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ECOLOGIA ED ECONOMIA
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ECOLOGIA ED ECONOMIA
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ECOLOGIA ED ECONOMIA
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Planetary Boundaries
ECOLOGIA ED ECONOMIA
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7
8.7 ATMOSPHERE
billion
tons go in 4 billion tons added
4.1
every year
800
billion tons carbon 8.7 billion tC,
7 billion people
more than 1tC
emitted per
Ocean Land Biosphere (net) person
2
2.3 + 1
2.3 3 billion tons go out
= 4.6
Concentrations
Focus su Climate Change
Global Temperature
Focus su Climate Change
Focus su Climate Change
Northern Hemisphere
September sea ice extent
ECOLOGIA ED ECONOMIA
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= 1+ ( )
=0
Difficolt:
Valutazione dei benefici danni evitati non-market impacts
Scelta del tasso di sconto
Incertezza
t
0.9
1
DF (t ) =
0.8
1 + dr
0.7
0.6
1000 bn$ in 100 years today
Present Value
0.1
0
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 106 111 116 121 126 131 136 141 146
Years in the Future in which $1 Received
Impatti
dei CC PIL
(T)
Opzioni di Rinnovabili
Adattamento
Energia
Combustibili fossili
Altri
inputs
Politiche di
Mitigazione
Risposta
Emissioni
termo
di GHG
dinamica Concentrazioni
di GHGs
BENEFICI COSTI
Benefici: impatti ambientali ed economici dei CC
I danni evitati dei CC corrispondono a benefici. Ogni azione che evita tali danni
genera benefici per la societ
Cambiamenti nella temperatura, precipitazioni, livello dei mari comportano
Zone costiere: Agricoltura: Salute:
Erosion and flooding Changes in crop yields Weather related mortality
Inundation Irrigation demands, Infectious disease
Change in wetlands Productivity Air quality - respiratory illness
Risorse idriche
Agricoltura e sicurezza alimentare
Ecosistemi terrestri e di acqua dolce
Zone costiere e ecosistemi marini
Insediamenti umani
Energia e industria
Assicurazioni e altri servizi finanziari
Salute e sanit
Risorse idriche: Foreste: Industria e Energia:
Changes in water supply Change in Ecologies, Changes in Energy demand
and water quality Geographic range of species, and Product demand & Supply
Competition/Trans-border Issues Health and productivity
Benefici: Impatti ambientali ed
economici dei CC
0.1% 1% 2% 3%
(Stern)
More than half of cumulative CO2 emissions between 1750 and 2100 have occurred
in the last 40 years: those from FF combustion, cement production and flaring have
tripled (IPCC AR5/WGIII)
Cause dei Cambiamenti Climatici le emissioni
Cause dei Cambiamenti Climatici le emissioni
Is CC an economic problem?
Yes, if we may want to
intervene to alleviating Costs and benefits of
adverse consequences given ADAPTATION strategies
scarce resources
Ancillary benefits
Heath effects
Ecological effects
Source: IPCC, AR5, WGIII 2014 Economics effects
Social effects
Green Economy
Ancillary costs
Urban Air Pollution
Co-benefici delle politiche climatiche:
Green economy e Green Jobs
ADAPTATION POLICIES
are necessary. Benefits
assessment from CGE
model evaluation of CC
impacts
SOMMARIO
ECOLOGIA ED ECONOMIA
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marzio.galeotti@unimi.it
marzio.galeotti@unibocconi.it
SOMMARIO
ECOLOGIA ED ECONOMIA
Questo matrimonio sha da fare!
o Cornucopy
Maximization of material growth
o Radical ecologist
Minimization of natural resource consumption
o Environmental economics as acceleration of
economic science toward:
A new paradigm which allows to confront the most
ecologist visions
New models capable to deal with environmental
problems
The Change in the
Economic Paradigm
The CircularNature
Resources
Flow Model Resources
obtained from nature obtained from nature
Demand for goods and services Supply of goods and services
Residues Residues
Output
from consumption from production
markets
Expenditures Revenues
Market
A Broader Circular Flow Model
Solar
Energy
Ecological Cycles
Outputs
(pollution and wastes)
B I O S P H E R E
Economic
Firms Households
Cycle
Factors of Production
Natural Inputs
(flows of natural resources and
environmental services)
Waste
Heat
The Economic View of the
Environment
The economic system functions within the biosphere, with a
reciprocal relationship between economic and
environmental systems. Environment
Supplies natural resources
Receives and assimilates waste
Represents a source of utility
These three functions must be taken into account in
economic evalutations at the cost of serious inefficiencies
The environment is considered an economic asset with
value to humanity in both consumption and production, both
as a stock and as a flow
Environmental quality is a public good, but investments in
environmental improvements come from the private sector
What Is Environmental
Economics
Application of economic principles to the management
of environmental resources
The conceptual basis for and importance of economic
incentives and correct market signals
The design of environmental regulations
Macroeconomic questions: environment and growth
Benefit-cost analysis, particularly methods for valuing
the environment
International environmental issues
Economics and Sustainable
Development
One view: trade-off between economic growth and
environmental quality
Bhutans GNH
Indicatori di sostenibilit
18 Quantifiable
Targets
48 Indicators
Sustainable Development Goals
17 Quantifiable
Targets
169 Indicators
Millenium Development Goals: i risultati
Obiettivo 1
La povert diminuisce
La fame persiste
Obiettivo 2
Progressi in materia d'istruzione
Obiettivo 3
Lavoro ancora difficile per le donne
Obiettivo 4
Ridotta la mortalit infantile
Obiettivo 5
La mortalit materna rimane grave
Obiettivo 6
Le infezioni da Hiv sono in calo
Obiettivo 7
Il tasso di deforestazione rallenta
Obiettivo 8
Gli aiuti aumentano meno del
promesso
Preso datto e risposta della politica
1972: Club of Roma, Limits to growth
1972, Stockolm: UN Conference on the Human Environment
Stockholm declaration environment - development
UNEP founded: UN Environment Programme
5.The natural growth of population continuously presents problems for the
preservation of the environment, and adequate policies and measures should
be adopted, as appropriate, to face these problems.
P1: Human beings are at the centre of the concerns for sustainable
development
P3: (development so as to) equitably meet developmental and
environmental needs of present and future generation
P5: (cooperation in order to) eradicate poverty ( and) decrease
the disparities in standards of living
P7: States have common but differentiated responbilities
The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility
they bear
P8: States should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of
production and consumption and promote appropriate demographic
policies
P15: the precautionary approach shall be widely applied...
C solo il problema ambientale?
Vincoli di bilancio e priorit
Copenhagen Consensus by Bjorn Lomborg, a figure of controversy around the
world, head of Denmarks Environmental Assessment Institute and author of
The Skeptical Environmentalist