viv cwZvwcZ Kwij H AvwjdwUK hMg~jKK mswk AvivgwUK hMi cvkwkKj ejv nq|
UjyBbi msKZ AvivBj g~jK (C6H5) nj ebwRb wbDwKqvm Ges wg_vBj g~jK (CH3) nj Gi cvk wkKj|

D`vniY: dzU UjyBbi ga w`q Kvwib cevwnZ Kij cvk wkKj AewZ wg_vBj g~jKi nvBWvRb cigvYyjv GK Kvwib viv
cwZvwcZ nq h_vg ebRvBj KvivBW, ebRvj KvivBW I ebRvUvBKvivBW Drcb Ki|

Abv` Avjywgwbqvg KvivBWi DcwwZZ h Kvb AvjKvBj nvjvBW ev AvmvBj nvjvBW Gi mv_
ebwRb wewqvq ebwRbi GKwU nvBWvRb AvjKvBj g~jK viv cwZvwcZ nq h_vg AvivgwUK nvBWvKveb A_ev
AvivgwUK wKUvb MwVZ nq| GB wewqv wdWj-vd&U bvg cwiwPZ|

K| AvjKvBjkb|
L| AvmvBjkb|
ebwRbK wg_vBj KvivBW Gi mv_ Abv` AlCl3 Gi DcwwZZ D Kij cwZvcb wewqvi viv UjyBb I
HCl Mvm Drcb nq|

h cwZZ ebwRb ejq AvmvBj g~jK ( R C O ) mivmwi cek Kivbv hvq Ges AvjKv&j wKUvb AvivBj wKUvb
Drcb nq; ZvK AvmvBjkb ev wdWj vd&U AvmvBjkb ejv nq|
 T.N.T. UvB bvBUv UjyBb K msc T.N.T.ej| UjyBb ev wg_vBj ebwRbK bvBUkb Ki UvB bvBUvwg_vBj ebwRb ev
T.N.T. cZ Kiv nq|
mvavibZ Mvp HNO3 + Fuming H2SO4(SO3) ev a~gvqgvb mvjwdDwiK GwmW wgkY axi axi UjyBb hvM Kij 300C
Zvcgvvq gbv Ges 3500C Zvcgvvq WvB bvBUv UjyBb Drcb Ki| wgkY nZ gbv I WvB bvBUv UjyBbK c_K Ki 1100C
Zvcgvvq Avevi bvBUkb Kij KwVb AvKvi UvBbvBUvUjyBb cvIqv hvq| GK msc T.N.T.ejv nq| GwU Blr njy` eYi Gi
MjbvsK 810C.

ebwRb wZb AYy IRvbi mv_ hy nq ebwRb UvB IRvbvBW MVb Ki| GwUK Av` weklY Kij wZb AYy
M-vBAvj cvIqv hvq|

AvjKvBj nvjvBW avZe mvwWqvgi mv_ B_vixq `eY AvjKb Zwi Ki| GK DUR wewqv ej|
mvaviY wewqv: R X + 2Na + X R R R + 2NaX
hgb, wg_vBj AvqvWvBW avZe mvwWqvgi mv_ B_vixq `eY B_b Drcb nq|
D`vniY: CH3 I + 2Na + I CH3 CH3 CH3 + 2NaI

h wewqvq B_vi avZe mvwWqvgi mv_ AvjKvBj nvjvBW I AvivBj nvjvBW wewqv Ki
AvjKvBj-ebwRb Drcb Ki ZvK DUR-wdwUM wewqv ej|
hgb, B_vi `exf~Z wg_vBj evgvBW Ges evgv ebwRbi wgkb mvwWqvg avZz hvM Kij wewqvq UjyBb Drcb I evxf~Z
nq| UjyBb evK kxZj Kij UjyBb Zij ic Rgv Kiv nq|

dbj , Kvivdig Ges cvwbq KwK mvWv `eYi wgkb 60700C Zvcgvvq D Kij cavb Drcv`
wnmve A_v nvBWvw ebRvjwWnvBW ev mvwjmvjwWnvBW Drcb nq| G wewqvwUK ivBgviUvBgvb wewqv ej| GK wjevigvb
wewqvI ej|

dbj mvwjmvjwWnvBW
 AvwjdwUK I AvivgwUK cvBgvix Avwgb mg~n G wewqvwU c`vb Ki| Dfq cKvi cvBgvix AvwgbK
CHCl3 I AvjKvnjxq KOH Gi mv_ wgwkq 60700C Zvcgvvq D Kij Zxe `yMhy Kvwej Avwgb ev AvBmvmvqvbvBW
Drcb nq| Kvwej Avwgbi Zxe M viv cvBgvix Avwgbi DcwwZ eySv hvq| G cixvK Kvwej Avwgb cixv ev wewqv ej|
CH3NH2 + CHCl3 +3KOH(alcoholic) CH3NC + KCl + 3H2O
wg_vBj AvBmvmvqvbvBW

mKvix I Uviwmqvix Avwgb Kvej Avwgb wewqv `q bv| cvBgvix Avwgbi DcwwZi Rb Kvwej Avwgb wewqvwU Kiv nq|

AvjKvnj `exf~Z mvwWqvg ev cUvwmqvg AvjKvvBWi (ev wdbvBWi) mv_ AvjKvBj nvjvBWK
D Kij B_vi Drcb nq| G wewqvK DBwjqvgkb msklb ev DBwjqvgkb B_vi msklb ejv nq| G cwqvq mij ev wgk Dfq
cKvi B_vi Drcb Kiv hvq|
R X ROR
C2H5ONa + CH3I C2H5OCH3 + NaI
mvwWqvg B_vvBW wg_vw B_b
wewqvwU SN2 Kkj AYymib Ki| AvjKvvBW Avqb nj kwkvjx GKwU K`vKlx weKviK| GwU AvjKvBj nvjvBW nZ
nvjvRbK mnR AcmviY KiZ cvi|

AcmviY wewqvi ejvq nvjvRbv AvjKb nZ GKvwaK AvwjwKb Drcb nIqvi mvebvi , Kvb
AvjwKbwU cvavb jvf Kie Zv wbgv mvBRd m~ viv evLv Kiv nq| hgb:
mvBRd bxwZ: nvjvRbv AvjKb nZ HX AcmviYi ejvq h Kveb Kg msLK nvBWvRb _vK, mB Kveb _K H
cigvYy Kvebi nvjvRb mn wgj HX ic AcmvwiZ nq AvjwKb Drcb Ki|
hgb: 2 -evgvweDUb nZ AcmviY wewqv Kvj wbgi `ywU mgvYy Drcb nZ cvi| wK mvBRd bxwZ Abyhvqx 2-weDwUbB ne
cavb Drcv`|

AvjKvnj gy B_vi avZe gvMbwmqvg I AvjKvBj nvjvBW ev AvivBj nvjvBWi ga wewqv Ki

Drcb AvjKvBj gvMbwmqvg nvjvBW ev AvivBj gvMbwmqvg nvjvBWK wMMbvW weKviK ej|

C6H5-X + Mg l B_vi
C6H5-MgX
hgbt AvjKvnj gy B_vi avZe gvMbwmqvg I wg_vBj AvqvWvBWi mv_ wewqv Ki wg_vBj gvMbwmqvg AvqvWvBW
Drcb Ki|

Abyicfve, ebRvBj AvqvWvBW ev AvqvWv ebwRbK aveZ gvMbwmqvg B_vi `exf~Z Kij ebRvBj gvMbwmqvg
AvqvWvBW (C6H5MgI) bvgK wMM&bvW weKviK Drcb nq|
C6H5-I + Mg l B_vi
C6H5-MgI
Bnv GKwU Dfg~Lx weKviK| wevbx wfi wMMbvW KZK
1912 mvj GwU AvweKZ nq| GB Avwevii Rb ZvK bvej cyivi
`Iqv nq| GwU eg~Lx eeZ Re avZe hM| Gi mvnvh msklb cwqvq - nvBWvKveb, AvjKvnj, B_vi, AvjwWnvBW, wKUvb,
KvewwjK GwmW, Gvi I Avwgb cfwZ cZ Kiv nq|
 D.D.T. Kviv ebwRb Mvp mvjwdDwiK GwmWi DcwwZZ Kvivj ev UvBKviv AvwmUvjwWnvBW Gi mv_ wewqv Ki
D Aevq wW. wW. wU (D.D.T.) Drcb nq|

19| KvivebwRbK 150 200 evqy Pvc Ges 300400C Zvcgvvq vixq Av`-weklY Kij c_g mvwWqvg
wdbU Drcb nq hvi mv_ GwmWi wewqv NUvj dbj Drcb nq| AvivBj KvivBWi Av` weklYi gvag dbj Zwii cwZK
WvD cwZ ej|

mvwWqvg wdbUi mv_ 1250C Zvcgvvq I 47 evqy Pvc Kveb WvB AvBW (CO2) Gi wewqvq mvwWqvg
mvwjmvBjU MwVZ nq| Drcb mvwjmvBjUK HCl viv Av` wekwlZ Kij A_v nvBWvw ebRwqK GwmW ev mvwjmvBwjK GwmW
Drcb nq| wewqvq wKQz cwigvb cviv nvBWvw ebRwqK GwmW Drcb nq| GB wewqvK Kve wewqv ej|

WvqvRvwbqvg Avqbmg~n nj BjKUvdvBj| ZvB WvqvRvwbqvg KvUvqbmg~n dbj I AvivgwUK Avwgbi

mwq wbDwKIwdwjK cv hgbt 4-Aevb AvgY Ki| dj WvqvRvwbqvg jeYi ebwRb ejq WvqvRv g~jK ( N N ) viv
dbj A_ev cvBgvix Avwgbi ebwRb ejqi mv_ hy nq co; Gic wewqvK AvRv-Kvcwjs ev AvRv-hyMj MVb ev Kvcwjs
wewqv ej| AvRv-Kvcwjs viv Drcb hM Dj eY hy nq| ZvB G`iK iK ev WvB ic eenvi Kiv nq| dbji mv_
Kvcwjs wewqv mvgvb vixq gvag (pH=78) Ges AvivgwUK Avwgbi mv_ mvgvb Axq gvag (pH=67) NU _vK|
jNy viKxq `eY kxZj Aevq dbj WvqvRvwbqvg jebi mv_ wewqv Ki njy` eYi AvRv hM MVb Ki| GK Kvcwjs wewqv
ej|

mvaviYZ cviv AevbB hyMj wewqv NU| wK cviv Aevb Kvb g~jK hy _vKj wewqv A_v Aevb NU| KLbI gUv Aevb
wewqv msNwVZ nq bv|
 KvivebwRbK Mvp bvBwUK GwmW I mvjwdDwiK GwmW wgkb viv bvBUkb Ki 2,4 WvB bvBUvKviv
ebwRb cwibZ Kiv nq| Drcb hMK mvwWqvg KvebU viv Av` weklb Ki 2,4 WvB bvBUv dbj cwibZ Kiv nq| hv Avevi
Mvp H2SO4 I Mvp HNO3 Gi mv_ wewqv Ki 2,4,6 UvBbvBUv dbj ev wcKwiK GwmW cwibZ Kiv nq|

h weRviY wewqvq Kvewbj g~jK weRvwiZ nq mivmwi wgw_wjb g~jK cwiYZ nq A_vr AvjwWnvBW I
wKUvbi weRviY NU nvBWvKveb cwiYZ nq ZvK wKgbmb weRviY ej|
Zxe weRviK wRsKAvgvj Mvg (Zn/Hg) I Mvp HCl viv Kvewbj g~jK mivmwi weRvwiZ nq wgw_wjb (CH2) g~jK cwiYZ
nq|
Zn-Hg
C = O + 4[H] CH2 + H2O
HCl
G AvjwWnvBW I wKUvb weRvwiZ nq mswk nvBWvKveb cwiYZ nq| hgb B_vbvj, WvB wg_vBj wKUvb weRvwiZ nq h_vg
B_b I cvcb Drcb nq|
Zn Hg + 2HCl ZnCl2 + Hg + 2 [H]
CH3CHO + 4 [H] CH3CH3 + H2O
CH3COCH3+4[H] CH3CH2CH3+H2O

nvBWvRb wenxb `yB AYy AvjwWnvBW Mvp vixq `eY (hgb 50% NaOH ev KOH)-hyMcrfve
RvwiZ I weRvwiZ nq h_vg GwmW I AvjKvnj icvwiZ nq | G wewqvK KvwbRviv wewqv ej| hgb Mvp NaOH `eYi
DcwwZZ `yB AYy wg_vbvj ciii mv_ RviY weRviY wewqvi gvag wg_vbwqK GwmW I wg_vbj MVb Ki|
2HCHO + NaOHHCOONa + CH3OH
GwmWi jeY AvjKvnj
AvivgvwUK AvjwWnvBWi AYyZ H bv _vKvq GB wewqv NU|

jNy vii DcwwZZ nvBWvRb mgZ `yB AYy AvjwWnvBW ev wKUvbi cii mshvM h
nvBWvw Kvewbj hM Drcb nq ZvK AvjWj ej| GB wewqvq AvjWj MwVZ nq ej GK AvjWj Nbxfeb wewqv ej|
AvjWj hM AvjwWnvBW (CHO) I AvjKvnj (OH) Dfq g~jKB we`gvb| hgb jNy NaOH `eYi cfve `yB AYy B_vbvj
ciii ga wewqvKvj bZzb Kveb Kveb eb mwi gvag hy nq AvjWj ev 3- nvBWvw weDUvbvj MVb Ki|

H wenxb Kvb hM GB wewqv c`kb Ki bv| hgb wg_vbvj, ebRvjwWnvBW GB wewqv c`kb Ki bv|
AvjWj Nbxfeb wewqvq Drcb AvjWjK jNy GwmW viv D Kij vUvbvjwWnvBW cvIqv hvq|
 wg_vBj Kvewbj hMmg~n A_vr h mKj hM AvwmUvg~jK we`gvb Zviv nvjvRb (X2) I vii mv_
D Aevq wewqv Ki KvewwjK GwmWi jeb I nvjvdg MVb Ki| GK nvjvdig wewqv ej|
nvjvRb (X2) I viK D Kij nvBcv nvjv AvBW (NaXO ev KXO) Drcb nq| hv wg_vBj Kvewbj RvwiZ Ki
nvjvdig (CHX3) I KvewwjK GwmWi jeY Drcb Ki|
Zvc
RCOCH3 + X2 + NaOH RCOONa + CHX3 + NaX+H2O
B_vbvj NaOH Ges Cl2 Gi m 600C DZvq wewqv Ki Kvivdig MVb Ki|
CH3CHO + NaOH + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCOONa + NaCl + H2O
(Kvivdig)

ebRvjwWnvBW cvBgvix AvwjdwUK Avwgb I AvivgwUK Avwgbi mv_ wewqvq GK AYy cvwb AcmviYi gvag
h mywZ Kveb bvBUvRb web hy hM Drcb ZvK wmd viK ej|
: Avgvwbqvg RvZK (NH2 G) hgb : NH2OH (nvBWvwj Avwgb) H2NNH2 (nvBWv-wRb) BZvw` Kvewbj
hMi mv_ K`vKlx hyZ wewqv `q Ges wmd viK MwVZ nq|

dbj I wg_vbvj (AwaK) vi `eY KbWbmkb cwqvq QvU cwjgvi MVb Ki| QvU cwjgviK D Kij
evKjvBU bvgK KwVb, A`eYxq I _vgvmwUs cvwK Drcb nq|

evKjvBUi DP cwjgvi Lye k nq| Zv viv wPiwb, Kjgi eij, dvbvMvd iKW, e`ywZK hcvwZi cBU, myBP,
hcvwZi nvZj cZ Kiv nq| Aci w`K evKjvBUi wbg cwjgvi big nq| big evKjvBU _K evwYk I dvBDWi Mvg BZvw`
cZ Kiv nq|

AwZwi Avgvwbqvg nvBWvvBW `eY wmjfvi bvBUU hvM Kij h eYnxb `eY Drcb nq ZvK Ujb weKviK
ejv nq| GZ [ Ag(NH3)2]+ Avqb _vK| GwU GKwU g`y RviK|
AvjwWnvBW wbR GB weKviK viv RvwiZ nq RwUj AvqbK weRvwiZ Ki avZe wmjfvi icvwiZ Ki| KuvPi cixvbj GB
wewqv NUvj `cbi Mvq avZe wmjfvii Dj `cb mw nq| ZvB GB cixvK `cY cixv ej|
CH3CHO+2[Ag(NH3)2]OHCH3COONH4 +2Ag +3NH3+H2O
(`cY)
wKUvb GB cixv c`kb Ki bv|
 mg AvqZb Kcvi mvjdUi Rjxq `eb I vixq mvwWqvg cUvwkqvg UviUviU `eY wgwkZ Kij h bxj eYi `eY
Zwi nq ZvK dn&wjs `eY ej|
AvjwWnvBW dn&wjs `eY DcwZ wKDwcK Avqb viv RvwiZ nq GwmW Ges wKDwcK Avqb weRvwiZ nq wKDcvm AvBWi jvj
Aatc cwiYZ nq|
Zvc CH COONa + Cu O + H O
CH CHO+Cu(OH) +NaOH
3 2 3 2 2
(dwjs `eY) (jvj Aatc)
wKUvb GB cixv c`kb Ki bv| Aciw`K ebRvjwWnvBWK Mvp H2SO4 wgwkZ K2Cr2O7 viv RvwiZ Kij ebRvwqK GwmW
Drcb nq|

mvwWqvg AvjKvBj ebwRb mvjdvbU ev ABS wWUviRU cwZ: AvjwKbi mv_ wdWj-vdU wewqvq mvaviYZ cwZvwcZ
ebwRb Zwi Kiv nq| AZtci Mvp mvjwdDwiK GwmW viv mvjdvbkb Ki vi hvM Drcv`K ckwgZ Kiv nq| GZ AvjKvBj
ebwRb mvjdvbU ev ABS wWUviRU cvIqv hvq|

WvqvRvwbqvg jebi Rjxq `eY wKDcvm nvjvBW (CuX) I HX GwmW viv D Kij WvqvRvg~jK
nvjvRb (X) viv cwZvwcZ nq| wewqv AvweviKi bvgvbymvi GK mvgqvi wewqv ej|

m~ Kcvi P~Yi mwba WvqvRvwbqvg jeYK D Kij D jeY weqvwRZ nq| GK MvUvigvb wewqv
ej| hgb Kcvi P~Yi mv_ ebwRbWvqvRvwbqvg evgvBWK D Kij evgvebwRb Drcb nq|

h jebi KvUvqb (abvZK Ask) ebwRb ejqi mv_ hy NN+ Avqb nq (A_vr ArNN+) Ges
Avbvqb GKwU ARe GKhvRx GwmW g~jK (hgb: Cl, Br, NO3, HSO4 BZvw`) nq, ZvK WvqvRvwbqvg jeY ej|
hgbt ArNN+Cl, ArNN+ HSO4
AvivgwUK cvBgvix Avwgb LwbR GwmWi DcwwZZ bvBUvm GwmWi mv_ wewqv Ki hfve WvqvRvwbqvg jeb icvwiZ nq
ZvK WvqvRvKiY ev WvqvRvUvBRkb ej|
 Kvb AvgvBWK evwgb I KwK mvWv ev KwK cUvk `eY mn D Kij cvBgvix
Avwgb Drcb nq| Drcvw`Z Avwgb g~j AvgvBW Acv GKwU Kveb cigvYy Kg _vK ej GB wewqvK AvweviKi bvgvbymvi
ndgvb z`vskKiY wewqv ej|
O

RCNH2+Br2+4NaOHRNH2+2NaBr+Na2CO3+ 2H2O
hgb: AvwmUvgvBW _K wg_vBj Avwgb Drcb nq|
O

CH3CNH2+Br2+4NaOH CH3NH2+2NaBr+Na2CO3+ 2H2O

Re hMK mvwWqvgmn DP Zvc weMwjZ Kij Re hMi bvBUvRb, mvjdvi I nvjvRb h_vg
mvwWqvg mvqvbvBW, mvwWqvg mvjdvBW I mvwWqvg nvjvBW cwiYZ nq| hM N I S GK _vKj mvwWqvg _vqvmvqvbvBW
Drcb nq|

G mvwWqvg hM mg~ni Rjxq `eY wewfb weKviK hvM Ki h_vg N, S, X Ges N I X Ges N I S Gi GK DcwwZ
mbv Kiv nq| Avwevii bvgvbymvi G cixvwUK jmvBb cixv ej|

Avgiv Rvwb, AvgvBbv GwmWi mvaviY MVb wbgic:

Dciv KvVvgv _K `Lv hvQ h, AvgvBbv GwmWi AYyZ ciiweivax GwmW g~jK (-COOH) I viK g~jK (NH2)
_vKvq Zviv Dfagx| G Dfagx AvgvBbv GwmW Rjxq `eY Gi Kvewj g~jK _K GKwU cvUb Qo w`j, Zv viagx Avwgbv g~jK
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