TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN 9437:2012
KHOAN THM D A CHT CNG TRNH
The process of boring engineering geology investigations
Li ni u
TCVN 9437: 2012 c chuyn i t 22 TCN 259-2000 theo quy nh ti khon 1 iu 69 ca Lut Tiu chun
v Quy chun k thut v im a khon 1 iu 7 Ngh nh s 127/2007/N-CP ngy 1/8/2008 ca Chnh ph
quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut.
Tiu chun ny do Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Giao thng vn ti bin son, B Giao thng vn ti ngh,
Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng thm nh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh cng b.

KHOAN THM D A CHT CNG TRNH

The process of boring engineering geology investigations
1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny quy nh cc quy trnh khoan thm d a cht cng trnh (CCT) phc v cho vic kho st thit
k v thi cng cc cng trnh giao thng vn ti.
Tiu chun ny cng c th p dng trong nhng trng hp kho st thit k phc v xy dng cc loi cng
trnh khc nhau (xy dng dn dng, cng trnh thy li, thy in v.v...) nhng phi c nhng b sung cn thit
v k thut v bin php thc hin.
2. Ti liu vin dn
Cc ti liu vin dn sau y l cn thit p dng tiu chun ny. i vi cc ti liu vin dn ghi nm cng
b th p dng bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi nm cng b th p dng phin bn mi
nht, bao gm c cc sa i, b sung (nu c).
TCVN 2683, t cho xy dng - Ly mu, bao gi, vn chuyn v bo qun mu;
TCVN 5747:1993, t xy dng - Phn loi;
TCVN 9351, t xy dng - Phng php th nghim xuyn tiu chun;
AASHTO T207, Standard Method of Tets for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of soil (Tiu chun ly mu t bng
ng mu thnh mng).
ASTM: D 1587, Standard Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of soil for Geotechnical Purposes (Tiu chun
thc hnh ly mu t bng ng mu thnh mng s dng trong a k thut).
3. Thut ng v nh ngha
Trong tiu chun ny, s dng cc thut ng v nh ngha sau:
3.1. Khoan p (Percussion drilling method): phng php khoan bng mi khoan dng ng c van c dng
khoan vo cc a tng l t ri (ct,si, cui) v p vt l khoan sau khi khoan v ly mu th nghim
hon chnh.
Khi khoan gp cc a tng cui ln, t hn ln, tng, c kch c ln hn ming mi khoan ng c van, th
phi dng cc chong khoan ph ph vn v chn dt sang thnh l ri dng ng mu c van p vt l
hoc phi chn phng n khoan khc cho ph hp.
3.2. Khoan p (Drilling by means of force): phng php khoan s dng ng mu c van hay mi khoan hom
ch yu c s dng khoan cc tng tdnh trng thi do chy, chy, bn v ly mu khi khng th ly
c mu t bng cc loi mi khoan khc v cc loi ng mu thng thng, hoc dng vt dn y l
khoan.
3.3. Khoan lng mng, khoan tha (Hollow drill, drill spoons): phng php khoan s dng b dng c khoan
dng lng mng hoc b dng c khoan c dng tha c s dng khoan trong cc lp t ri m t, t
dnh trng thi chy, bn v dng vt dn y l khoan.

1
3.4. Khoan xoay (Rotary drilling): phng php khoan s dng cc li khoan c dng hnh vng xuyn
khoan vo cc lp t .
3.4.1. Khoan xoay bng mi khoan gung xon (Rotary screw drill by): phng php khoan s dng mi khoan
gung xon ch yu c dng khi khoan qua cc lp t dnh trng thi t do mm n na cng cp II n
cp III.
3.4.2. Khoan xoay bng mi khoan hp kim (Rotary Drill with drill alloy): phng php khoan xoay s dng li
khoan dng vng xuyn m phn tip xc gia li khoan vi t c gn ht hp kim. Khoan xoay bng
mi khoan hp kim thng c dng khoan vo cc lp t t cp III n VII.
3.4.3. Khoan xoay ly mu bng ng nng i (Rotary Drill sampling with double lumen tube): phng php
khoan xoay s dng 02 b li khoan hp kim quay c lp vi nhau c gn ng trc vo 1 b dng c
khoan. Khoan xoay bng ng mu nng i thng c dng khoan vo cc lp t t cp III n VII v
kh ly mu.
3.5. ng mu (Sample tube): ng thp trn hai u c ren ni vi li (mi) khoan v u ni tip (hay ng
mn khoan nu c).
4. Nguyn tc chung
4.1. Cng tc khoan thm d CCT cho mt cng trnh bao gm cc bc chnh sau y
- Tip nhn nhim v, lp phng n k thut khoan v lp k hoch trin khai cng tc khoan;
- Tin hnh cc cng tc chun b trc khi khoan;
- Xc nh v tr v cao ming l khoan;
- Lm nn khoan v lp rp thit b khoan, chy th my;
- Tin hnh cng tc khoan thm d, thu thp cc ti liu a cht v cc loi mu, lm cc th nghim trong l
khoan v cc quan trc cn thit trong l khoan.
- Chuyn giao cc loi mu n ni quy nh;
- Kt thc l khoan, lp l khoan, thu dn hin trng, di chuyn sang l khoan mi;
- Lp h s, hon chnh ti liu khoan thm d ca cng trnh;
- T chc nghim thu cng tc thm d ngoi hin trng;
CH THCH: Cc bc cng tc trn tin hnh xen k mt cch hp l hon thnh cng tc khoan thm d
mt cch nhanh nht.
4.2. Bn phng n k thut khoan thm d CCT (gi tt l phng n khoan) cn nu nhng ni dung c th
sau y:
- Bnh b tr mng li l khoan. S liu v ta ca tng l khoan;
- su d kin ca l khoan ( ni mt t c th bin ng phi ghi cao y l khoan thit k) quy nh v
cc trng hp cho php ngng khoan sm hoc phi khoan su hn;
- ng knh nh nht ca y l khoan;
- Gc xin ca l khoan;
- Cc yu cu k thut c bit v vic theo di a tng, theo di mc nc trong l khoan, yu cu v cch
thc ly mu, cc th nghim v quan trc trong l khoan, vic lp l khoan, v cc hng dn thc hin
cc yu cu ;
- Cc ti liu v cc loi mu cn giao np;
- Thi hn hon thnh.
CH THCH: Trong phng n k thut ch nu cc yu cu k thut c bit cha c cp n trong quy
trnh ny v nhng yu cu k thut mi c thc hin ln u i vi n v khoan.
4.3. Bn thit k thi cng l khoan c lm theo mu (xem Ph lc A), trong phi xc nh r cc im sau
y cho tng lp t chnh;
- Phng php khoan, loi mi khoan v ng knh mi khoan;

2
- Bin php gia c thnh l khoan. ng knh v chiu su h vo trong t ca tng lp ng chng. Trng
hp phi h ng chng su hn cc gii hn quy nh ti Bng 12. Cn tnh ton kh nng nh ng chng sau
ny. Cc thng s dung dch st, ch bm dung dch st v.v... (nu gia c thnh l khoan bng dung dch st);
- Cc bin php k thut c bit i vi cc a tng b tri, d st l, kh ly mu, mu d b tan vn v.v...
hay khi khoan phc v cc mc ch th nghim CCT - a k thut.
4.4. Khi thit k thi cng l khoan cn m bo cc yu cu sau y
- Tn dng dng l khoan ng knh nh nhng phi m bo cc yu cu ly cc loi mu, lm cc th nghim
v quan trc trong l khoan;
- t thay i ng knh l khoan.
4.5. Khi lp k hoch trin khai cng tc khoan cn xem xt v gii quyt cc vn sau y:
- D tr thit b, dng c khoan theo yu cu ca phng n k thut (k c thit b ni hoc sn khoan khi
khoan trn sng nc);
- D tr cc loi vt t tiu hao, ph tng thay th v k hn cung ng cc vt t ph tng y;
- nh bin ca n v (i, T) khoan theo nhim v mi;
- D tr kinh ph chi tiu trong khi trin khai v thc hin cng tc khoan;
- La chn phng tin vn chuyn cng nhn v thit b n hin trng;
- Tin ca cc bc cng tc;
- Phng n bo h lao ng v an ton sn xut;
- Chun b hin trng: xc nh v tr v cao l khoan, lm ng vn chuyn, san nn, t chc sa cha
thit b dng c khoan, t chc cung cp vt t v khai thc nguyn liu ti ch v.v...
4.6. Trong qu trnh trin khai khoan thm d, phi chp hnh cc quy nh v lut l v an ton giao thng, bo
v iu, bo v cc cng trnh xy dng v cc di tch lch s, ni thng cnh, bo v mi trng sng v.v...
Khi tin hnh khoan trong nhng khu vc cn c bo v, phi lin h vi cc ch cng trnh v lp h s y
v cc th tc php l.
4.7. Trong khi thc hin cc nhim v khoan thm d CCT theo phng n, bn B (n v khoan kho st) phi
t chc thng xuyn kim tra k thut, theo di tnh hnh trin khai cc bc cng tc nhm bo m cht
lng thc hin cc hng mc cng vic c ra, cc loi mu thu thp cv.v...
Cng tc nghim thu cng trnh khoan ch c tin hnh sau khi xt thy cc th tc kim tra ni b cc khu
cng tc c lm y .
5. Chun b trc khi khoan
5.1. Cng tc chun b trc khi khoan phi c thc hin theo cc ni dung v trnh t sau y:
- T chc lc lng sn xut, iu ng nhn lc theo yu cu mi;
- Tip nhn, kim tra, ng k thit b, dng c, vt liu khoan trc khi a ra hin trng;
- Tip nhn, kim tra, ng k cc phng tin an ton lao ng theo lut an ton lao ng;
- Gii quyt cc th tc trin khai cng tc hin trng;
- T chc vn chuyn cng nhn v thit b n hin trng;
- Thc hin cc cng tc chun b hin trng.
5.2. Tt c cc thit b, dng c, vt liu khoan u phi c kim tra v quy cch v phm cht. My khoan,
my pht lc, my bm v cc thit b khoan khc phi ng b. Cc loi ng chng, ng mu, ng mn khoan,
cn khoan... phi m bo quy cch v cong, mn, vn ren theo yu cu.
5.3. Khi vn chuyn thit b, dng c vt liu khoan cn m bo cc yu cu sau y:
- Chn phng tin vn chuyn thch hp m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b t trn phng tin vn
chuyn. Thit b vn chuyn phi c chng buc c nh chng b x trt, lt ;
- Cc b phn thit b, dng c v vt liu d b h hng ri vi phi c bao bc, bo v cn thn. i vi cc
loi cn khoan phi lp u bo v. My mc phi c t t th ng, v tr nh khi lm vic;

3
- i vi cc b phn thit b qu kh nh phao khoan, thp khoan, ng chng v.v khi vn chuyn phi xin giy
php v c hiu bo Hng qu kh.
5.4. Khi xp d thit b, dng c, vt liu khoan cn thc hin cc yu cu sau:
- Cm qung, nm, th ri t do bt k loi thit b dng c no;
- Phi chn dy v n khing bn;
- Phi buc nt ng kiu v chc chn. Phi t dy hoc mc dy v tr cn bng ca vt liu khing. Khng
c buc dy vo nhng b phn d b h hng ca thit b;
5.5. Cc cng tc chun b hin trng bao gm vic xc nh v tr v cao l khoan, san nn, chun b
phng tin ni, c lm theo quy nh trong iu 6 n iu 8.
6. Xc nh v tr v cao ming l khoan
6.1. Xc nh v tr l khoan
6.1.1. Khi xc nh v tr l khoan phi:
- Bo m ng ta c quy nh trong bn nhim v khoan hay phng n k thut kho st;
- Tun theo cc quy nh ca cng tc o c c nu trong iu ny.
6.1.2. Trong trng hp gp kh khn khng th khoan ng v tr nh v nu khng c quy nh c bit th
n v khoan c php dch l khoan trong khong 0,5-1,0 m, tnh t v tr l khoan c xc nh, nhng
phi m bo mc ch thm d ca l khoan ng thi xc nh ta thc t ca l khoan khoan.
CH THCH: cc trng hp cn dch v tr l khoan xa hn quy nh trn phi c s ng ca c quan t
hng hay n v ch qun (ch cng trnh).
6.1.3. Phi nh du v tr l khoan c nh v bng cc (i vi nn t) du sn hay vch khc (i vi
nn cng: hoc b tng v.v...).
6.1.4. Khi xc nh v tr l khoan phi da vo cc cc mc ca mng o c ca cng trnh hoc cc cc nh v
(cc tim tuyn, cc phng dng...) ca cng trnh.
Cc cc mc hay cc nh v phi c c quan t hng hay n v kho st c y quyn bn giao ti hin
trng.
Trng hp khng th dng trc tip cc cc mc hay cc nh v xc nh v tr l khoan th phi lp thm
mng tam gic nh o c hay a gic o c, da vo cc cc mc hay cc nh v nu trn y.
6.1.5. Khi khu vc khoan cha c cc cc mc ca mng o c hay cc nh v ca cng trnh th phi lin h v
tr l khoan vi cc im xc nh trn cc vt c nh bn vng c sn, hoc lp cc cc mc tm thi v c
gi cho n khi xc nh v kim tra xong ta chnh thc ca cc l khoan.
6.1.6. Ty theo tnh hnh c th hin trng, mc chnh xc ca yu cu m dng mt trong cc phng
php sau y xc nh v tr l khoan:
- Phng php ta vung gc;
- Phng php ta cc;
- Phng php giao hi thun.
a) Khi dng phng php ta vung gc v ta c cc cn thc hin cc quy nh sau:
+ Cng vic m gc nm phi c tin hnh bng dng c o gc hoc my kinh v c chnh xc t
1 tr ln. M gc hai ln hai v tr khc nhau ca bn. Sai s gia cc ln m gc khng c vt qu
chnh xc ca bn.
+ Cng vic o di phi c lm hai ln bng thc thp 20 m - 50 m. Sai s gia hai ln o khng vt qu
1:2000 chiu di o.
+ Cng vic phng tuyn cn thc hin bng my trc c. Khi tuyn thng di khng qu 200 m c th dng cc
tiu.
CH THCH:
Khi v tr l khoan gn mng li o c (cch cnh ca a gic o c khng qu 30m, i vi vng ng
bng v 20 m i vi vng i) c th dng cc dng c o gc n gin.

4
b) Khi dng phng php giao hi thun, nn thc hin theo cc quy nh sau:
+ C tuyn o c phi c la chn sao cho cc gc ca tam gic giao hi, hp thnh do cc tia ngm v c
tuyn, nm trong khong 30 n 120.
+ Nn giao hi bng 3 tia ngm ng thi hoc 2 tia ngm ng thi v 1 tia ngm kim tra. Cc trng hp giao
hi bng 3 tia ngm va nu cng phi tha mn yu cu v gc cho tng tam gic
6.1.7. Khi khoan trn phng tin ni vic xc nh v tr l khoan c thc hin theo cc hng dn sau y:
- Xc nh v tr l khoan ng thi vi cng vic nh v phng tin ni;
- Nu dng phng php giao hi thun xc nh v tr th nn giao hi bng 3 tia ngm;
- Sau khi nh v phi tip tc theo di s n nh v tr ca phng tin ni.
Khi phng tin ni n nh, ng chng h vo t v gi c thng ng v tr khoan th cng vic
nh v mi c coi l hon thnh.
6.2. Xc nh cao ming l khoan
6.2.1. Trc khi khoan phi o cao mt t thin nhin ti v tr l khoan, gi tr ly trn n cm v phi ghi
r vo nht k khoan (gi l cao ming l khoan).
6.2.2. Khi xc nh cao ming l khoan phi da vo cc cc mc cao hoc cc cc nh v c cao ca
cng trnh. Cc cc mc cao hoc cc cc nh v c cao phi do c quan thit k cng trnh hay n v
kho st c y quyn bn giao ti hin trng.
Trng hp khu vc khoan cha c cc mc cao th c th lp mc hay h thng mc cao gi nh,
nhng trc khi nghim thu ton b cng tc khoan phi xc nh c cao chnh thc ca cc l khoan.
6.2.3. Vic o cao ming l khoan phi c thc hin bng my trc a chuyn dng. Sai s gia 2 ln o
khng c vt qu 30 (mm), vi L l khong cch t mc cao ti l khoan, tnh bng km.
6.2.4. mi l khoan nn t mt mc cao ph tha mn cc yu cu sau y:
- V tr mc cao ph phi n nh cch l khoan chng t 2 m n 3 m v thun li cho cng vic o c v
kim tra cao trong khi khoan;
- C cao xp x mt nn (sn) khoan.
CH THCH:
- Cho php dng mt nc lm mt phng chuyn cao trong phm vi mt nc c chnh khng qu 5 cm
( khu vc mt nc sng rng trn 500 m hoc on sng c dc dc ln, phi xc nh chnh mt
nc theo ti liu thy vn hay o bng phng php chnh xc).
- Cho php dng thc thng bng kiu bt nc hay kiu ch A chuyn cao trong phm vi di 30 m.
6.2.5. Khi cng tc khoan c thc hin trn cc phng tin ni th vic xc nh cao ming l khoan phi
c thc hin v tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
Z m = Z n - Hn (1)
trong :
Zm - Cao ming l khoan khi bt u hoc kt thc khoan (m);
Zn - Cao mt nc cng thi im o (m);
Hn - Chiu su t mt nc n mt t (y sng, y h...) khi bt u khoan hoc khi kt thc khoan (m).
CH THCH:
- Phi t ct thy tr gn khu vc khoan o cao mc nc (sng, h...), o mc nc theo ch o
u ca, gia ca v cui ca. Nu mc nc o u ca v cui ca khng chnh lch qu 5 cm th c th khng o
mc nc gia ca;
- Phi ghi ngay mc nc o c vo nht k khoan. Mi khi giao ca phi bn giao mc nc ang dng lm
mc so snh;
- Khi dng ct thy tr ca n v khc cn kim tra li cao;

5
- Cc trng hp dng ng nh hng, ct thy tr o cao mc nc hoc lm mt so snh u phi
thng xuyn theo di n nh ca chng.
6.2.6. Ton b s liu o c v tnh ton cao l khoan phi c ghi chp y theo mu ph lc B
v lu vo h s khoan.
7. Lm nn (sn) khoan v lp rp thit b khoan
7.1. Lm nn (sn) khoan
7.1.1. Khi lm nn (sn) khoan phi gi li cc hoc du nh v l khoan cm sau ny dng thp khoan v
lp rp my khoan cho ng v tr v tnh ton li cao ming l khoan sau khi c s thay i tng hoc gim
do phi o hoc p nn.
Cao ming l khoan xc nh theo iu 6.2.
7.1.2. Phi cn c vo cc iu kin c th, cc kh nng thc t khi thi cng khoan v trn c s so snh kinh
t - k thut m quyt nh phng n lm nn (sn) khoan.
Cn iu tra cc ngun vt liu ca a phng v nghin cu s dng hp l vo vic lm nn (sn) khoan.
7.1.3. Kch thc nn (sn) khoan phi m bo ch t thit b, dng c, vt liu khoan v thao tc. Kch
thc ti thiu ca nn (sn) khoan, khi khoan thng ng ph thuc vo loi thit b khoan c s dng (tham
kho Ph lc V).
7.1.4. Bn cnh nn khoan, cn lm mt bi cng tc ko cn khoan, chun b dng c, tho mu v.v...
7.1.5. Hng v kch thc ca nn (sn) khoan, bi khoan cn c la chn sao cho vic ly dng c v thao
tc khoan thun tin an ton ng thi trnh c ti a khi do my khoan x ra (Xt theo hng gi thnh hnh
trong thi gian khoan).
7.1.6. Cu to ca nn (sn) khoan phi m bo cc yu cu sau y:
- Nn (sn) khoan phi chc chn, n nh v thun li cho vic tin hnh cng tc khoan trong sut thi gian
khoan;
- Mt nn (sn) khoan phi bng phng, chc chn, thot nc tt, v phi cao hn mc nc mt cao nht c
th xut hin trong thi gian thi cng l khoan t nht l 0,2 m i vi vng ngp nc hp hay vng ngp nc
cn (h nh, ao, rung...) v 0,5 m i vi vng ngp nc rng v su (sng ln, h ln...);
khu vc t ly, nn khoan cn c ci to b mt bng cch tho kh nn t, p ph ln mt lp t tt
hay dng g k lt v.v...
- Khi nh dc ca mi nn khoan (o hay p) nn tham kho cc ti liu ca Ph lc C.
- Sn khoan phi c thit k v lp rp theo cc quy trnh k thut c lin quan hin hnh. Khi khoan trong
ma khng c bo l c th dng cc kiu sn khoan c th thch nhng ni c iu kin k thut v t
nhin tng t m khng cn kim ton.
7.1.7. Khi lm nn (sn) khoan phi ch n nh hng qua li ca nn (sn) khoan vi cc nhn t a
hnh, a cht, thy vn, cc hot ng kinh t,quc phng, c bit phi lu cc trng hp sau y:
- Nn (sn) khoan nm trn sn dc phi lm rnh thot nc pha trong sn ni, sn ni c gc nghing
di 30 nn lm nn loi na o, na p. phn p, trc khi p phi nh cp vo sn dc v khi p
phi chia lp m cht;
Nu dc sn ni ln hn 30 phi lm nn o hoc sn khoan.
- Khi lm nn (sn) khoan di thnh hoc trn sn ni c ln, st l phi c bin php phng chng
trnh tai nn cho ngi v thit b, nh lu khong cch an ton, o rnh hay p chng ln, ny b
hoc neo chc cc tng nguy him v.v...
- Nn (sn) khoan lng sng (khe; sui) bao gm c phn bi v b ngp nc thng xuyn hay ngp nc
c chu k phi c thit k thch hp vi cc iu kin thy vn v kh tng thu thp c nh quy nh ca
iu 8.2.
Khi khoan trong ma bo l phi c bin php phng chng bo l, c bit khi khoan min ni phi ch
phng l ng.
- Khi phi khoan gn cc ng dy ti in (k c ng ti in ngm) cn lin h vi cc c quan qun l
phn phi in thc hin cc bin php an ton lao ng;

6
- Khi cn n mn thi cng nn khoan, cn lm y th tc v thc hin cc quy nh hin hnh v cng tc
ph n;
- Phi xt n nh hng ca vic p nn khoan n cc cng trnh gn , nh gy xi l...;
7.1.8. Trong khi khoan phi thng xuyn theo di ln v trng thi n nh ca nn (sn) khoan cng nh
s bin i ca cc iu kin thin nhin khc c bin php ng ph kp thi.
7.2. Lp dng thp khoan
7.2.1. Cn c vo cu to, thp khoan c chia lm hai loi:
- Thp khoan c lp
- Thp khoan lp trn xe.
i vi bt k loi thp khoan no, cng vic dng thp khoan ch c tin hnh sau khi chun b y
v kim tra quy cch ton b cc cu kin, thit b, dng c cn thit cho vic lp dng thp khoan. Khng c
dng cc cu kin, thit b, dng c khng hp cch.
7.2.2. Khi lp dng loi thp khoan c lp phi tin hnh theo cc quy nh sau:
- Lp dng thp khoan trc khi lp t my khoan;
- Bt k l loi thp khoan c my chn phi tm cch c nh hai chn chng trt, tt nht l c nh hai
chn v tr lm vic chnh thc ca chng sau khi dng thp. Hai chn c nh phi c lp y cc thanh
ging. i vi thp khoan c 4 chn, phi lp y cc thanh ging cho hai chn cn li;
- Ty theo kh nng thc t c th dng sc ngi, ti gn chn thp khoan, ti t ngoi, cn cu dng
thp khoan nhng phi cn c vo tnh ton dng thp khoan cho an ton;
- Trong qu trnh dng thp khoan phi c ngi iu khin chung, ngi iu khin phi ng ngoi phm vi
cng tc quan st v ra hiu lnh;
- Phi lp y cc thanh ging v cc chi tit cn li ca thp khoan ngay sau khi thp khoan c dng ln.
Phi lp y v vn cht cc inh c lin kt;
- Phi chng buc cc dy chng n nh ca thp khoan;
- Khi nn khoan l loi t mm yu, phi k lt di cc chn thp khoan chng ln trt.
7.2.3. Khi lp dng cc loi thp khoan gn trn xe phi tin hnh theo cc quy nh sau:
- a xe my vo v tr l khoan, cn chnh chnh xc trc khoan (hoc b quay) trng vi cc du l khoan;
- Hiu chnh thng bng v c nh xe khoan bng cc chn chng v vt chn chuyn dng. Kim tra thng
bng xe khoan theo c hai chiu bng dy di hoc bng cch kim tra s trng hp ca dy cp t do vi trc
quay ca u my khoan, hoc bng cc dng c ly thng bng khc;
Khi hiu chnh xe khoan phi ch lm cho cc b nhp ca cc trc xe pha sau hon ton khng chu ti;
- Dng thp khoan theo hng dn ring ca tng loi xe khoan v c nh thp khoan t th lm vic;
- Chng buc cc dy chng n nh thp khoan;
- Khi nn khoan l loi t mm yu th cc chn chng phi ta ln cc tm g lt hoc m ct si gim p
lc ln nn.
7.2.4. Sau khi dng xong thp khoan, d l loi thp khoan no cng phi kim tra cc mt sau y:
- Trng thi n nh chung ca thp khoan v cc thit b ph thuc;
- Cht lng lp rp cc chi tit ca thp khoan;
- chnh xc v chc chn ca rng rc nh thp khoan ( dy treo bo h);
- Cn chnh chnh xc trc my khoan trng vi cc du l khoan. Cc thiu st sai lch phi c sa cha
trc khi lp my.
CH THCH: Khi khoan xin, trc khoan (b quay hoc ng cp cu) phi i chun vi cc du l khoan
ng thi phi ng nghing v gc phng v quy nh.
7.3. Lp rp thit b khoan

7
7.3.1. i vi loi my khoan c b my t trn mt t th b my phi c k trn n ngang (bng g hay
thp) quy nh cho tng loi my v bt cht vo cc n ngang y. Phi k chn cho cc n ngang gi
u ln mt t v b my c ngang bng (kim tra bng thc thng bng).
Khi nn t mm yu cn tng cng k lt hay ci to t nn.
7.3.2. Phi t b my vo ng v tr sao cho khi lp u my khoan th trc quay u my khoan trng vi trc
l khoan.
i vi b my khoan c tht di ng th b my phi c t sao cho trc quay u my khoan cch l khoan
mt on gn bng khong di ng c ca tht.
7.3.3. Khi lp my khoan ln b cn m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Phi lau chi sch s cc b phn ca my;
- Phi kim tra v cho y du m vo cc v c cu chuyn ng, cn bi trn theo ng hng dn k
thut ca tng loi my;
- Phi lp y cc chi tit ca my;
- Phi xit cht cc inh c lin kt. Nu lin kt bng hai inh c tr ln phi vn u cc bu lng i xng nhau
cho n khi cht.
7.3.4. Khi lp h thng bm dung dch khoan cn ch :
- Phi lp ng h o p lc dung dch khoan.
- Phi t u ht nc di mt nc t 0,3 m n 0,4 m v gi cho u ht khng b rc ri bm vo.
- ng ht v ng y ca my bm phi chu c p lc ht v p lc y tng ng vi loi my bm.
7.3.5. Sau khi lp rp xong my khoan cn tin hnh kim tra ton din cc mt sau y:
- chc chn v chnh xc ca cc b phn my;
- S bi trn cc b phn ca thit b;
- Trng thi hot ng ca cc c cu truyn lc gia cc b phn my nh dy cuaroa, bnh rng, trc ct-
ng v.v... Cn pht hin v loi tr cc vt l gia cc cu kin chuyn ng;
- Tnh trng dy cp tang ti, rng rc nh thp khoan v dc theo chn thp khoan;
- Tnh trng ca phanh hm, s hot ng bnh thng ca cn gt hm, m phanh (a phanh c du,
m, nc phi lau kh).
- Trng thi k thut ca my n;
- Tnh trng ca cc b phn bo v an ton;
- chnh xc ca trc khoan;
- Cc cn gt iu khin phi c a v v tr trung ha.
7.3.6. Sau khi kim tra v x l cc sai lch ca my xong mi cho my chy th.
8. Khoan trn sng, nc
8.1. Quy nh chung
Trc khi thc hin cng tc khoan trn sng nc cn tm hiu cc ti liu v thy vn, kh tng v a cht
khu vc khoan nh:
- Tnh hnh mc nc, tnh hnh thy triu;
- Tnh hnh dng chy;
- su ngp nc;
- Tnh cht ca cc con l, thi gian xy ra l sm nht v mun nht. i vi cc sng, khe, sui vng ni cn
tm hiu tnh hnh l ni (l ng);
- Tnh hnh gi, bo, sng (chiu cao v chiu di sng) trn sng nc. Cc tai nn xy ra trong vng nc;
- Tnh hnh giao thng thy, vn chuyn b, mng v tnh hnh vt tri trn sng;
- Tnh hnh a cht v tnh hnh xi, bi b sng, y sng;

8
Phi c gng thu thp cc ti liu trn cc trm thy vn, kh tng gn khu vc khoan nht hoc cc n v
tin hnh kho st khu vc khoan thm d.
Khi khng thu thp c cc ti liu cn thit thch hp cc c quan ni trn cn tin hnh iu tra thu thp ti
liu trong cc c quan v nhn dn a phng.
8.2. Thit k la chn phng tin ni khoan trn sng nc
8.2.1. Khi la chn phng tin ni khoan trn sng nc phi cn c vo kt qu tnh ton kim tra cng
kt cu v n nh lt.
Cc tnh ton kim tra phi c lm theo cc quy nh k thut c lin quan hin hnh.
CH THCH:
Khi khoan trong ma khng c bo l c th s dng phng tin ni dng cho cng tc khoan c th
thch cc vng c cc iu kin k thut v t nhin tng t m khng cn tnh kim tra theo quy nh
ny, nhng vic chn phng tin ni phi do th trng n v quyt nh.
8.2.2. cc phng tin ni nn to khe rt. Khe rt phi c b tr u thng lu ca phng tin v
phi m bo cc yu cu cu to sau y:
- Cc lin kt ca khe rt phi tho lp c nhanh chng;
- m bo n nh ton khi v cng ca cc lin kt ca phng tin khi tho d cc lin kt ca khe
rt;
- m bo n nh ton khi v cng ca cc lin kt khi kch nh ng chng.
8.2.3. Nu khng c phng tin ni ln c th dng thm cc phng tin ni ph t cc thit b
ph, ch vt liu khoan.
8.2.4. Yu cu v kch thc ti thiu ca sn cng tc khoan trn phng tin ni, tr quy nh v chiu cao
phn ni, cn lm theo cc quy nh cho sn khoan ghi iu 7.1.
8.3. Quy nh neo chng phng tin ni v cc bin php bo m an ton cho phng tin ni
8.3.1. Trc khi lai dt phng tin ni ra v tr khoan cn kim tra li ton b phng tin k c cc thit b neo
chng, tho d cc dy in, dy thng tin ni vi cc phng tin ni.
Cc thiu st v h hng ca phng tin cn c sa cha xong trc khi ri bn.
8.3.2. Phng tin ni phi c neo hay chng gi v cc hng m bo tnh n nh, gi ng v tr trong
sut thi gian khoan.
S lng dy neo chng khng nn t hn 4 ci. Trng hp dng 4 dy neo chng cn b tr cc dy neo
chng to vi chiu ca dng chy mt gc nhn t 35 n 45 v cng v 4 pha khc nhau.
im ni c nh ca dy neo vi phao, khng ni gy khc, phi c cong ln m bo cho dy neo
chu lc tt. Khi khoan vng nc mn hoc nc l nn dng dy thng lm bng s da hoc ni-lon lm
dy neo chng.
Khi dng h th neo gi th phi tnh ton h th theo cc quy nh hin hnh v phi thng xuyn theo di
tnh trng n nh ca h th.
8.3.3. Khi th neo phi thc hin cc quy nh sau y:
- Phi c ngi iu khin chung:
- Phi th neo pha trn dng chy trc, pha di dng chy sau;
- Phi xc nh v tr th neo bng cc phng php tin cy m bo cho dy neo c cng ng hng v
chiu di thit k, nh phng php giao hi, phng php ta cc.
8.3.4. Khi khoan trong ma l hoc khoan ni c dng chy mnh (v>1,5 m/s) cn ch thc hin cc yu cu
sau y:
- Tn dng t hng dc ca phng tin ni trng vi hng dng chy;
- Phi xt chng cong v tng cng cho ng chng bng cch dng ng nh hng ln, tng ngm vo
t ca ng nh hng hoc tm cch gim chiu di t do ca ng bng kt cu thch hp (nh neo chng
on gia ng chng vo u thng lu ca phng tin v.v...);
- Nn t 5 dy neo chng, trong c 3 neo pha thng lu;

9
- Nu mc nc thay i nhiu trong khi khoan khi mi dy neo nn c mt ti ring iu chnh cho kp thi.
8.3.5. Trong khi s dng v bo qun phng tin ni phi nghim chnh thc hin cc quy nh sau y:
- Phi thng xuyn theo di lch ca phng tin ni iu chnh ti trng, gi thng bng cho phng
tin;
- Phi thng xuyn theo di mc nc iu chnh cng ca dy neo, gi cho phng tin ng v tr
khoan v khng b dm;
- Nu c rc ri vt tri qun bm vo dy neo phi gt b kp thi;
- i vi phao kn, cc np phao phi c giong cao su v c y cht; Khi ngng khoan, trn phng tin ni
phi c ngi trc gc gii quyt kp thi cc s c bt trc xy ra. S ngi trc gc do th trng n v
ch qun khoan quyt nh theo cc tnh hung c th.
8.3.6. n v khoan c giao nhim v qun l phng tin ni phi lp mt s k thit b dng c c trn
phng tin ni. S ny phi ni c tr ca t, khng c em ra phng tin ni.
Khi a thm hoc rt bt thit b, dng c khi phng tin ni cn ghi ngay vo s k ni trn.
Cc thit b dng c b ri xung nc phi tm cch trc vt kp thi.
i vi cc vt ri khng trc vt c n v khoan cn bo ngay cho c quan thit k cng trnh hoc c quan
t hng bit tm cch x l.
9. Quy nh v phng php khoan
9.1. Chn phng php khoan
9.1.1. Khi la chn phng php khoan phi m bo c cc yu cu sau y:
- Pht hin chnh xc a tng, ly cc loi mu t, , nc v thc hin th nghim trong l khoan c chnh
xc, y theo yu cu.
- t nng sut khoan cao, hao ph vt t t v tin nhanh;
- m bo k thut v an ton lao ng.
9.1.2. Cn c vo tnh hnh a tng v yu cu ca nhim v khoan, bc u la chn phng php khoan
theo bng 1 sau y:
Bng 1: La chn phng php khoan
Loi t Cp t theo Phng php khoan
khoan
- Cc loi t dnh trng thi I - Khoan xoay: mi khoan lng mng, mi
do chy, chy, bn. khoan tha, mi khoan gung xon u phng.
- Khoan p: ng mu c van, mi khoan hom.
- Cc loi t dnh trng thi II - III - Khoan xoay: mi khoan gung xon, mi
do, do cng khoan gung xon u phng, mi khoan ht
hp kim nng i (kt hp dung dch st).
- t dnh ln dm, sn
(si, cui)
- Cc loi t ri (ct, si, cui I - III - Khoan p: ng mu c van.
nh v va) trng thi xp ri
- Khoan xoay: mi khoan gung xon u
n cht.
phng, mi khoan hp kim nng i (kt hp
dung dch st).
- t hn to (cui ln, III - VII - Khoan p: ng mu van, mi khoan ph.
tngv.v..)
- Khoan xoay: mi khoan hp kim, mi khoan
- Cc a tng kp ln hn to. bi hay mi khoan kim cng, mi khoan gung
xon u khoan ph.
- t st cng. III - VII (VIII) - Khoan xoay: mi khoan hp kim, mi khoan
hp kim nng i kt hp dung dch st khoan
- Cc loi c cng t mm
gung xon vi u khoan ph.
n cng va.

10
- Cc loi t cng n cc k (VII) VIII-XII - Khoan xoay: mi khoan hp kim, mi khoan
cng. kim cng.
CH THCH: Cp t t trong ngoc n l cp t c khoan trong trng hp c bit.
Trong qu trnh khoan cn theo di lin tc hiu qu ca phng php khoan dng kp thi iu chnh
hoc thay i phng php khoan nhm tha mn yu cu ra iu 9.1.1.
9.1.3. D dng bt c phng php khoan no cng cn c bit ch m bo hng ban u ca ct dng
c khoan khi m l. Nu pht hin sai lch hng cn tm nguyn nhn x l kp thi. Khi iu chnh sai lch
hng trc l khoan nn tin hnh bng sc ngi.
Khi khoan m l nhng vng ngp nc hoc khoan vo nhng a tng khng n nh phi kt hp cng vic
khoan vi vic h ng nh hng. Cng vic t cc ng ny phi c ch c bit m bo hng ca
l khoan.
9.2. Khoan p
9.2.1. Khi khoan gp cc a tng cui ln, t hn ln, tng, c kch c ln hn ming ng mu c van, lc
ny dng cc chong khoan ph ph vn v chn dt sang thnh l ri dng ng mu c van p vt l.
9.2.2. Khi khoan p bng ng mu c van cn thc hin cc yu cu sau y:
- Cn la chn ng mu c van c ng knh ph hp vi yu cu c nu iu 9.2.3, m bo trng lng
v cu to ca ct dng c khoan p theo yu cu ghi iu 9.2.4 v 9.2.5;
- Khi dng ng chng gia c thnh l khoan th phi chn ng chng sao cho gia ng chng v ng mu c
van c khe h bnh qun trong khong t 4 mm n 17 mm, tc l khong chnh gia ng knh ngoi ca ng
mu c van v ng knh trong ca ng chng t 8 mm n 34 mm;
Xc nh tr s ca khe h ny theo nguyn tc: Dng khe h nh khi khoan l ng knh nh, khi khoan trong
tng t ri c ht mn, hoc khoan trong tng t ri khng b tri. Trong cc trng hp ngc li phi chn
khe h ln hn;
- Chiu su mi hip p khng c qu 1 m (khng k on p vt ct tri). Nu pht hin i tng phi
ngng p ngay ly mu;
- Phi h lin tc ng chng sao cho chn ng chng lun lun xung gn u ng mu c van v khng c
vai ng mu c van xung qu chn ng chng. Khi dng bin php xoay lc h ng chng phi ch
phng cho ng khng b nh ren;
- Chiu cao nng ct dng c khoan khng c ln hn 1 m hoc khng c ln hn 0,20 m i vi trng
hp p vt trong tng t dnh;
- Phi phng trng hp ct tro ra ming trn ng mu c van gy kt l khoan.
9.2.3. Khi khoan p bng ng mu c van vo tng cui cn la chn ng mu c van theo bng 2.
Bng 2: La chn ng mu c van
Tr s bnh qun ng knh ca ng knh ca ng mu c van cn
l khoan (mm) dng(mm)
> 150 168 - 146
100 - 150 146 - 127
< 100 127 - 108
9.2.4. Trng lng ca ct dng c khoan p (P) thch hp cho tng cp t c xc nh theo cng thc
sau y:
P = R x l (N)
trong :
R - Lc nn tnh dc trc cn thit ca ct dng c khoan p trn mt cm chiu di vnh (li) mi khoan
(N/cm), ly theo Bng 3.
l - Chiu di vnh mi hay chu vi vnh l khoan, cm.
Bng 3: Bng tra lc nn tnh dc trc cn thit ca ct dng c khoan R

11
 Cp t theo Lc nn tnh dc trc cn thit ca ct dng Ghi ch
khoan c khoan R (N/cm)
I - III 20-25 Cc thng s c dng
cho c 2 loi: ng mu c
III - VI 30-40 van v chong khoan ph
VI - IX 40-50
IX - XII 50-70
9.2.5. Khi cn lp cn nng m bo trng lng ca ct dng c khoan th cn nng c lp lin vi mi
khoan.
9.2.6. Khi khoan p ph bng cc chong khoan kiu li c, kiu ch X, kiu ch I v.v.. cn m bo trng
lng v cu to ca ct dng c khoan ghi iu 9.2.4, 9.2.5 v thc hin cc thng s khoan p ph k
Bng 4.
Bng 4: Cc thng s khi khoan p ph
Cp t theo khoan
Thng s
IV V-VI VII-VIII IX-X XI-XII
1/ Thi gian p vn (min) 2 8 17 25 25
2/ Chiu su khoan c trong mt hip (m) 1-1,2 0,7-0,9 0,5 0,5-0,7 0,3-0,4
3/ Chiu cao nng chong (m) 0,5 0,9 1,1 0,9 1,2
9.2.7. Khi khoan p trong cc lp ct tri cn p dng phi hp cc bin php chng tri sau y:
- To ct nc d trong l khoan. Ct nc d c chiu cao cao hn mc nc di t t 2 m n 5 m ty
theo p lc tri. Nu p lc tri ln phi dng ct nc d cao v ngc li.
- Gim chiu cao nng ct dng c khoan p.
- Dng chong khoan c ng knh nh hn ng knh trong ca ng chng t 20 mm n 35mm;
- Khi rt ct dng c khoan phi rt vi tc chm nht ca ti.
Khi c yu cu chng tri nghim ngt th phi gim chiu cao p xung mc ti thiu, trong khong t 5 cm -
15 cm, nn dng ti tay rt ct dng c khoan vi tc chm v c th dng dung dch st chng tri.
9.2.8. Khi khoan vo cc lp t ri nu c yu cu th xuyn hoc th nghim xuyn tiu chun (SPT) th cng
vic th xuyn cn tin hnh theo cc hng dn chuyn mn v phi thc hin chng tri nghim ngt.
9.2.9. Trong qu trnh khoan p, thit b khoan hot ng bnh thng, cn lu cc mt sau y:
- Phi theo di s lm vic bnh thng ca cc b phn thit b, nht l cc b phn chuyn ng c lin quan
vi ti;
- Phi iu khin ti m thun, trnh lm cho cp b git;
- Phi lun lun gi cho dy cp cun u vo tang ti v khng b vn xon;
- Phi thng xuyn iu chnh dy cp, khng cp b chng qu hay cng qu;
- Khi h b dng c khoan xung gn y l khoan th phi m b phn li hp ma st va phi, ng thi hm
nh tang ti trnh cho dy cp khi b lng ra theo qun tnh khi dng c chm y l khoan.
9.3. Khoan p bng mi khoan ng mu c van, mi khoan hom
9.3.1. c s dng khi khoan cc tng t dnh trng thi do chy, chy, bn v ly mu khi khng th ly
c mu t bng cc loi mi khoan khc v cc loi ng mu thng thng.
9.3.2. Chiu su p mi hip khoan khng c vt qu chiu di ng mu c van hay ng mi khoan hom tnh
t y li khoan n vai mi khoan.
9.3.3. Lc p c th dng tay (sc ngi), bng ti qua h thng rng rc chuyn hoc p lc n ca my
khoan.
9.4. Khoan xoay bng mi khoan gung xon, mi khoan lng mng, mi khoan tha

12
9.4.1. Khoan xoay bng mi khoan gung xon c dng khi khoan cc lp t dnh trng thi t do mm
n na cng cp II n cp III.
Khoan lng mng, khoan tha c s dng khi khoan trong cc lp t ri m t, t dnh trng thi chy,
bn v dng vt dn y l khoan.
9.4.2. Chiu su mi hip khoan bng mi khoan gung xon hay mi khoan lng mng khng c vt qu
chiu di mi khoan tnh t y mi khoan ti vai mi khoan.
9.4.3. ng knh ngoi ca mi khoan khng c nh hn ng knh ngoi ca dng c ly mu nguyn
trng. Nhng l khoan khng cn ly mu nguyn trng nu kt cu ca l khoan cho php, nn tn dng dng
mi khoan gung xon, lng mng c ng knh nh.
9.5. Khoan gung xon
9.5.1. c s dng khoan cc lp t ti cp III hoc khoan ph ton y cc lp t cp IV n
cp VII.
Khi khoan gung xon c ly mu phi dng loi gung xon trc rng t v chuyn ng ly mu trong khi
khoan.
Khi khoan gung xon ph ton y phi gn u khoan ph vo gung xon.
Khi cn khoan ly mu m khng c gung xon trc rng c th tin hnh khoan gung xon ph ton y tng
hip kt hp vi cc bin php ly mu khc (nh p ng mu c van, ng ng mu nguyn trng v.v...)
9.5.2. Ty theo kt cu l khoan, yu cu ly mu v kh nng thit b m la chn loi gung xon thch hp.
9.5.3. La chn u khoan ph theo bng 5 sau y:
Bng 5: La chn u khoan ph
Loi t Loi u khoan ph
1. t khng rn chc, n cp IV theo khoan. - u khoan phng
2. t mm v rn va, cp IV v V theo khoan - u khoan ba l
( vi, nt n, ct kt ht mn, bt kt v.v.).
3. rn, cng - u khoan c nn xoay, kiu T
9.5.4. Trong qu trnh khoan gung xon phi thc hin cc yu cu k thut sau y:
- Thc hin cc yu cu v khoan m l theo quy nh nu iu 9.3.
- di ca hip khoan gung xon ty thuc vo yu cu ly mu, tnh hnh a tng, c tnh c th ca tng
loi mi khoan v cng sut ca thit b.
Ni chung, cn tranh th cc iu kin thun li c th c th khoan c hip di hay lin tc.
- Trc khi rt gung xon cn tin hnh khoan ct bng cch cho quay ct dng c khoan ti ch trong khong
10 s - 15 s.
9.5.5. Khi khoan gung xon phi phi hp tt cc thng s ch khoan (bao gm tc vng quay, p lc ln
y, lng nc v p lc bm ra), vi su hip khoan, pht huy cng sut v m bo bn lu di
ca thit b khoan.
9.5.6. Khi khoan vo cc lp t lin kt yu, d khoan (ct, ct st, bn v.v...) ni chung khng cn tng p
lc ln gung xon v khoan vi tc quay gung nhanh 21 Rad/s.
Khi khoan vo cc lp t do qunh cn tng lc nn ln trc gung xon v khoan vi tc quay gung
chm, khong 13 Rad/s.
9.5.7. Trong khi khoan, nu pht hin thy hin tng gung xon b b th phi nhanh chng p dng cc bin
php k thut sau y:
- Gim tc vng quay gung xon;
- Gim lc nn ln trc gung xon;
- C cch mt khong 1 m n 2 m li cho gung quay ti ch trong khong 10 s n 15 s;
- C khong 1,5 m n 2,0 m (bng chiu di on gung) ko gung ln khi l gt sch t bm vo gung.

13
9.5.8. Khng c s dng gung xon khoan qu chiu su khoan ti a quy nh cho tng loi gung xon.
9.6. Khoan xoay bng mi khoan hp kim.
9.6.1. c dng khoan vo cc lp t t cp III n VII.
- Quy cch chi tit v phm vi s dng thch hp ca tng loi mi khoan theo ch dn ca nh ch to (ph lc
U v V).
- Khoan xoay bng mi khoan hp kim v ng mu nng i kt hp bm dung dch st c th c dng
khoan v ly mu nguyn trng trong cc lp ct bt, ct nh, ct va cht ch, st na cng n cng theo
hng dn iu 13.3.
- C th s dng loi mi khoan hp kim t mi khoan trong cc lp t t cp VI n cp VIII v ti cp
IX khi trong khng c ln thch anh.
9.6.2. Cc mi khoan hp kim u phi c ming thot nc khong gia cc rng hoc cm rng hp kim.
Khi khoan trong mm ming thot nc phi ln hn khi khoan trong cng. Hnh dng ca ming thot
nc c th l hnh thang, hnh vm hay hnh tam gic c nh lch v pha ngc vi chiu xoay, chiu cao
ming thot nc ly trong khong 10 mm - 15 mm v chiu rng trong khong 12 mm - 15 mm.
9.6.3. Khi b tr cc ht hp kim trn mi khoan phi tha mn cc yu cu sau y:
- Ht hp kim trong cng mt hng phi c nh bng nhau v t ng v tr trong hnh vnh khn nh.
Cc vnh khn ny phi lin nhau hoc ln mp vo nhau;
- Phi b tr xen k hoc lun phin ht hp kim cc hng theo mt th t nht nh;
- Khi khoan vo tng b nt n nhiu hoc tng c cng khng u nn dng mi khoan gn hp kim
vi nh nh;
- Cc ht hp kim c gn vo mi khoan theo cc xin quy nh bng 6.
Bng 6: Bng tra gc gn ht h kim theo cp t (xem hnh 1)
Cp t theo khoan xin gc ct () vt ht hp kim ()
- cp III 70 - 75 50 - 65
- cp IV-VI 75 - 80 60 - 70
- cp VII 80 - 90 70 - 80
- cng va, nt n 90 - 100 80 - 85

Hnh 1: K hiu xin gc ct v vt ht hp kim

9.6.4. Khi dng mi khoan hp kim phi ch n iu sau y:
Phi hn li hoc thay th cc ht hp kim b hng hay b nt v trc khi dng. Phi mi sa li mt vt,
xin, nh ca ht hp kim khi pht hin chng b cn hay sai lch.
9.6.5. Khi khoan hp kim phi phi hp gia tc quay, p lc ln y v lu lng nc ra tm ra ch
khoan tt nht nhm s dng hp l thit b khoan, m bo cht lng khoan v t nng sut cao.
V nguyn tc, khi khoan trong cc lp mm th dng p lc khoan nh, tc quay ln, lng nc bm
ra phi va a mn khoan ln mt t v khng lm gim t l ly mu. Khi khoan trong cc lp c
tnh mi mn nhiu phi dng tc vng quay gii hn thp v tng p lc ln y.
Khi tng p lc v tc quay phi t t khng c tng t ngt.
9.6.6. Tc quay ca tng loi mi khoan c tnh theo tc vnh mi khoan theo cc loi a tng c k
bng 7.
Bng 7: Bng tra tc quay ca mi khoan

14
 Tc vnh Tc quay n (Rad/s) ng vi ng
Loi a tng mi khoan knh mi khoan
(m/s) 150 130 110 91
- C tnh mi mn yu ng u 1,2-2,4 16-32 18-37 22-44 26-53
- C tnh mi mn va ng u 0,8-1,2 11-16 12-8 14-22 18-26
- C tnh mi mn ln khng ng u 0,3-0,6 4-8 5-9 5-11 7-13
- Nt n khng ng nht 0,3-0,4 4-5 5-6 5-7 7-9
9.6.7. p lc dc trc khoan ti a cho php tnh theo kh nng chu lc ca cc ht hp kim chnh gn ln tng
loi mi khoan c quy nh theo nh ch to.
9.6.8. Khoan c bm ra c p dng khi khoan trong cc a tng l t cp IV tr ln. i vi cc a tng
l t dnh, t ri, t d b sp l, tan ra, khoan c bm ra ch c p dng khi dng dung dch st
khoan v gia c thnh l khoan.
Lng nc bm ra ph thuc vo tnh cht t v ng knh mi khoan, tnh bng l/min, c xc nh
theo bng 8.
Bng 8: Bng tra lng nc bm ra khi khoan
ng knh ngoi mi khoan (mm)
Tnh cht a tng
150-130 110 91-75
- Tnh mi mn nh khng nt n 125-100 100-85 63-60
- Tnh mi mn tng i ln 150-130 135-100 85-75
- Tnh mi mn ln 200-150 150-130 100-85
- Tng b nt n nhiu 150-100 125-80 100-60
9.6.9. Khi khng cn nghin cu tnh cht nt n v tnh cht thm ca tng nn dng dung dch st
khoan.
Tiu chun k thut ca dung dch st c ghi bng 9.
Bng 9: Bng tra mt s thng s ca dung dch st
Thng s ca dung dch st Mc
- Trng lng th tch n v (kN/m3) 10,5 - 13,0
- nht quy c T (s) 20 - 25
- Hm lng ct C (%) Khng ln hn 4
- keo K (%) Khng ln hn 5
- n nh B (kN/m3) 0,2
CH THCH:
- Khi khoan vo tng d b sp l thnh, nn dng ch tiu trng lng th tch n v cao;
- Khi khoan vo tng nt n nhiu hoc nhiu l hng nn dng nht cao;
- Trong iu kin khoan phc tp nh khi thnh l khoan b sp l nhiu, b mt dung dch nghim trng cn
nghin cu la chn ch tiu k thut ca dung dch st cho thch hp;
9.6.10. Khi khoan dng dung dch st phi ch cc vn sau:
- Dung dch st t l khoan cn cho chy qua mng lng c dc khong 1% v di t 10 m n 15 m, rnh
c tit din (15 x 20) cm v c mi khong 1 m n 2 m phi t mt tm ngn c chiu cao thp hn mp rnh
vi cm.
Khi dng phng php khoan dung dch st khng thng xuyn nn dng mng lng ch to sn c ng
chy gy khc.

15
- Phi thng xuyn kim tra cc thng s v nht quy c (N) v hm lng ct (C) ca dung dch st.
- Khng ch lu lng dung dch st v p lc bm theo ch khoan la chn.
- Khi khoan vo tng t ri v tng nt n mnh, d b sp l thnh l khoan phi t chc khoan lin tc 3
ca.
- Khi h b dng c khoan xung y l khoan phi thc hin theo hng dn sau y:
- H u mi khoan cch y l 1 m th dng li;
- Bm nc ra cho nc tro ra ming l khoan;
- Cho trc khoan quay vi tc s 1 (chm nht);
- H b dng c khoan t trn xung y l khoan vi tc chm;
- Khi t su ca hip trc th tng dn p lc dc trc khoan v tip tc khoan theo ch khoan thch
hp vi a tng y l.
9.6.12. Cc trng hp sau y phi khoan vi tc s 1 (chm nht), tc khoan khng ln hn 1,5 cm/min
v lc dc trc khoan nh (khng ln hn 2000 N):
- Khoan li hoc khoan doa l khoan;
- Thay i ng knh l khoan;
- a tng thay i t cng sang mm hoc ngc li;
- t nm nghing.
9.6.13. Khi khoan qua cc tng t d b ph hy, tan ra bi dng nc bm ra v bi tc ng rung ca
mi khoan cn dng ng mu nng i m bo cht lng ly mu.
9.6.14. Khoan bng ng mu nng i phi ch thc hin cc ch dn sau y:
- Khi h b dng c khoan phi theo cc hng dn ti iu 10.1.
- Bm nc xi ra qua khe gia hai lng;
- Tc quay mi khoan khng qu 8 Rad/s;
- p lc y l duy tr trong khong 1000 N n 2000 N, ty thuc ng knh mi khoan (ng knh mi khoan
ln th dng p lc y l ln);
- Dng lng nc bm ra nh khong t 30 - 40 L/min;
- Mi hip khoan khng su qu 0,5 m - 1,0 m;
- Khi thy tc quay gim xung t ngt, c th xy ra hin tng kt phi ngng khoan v nng mi khoan
ln.
9.6.15. Trong cc trng hp sau y nn p dng phng php khoan hp kim khng bm ra:
- Khoan vo cc loi b tan ra bi dung dch bm ra, khng th ly c mu.
- Khoan vo cc tng t dnh v t ri d b sp l, khng th bo v thnh l khoan bng dung dch st;
- Ngun cp nc khan him;
- Khi c yu cu phi nghin cu a cht thy vn c bit.
9.6.16. Khi khoan bng mi khoan hp kim khng bm ra phi thc hin cc yu cu k thut sau y:
- Phi thc hin lu thng nc y l khoan theo dng ca phng php tun hon ngc;
- Ct dng c khoan phi c cu to gm mi khoan hp kim, ng mu, ng lng bt, u ni hai chiu v cn
khoan. Trn cn khoan, pha trn ng lng mn khoan phi c l thot nc v mn khoan;
- Hp kim mi khoan phi c nh khng nh hn 3 mm sn ngoi v 2 mm sn trong;
- Trong khi khoan phi thng xuyn nng h b dng c khoan;
- Xc nh p lc khoan, tc vnh mi, chiu cao nng ct dng c khoan theo bng 10.
- Mi hip khoan khng su qu t 1 m n 1,5 m.
Bng 10: Bng xc nh thng s khoan

16
 Thng s khoan c bn thp c bn va
- Lc dc trc khoan (N) 1500 - 2500 2000 - 4000
- Tc vnh mi (m/s) Khng ln hn 0,6 Khng ln hn 0,8
- Chiu cao nhc ct dng c khoan (cm) 5-8 8-10
9.6.17. Cng tc chn b mu phi tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
- Ngng xoay cn khoan, tip tc bm ra l khoan vi lu lng bm t 6 - 10 L/min cho ct centimt ng
knh ngoi ca mi khoan trong khong thi gian t 20 min n 50 min (ty theo loi , lng mn khoan, chiu
su l khoan trong hip ) cho ti khi c ca nc tro ra ming l khoan nh ca nc bm vo.
- Th 150 g - 250 g ht chn nh c ng knh t 1,5 mm n 2,0 mm qua cn khoan. Va th va g ct cn
khoan.
- Th tip 600 g - 800 g ht chn ln hn c ng knh t 3 mm n 4 mm qua cn khoan (ng knh l
khoan ln hoc su hip khoan ln th cn th nhiu ht chn);
- Bm ra tip cho ti khi p lc nc bm ra tng ln t ngt, khong t 3 min n 10 min;
- Cho ct cn khoan xoay vi tc chm nht vi t ngn b mu;
- Ko ct cn khoan ln 0,2 m ri li th xung kim tra: nu ct cn khoan xung ht su khoan
c chng t mu c b, chn trongng mu th mi c rt ct dng c khoan ln ly mu. Khi rt
cn phi rt t t, trnh va chm mnh v hm ti t ngt;
Ht chn c p t cng c bn nn trn 40 MPa. Ch khi khoan cng cp X - XII mi c dng bi
gang chn mu. C bi v lng bi chn tng ng vi lng ht chn quy nh trn, ngoi ra cn cho
thm mt t cng p nh, c t 3 mm n 4 mm chn;
9.6.18. Khoan xoay bng mi khoan kim cng c dng khoan cc loi cng t cp VIII tr ln, nt
n kh ly mu, hoc cn tng nhanh tc khoan khi mi khoan ht hp kim khng gii quyt c.
Cc yu cu khc v k thut khoan c th p dng nh quy nh cho mi khoan ht hp kim.
10. Nng h dng c khoan
10.1. Nng h dng c khoan
10.1.1. Cc thit b, dng c c dng nng h dng c khoan phi , ng b v bo m quy cch, ng
thi phi c sp xp ngn np, m bo d thy, d ly.
10.1.2. Trc khi nng h dng c khoan phi lm nhng vic sau y:
- Ngng hot ng hoc ngng quay ct dng c khoan;
- o chiu di cn khoan cn li trn ming l khoan v tnh su l khoan;
- Kim tra ti, dy cp v cc h thng mc ni ca n.
CH THCH: Trng hp khoan my c bm ra, sau khi ngng quay ct dng c khoan phi tip tc bm
nc, ra sch mn trong l khoan, nu c ly mu th tin hnh chn v b mu ri mi nng dng c khoan
ln.
10.1.3. Khi nng h dng c khoan phi dng quang treo hoc u nng mc vo u cn khoan cng vi dy
cp v ti.
Khng c dng tay trc tip nng h dng c khoan. Cm th hoc rt cl ct dng c khoan ri t do
xung y l khoan.
10.1.4. Khi gi ct dng c khoan ming l khoan tho lp, khng c dng cl cn khoan m phi dng
cl ui c.
10.1.5. Khi nng h b dng c khoan phi ko hoc h ti nh nhng v u n, khng c tng hoc gim
tc mt cch t ngt. Khi dng ti phi hm t t, khng c phanh t ngt trnh hin tng git cp,
gy t cp, gy phanh, ph ti, ri mu.
10.2. H v nh ng chng
10.2.1. Trc khi h ng chng phi ch nhng iu sau:

17
- o v kim tra su v ng knh, l khoan;
- Ra sch mn khoan (nu l khoan );
- i vi nhng l khoan su cn kim tra cong ca l khoan v xc nh su chuyn ng knh l khoan;
- Chun b s lng ng chng cn thit. Kim tra quy cch ng chng: thng, u ren v ng knh;
- Phn ren u ng chng phi c c sch bng bn chi st v c bi trn bng m;
- Sp xp cc loi ng ri ghi th t cc ng chng s h xung l khoan. Khi h ng chng phi theo th t
ghi v ch h cc ng chng mi v di trc, ng chng c v ngn h sau.
10.2.2. Trong qu trnh h hay nh ng chng phi ch cc yu cu sau y:
- Cc ng chng phi c vn cht vi nhau, ng no khng vn c ht ren th khng c h xung l
khoan;
- Phi bo v u ren, khng c dng vt rn g vo u ren;
- Khi nh hay h ng chng phi dng quang treo, cp v ti. Cm dng dy thng buc trc tip vo ng chng
h hoc nh ng chng;
- Phi cn c vo sc nng ca ti v chiu cao thp khoan m nh chiu di ng chng cu mi ln. Khng
c cu qu sc nng ca ti;
- Phi dng kp g xit cht bng bu lng gi ng chng trn ming l khoan.
10.2.3. Trong trng hp h ng chng kh khn hoc khng h c n su khoan th phi dng bin
php xoay hoc kt hp xoay v cht ti ln ng chng. Nu xoay ng chng bng kp g phi xoay theo chiu
kim ng h v kt hp va xoay va lc phng nh ren.
10.2.4. Khi h ng chng trong bt k trng hp no u khng c dng t ng ng chng xung l
khoan;
10.2.5. Khi h nhiu lp ng chng, nu c trng hp xoay lp ng trong m lp ng ngoi cng xoay th c th
p dng mt trong cc bin php x l sau y:
- Gi cht lp ng ngoi v ko lp ng trong ln mt on (c th ng ngc nh). Sau tip tc h lp ng
trong bng cch xoay lc;
- Cht ti v xoay lc lp ng ngoi cho di ng mt khong nh;
- Ko mt hoc c hai lp ng chng ln;
10.2.6. Khi nh ng chng nu trong l khoan c nhiu tng ng chng th phi nh tng ng chng c ng
knh nh trc, to sau.
10.2.7. Ty theo trng lng ca ct ng chng, lc ma st dc ng chng m chn dng mt trong cc bin
php sau y nh ng chng:
- Phi hp gia lc kp g v dng ti ko ng chng ln;
- Lc u dng kch n khi thy nh th dng ti ko ng chng ln;
- Khi dng cc bin php trn m vn khng nh c th c th dng bin php ng t ngc hoc kt hp
kch v ng t ngc nh ng chng.
CH THCH: Khi khoan nhng ni c nc thy triu ln xung th nn li dng lc nc thy triu ln m
kch ng chng. Trong trng hp ny phi thng xuyn theo di chm ca phao khoan. Nu chm ca
phao khoan vt qu mn nc an ton th phi tho kp ngang.
10.2.8. Vic la chn bin php no nh ng chng cng phi da trn c s tnh ton v lc;
Nu nh ng chng bng ti, phi m bo lc nh khng vt qu sc nng cho php ca ti, cp v sc chu
ca thp khoan.
Khi nh ng chng bng kch cn ch :
- Kch phi c k trn cc gi k bng phng, chc chn;
- Khi kch phi kch t t v u cho hai trc ca kch ln bng nhau.
10.2.9. Nu chn ct ng chng c trm xi mng thc hin cng tc cch nc th trc khi nh ng
chng phi ct ri on ng chng .

18
10.2.10. Sau khi rt cc ng chng ln khi l khoan, phi ra sch s, bi m vo ren tng bn ca
ng chng.
11. Gia c thnh l khoan - chng mt nc ra v ngn nc trong l khoan
11.1. Gia c thnh l khoan bng dung dch st (bentonit)
Khi khoan thm d CCT c dng dung dch st (bentont) gi thnh l khoan tr trng hp quy nh ti
iu 11.2.1
Dung dch st phi m bo cc tiu chun k thut quy nh trong Bng 9 v tun th cc quy nh ti iu
9.6.10.
11.2. Gia c thnh l khoan bng ng chng
11.2.1. Nhng trng hp sau y gia c thnh l khoan phi dng ng chng:
- Khoan vo cc tng t b ri, b tan r khi s dng dung dch st;
- Dung dch st khng kh nng bo v thnh l khoan;
- Phi ngn cch cc lp cha nc nghin cu a cht thy vn, tnh nt n v tnh thm ca cc tng t
bng phng php th nghim ngoi tri.
- Khi khoan vo cc hang hc hoc khe nt ln gy mt lng dung dch st qu ln nh hng nhiu n gi
thnh khoan.
11.2.2. Phi cn c vo tnh hnh a tng ca l khoan, su l khoan, yu cu ly cc loi mu t, , nc,
ng knh ng lc (nu l khoan bm ht nc) la chn s tng ng chng v ng knh cui cng ca
ng chng;
11.2.3. C th tham kho bng 11 chn chiu su t trong t ca mi loi ng chng (vi iu kin l ng
chng cn tt v c kch 30T).
Bng 11: La chn chiu su t ng chng
t dnh cng hoc do cng. t ri t dnh do chy hoc chy. t ri,
Loi ng
trng thi cht, si, cui (ng vi ma trng thi xp, b, bo ha nc (ng vi
chng 2 2
st thnh ng l 40 N/m ) ma st thnh ng 20 N/m )
146 < 16 m < 30 m
127 < 19 m < 38 m
108 < 22 m < 44 m
91 < 26 m < 52 m
75 < 32 m < 64 m
11.2.4. i vi cc on ng chng nm t do trong mi trng lng hoc khi dn hng c chiu di vt
qu chiu di t do cho php k bng 12 th cn c bin php chng cong v bo m bn un bng cch
gim chiu di t do, tng thm lin kt, t trong ng chng ln hn;
Nu khoan trong khu vc c nc chy hoc c sng th phi xt n nh hng ca lc ngang c th xy ra
i vi on ng t do, v c bin php x l thch ng.
11.2.5. Nn dng ng chng c u ni trong hoc ni trc tip khng c g ngoi, ch dng cc ng chng c
u ni ngoi lm ng dn hng (trong nc v trong khng kh) hoc h trong lp t xp, mm yu. Khi
s dng loi ng chng ny phi tnh ton y n kh nng nh sau ny. Chiu di t do cho php ca ng
chng c quy nh trong bng 12.
Bng 12: La chn chiu di t do ca ng chng
Ghi ch:

ng - cc s bn ch tnh vi
knh ng trng hp ng chng chu lc
chng nn do ti trng bn thn (q).
(mm) - Cc s bng ng vi cc
trng hp lin kt sau:

19
 S A S B S C S A - Phn chn ng chng
c ngm cht trong t, cng
91 12 m 16 m 23 m su trn 2m v u trn ca ng
108 14 m 18 m 26 m trng thi t do khng c lin kt
gi.
127 15 m 21 m 29 m
S B - Phn di ca ng c
146 18 m 23 m 32 m t trong cc loi t xp mm
hoc trong t cng nhng
khng su ti 2 m. u trn
ca ng c lin kt chng dch v
ngang.
S C - Phn di ng c
ngm cht nh s A. u trn
ca ng c lin kt nh s B.
11.3. Chng mt nc ra trong l khoan
11.3.1. Khi khoan c bm ra bng nc hoc dung dch st, nu pht hin thy c hin tng mt nc ra
th chn mt trong nhng phng php di y chng s mt nc ra trong l khoan, nhng khng nh
hng n mc ch v yu cu thm d;
- Khoan vi dung dch st (nu ang bm ra bng nc);
- Nhi t st trm vt nt hoc l hng;
- Nhi hoc bm va xi mng trm vt nt hoc l hng;
- H ng chng.
CH THCH:
Khi mt nc gn y l khoan v tng b mt nc mng th nn nhi t st hoc va xi mng xung y l
khoan.
Nu mt nc tng phn, nn dng dung dch st khoan. Khi mt nc ton phn nn dng ng chng. Ch
trong trng hp c bit c yu cu trong phng n k thut khoan hoc khoan vo tng nt n nhiu v
khu vc khoan c nhiu l khoan mi dng va xi mng ngn nc hoc chng mt nc.
11.4. Ngn nc trong l khoan
11.4.1. i vi nhng l khoan c nc mt hoc nc di t, khi cn thit quan trc mc nc, ly mu
nc v.v... th phi tin hnh cng tc ngn nc cch li lp cha nc vi cc lp t khc hoc cch li
cc lp cha nc khc nhau (k c nc mt).
11.4.2. Trc khi ngn nc phi thc hin cc vic sau y:
- o chiu su l khoan v xc nh v tr cn ngn nc.
- Chun b ng chng.
- Chun b vt liu ngn nc: t st hoc va xi mng.
11.4.2. Chun b t st dng lm cht cch nc cn theo nhng yu cu sau y:
- t st c tnh do cao, lng hu c khng c vt qu 6%. Lng ct khng c vt qu 4% v
khng c ln dm, sn, si hoc mn rc,r cy.
- t c nho nn k, (c st B trong khong do cng), v thnh vin c ng knh bng na ng
knh l khoan on cch nc, sau phi cho se mt, khng phi qu nng lm cho t kh cng v nt n.
Nu t kh, cn p nh, loi b rc, tp cht ri nho vi lng nc thch hp hoc t qu t nn hong
gi cho n khi t st nu.
11.4.3. Khi tin hnh ngn nc bng t st, phi thc hin theo cc quy nh di y:
- Nu lp cch nc l t st khng ln sn, si, th khoan su vo tng st khong 0,5 m n 1,0 m ri p ng
chng (ch c h p, khng c xoay ng chng) cho ngm vo lp st ny t 1 m-2 m;
- Nu lp cch nc l t st c ln nhiu sn, si, ct hoc l lm nh sau:

20
a/ Khoan vo lp cch nc t 1,5 m n 2,0 m, bo m thnh l khoan khng b lm chm (nn dng mi
khoan hp kim khoan):
b/ Vt l khoan hoc xi ra cho sch t hoc mn khoan y l khoan;
c/ H ng chng xung cch y 1,5 m n 2,0 m v c nh ng chng. Cn ch chn ng knh ng chng
cch nc nh hn ng knh l khoan tnht l mt cp;
- Th tng vin t st xung. C th cc vin t c 0,5 m theo chiu cao th ngng li v tin hnh m nn
cho ti khi cn khong 0,25 m. m nn bng nt g c ng knh nh hn ng knh ng chng mt cp,
lp u cn khoan;
- Tip tc cc bc trn cho n khi to thnh mt nt t st lp y l khoan on di chn ng chng;
- H v p ng chng vo trong nt t st t 1,2 m n 1,5 m.
11.4.4. Dng va xi mng lm cht cch nc phi t cc yu cu sau:
- Xi mng mc M30 n M40.
- Nu trong l khoan c nc, phi dng loi xi mng ng cng nhanh hoc xi mng thng c thm cht ph
gia ng cng nh NaCl hoc CaCI2 vi hm lng ty theo lng nc;
- i vi nc c tnh n mn phi dng loi xi mng chng n mn thch hp;
- Trn va xi mng bng nc nht hoc nc mn phi tham kho s tay hng dn;
- Khi va xi mng qua ng dn t trong ng chng th t l: nc/xi mng l 0,5;
Khi dng my bm p va th chn t l: nc /xi mng t 0,6 n 0,7 v c th thm ph gia ha do (bng 2%
lng xi mng).
- Thi gian t lc trn va xi mng cho ti khi kt thc cng vic cch nc (p xong ng chng vo khi va xi
mng) khng c vt qu thi gian bt u ng kt xi mng.
Thi gian xi mng ng kt c th tham kho Bng 13.
Bng 13: Thi gian ng kt ca xi mng
Nhit trong l khoan 40C Nhit trong l khoan 45C
Loi nc trn
va xi mng Thi gian bt Thi gian kt thc Thi gian bt Thi gian kt thc
u ng kt ng kt u ng kt ng kt
Nc thng 3h< T <3h30' Khng qu 3h sau 1h45'<T<2h45' Khng qu 1h30' sau
khi bt u ng khi bt u ng kt
Nc nhim mn 3h< T <6h kt 1h45<T<2h45'

11.4.5. Thc hin cch nc bng va xi mng phi theo cc quy nh sau:
- Khoan su vo tng cch nc t 1,2 m n 1,5 m. Xi ra sch mn khoan v kim tra y l khoan;
- H ng chng xung (ch c h p, khng c xoay ng chng) cho ngm vo tng cch nc t 0,1
m n 0,3 m;
- Tnh lng va cn trn v xc nh t l phi hp. Phi chun b mt khi lng va ln hn khi lng va
cn thit theo tnh ton l 50%;
- Trn va v va xi mng xung y l khoan theo nguyn tc lp y t di ln trn;
Trong qu trnh va, phi nng dn dng c a va ln pha trn. Phi m bo nng dng c ln sao
cho u ra va lun lun ngp di mt va trong l khoan;
- Cao mt va trong ng chng phi cao hn cao nh tng cch nc t 0,3 m n 0,5 m;
- Kim tra mt va trong l khoan;
- Ngay sau khi thc hin a va xung y l khoan xong phi xi ra sch va xi mng trong dng c v
ng ng dn dng;
- Sau 3 ngy m mi c tip tc khoan su thm.
11.4.6. Ty iu kin c th c th chn mt trong cc cch sau y a va xi mng xung y l khoan.

21
- Dng ng chng nh lm ng dn a va xi mng xung tn y l. Khi trong l khoan c nc cn t qu
cu hay li g u di ng gi va trong ng. Ch sau khi cha lng va cn thit trong ng
mi c ct qu cu va n ra ngoi lp l khoan;
- Dng ng mu c nt g hai u lng ng cha va. Nt g phi kht, gi va trong lng ng. a
thn trng ng mu xung y l khoan, sau p nt g v va ra khi ng mu;
- Dng bm a va xung y l qua cn khoan. Qu trnh thao tc nh sau:
a/ H cn khoan xung cch y l khoan 0,1 m - 0,2 m ri c nh li.
b/ Ni mc tt c cc u ni ca h thng bm, sau cho bm nc th kim tra my bm v ng ng.
c/ Tnh lng va v trn va. Khi tnh phi tnh c lng va cn li trong cn khoan, ng cao su dn va, my
bm, ng cao su ht va v lng va d trong thng ngp ming ng ht (u clebin).
d/ Cch trn va nh sau: lng nc tnh ton vo my trn ri va cho xi mng va cho chy my trn
trong 10 min. Nu c cho thm cht ph gia th phi cho vo nc khuy u trc khi xi mng vo.
e/ Trong khi quy trn va phi cho chy my bm ht nc trong thng ng va. Ch khi sp ht nc th m
ca x cho va vo thng, v tip tc bm y va vo l khoan (ch l va my trn ra cn cho qua sng
c 1 mm).
f/ Trong qu trnh p va phi cho my trn va hot ng lin tc v phi b tr ngi quy trn va trong thng
ng va cho n khi ht ht va mi thi.
Phi nng dn cn khoan ln ng thi phi lun lun theo di ng h p lc. Nu thy p lc tng t ngt,
phi rt cn khoan ln mt on thch hp trnh tc va.
11.4.7. Sau khi thc hin ngn nc phi kim tra cht lng cch nc nh sau:
- Khoan su qua chn ng chng cch khong 0,5 m.
- H thp hoc nng cao ct nc trong l khoan mt on bng 1/4 - 1/2 chiu cao ct nc khi cha ngn
nc;
- Sau hai gi k t lc mc nc hoc nc vo l khoan, nu ct nc trong l khoan bin i khng qu
0,1 m th cng tc ngn nc c coi l t yu cu;
- Nu ngn nc bng va xi mng, phi sau 3 ngy m mi c khoan kim tra cht lng cch nc.
12. Theo di, o c v ghi chp trong qu trnh khoan
12.1. Trong qu trnh khoan phi theo di, o c v ghi chp y , trung thc vo nht k khoan v cc mt:
12.1.1. Tnh hnh khoan (cc loi thit b v dng c khoan s dng, tnh hnh v cch gii quyt cc s c v
khoan, su ca mi khoan, din bin ca vic s dng dung dch hoc su v ng knh ng chng, din
bin khi khoan qua cc loi a tng v.v...);
12.1.2. Tnh hnh a cht (s phn b ca cc tng t , ch yu l su ca cc tng t , cc hin
tng a cht cng trnh, tnh hnh a cht thy vn c pht hin trong khi khoan);
12.1.3. Tnh hnh ly cc loi mu t, , nc v cc c trng (tn gi, tnh cht, trng thi, thnh phn) ca
mu;
12.1.4. su th nghim xuyn tiu chun (SPT), s ba tng on v tr s N (Nu c th nghim xuyn tiu
chun);
12.2. Cng tc theo di, ghi chp trong khi khoan c chnh xc, kp trng v th k khoan phi thng xuyn
nm vng su ca y l khoan, su ca chn ng chng, su mu v y mu (hay mu) ly c
ng thi thng xuyn theo di y cc yu t phn nh tnh hnh a tng, tnh hnh khoan vo tng loi a
tng nh: cm gic tay khoan, ting vng y l khoan, mu sc v lng nc ra, tnh trng t ln hay t
tt ca ct dng c khoan, chiu cao p, tnh hnh ng t, tc khoan, p lc ln y l khoan v.v
Cc yu t trn phi c th hin bng s liu v lin h vi su ca l khoan.
12.3. Ghi chp hin trng bao gm cc cng vic ghi bng, ghi nht k khoan v ghi s k thut.
Ghi nht k bng bt ch en, nhn mu v s k thut ghi bng mc khng nhe v ghi bng en bng phn
trng hay bng trng bng bt d.
12.4. Khi ghi chp nht k khoan phi m bo cc yu cu sau y:

22
12.4.1. Sch s, r rng ng cc ct, cc mc tng ng.
12.4.2. Khng ty xa hoc x b nhng phn ghi sai m ch c gch ngang (nhng phn b gch phi m
bo cn c c) ri ghi phn sa li pha trn.
12.4.3. Cch thc ghi chp nht k khoan phi tun theo Ph lc I.
12.5. Cc tnh ton phc v cho vic ghi chp nht k khoan hoc nhng vn c bit, cn c ghi chp li
cho r hn th phi ghi vo s k thut ca t. Khi kt thc cng trnh, t khoan phi np s ny cho ch nhim
nghip v (Ch cng trnh) cng vi nht k khoan.
12.6. Nht k khoan v s k thut khoan do th k khoan trc tip ghi chp hin trng.
12.7. Khi lm vic, th k khoan phi c y cc dng c v phng tin nh quy nh Ph lc T.
12.8. Trc khi s dng cc loi dng c khoan (cn khoan, ng chng, mi khoan v.v...) u phi o chiu di
v kim tra cht lng ca cc dng c .
u mi ca lm vic v khi giao ca nht thit phi o kim tra ton b cn khoan v su l khoan.
12.9. Khi o chiu di ca dng c khoan, chiu cao u my, chiu di ng chng v.v... phi dng thc c cht
lng tt.
Khi o kim tra th sai s gia hai ln o khng c vt qu tr s cho php v dng s trung bnh cng ca
hai ln o. Khi ghi vo nht k khoan s o c quy trn ti cm.
CH THCH:
- Thc g hoc thc dy phi c kim tra v hiu chnh trc khi dng;
- Khi khoan bi phi iu chnh chiu di ca mi khoan do b mn sau mi hip khoan.
12.10. Tt c cc o c v chiu su u phi da vo mt mc c cao ph chn trc, tng ng vi
mt nn (sn) khoan.
12.11. Quan trc v ghi chp mc nc trong l khoan thc hin theo hng dn Ph lc O.
(Ch tin hnh khi c yu cu ring).
13. Ly mu t, , nc
13.1. Cng vic chn mu th nghim do ch nhim n quyt nh da vo yu cu ca tng loi cng trnh v
tnh cht ca a tng. Trong qu trnh khoan, n v khoan phi cn c vo tnh hnh a tng cng nh cc yu
cu c quy nh trong iu ny v trong bn nhim v hoc phng n k thut khoan quyt nh ly
cc loi mu t, , nc.
13.2. Cng tc ly mu t, , nc phi m bo cc yu cu chung sau y:
13.2.1. S dng ng phng php ly mu v dng c y mu i vi cc loi t, , nc;
13.2.2. Khi pht hin c s thay i a tng (thay i thnh phn, tnh cht, trng thi, ngun gc thnh to...),
u phi ngng khoan, xc nh su i tng v ly mu kp thi;
13.2.3. Mu phi i din cho mt lp t, nht nh v phi m bo v quy cch, khi lng cht lng;
13.2.4. Ghi chp y v tnh hnh ly mu vo nht k khoan v phiu mu. Cc trng hp khng ly c
mu theo quy nh phi thuyt minh r rng trong nht k khoan, ng thi phi bo co cho n v ch qun bit
gii quyt;
13.2.5. Thc hin y cc yu cu ng gi, bo qun, vn chuyn v giao nhn mu (TCVN 2683, t cho
xy dng - Ly mu, bao gi, vn chuyn v bo qun mu);
A. Mu t
13.3. Ly mu th nghim trong cc l khoan theo cc nguyn tc sau:
13.3.1. Mi lp t phi c t nht mt mu th nghim;
13.3.2. i vi cc lp t dy hn 2 m, th c khong 2 m ly mt mu nguyn trng (i vi t dnh) hoc
mu khng nguyn trng (mu xo trn) i vi t ri rc, t phong ha;
13.3.3. i vi cc a tng thuc loi t st, st pha, ct pha, bn, than bn, phong ha dng t, phi tn
lng ly y mu nguyn trng;

23
13.3.4. i vi cc loi t dnh c b dy di 0,5 m khng ly c mu nguyn trng do khoan xuyn qua
hoc i vi cc trng hp quy nh phi ly mu nguyn trng nh bn lng, ct st v.v... m trong mt vi
trng hp qu kh khn khng th ly c th phi ly c mu xo ng gi m th nghim;
13.3.5. i vi cc lp cui, si (dm sn), ct si, (ct sn); cc lp ct c m t m t n bo ha, th ly
mu xo ng khng gi m.
13.4. Cn c vo tnh hnh a tng v yu cu ca nhim v khoan, bc u la chn phng php v dng
c ly mu th nghim theo quy nh trong bng 14 di y:
Bng 14: La chn phng php khoan v dng c ly mu theo a tng
Loi t Loi mu Dng c ly mu Phng php Ghi ch
Cc loi t dnh Nguyntrng - ng mu thnh mng Nn, p
trng thi do chy,
- ng mu ch c pt tng
chy, bn
Cc loi t dnh Nguyntrng - ng mu nguyn trng - ng t
trng thi do mm loi thng hoc loi c pt
- Khoan kh ly mu
n cng tng.
hoc khoan xoay kt
- ng mu nng i hp bm dung dch.
Cc loi ct trng Mu xo - ng mu c van - Khoan p - Ly mu theo
thi xp ri n cht ng (khng phng php
- ng mu nng i - Khoan xoay kt
va m t n bo nguyn t phn
hp bm dung dch
ha. trng) - ng mu ch ca mi
st.
xuyn SPT
- Ly mu kt hp
th nghim
xuyn tiu chun.
t hn to (Cui, Mu xo - ng mu c van. - Khoan p - Ly mu theo
si,sn tng) ng (Khng phng php
- Mi khoan ht hp kim, - Khoan xoay ly
nguyn tphn
kim cng. mu.
trng)
13.5. ng ly mu hoc mi khoan hp kim, ng mu nng i ly mu nguyn trng phi c ng knh
trong ln hn 48 mm.
Hp ng mu phi ng b, c ng knh v di ph hp vi tng loi ng ly mu, ng thi thn v np
hp phi va kht nhau, tho lp d dng. Nu dng hp tn th khe h khng c rng qu 0,5 mm v khng
c chng mp ln nhau.
13.6. Ly mu t nguyn trng cn m bo cc yu cu sau:
13.6.1. Vt sch t y l khoan trc khi ly mu (ti su khoan). Khng c dng bin php khoan
p m phi dng cc mi khoan tha, mi khoan lng mng, mi khoan gung xon khoan vt hoc dng ng
mu c van p xung;
13.6.2. Nu khoan c ng chng phi chn ng chng nm trn ch ly mu t 10 cm n 20 cm.
13.7. i vi t ri ch ly c mu xo ng khng nguyn trng, khi dng phng php khoan p ly
mu th nghim th mt hip khoan khng c su qu 1 mt v khng c p dng phng php ny khi
khoan vi dung dch st. Khoan bng dung dch st th phi dng ng mu nng i ly mu hoc ly mu
trong ng mu ch ca mi xuyn SPT (nu c xuyn SPT). (Khi xuyn SPT xem Ph lc Q).
13.8. Trc khi ly mu phi kim tra v lm cc vic sau:
13.8.1. Lp y v ng ch cc b phn ca ng ly mu. Mp vt u ng phi l nguyn vn (nhng ch
b mp b vt phi c sa li hoc thay th) l thot nc phi thng, cc c cu khc phi hot ng bnh
thng;
13.8.2. t hp mu nm va kht trong khoang lng ng, pha trong hp mu v khoang lng ng mu phi
bi mt lp m mng;
13.8.3. Kim tra s liu o c v tnh ton su l khoan, nu c nghi vn (o sai hoc thnh l st l v.v...)
phi o li su thc t y l khoan.

24
13.9. Khi ly cc mu t nguyn trng phi theo cc quy nh di y:
13.9.1. i vi t bn, cc loi t dnh trng thi t do chy n chy, phi dng phng php
nn, p, khng c ng t;
13.9.2. i vi t c trng thi t do mm tr ln th dng t thch hp ng mu. Cc s liu ng mu
phi c ghi vo nht k khoan (theo hng dn Ph lc I);
13.9.3. Khi nn hoc ng mu phi nh du ln cn khoan du bt u v du kt thc ng mu. Khong
cch gia hai du ny phi nh hn chiu di ng mu (tnh t u mi n vai ng mu).
13.10. Sau khi ko ng mu ln phi gt b bn t tha, dng gi hoc rm lau sch (lau kh, tuyt i khng
c dng nc ra) ri mi m ly mu.
Khi ly mu ra kim tra ngay xem mu c b dn p khng? cn quan st k hai u mu, trng hp t hai
u mu khng ng nht, cn tm hiu nguyn nhn. Nu l i tng, cn xc nh su i tng v ghi chp
cn thn vo nht k, ng thi phi ly thm mu tip theo.
13.11. Khi m ng ly mu ra, dng dao mng hoc dy thp c ng knh nh hn 0,5 mm ct t tha
hai u ng ng mu.
CH THCH: Nu thy mu ly ln b thiu di 2cm th c php ct phn t tha bn di b vo cho
y nhng phi ngn cch bng mt lp giy trng paraphin v phiu mu bn ngoi hp phi ghi r chiu cao
ca on t c b thm vo.
13.12. Phi bc mu gi m ngay sau khi ly t ng ly mu ra.
13.13. mi hp mu t th nghim phi c mt phiu mu vit bng mc tt (khng b nhe), nhng pa ra phin
v dn theo ng hng trn, di bn ngoi hp mu hoc dn nhn mu bng dnh. Quy cch phiu mu
theo Ph lc K.
13.14. Khi ly cc mu t xo ng th nghim phi thc hin cc yu cu k thut sau:
13.14.1. i vi t ri:
- Mu ly t ng mu tch i ca dng c xuyn SPT c coi nh l mu xo ng.
- Nu ly t ng mu ra phi c hng trc tip vo khay. Trong khi hng mu phi ch quan st mu, kt
hp vi cc pht hin ghi chp c v s thay i trong qu trnh khoan (mu sc, thnh phn ht, dng ht,
vt xen ln v.v...) m xc nh kh nng chia lp, s tn ti ca cc lp xen k mng, lp kt ht, st, ct...
trong hip khoan cng nh su phn b ca chng.
- Nu lng t nhiu hn lng mu quy nh th dng phng php chia bn gc ly mu. Nu lng mu
vn nhiu th li lm tip nh trn cho n khi khi lng ca mt mu cn ly.
- Phi dng xng hoc mui xc mu vo thng, khng c dng tay bc.
- Sau mi ln ly mu, ng ly mu, khay v xng phi c lm sch, khng c t, ct bn bm vo
dng c.
13.14.2. i vi t dnh:
- C th ly mu t mi khoan gung xon, ng mu c van v.v...
- Nhi t y hp mu cho khng cn khe h nhng khng c ln cht.
13.15. Cch ng gi, bc sp, dn nhn ca cc mu th nghim xo ng gi m cng ging nh cch lm i
vi cc mu nguyn trng.
13.16. Khi lng mu xo ng gi m c quy nh ty thuc vo cc hng mc yu cu th nghim.
CH THCH:
su ly mu ca cc loi t trn c tnh theo khong su t u n cui hip khoan. Trng hp c
s chia lp trong hip th su ly mu phi c tnh vi su ca mt chia lp ny.
13.17. Cch thc ly mu xo ng khng gi m tng t cch thc ly mu xo ng gi m nhng khng
cn bc gi m.
B. Mu
13.18. Khi khoan nu c yu cu ly mu th nghim th mi tng t nht phi ly 2 mu th nghim.
Mu th nghim phi c kch thc ti thiu l:

25
- ng knh d = 75 mm
- Chiu cao 2d.
Trong trng hp v khi, v dm khng ly c mu theo kch thc quy nh th phi ly t nht hai hp
mu lu c y np cn thn v km theo phiu mu.
13.19. Ly mu t ng mu v mi khoan ra phi thc hin cc quy nh sau:
13.19.1. Dng khay tn hoc khay g hng trc tip di ng mu. u ng mu phi c k ln g cao trn
mt khay khong 10 cm;
13.19.2. Ly tun t cc mu ra, nh du ngay u trn ca mu. Sau xp th t ri dng sn c mu khc
vi mu ca mu ghi ln mu (ngay sau khi mu kh) cc mc sau:
- S hiu l khoan.
- S hiu mu (Ghi theo th t ca cc mu ly c k t trn xung).
- su mt trn v mt di ca mu (ly n cm).
13.20. Khi khoan vo lp m mu b tan ra ht trong dung dch bm ra th phi kp thi thay i phng
php hoc ch khoan m bo ly c mu.
i vi on l khoan khoan qua m khng ly c mu th phi ly mn trong cn khoan v ng gi
nh mu lu (ly vo hp mu hay ti nilon) ng thi phiu mu phi thm t mn khoan vo phn m t
mu .
13.21. Ton b mu , dm , mn khoan phi c xp vo hm mu lu.
C. Mu nc
13.22. Trong cng tc khoan thm d a cht cng trnh thng phi ly cc loi mu nc nh bng 15.
Bng 15: Cc loi mu nc cn ly khi khoan
Loi mu nc th nghim Mc ch nghin cu
Nc ngm (t nhin) Tnh cht ha, l ca nc ngm.
Nc ngm (t nhin) Phn tch kh nng n mn b tng ca nc (nu cn)
13.23. V yu cu ly cc loi mu nc cng nh vic tng gim khi lng mu c quy nh r trong bn
nhim v hoc phng n k thut khoan.
13.24. Khi lng t nht ca mt mu nc cn c ly theo quy nh trong bng 16.
Bng 16: Th tch mu nc
Loi mu Th tch nc (L)
Nc ngm (t nhin) 3
Nc Phn tch kh nng n mn b tng 2
CH THCH: Nu mu nc c nhiu cn lng (vt qu 1/5 th tch ca tng chai mu) th cn ly thm nc
mu. Lng nc c ly thm bng khong hai ln th tch b cn chim ch.
13.25. Trc khi ly mu nc trong l khoan cn ch cc iu sau:
13.25.1. Khng c lm nhim ngun nc trong qu trnh khoan nh n mn, th ha cht th nghim vo l
khoan...
13.25.2. Tm mi bin php x l khng cho cc ngun nc khc xm nhp vo lp cn ly mu;
13.25.3. Trng hp khoan xuyn qua nhiu lp cha nc, mun ly nc ring cho tng lp phi tm bin
php ngn nc cc lp khc;
Thc hin cc bin php ngn nc theo cc quy nh ti iu 11 (hoc theo phng n k thut ring);
13.25.4. Phi ra l khoan bng cch dng my bm ht cn hoc dng ng mu c van mc cn. Nu khng
bm hoc mc cn c th lng nc ly ra ti thiu phi bng 3 ln th tch nc c trong l khoan lc cha
mc;

26
13.25.5. Phi chun b y dng c, chai l v ha cht cn thit phc v cho vic ly mu cng nh cho cng
tc bo qun v vn chuyn mu;
13.25.6. Ch c ly mu sau khi nc ln (bng lng nc c trong l khoan trc khi mc), tng i
trong v khng c vt qua 12 h;
13.25.7. Nu sau 12 h nc vn cn cn lng th cng phi ly mu nhng lng nc phi c ly tng thm
theo quy nh ca iu 13.26.
13.26. Dng c c s dng ng v chuyn cc loi mu nc th nghim cn theo cc quy nh sau:
13.26.1. Dng chai thy tinh hoc nha trng c dung tch 0,5 L hoc 1 L;
13.26.2. Dng nt chai l thy tinh nhm, nt nha, nt cao su hoc nt bc;
13.26.3. Trc khi s dng cc chai, l v nt phi x l nh sau:
- Ra bng dung dch x phng m, nu chai l c cn cng bm vo thnh phi dng a xt HCI (5-10%) kh b
cn trc khi ra.
- Sc ra bng nc trong nhiu ln;
- Trng li hai ln bng nc ct;
- Dc cho kh nc ri y nt kn;
CH THCH: i vi cc mu nc th nghim cho cc mc ch khc vi quy nh iu 13.27 th cn nghin
cu x l chai l mt cch thch ng.
13.27. Khi ly mu nc trong l khoan cn lm y cc vic sau:
13.27.1. Dng nhit k bin i chm hoc nhit k thng t sn trong chai hoc lp sn vo dng c ly mu.
chnh xc ca nhit k ti 0,5C.
13.27.2. Ra sch, lp rp v kim tra s hot ng ca dng c ly mu.
13.27.3. Th dng c ly mu vo l khoan ly nc trng dng c, chai l. Tn dng ly nc trng pha
trn mt mt cch nh nhng trnh xo ng tng nc.
13.27.4. o nhit khng kh thi im ly mu.
13.28. C th dng mt trong hai dng c chuyn dng sau y ly mu nc, ng thi ly mu nc theo
quy nh sau:
13.28.1. Dng dng c Ximonov:
- Th di ca dng c vo l khoan ti su quy nh;
- Th tip phn xi lanh cha nc;
- Lc dy cp vi ln cho cc b phn vo khp vi nhau;
- Ko ng Ximonov ln;
- Lp mt u ng cao su vo b phn tho nc ca di, cn u kia th xung tn y chai ng mu
(chai thp hn ng ng mu Ximonov);
- M van cho nc t ng Ximonov chy vo chai ng mu;
i vi nhng chai th nghim cc thnh phn d b mt mt hoc bin i th phi ly trc, ng thi phi
nc chy trn ra ngoi mt lng bng mt na dung tch chai.
CH THCH: Khng c dng cch rt nc t ng ly mu vo chai hoc chuyn t chai ny sang chai khc.
13.28.2. Dng h thng chai lin hon:
- Th dng c n su quy nh. Ko dy m van thot kh cho nc vo chai;
- Sau khi nc vo y chai (khng cn trng hoc nghe thy ting bt si) th chng dy m van ng
ng thot kh v ko dng c ln;
- c nhit nc, ly chai ra khi dng c v dng nt y kn;
- nh s th t cc chai k t di ln;
CH THCH:

27
a) Khng c chuyn nc t chai ny sang chai khc;
b) Khi khoan vo lp cha nc l t ri rc, thnh l khoan khng n nh phi dng ng chng th su
chn ng chng c coi l su ly mu nc;
Trong trng hp ny phi tn lng th dng c ly mu nc xung tn chn ng chng;
c) Khi khoan vo lp cha nc l t n nh, khng phi dng ng chng th su ca mu nc l
su th dng c ly mu;
13.29. Khi ly mu nc mt, cn theo nhng quy nh sau y:
13.29.1. Nu ly mu nc h ao, sng ngi th phi ly ch cch mp nc t nht 2 m v phi ly ng v
tr quy nh.
13.29.2. Khi ly mu nc ngun nc c lu lng rt nh v dc thoi th phi o mt h su gia
ngun nc nh ly, sau i nc tng i trong ri mi ly. H o phi tht su c th t ngp ton
b dng c ly nc vo trong nc.
13.29.3. Khi ly mu nc cc vi chy, trc ht phi m vi cho nc chy khong 10 min. Sau ni di
vi chy bng ng cao su cho nc chy trc tip vo chai cho n khi nc chy trn ra khi chai mt lng
ln hn 1/2 dung tch ca chai th mi thi (nu vi chy ln th lun ng cao su vo trong vi).
13.30. ng mu th nghim nc ngm t nhin theo trnh t v quy nh di y:
13.30.1. Mt chai 1 L th nghim lng CO2, t do v tr s pH (hoc 2 chai 1/2 L, ly chai 1 v 2 trong h
thng chai lin hon). Nc trong chai phi tht y, (khng cn khng kh trong chai sau khi y nt) v
trn phiu mu ca cc chai ny phi ghi r (mu phn tch pH v CO2). Phi ng gi cc chai ny ngay sau
khi ly mu ln.
13.30.2. Mt chai mu th nghim CO2 n mn: cho 400 ml nc vo chai 1/2 L v t 3 g n 5 g bt ccbnt
can xi (bt vi). Khi ly mu bng dng c chai lin hon th ly chai th 3 lm mu ny v trn phiu mu
phi ghi thm Phn tch CO2 n mn.
13.30.3. Cc chai mu nc ngm t nhin cn li, sau khi ly y nc, cn bt i mt t sao cho mt
nc cch y nt 1cm v dn phiu mu c ghi r Phn tch thnh phn ha hc.
13.31. i vi cc chai mu nc sau khi ly ln phi ly vi mn nhng paraphin, bc kn nt v ming chai
ri dn phiu mu ngoi chai. Ghi vo phiu mu bng mc khng nhe y cc mc ca mu nc, ri
trng paraphin. Quy cch phiu mu nc theo Ph lc K.
D. Mu lu
13.32. Mu lu c coi l vt chng gc lm cn c khi nghim thu cng trnh khoan thm d, khi chnh l
ti liu v khi cn thit phi kim tra sau ny.
13.33. Ly mu lu theo cc yu cu sau:
13.33.1. i vi mi lp t t nht phi ly mt mu lu v mu ny phi i din cho on ly mu.
13.33.2. i vi lp t dnh ly mt mu lu v ghi ng su ly.
13.33.3. i vi t ri, c mi hip khoan ly mt mu lu v ghi theo khong su ca hip khoan. Trng
hp c s chia lp trong hip th phi ly mu lu thm cho tng lp trong hip.
13.33.4. Khi ly mu th nghim th ng thi kt hp ly mu lu.
13.33.5. i vi t dnh th kt hp ly t tha u di mu th nghim lm mu lu.
13.33.6. Nu thay i tng hay c s thay i v mu sc, trng thi ca t, thnh phn ht, vt ln v.v... cng
phi ly mu lu.
13.34. Mi mu lu cn ly khi lng t tng ng vi mu c kch thc 5 cm x 5 cm x 4 cm (c gng gi
nguyn kt cu, khng nhi nn) ri dng giy gi v trng paraphin bn ngoi hoc cho vo ti nilon buc cht.
13.35. mu lu phi c hai phiu mu in sn vit bng mc khng nhe (hoc giy trng vit bng mc khng
nho) nhng paraphin hoc b vo ti ni lon, t mt phiu trc tip vo mu t v dn mt phiu bn ngoi.
Phiu mu lu theo Ph lc K.
13.36. Thi gian lu cc loi mu phi thc hin theo cc quy nh hin hnh.
14. Cng tc kt thc l khoan

28
14.1. Quy nh chung
14.1.1. Cng vic kt thc ca mt l khoan bao gm:
- Nghim thu l khoan;
- Lp l khoan;
- Tho dn dng c my mc;
- Vn chuyn my mc, dng c n v tr mi.
14.2. Nghim thu l khoan
14.2.1. Tt c cc l khoan sau khi khoan xong u phi c nghim thu. Cng tc nghim thu l khoan bao
gm cc ni dung sau:
- V tr, cao v su l khoan;
- Cc loi mu t, , nc;
- Cc nhim v k thut c quy nh trong bn phng n k thut khoan;
- Cc ni dung ghi chp trong nht k khoan, s k thut v cc vn bn khc.
Cc ni dung trn phi c kim im y da theo yu cu k thut ca bn phng n k thut v quy
trnh khoan.
14.2.2. Khi nghim thu l khoan phi c cc thnh phn sau:
14.3.1. i din ca n v ch qun;
14.3.2. T trng t khoan (hoc t ph) v th k khoan;
Trc khi t chc nghim thu, T khoan c nhim v lm cng tc chun b (theo nh ni dung iu 14.2).
Sau khi nghim thu xong phi lp bin bn theo ng quy nh.
14.3. Lp l khoan
14.3.1. i vi hu ht cc l khoan sau khi c nghim thu, u c lp hon li :
- Bo m gi nguyn hoc hn ch cc bin i v tnh cht v trng thi ca a tng, v cc trng thi thy
nhit trong cc lp t.
- Bo m an ton trong sinh hot v sn xut ca nhn dn a phng.
- Bo m tnh n nh cho cng trnh v s xy dng sau ny trong khu vc c l khoan.
14.3.2. Nu trong bn phng n k thut khoan khng c yu cu c bit th sau khi khoan xong mt l khoan
cn tin hnh lp l theo cc quy nh sau:
- Dng loi t tng ng vi loi t ca tng lp t trong l khoan lp, ring i vi phn l khoan qua
, dng t st hoc t st pha nng lp;
- Khi lp bng t dnh, phi p nh hoc vin t thnh hn c c to bng 1/2 n 1/3 ng knh l khoan.
- Phi tr dn vt liu lp l vo l khoan tng mt mt ri kch ng chng ln cng tng mt mt cho n khi lp
ht l;
- Khng c t o vo l khoan trnh lm tc l.
14.3.3. Sau khi lp l khoan xong phi ghi vo s k thut. Trng hp trong phng n k thut khoan c
yu cu lp l c bit th sau khi lp l khoan xong phi lp bin bn theo mu ph lc M.
14.3.4. Trong qu trnh lp l khoan phi thng xuyn theo di, ghi chp vo nht k khoan v su, nguyn
liu, b dy ca lp t lp l.
14.3.5. i vi cc l khoan sau khi khoan xong cn phi lu li thu thp s liu (nh quan trc mc nc,
bm ht nc, th nghim v.v...) u phi lm np y c kha bo v l khoan.
14.4. Cng tc tho dn dng c, my mc
14.4.1. i vi my khoan khng thuc dng t hnh khi tho dn my mc dng c khoan cn theo trnh t sau:
- Xp dn ngh v dng c khoan;

29
- Tho cc my khoan, my bm, my n, xt xi;
- Tho v h thp khoan.
i vi cc my khoan t hnh khi kt thc mt l khoan v chuyn sang v tr khc cn thc hin cc yu cu
sau:
a/ Tt my khoan v ko tay gt sang v tr trung bnh;
b/ Nu khoan vi dung dch st, cn ra sch my khoan;
c/ Tt my bm xong tt my n;
d/ Thu dn dng c khoan;
e/ H thp khoan;
f/ Nng b sau ca khung ln;
g/ Nng kch ln.
14.4.2. Khi xp dn dng c khoan cn lm cc cng vic sau y:
- Xp t ring bit cc loi dng c, ng chng, cn khoan v.v....
- Phn loi cht lng dng c, th no h hng t sa cha c th b tr ngi lm ngay, th no h hng
khng th sa cha c, cn c thu xp li v gi v ni sa cha quy nh:
- Kt hp lm cng tc bo dng v bo v dng c nh lau chi, bi m vo cc u ren, lp cc u bo v
vo ng chng v.v...
- Cc ngh, dng c nh d ri, d tht lc (nh cc loi cl, km, ba v.v...) phi c cha vo hm g c
np y.
14.4.3. Khi tho d my mc phi tun theo cc quy nh di y:
- Khng dng ba ln tho cc b phn hoc chi tit my;
- i vi cc b phn, chi tit my nh d ri, d tht lc (inh c, ming m, cht, ng dn du v.v...) khi
c tho ra phi bo qun cn thn. Nu c th th tho ch no nn vn ngay vo ch trnh tht lc,
mt mt;
- i vi cc b phn chi tit my d b h hng, t gy phi c bin php bo v che chn;
- i vi cc loi ng l ra ngoi nh ng dn du ng x v.v... phi nt vo cn thn phng cc vt
nh, bi bn ri vo.
14.4.4. Khi h thp khoan phi lu nhng im sau:
- i vi cc loi thp khoan ri khng gn lin vi my khoan, nht thit phi tho d dn t trn xung di.
Cc thanh dng lin kt hai chn c nh ch c tho ra sau khi thp khoan c h xung mt t;
- i vi thp khoan ca my khoan t hnh, trc khi h thp khoan phi tho ta hai chn thp khoan,
ko tay gt sang v tr h thp khoan sau mi h thp khoan.
- Khi h thp khoan phi h t t v phi c ngi ng ngoi ch huy chung m bo an ton cho ngi v
thit b.
14.5. Cng tc vn chuyn
14.5.1. Mi cng trnh khoan xong u phi thc hin nghim thu, sau mi c chuyn i lm cng trnh
mi.
14.5.2. Trc v sau khi vn chuyn my mc, dng c khoan n cng trnh mi, phi tin hnh kim k ton
b ti sn. Nu c mt mt h hng phi lp bo co gi v n v ch qun.
14.5.3. Cng tc khing vc, bc xp v vn chuyn thit b dng c khoan phi c thc hin theo iu 5.3 v
5.4.

Ph lc A
(Tham kho)
Bn thit k l khoan

30
Tn c quan kho st thit k
S hiu l khoan:.
Ta l khoan:..
Thuc cng trnh:
S hiu bn nhim v hay phng n k thut khoan:..
Th tlp su Mt ct a Tn t v cc Phng Gia c Yu cu ly Ghich
lp d cht d c trng v php khoan thnh l mu v th
kin kin tnh cht trng v ch khoan nghim ti ch
thi khoan

Ngi thit k Ph trch k thut Th trng

Ph lc B
(Tham kho)
Bn ghi kt qu xc nh v tr v cao l khoan
(Cho mt l khoan hoc mt nhm l khoan)
Tn c quan kho st thit k
S hiu l khoanTa l khoan X (hoc l trnh)
Cng trnh... Y
A. S ng sn, mng tam gic v cc cc mc s dng
Ta ca cc mc
Tn cc mc Cao ca cc mc Ghi ch
X Y

Ngi tnhNgi thc hin

Ngi sotNgi kim tra.

Ph lc C
(Quy nh)
Xc nh dc ta luy nn khoan
A. Ta luy nn p
Khi chiu cao ta luy nn p di 4 mt th dc ta luy ca nn p c quy nh trong Bng C-1 v nhng
ch thch km theo:

31
 Bng C-1
dc ta luy
Vt liu dng p nn Nn p Nn p trn kh s Nn p trong
trn kh ngp nc nc
- t st v t st pha 1:1.25 1:1,50 1:1,75
- t st pha 1:1,25 1:1,50 1:1,75
- Ct bt, ct nh 1:1,50 1:1,75 1:2,0
- si cui, tri ng 1:1,0 1:1,25 1:1,50
- dm, hc ng 1:1,0 1:1,25 1:1,50
- tng xp, hc xp 1:0,75 1:1,0 1:1,25
CH THCH:
1. dc ta luy ca cc loi t dnh v t ri ghi trong bng trn ng vi iu kin t p phi c dm vi
h s dm nn bng hoc ln hn 0,85 (K>0,85).
t p nn cn c m thch hp, xp x m tt nht v cn chia lp m cht.
Phn p trong nc c th p bng cch ln dn v dng xa, xm cht. Khi dng t dnh p trong nc
th lp trn mt nn dy 0,3 mt phi chia lp m cht.
2. Khi chiu cao p thp (khong 1-2 mt) th c th xt gim dc ta luy quy nh trong bng trn mt cp
t 0,10 n 0,25 (1: m-0,10; 1: m-0,25, vi m l cotang ca gc dc ta luy quy nh).
3. Khi p cao trn 4 mt phi thit k theo tnh hnh c th.
B. Taluy nn o
Khi chiu cao laluy nn o di 4 mt, xc nh dc taluy quy nh trong Bng C-2 v nhng iu ch thch
km theo:
Bng C-2
Tnh cht ca t
Loi t ta luy Ghi ch
Cht ch Cht va Xp
- t st v t st pha 1/0,50 1/0,75 1/0,75 1/1,0 1/1,0 1/1,50
- t ct pha 1/0,75 1/1,0 1/1,0 1/1,25 1/1,25 1/1,50
- Ct 1/1,0 1/1,25 1/1,25 1/1,50 1/1,50 1/1,75
- Cc loi phong ha
+ Nng 1/0,50 1,075
+ Va 1/0,25 1/0,50
+ Nh 1/0,10 1/0,25
- si, cui, khng gn kt 1/1,0 1/1,25 1/1,25 1/1,50
- dm, tng, khng gn kt 1/0,75 1/1,10 1/1,0 1/1,25
CH THCH:
1. Cc trng hp bt li nh taluy tng i cao (3 m - 4 m) trn nh ta luy c dc ngang trn 15, khoan trong
ma ma (k c ma xun) hoc trng hp tng c lp nghing ra nn khoan, trng thi ca t
xu, cn dng cc tr s dc thoi ghi cho tng loi t.
2. Khi quyt nh dc ca taluy o nn tham kho cc kinh nghim ca a phng ni khoan.
3. Khi chiu cao taluy o cao hn 4 m cn thit k c th.

32
 Ph lc D
(Quy nh)
Phn cp t theo khoan
Tc
Cpt Tn t Loi t i din khoan
(m/h)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
- t trng trt khng c r cy;
I t xpmm - Bn, than bn; 8,5
- Cc loi t b ri: ct nh, t pha khng c si sn, hong th.
- t trng trt ln r cy hoc ln mt t si, cui nh, di 3 cm;
- Ct chy khng p lc, ct nn cht;
II tchtva - t ct pha v st pha cha di 20% cui hoc dm nh, di 3 4,5
cm;
- t st cht va.
- t st, st pha v ct pha cha trn 20% cui hoc dm, nh hn
hay bng 3 cm;
- t st cng;
- Ct chy c p lc, hong th cht;
- st c nhiu lp kp l ct kt gn kt yu hoc st vi (c
III tcngmmb chiu dy di 5cm); 2,3

- bt kt, ct kt gn kt bng st hoc vi khng cht;

- Than mm, than nu;
- Thch cao tinh th nh, thch cao b phong ha dng t;
- Qung mng gan, qung st xi ha b ri magnesit
- Si sn ln nhng ht cui nh ca trm tch;
- bt kt, cha st. ct kt cha st, st vi;
- vi c l hng hoc tuf;
- st; st cha ct. st cha than.
IV mm 1,5
- Than cng va; than nu cng; cao lanh nguyn sinh; thch cao
kt tinh.
- unt v pritt, phong ha mnh.
- Magnesit cht xt
- t ln nhiu dm cui;
- st, t st nn cht rt cht v cha nhiu ct.
- bt kt, ct kt gn kt bng vi.
- Than cng, ngtraxit.
V hirn 1,10
- Cc loi phin c thnh phn st-mica, mica, clort, clort-st,
xrixt.
- Secpngtinit; Secpngtinit ha.
- unit b phong ha.
VI rnva - st cht st c cc lp kp lmt v xirit; 0,65

33
 - st silic ha yu;
- bt kt; ct kt felspat; ct kt vi;
- Cui ca trm tch;
- vi st;
- Cc loi phin thnh phn st-xrixt; thch anh-mica; phin
mica;
- Porphyrit, gabr clorit ha v phn phin;
- unt khng b phong ha; pritit b phong ha;
- Qung st nu c l hng ln.
- Cui ca magma v bin cht;
- cui c di 50% cui macma ximng ct st, cui kt c cui
l trm tch v xi mng vi;
- ct kt thch anh;
- lmt, vi;
- ct kt felspat v vi silic ha;
VII rn 0,50
- phin silic ha yu thnh phn mphibn magnesit, hornblend,
clorit hornblend...
- Porphyrit pophyr phn phin yu; Porphyrit pophyr phong ha;
- Granit, xint, diorit, gabr v cc magma khc c ht th, ht va
b phong ha;
- Qung st nu nhiu l hng.
- cui kt ca magma, xi mng vi;
- lmt silc ha, vi silic ha;
- Cc loi phin silic ha, thnh phn thch anh- clort, thch anh-
xrixt, thch anh clorit-xrixt;
- Gneis, Hmatt - magnesit;
VIII rtrn 0,30
- Bazan phong ha; iabaz porphyr;
- Andt;
- irit diabaz b phong ha nh;
- Pritt, granit, xint, gabr ht nh b phong ha v ht va v th
b phong ha nh.
- cui kt ca mac ma, ximng silic;
- vi skarn. ct kt, vi, lmt silc ha;
- phin silc. Quarzt magnesit v hmatt gii mnh
- sng mphipbn- magnesit v xrixt ha;
IX cngchc 0,20
- Tra chit, porhy silic ha. iabaz kt tinh mn;
- Cc liparit, granit nh, vigranit, grant ht nh, grant-gnai, irt,
iabaz... b phong ha nh v ht va khng b phong ha;
- Bazan b phong ha nh
- tri, tng ca magma v bin cht.
X rtcngchc - Ct kt thch anh rn chc; 0,151
- Quarzit khng u ht. Thch anh dng mch.

34
 - Lipart, rilit, grant, grantgneis, grandiort ht nh; vigrant; permatt
cht st, Porphyrt thch anh ha v sng ha mnh;
- Qung manhtt v mactt cht xt c kp cc lp cng;
- Qung st nu silic ha. Bazan rn chc.
- phin silic;
XI - Quarzdt - sng cha st rt cng; 0,10
- Thch anh rn chc
XII cckcng - Ngc bch, sng, corindon, quarzit hon ton khng b phong ha. 0,04

Ph lc E
(Quy nh)
Phn loi ht (hn) theo kch thc
(TCVN 5747)
Tn nhm ht Kch thc (mm) Phng php xc nh n gin
tng Ln hn 300 o bng thc di v c lng bng mt
Cui (trn cnh) v dm (sc cnh) 150 300
Si (trn cnh) v sn (sc cnh) 2 50 - Phn loi bng mt so vi bng mu c ht
(vi c ht nh cn dng thm knh lp)
Ht ct (trn cnh v sc cnh) 0,06 2
- Ry qua sng
Ht bi 0,002 0,06 Phng php lng
Ht st < 0,002 Phng php o n th tch
Tp hp ca cc ht
Ht mn
bi v ht st
Cc ht c kch thc
Ht th ng knh ln hn
ht bi
CH THCH:
C th kt hp phng php lng v phng php o n th tch xc nh thnh phn ht bi c trong
t, do c th xc nh tn t ca cc loi t dnh mt cch tng i chnh xc ni xa phng th
nghim...

Ph lc G
(Quy nh)
Nhng du hiu xc nh tn t hin trng
Loi t c im ca t khi kh c im ca t khi m
- Khi p th t v thnh mnh c - Khi ct bng dao hoc mit th b mt lng
cnh trn khng c vt xc.
t st - Rt kh mit trong tay thnh bt - Rt do, d v thnh si di ng knh
nh di 1 mm. D ln thnh hnh cu nh.
- Trng thi cng rn
- Dnh bt.
- Khi p hoc bp bng tay th t b - Khi ct bng dao th b mt nhn mn,
t st pha v vn thnh nhng mu khng c nhng cm thy c cc ht ct nh, c vt
cnh xc.

35
 - Nhn thy c nhng ht ct
- Khi bp hoc mit d v thnh bt
- Thnh phn ht khng ng nht,
t ct pha
cc ht ct ln hn 0,25 mm chim
u th.
- Ri rc. Nu c dnh kt thnh cc
th ch bp nh l v.
t ct bi - Lc trong lng bn tay th li
nhiu ht bi
- Ri rc.
Cc loi ct - C th phn chia thnh cc nhm - i vi ct m c th c dnh biu kin
si cui ht bng mt thng v bng mu c nh.
ht hoc bng ry.
- V c cc si ng knh nh nhng
dnt thnh on.
- Khi ct bng dao th b mt x x.
- Kh v thnh si nh 2-3 mm. Si t c
vt nt trn mt v d v.
- Hi do.
- Khng do.
- Khi b m khng ng k th c dnh biu
kin nh.
- Khi qu m th d chy lng.
- Khng ln c thnh si 2-3 mm.
- Khng do.
- Khng ln c thnh si.

Ph lc H
(Quy nh)
Xc nh trng thi v tnh cht ca t ti hin trng
Bng H-1 Xc nh trng thi ca t st v t st pha
Trng thi Du hiu nhn bit
Cng v na cng p d v ra tng cc, bp trong tay t b vn. N30 >30; N30 = 16 30
Do cng Khi b mt thi t, t b cong ri mi gy. Cc t ln dng tay kh nn
c thnh hnh theo mun. N30 = 9 15
Do mm Dng tay nn c thnh hnh khng kh, hnh dng nn c vn gi
nguyn theo thi gian. N30 = 5 8
Do chy Nn v v b dnh bn; t trn mt phng nghing, t b chy thnh lp
dy (dng ci li). N30 = 2 4
Chy Kh nn thnh hnh v kh gi nguyn trng, t ln mt phng nghing,
t chy thnh lp. N30 2

Bng H-2 Xc nh m ca t ri
m Du hiu
Kh Khng cm thy c nc. Nm trong tay ri m ra th t li ri rc ngay.
Hi m Nm trong tay c cm gic lnh. Nm li ri m tay ra, lc lc t trong lng bn
tay th t v ra thnh tng cc nh. t t giy thm di cc t th ch sau mt
lc lu giy mi b m.
m t Nm trong tay thy m t, sau khi m tay ra t cn gi nguyn hnh dng mt
lc mi v. t t giy thm di t th giy b m t rt nhanh v c cc vt
cu bn.
Bo ha Thy nc r rng, lc t trong lng bn tay th t ra ra hoc vn li thnh cc
trn, nc chy ra t t.
Qu bo ha yn t do t ri ra, chy lng, nc rt nhiu v chy ra t cc khe hng.

36
Bng H-3 Xc nh cht ca t ri trong khi khoan
cht Du hiu
Rt cht ch Cho ng mu c van ri t do th ng ny ln, ting vang anh gn, p van nhiu
ln mi xung c, xoay ng chng xung rt chm. Ct khng mt cht vo u
ng mu c van. N30 > 50
Cht ch Cho ng mu c van ri t do c ting vang trm. Xoay ng chng xung chm.
Ct khng mt vo u ng mu c van. N30 = 30 50
Cht va Cho ng mu c van ri t do c ting vang trm c. ng thnh khng xoay cng
xung c mt t. Ct mt u ng mu c van. N30 = 10 29
Xp (ri rc) Cho ng mu c van ri t do khng c ting vang, c cm gic mm, ng chng
t tt xung trc mi ng mu c van, ct mt cht vo u ng mu c van.
N30 <10

Bng H-4 Phn loi khe nt theo mt (c th tham kho nu cn) nh sau
Phn loi Khong cch trung bnh gia cc khe nt
Rt t T 5 m n 10 m
t T 1 m n 5 m
Nhiu T 0,1 m n 1 m
Rt nhiu T di 0,1 m

Ph lc I
(Tham kho)
Hng dn ghi chp nht k khoan v mu ca nht k khoan
I. Mu nht k khoan
A. Ba trc nht k
Tn c quan KSTK

NHT K KHOAN

- Tn cng trnh: S hiu l khoan:

- L trnh (hoc ta ): Bn tri: m
Bn phi: m
- a im: Giai on kho st:
- Ngy khi cng: Ngy hon thnh:

S HA V TR L KHOAN

37
 T trng

B. Ba sau nht k
TNH HNH CC LP CHA NC
(Bng ny ch s dng cho kho st a cht thy vn)
su
su (m)
mcnc (m) su
Nhit S Khi
th Ng
n hiu ln Ghi
S hiulpchan sulkhoankh dng y gi
c o mu g ca ch
c Mtl yl Xuthi nn gia i ly mu (m) c ly
n mu
p p n h ly mu
lp (C) c (L)
n
c
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

c im CCT l khoan v vng xung quanh:

Loi my khoan dng:

Loi my bm dng:
Ngi thuyt minh

C. T rut nht k khoan

TN CNG TRNH:.

38
 NHT K KHOAN A CHT CNG TRNH
Tn l khoan: Ngy bt u khoan:
Ta l khoan: X: Y: Ngy kt thc khoan:
Cao l khoan: su nc ngm (m)
Chiu su l khoan Th k khoan:

Tn Chiu di
Thi gian ng
cngvic, hip Th nghim SPT
lm vic chng
c im khoan
trong qu
Th B Hnh M t
trnh khoan su
t dy tr l a
(tc y 0- 150- 300-
T n T n lp lp lp khoan tng
T n khoan, mn TCR% RQD% 150 300 450 N
khoan,dung (m) (m) (m) (m) su
mm m mm
dch khoan,
s c..)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (1

III. Hng dn ghi nht k:

A. Cch ghi chp cc mc t ba nh sau:
1. Tn cng trnh: Ghi r tn cng trnh chnh v b phn c nu trong bn phng n k thut.
2. L trnh: Ghi l trnh hoc ta l khoan.
3. Giai on kho st: Ghi theo giai on kho st c ra bn phng n k thut khoan:
V d:
- Nghin cu tin kh thi
- Nghin cu kh thi
- Thit k k thut
- Thit k bn v thi cng...
4. S hiu l khoan v tn cng trnh: Ghi theo ng s hiu l khoan v tn cng trnh phng n k thut
khoan.
5. su thit k l khoan: Ghi theo su c quy nh bn phng n k thut khoan.
6. su thc t ca l khoan: Ghi su thc t ca y l khoan.
7. S ha v tr l khoan: Th hin r cc yu t sau:
- Cc yu t o c c dng xc nh v tr l khoan, cc mc, ng sn, tam gic nh v (gc v
cnh) vv...

39
- a hnh a vt gn l khoan (Ch n cc a vt bn vng, c nh).
B. Cch ghi chp cc ct trong nht k
1. S liu ghi cc ct phi c lin h ngang vi nhau
2. Trong mt ct phi ghi th t, t trn xung di, theo trnh t trin khai cng vic, tin trin ca thi gian v
tng chiu su ca l khoan.
3. Khi mt dy s ca mt ct no ch c lin h vi mt dng ngang th dng du ( ) lin h vi nhau.
4. Trc khi ghi chi tit thi gian v cng vic theo cc ct dc v ngang, phi ghi ngy, thng, nm v tn mi
ngi trong kp khoan trong phm vi cc ct 1, 2, 3 theo hng ngang.
5. Cch ghi cc ct 1, 2, 3: Ch phn bit v ghi r tng loi cng vic.
- i vi cng tc khoan thun ty: Ghi r phng php khoan: dng, p, khoan xoay bng gung xon vv...
loi mi khoan v ng knh mi khoan c s dng.
- i vi cng tc b tr khoan. Ghi cng vic nng h dng c khoan, ng chng ngn nc, vt l, lp l v.v...
- i vi cng tc ly mu: Ghi r cc loi ng mu v phng php ly mu.
- i vi cng tc o c: quan trc hay th nghim a cht: Ghi r tn tng loi cng vic.
- i vi cc s c trong l khoan: Ghi r nguyn nhn, phng php gii quyt v thi gian gii quyt s c.
- Khi ngng vic ghi r nguyn nhn ngng vic.
6. Cch ghi cc ct 4, 5, 6:
Ct 4: Ghi chiu su mi khoan ng vi dng ghi cng vic ct 3.
Ct 5: Phi o v ghi chiu di thc ca mi khoan sau mt hip khoan.
Ct 6: Ghi kt qu tnh ton chiu su khoan cho mi hip ng vi cng vic khoan ct 3 (ghi ti cm).
7. Cch ghi cc ct 7, 8: o v ghi chiu di mu t ly c v tnh ton t l ly mu so vi chiu di hip
khoan.
8. Cch ghi ct 9, 10, 11, 12: Mi khi lp thm hoc tho xong mt ng chng, phi ghi r ng knh ng chng,
su h t... n..., tng chiu di ng chng cng loi h xung l khoan. Cc s liu ghi ny phi ng vi
cng vic h nh ng chng ct 3.
9. Cch ghi ct 13: i vi mi mu h s (mu lu) u nh s hiu theo th t t trn xung di v ghi s
hiu ln trn gch ngang, phn di gch ngang ghi su ca mu.
Ch : - i vi mu t dnh ghi su thc t ni ly mu.
- i vi mu t ri, ghi khong su ca hip khoan hoc ca lp m mu i din.
- i vi mu ghi su thc t ca mt trn v di ca mu.
10. Cch ghi ct 14: Ghi k hiu t nhn bit vo.
11. Cch ghi ct 15: Ghi cc nhn xt v tn v c im ca tng t (k c c im khi khoan vo a
tng) theo cc yu cu v th t nu di y:
a. i vi t dnh:
Tn t, mu sc, thnh phn v t l ca cc vt xen ln, tnh cht, trng thi, dng cu to, tnh hnh gn kt v
cc c im khc (tnh hnh t ln ca dng c khoan...).
b. i vi t ri:
Tn t, mu sc, thnh phn v dng ca ht, thnh phn khong vt ch yu, thnh phn v t l vt xen ln,
tnh cht, trng thi, tnh hnh gn kt v cc c im khc (tnh hnh ct tri, l thnh v.v...).
c. i vi cc loi :
Tn , mu sc thnh phn khong vt, kin trc, cu to, tnh hnh phong ha, tnh hnh nt n, tnh hnh lin
kt ca v cc c im khc (xc tay khoan, kt khoan, tnh cht mn khoan vv...).
Khi m t t cn ch nhng iu sau:

40
- V tn t theo cc quy nh ph lc v cc du hiu phn bit hin trng (cc ph lc s 8, 9 v 10).
Ring tn , theo cc ti liu chuyn mn khc.
- V mu sc: Cn nu mu sc ch yu c tnh cht i biu ln trc, sau nu tip cc mu ph ca t.
Ty theo mc v dng phn b ca mu ph m dng cc t loang vn im pht.
V d: loang vng, xm vn xanh, pht vng...
- V vt xen ln: Ghi cc thnh phn ph khc vi thnh phn ch yu ca t bao gm cc loi: Vt cht, hu
c, cht mc nt (mn, g mc), kt hch, ct, st, dm sn (si), ln st, cc khong vt d phong ha nh
mica, livin w...
- V dng ca ht cn ghi r trn cnh hay sc cnh.
- V trng thi cn phn bit: Cht ch, cht va, xp.
- V trng thi nn phn bit. Cng, na cng, do cng, do mm, do chy v chy (i vi t st v t st
pha) v kh, t m, m t, bo ha (i vi t ri).
- V tnh hnh gn kt phi ghi r dng gn kt v cht gn kt, mc bn vng.
- V tnh hnh phong ha, nt n cn phn loi phong ha, nt n theo cc ti liu chuyn mn.
- V kin trc, cu to ca phi da vo cc ti liu chuyn mn phn loi.
12. Cch ghi ct 16: Ghi su mi khoan thc t ng vi v tr ct tng.
13. Cch ghi ct 17, 18, 19, 20: Ghi kt qu th xuyn tiu chun (SPT), ng vi dng ghi cng vic ct 3.
trong :
N1, N2, N3 - s ba mi hip xuyn (a mi xuyn xung su 15 cm).
N - tr s xuyn tiu chun (N = N2 + N3).
14. Cch ghi ct 21: phn trn gch ngang ghi k hiu loi mu v s hiu mu (ghi theo th t mu th
nghim).
Phn di gch ngang, ghi r su ca mt trn v mt di mu. i vi mu th nghim ly bng chong
khoan th ghi khong hip ng hoc lp ly mu i din.
15. Cch ghi ct 22: Ghi ch b sung hoc gii thch cc im sau:
- S liu c im cc loi mi khoan, ng ly mu, dng c th nghim v.v... c s dng.
- Tnh hnh dung dch khoan, lu lng cp, thot, p sut ca dung dch vv... khi c tnh hnh c bit nh tc
vi bm, s c l khoan cn theo di v ghi cc thng s k thut khoan s dng.
- Cc vn khc xt thy cn ghi r hn.
C. Cch ghi chp t ba sau ca nht k
1. Cch ghi mc tnh hnh cc lp cha nc. Ghi chp tng lp nc. Cn so snh, i chiu, kt hp cc l
khoan phn chia lp cha nc v xt quan h a cht thy vn gia cc lp. ct 12 ghi ch v tnh hnh
lm sch l khoan trc khi ly mu: lng nc bm mc ra, thi gian bm mc v ngy gi tin hnh, loi
dng c dng ly mu.
2. Cch ghi mc c im CCT ti l khoan v vng xung quanh:
a. Ghi cc yu t a cht xt thy c lin quan n tnh hnh, c im a cht cng trnh, thy vn ca l khoan
nh:
Tnh hnh t trn ming l khoan hoc gn , nu r tnh hnh phong ha nt n, th nm ca tng vv...
Tnh hnh lp nc trn mt t v vt l nc di t, ng thi v lin quan gia chng vi nc trong l
khoan.
- Cc hin tng a cht trn mt t c lin quan n tnh hnh a tng trong l khoan.
- Cc du hiu a cht trong l khoan cn ch : gc nghing ca tng , tnh hnh khi khoan vo tng
phong ha, nt n, ni xut hin c nc vv...
b. Tm tt cc din bin bt thng trong khi khoan ca cc kp khoan.
3. Ghi chp v loi my khoan v my bm s dng vo cc mc tng ng.

41
 Ph lc K
(Tham kho)
Cc loi phiu mu
I - Phiu mu t th nghim
Mu t s.....................................................................................................................
Tn cng trnh.................................................................................................................
S hiu l khoan.............................................................................................................
su tn....................................................................
M t.............................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................

II. Phiu mu h s
Tn c quan kho st S hiu mu lu

MU LU su (m)

M t: S hiu l khoan

CNG TRNH:

Ngy ly: Ngy thng nm

III. Phiu mu nc
Tn c quan kho st
Tn cng trnh.........................................
MU NC TH NGHIM
Loi mu th nghim (1)............................. Loi ngun nc (3)...................................
............................................................... V tr ly mu (4).........................................
Mc th nghim (2).................................... su ly nc mu t m n ....... m
............................................................... S lng Chai 1 L ....... 1/2 L
Lng v cht cho thm vo mu............. Chai th (5)................................................
............................................................... .................................................................
Nhit khng kh................................... Thi im ly mu, gi, ngy...............
n v ly mu Ngi ly mu
Nhit lp nc ly mu....................... ............................ .............................
............................................................... ............................ .............................
(1) Ghi r loi mu nc: Nc mi trng n mn, nc sinh hot, nc ni hi, nc trn b tng.
(2) Ghi mc th nghim ca chai: CO2 t do, pH, CO2 n mn, CO2 ha tan hoc cc thnh phn ha hc, tnh
cht vt l khc.

42
(3) Loi ngun nc, sng, sui, ao h, nc di t, nc ngoi.
(4) Ghi l trnh v khong cch n tuyn cng trnh.
(5) Chai th: Ghi th t ca chai mu theo quy nh.

Ph lc L
(Tham kho)
Bin bn s c l khoan v gii quyt s c l khoan
I. Bin bn s c l khoan
Chng ti gm nhng thnh vin sau y:
H v tn Chc v n v
1. - - -
2. - - -
3. - - -
Lp bin bn v trng hp s c l khoan S Ln th.............................
Thuc cng trnh xy ra vo hi gi, ngy thng nm.................

Tn v chc v ca nhng ngi khi cng tc xy ra s c:

H v tn Chc v
1. - -
2. - -
3. - -
- M t tm tt cc trng hp xy ra s c.
- M t t kt cu l khoan trc v sau khi xy ra s c.
- Tnh hnh thit b, dng c vt t: S thc cn li trn l khoan, s a xung l khoan, tnh trng cc thit
b, dng c b h hng c lin quan n s c (khi khoan trn sng cn ch o c cc yu t ca ng chng b
cong).
- Tnh hnh thi tit, kh hu thy vn, a cht v cc nhn t khc c lin quan khi xy ra s c.
- Nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra s c.
- Trch nhim ch yu ca ngi gy ra s c.
- Bin php cu cha s c, kin ngh.

Lm ti ngy thng nm
Nhng ngi lp bin bn k tn

II. Bin bn gii quyt s c l khoan

Chng ti gm nhng thnh vin sau:
H v tn Chc v n v
1. - - -
2. - - -
3. - - -

43
Lp bin bn v vic gii quyt s c l khoan sln th...............................
Cng trnh.theo bin bn s c l khoan lp ngy...........................
do n v gy nn:
a) Bin php gii quyt s c lm:
- Trnh t cng vic lm.
- Cc thit b dng c s dng v nhng kt qu tnh ton ch yu.
b) Tnh hnh l khoan sau khi gii quyt s c: kt cu, su, nghing l khoan vv...
c) Tnh hnh sa cha thit b, dng c, vt t b h hng do s c lm nn. Cc thit b, dng c, vt t mi
c tm thy hoc l c xc nhn l b mt.
d) D ton v tn hi kinh t ca s c, c xt n tin kho st thit k v kinh ph sa cha.
e) Nguyn nhn ch yu v thnh cng (hay tht bi) ca cc bin php cu cha c p dng.

Lm ti Ngy thng nm
Nhng ngi lp bin bn

Ph lc M
(Tham kho)
Bin bn lp l khoan
Chng ti gm nhng ngi c tn di y:
H v tn Chc v
1. - -
2. - -
3. - -
- Theo phng n k thut khoan cng trnhs.
Ngy thng nm ca.
- Sau khi khoan xong chng ti tin hnh lp l khoan mang k hiu vo
higi ngy thng nm
- Trnh t lp l khoan nh sau:
su (m) Tn a tng B dy lp
Ln th Vt liu lp Ghi ch
T n (lp) (m)

- nh gi cht lng lp l khoan ( m bo hay khng m bo cht lng lp l khoan)

Lm ti ngy thng nm
Nhng ngi lp bin bn k

44
 Ph lc O
(Tham kho)
Quan trc v ghi chp mc nc trong l khoan
1. Cng tc quan trc mc nc trong l khoan a cht cng trnh bao gm nhng vic ch yu sau:
- su
- Thi im mc nc xut hin, n nh;
2. Trong qu trnh khoan khi ko ct dng c khoan ln, nu thy t mi khoan hoc nu t m t th phi
xem xt. Nu ng l du hiu ca mc nc xut hin th o v ghi mc nc xut hin vo nht k khoan (khi
khoan c bm ra, nu pht hin tng cha nc phi ngng khoan, mc sch nc hoc mc cho n khi no
nc trong th mi bt u o mc nc).
3. Sau khi khoan qua nh tng cha nc t 0,5 m-1,0 m th ko ct dng c khoan ln v h ng chng n
su ri tin hnh o mc nc n nh. Nn b tr o mc nc n nh vo thi gian ngng vic gia cc ca
vi iu kin y l cn nm trong lp cha nc.
- Mc nc c coi l n nh nu nh kt qu o ca hai ln cch nhau 30 min khng chnh qu 2 cm.
4. Cch o lp ng qu trnh n nh mc nc nh sau:
- Sau khi o mc nc xut hin th o tip mc nc cc thi im 2', 5', 10', 20', 40', 60' tnh t khi o mc
nc xut hin sau c 30' li o mt ln cho n khi kt thc;
- Thi gian o qu trnh n nh mc nc phi ko di cho n khi mc nc n nh, ng thi khng ngn
hn thi gian quy nh sau:
- i vi nc thm nc mnh (Ct, si, cui, nt n nhiu): 3 h.
- i vi t thm nc yu (ct pha, nt n t): 8 h.
5. Phi dng cc dng c o mc nc chuyn dng o mc nc. Nu mc nc nng (khong 4 m - 5 m)
c th dng thc g hoc thc dy o.

Ph lc P
(Quy nh)
Tiu chun k thut ca ng mu thnh mng
(Tiu chun AASHTO T207 hoc ASTM: D 1587)
1. Hnh dng ng ly mu thnh mng

Hnh 2: ng ly mu thnh mng

T l khe h:
A = 25,4 mm (ti thiu)
B = 12,7 mm (ti thiu)
C = 9,52 mm (ng knh)
2. Kch thc ca ng ly mu thnh mng
Bng P-1

45
ng knh ngoi (mm) 50,8 76,2 127
B dy thnh ng 1,24 1,65 3,05
Chiu di ng (m) 0,91 0,91 1,45
T l khe h k (%) 1 1 1
+ ng ly mu thnh mng vi ng knh ngoi t 50,8 mm-88,9 mm c t nht 2 l thng hi b tr i xng
vi nhau v ng knh ngoi t 101,6 mm tr ln c t nht 4 l thng hi b tr vung gc.
+ Thn ng mu (phn t ng ng mu) c chiu di 61,0 cm hoc bng 5 ln ng knh ng mu.
+ ng c ch to bng thp c cng thch hp v chu mi mn tt.

Ph lc Q
(Quy nh)
Tiu chun dng c xuyn SPT
(Theo TCVN 9351)
1. Cc thng s ca thit b SPT nh sau:
- Trng lng ba 63,5 kG;
- Chiu cao ba ri t do 76 cm;
- S ln ng ba N t su xuyn 30 cm (di phn ng 15 cm ban u) c coi l sc chng xuyn.
2. Hnh dng v kch thc ca mi xuyn SPT (ng ly mu b i)

Hnh 3: Mi xuyn SPT

A = 25 mm n 75 mm
B = 450 mm n 750 mm
C = 35 0,15 mm
D = 38 1,5 mm
E = 2,5 + 0,25 mm
F = 51 1,5 mm
G = 16 n 23
3. Tiu chun mi xuyn SPT ng thi l ng mu b i

Ph lc R
(Tham kho)
Tiu chun ch yu ca cc loi cn v ng khoan
A. Cn khoan v u ni cn khoan

46
1. Ren
a) Ren ca cn khoan v u ni cn khoan phi , khng b vnh m, st bp. Khi lp ni vi nhau phi vn
c ht ren v phi kht cht.
b) Cp cht lng ca ren cn khoan v u ni cn khoan c th nh gi s b theo s vng cn phi vn t
nht khi tho lp cn khoan k bng di y:
S vng phi vn t nht (R)
Cp cht lng theo s vng phi vn t nht
Cn 42 Cn 50 Cn 63,5
I 4 4 4
II 3 3 3
III 1,5 1,5 2
S vng cn phi vn t nht khi tho lp cn khoan khng c t hn 1,5 vng.
2. ng knh cn khoan v u ni
Cp cht lng cn khoan v u ni nh gi bi mn theo chiu ng knh xc nh theo bng
mn ln nht ca cc c cn mn ln nht ca u ni theo
Cp cht lng khoantheo chiu ng knh (mm) chiu ng knh (mm)
theo mn u ni u u
Cn 42 Cn 50 Cn 60,3 Cn 63,5
42 v 50 ni60,3 ni63,5
I 0,8 1 1 1,1 1,5 1,5 3
II 1,5 2 1,8 2,3 3 3 5
III 2,5 3 2,5 3,5 5 5 7
Ghi ch:
1. Cc cn khoan c cp cht lng t cp III tr ln c dng khoan xoay ti su 300 m vi ng knh
l khoan t 112 mm n 70 mm.
2. Cc cn khoan, u ni c cng cp cht lng phi c xp ring thnh b bo qun v s dng cho
hp l.
3. cong ca cn khoan c xc nh bng tr s (f) tng ng vi cung chiu di 1 m, cong cho php ca
cn khoan khng c qu 1 mm.
B. ng khoan (ng chng, ng mn khoan v.v...)
1. Ren: Phi bo m cc quy nh v ren nu im a mc 1, phn A ca ph lc ny. Ngoi ra chiu cao
v chiu rng phn chn ren phi bng hoc ln hn 1,5 mm.
2. cong cho php ca ng khoan khng c vt qu 1/1000 chiu di ca ng.
3. mo cho php ca cc loi ng, khng k phn c ren, khng c ln hn 3% ng knh danh ngha,
trong mo c xc nh bng hiu s gia ng knh ln nht v nh nht o c trn ng khoan.
4. ng chng mi, ng chng sa cha li cn c kim tra thng sut trc khi dng. Kim tra thng
sut bng cch cho b mi khoan (ng mu c van, mi khoan c ng mu v ng mn khoan) c ng knh
thp hn mt cp thng qua.
on ng chng kim tra phi c chiu di t nht 3 ln chiu di b mi khoan.
Khi kim tra phi ln lt cho tng b mi khoan thng qua lng ng chng theo 4 hng thng gc vi nhau.

Ph lc S
(Tham kho)
Cng thc tnh ton neo v ko phng tin ni
1. Tnh ton tr lc ca dng nc i vi phn ngp nc ca phng tin ni, R 1

47
 (N) (1)
trong :
n - Trng lng th tch nc, ly n = 10000 N/m ;
3

f - H s ma st (vi phng tin bng thp ly f = 0,17, phng tin bng g ly f = 0,25);
s - Din tch mt t ca phng tin (khi tnh ton trong cng thc (1) din tch mt t ca phng tin c
coi l ngp trong nc 1 m). Khi dng thuyn, din tch ny c tnh gn ng theo Cng thc (2);
v - Vn tc di ng tng i ca nc v phng tin ni (m/s);
H s tr lc. Phng tin u vung ly = 10, phng tin c dng dng chy ly = 5;
F - Din tch cn nc ca phng tin, ly bng din tch phn ngp nc ca mt ct ngang ln nht ca
phng tin.
2. Tnh din tch mt t ca thuyn
S = L.(2.T + 0,85.B) (m2) (2)
trong :
L - Chiu di ca thuyn (m);
B - Chiu rng ca thuyn (m);
T - Chiu su ngp nc ca thuyn (m).
3. Tnh sc cn do gi gy ra i vi phng tin (phn trn mt nc), R2
R2 = K2..P (N) (3)
trong :
K2 - H s b sung ly t 0,2-0,1; vi vt c ly K2 = 1,0; vi cc dn lin kt ly K2 = 0,4;
- Din tch n gi (m 2);
P - Lc gi tnh ton trn mt n v din tch (kG/m 2);
4. Tnh chiu di dy neo, L

(m)
trong :
R - Tng tr lc (kG);
q - Trng lng mt mt dy neo (N/m)]
h - Chiu cao t y sng n mt thuyn (m);
Io = 5h
Ix = Chiu di phn dy neo nm trn y sng (m).
Ch :
- on dy neo gn neo ch nn lm bng xch.
- Khi xc nh chiu cao h, cn xt trng hp mc nc c th ln cao nht trong khi khoan.

48
- Khi xc nh tng tr lc cho neo phi xt vi trng hp bt li nht.
5. Chn neo: Xc nh trng lng cn thit cho neo, W
a) Neo st hi qun (c hai mi neo v n ngang):
- Khi y sng l ct:

(N)
- Khi y sng l t:

(N)
b) Neo bng khi b tng hay r :
- Khi y sng l ct:
W = (1 - 1,5)R (N)
- Khi y sng l hoc cui:
W = (2 - 3)R (N)
trong :
W - Trng lng cn thit tnh ton ca neo, N.
R - Tr lc phn b cho neo, N.
6. Chn phng tin lai dt theo cng thc Eps

(J)
trong :
Eps - Cng sut lai dt (J),
R - Tng s lc i vi phng tin (N);
v - Tc di chuyn tng i ca phng tin i vi dng nc (m/s).
CH THCH:
- Tnh ton tng tr lc rt phc tp. Tuy nhin c th tnh gn ng theo cch tnh tr lc cho neo
- Tc lai dt nn ly l 1 m/s.

Ph lc T
(Tham kho)
Trang b my mc, dng c v vt liu tiu hao dng cho ly mu, o c v ghi chp
A. Bng k cc dng c phc v cho cng tc ly mu, o c v ghi chp
(tnh cho mt t khoan)
Bng T-1
STT Tn vt liu - dng c n v S lng
1 ng h c kim giy ci 1
2 Bng en (70 x 100) cm ci 1
3 Cp ba cng c (22 x 32) cm ci 2
4 Cc biu bng phc v tnh ton v tra cu ci 1

49
 5 Bn chn xp c 50 cm x 70 cm v gh xp ci 1
6 Hm ng dng c v ti liu c khong (40x60x20) cm (c th ci 1
lm kt hp vi bn)
7 Thc g di 2-3 m c khc n cm ci 1
8 Thc thp di 10 m-20 m ci 1
9 Dng c o mc nc v chiu su trong l khoan ci 1
10 Dng c o nhit nc trong l khoan ci 1
11 Cc loi dng c ly mu t nguyn trng b 1
12 Dng c ly mu nc kiu ximnv hoc kiu chai lin hon b 1
13 Ni nu paraphin 15-30 cm ci 1
14 Hm chuyn mu t nguyn trng (mi hm ng 6 mu) ci 6
15 Hp ng mu t nguyn trng ci 30 - 50
16 Hm chuyn mu nc (mi hm ng 4 chai lt) ci 2
17 Dao gt t li bng v di 15 cm con 1
18 Thng ng mu t khng nguyn trng ci 40
19 Khay tn c khong (50x50) cm thnh cao 5 cm ci 2
20 Thc thng v thc ch A b 1
+ Cc loi dng c ly mu trang b theo kh nng v tnh hnh a cht c th
+ Cc hp v thng ng mu, d tnh cho 2 b lun chuyn s dng.
B. Bng k cc vt liu tiu hao cn dng cho t khoan
(D tr theo khi lng cng trnh thm d c th)
Bng T-2
S TT Tn dng c vt liu n v Ghi ch
1 Nht k khoan t
2 Nhn mu t nguyn trng t
3 Nhn mu t h s - dng cho t v
4 Nhn mu nc -
5 Bt ch en ci
6 Bt mc -
7 Phn trng hp
8 Sn -
9 S k thut ca t khoan s c 20 x 27cm
10 Vi mn m
11 Paraphin kg
12 Ti ni lng cc c ci
13 Hm ng mu -
14 Hm ng mu t lu -

50
 Ph lc U
(Tham kho)
phng v gii quyt s c trong l khoan
A. QUY NH CHUNG
1. phng cc s c xy ra, iu ch yu l phi bit nhng din bin qu trnh khoan, c im ca cc
lp t khoan qua, ng thi phi chp hnh nghim chnh cc quy nh ca quy trnh khoan.
2. Khi xy ra s c, kp trng v t trng khoan phi tm hiu nhng iu sau y:
- Nguyn nhn v su xy ra s c.
- Tnh trng v th nm ca ct dng c khoan, tnh hnh thnh l khoan on xy ra s c.
3. Khi c s c phi lp bin bn s c v cch gii quyt s c l khoan. Mu v ni dung bin bn tham kho
ti ph lc L.
B. PHNG V GII QUYT S C KT DNG C KHOAN
4. trnh kt dng c khoan (mi khoan, ng v.v...) cn ch :
4.1. Khi khoan vo nhng tng phong ha mnh, cc tng t c th b sp l nhiu, dung dch khng kh
nng bo v thnh th:
- Phi h ng chng v dng loi ng u vt hnh mng nga;
- Khng u ng mn khoan trong on a tng b sp l;
- Nu va khoan va h ng chng th khng c u trn ca ng nm di chn ng chng.
- Khng tho cn khoan nhng tng t b sp l.
4.2. Khi khoan xoay vo tng mm c nhiu mn khoan, phi ch n lng nc ra bm vo l khoan.
Nu thy my bm lm vic khng bnh thng hoc tc quay ca trc khoan gim dn th phi ko ct dng
c khoan ln kim tra my bm v ng dn nc. Khi ko ct dng c khoan ln, khng c tt my bm
ngay m phi ko ln t nht l 2 m-3 m ri mi tt my bm.
Trong trng hp my bm yu, khng thi ht c mn ra khi l khoan th thnh thong phi cho ng mu c
van xung vt ht mn ri mi tip tc khoan.
Khi h b dng c khoan xung y l khoan phi c bit ch v thc hin theo cc hng dn ca nhng ni
dung lin quan.
4.3. Trc khi ly mu phi ngng khoan bm nc ra l khoan cho sch mn khoan ri mi chn v b
mu.
5. Khi mi khoan b kt do mn khoan lng ng hoc do thnh l sp l, c th dng tay khoan hoc thit b
thy lc nng, p, by ln xung nhiu ln ri phi hp gia ti v tay khoan (hoc thit b thy lc) va by va
ko ln.
Nu c th c vn mi khoan quay ng thi bm nc ra vi p lc v lu lng ln nht.
Sau khi dng cc bin php trn m vn khng c, c th cho ng t ngc cu kt nhng nn hn
ch bin php ny.
6. Trong trng hp khng cu kt cho ton b ct dng c khoan c th tho dn cn khoan ri cho khoan
chp ly on dng c khoan cn li. Tho cn khoan n on no phi cn c vo tnh hnh c th m quyt
nh.
7. trnh s c kt khoan khi khoan bng gung xon (do mi khoan ph u ct dng c khoan b mn v
c ng knh bng hoc nh hn ng knh ca gung xon, do s di chuyn ca dy ti chnh vi v tr ban
u so vi ming l khoan, do cc kch chng trong qu trnh khoan b dch chuyn, hoc l khoan b cong do
tng p lc qu ln i vi ct dng c khoan v y l khoan vv...) trong qu trnh khoan cn lu nhng iu
sau y:
7.1. t my khoan tht bng phng.
7.2. Nu nn khoan l t yu, cn phi t thm vn kch chng ca my khoan.
7.3. Thng xuyn theo di l khoan v theo di thng gia gung xon v trc khoan.

51
7.4. S dng cc rng rc kp
8. gii quyt s c kt khoan khi khoan bng gung xon, nu dng mi bin php cu kt thng thng
m vn khng c, c th p dng bin php khoan ngc v tho dn cc on gung xon. Sau ko ton
b ct dng c khoan cn li ln bng ti.
CH THCH:
- Nu p dng cc bin php trn m khng c th phi ngng quay ct dng c khoan ri vo l khoan 2-3
thng nc hoc t m, ct t sau cho khoan xoay ngc v nng dn ct dng c khoan ln.
- Khi ko ct dng c khoan ln bng ti th ng thi dng cc loi cl xoay ct dng c khoan theo hng
ngc chiu kim ng h v tho bt gung xon ra.
9. Khi c s c kt khoan do khoan vo tng t c tnh trng n ln th gii quyt bng cch h ng chng
xung qua on thnh l khoan b x ri la chiu ko mi khoan ln. Nu nng qu th dng kch hoc ti tay
ko (khng c khoan chp v ng t ngc).
10. phng s c kt khi khoan p, ct dng c khoan phi ch nhng im sau:
10.1. Phi h lin tc ng chng sao cho chn ng chng lun lun xung gn u mi khoan v khng c
vai mi khoan xung qua chn ng chng.
10.2. Phi thng xuyn theo di xem c ct tro ra ming ca mi khoan khng. (Nu l khoan vo tng ct)
trnh s c kt khoan.
10.3. Theo di v iu khin ti m thun, trnh hin tng git cp v ng thi lun lun gi cho dy cp cun
u vo tang ti v khng b vn xon.
10.4. Phi thng xuyn iu chnh cp khng cp b chng qu hoc cng qu.
10.5. Khi h b dng c khoan xung th va phi m b phn ly hp ma st va phi hm nh tay ti trnh
hin tng dy cp lng ra theo qun tnh.
11. gii quyt s c kt khoan khi khoan p th p dng cc bin php tng t nh i vi khoan xoay.
Nu l s c ri mi khoan, t cp th gii quyt theo cc bin php nh i vi trng hp t gy dng c
khoan.
C. PHNG V GII QUYT S C T GY DNG C KHOAN
12. Trong qu trnh khoan trnh s c t gy dng c khoan cn ch cc vn sau y:
12.1. Khng s dng loi cn khoan v cc loi ng nt rn hoc mn qu quy nh.
12.2. Khi h b dng c khoan vo l khoan nn ch cho loi mi xung di, loi c ln trn.
12.3. Khi lp cn khoan phi dng cl vn tht cht.
12.4. Khi gii quyt s c bng bin php dng kch hoc bng cch ng t ngc, phi ht sc thn trng va
lm va quan st nu khng thy chuyn phi ngng li tm bin php khc.
12.5. Khi khoan trong tng nt n ln, tng cui si khng u ht hoc khoan li ly mu ri th nn dng
p lc nh tc khoan chm hoc trung bnh.
12.6. Khng c tng p lc dc trc khoan qu ln, khng c tng t ngt tc quay hoc p lc dc
trc.
13. gii quyt s c t gy dng c khoan trong l khoan, ty theo iu kin thc t c th dng cc dng c
sau y, ly ln:
13.1. Ta r ui chut (ren ngoi).
13.2. Ta r hnh chung (ren trong)
13.3. Ta r hnh chung c mc nh hng.
13.4. ng mu c van.
13.5. ng mu, ng chng p tht mt on, a xung chp ly dng c b gy trong l khoan ri cho
chn ly ln.
13.6. Mc cp, km cp v.v...
D. PHNG V GII QUYT S C NG CHNG

52
14. trnh s c ng chng cn ch :
14.1. Trc khi h ng chng cn kim tra ti, dy cp, cc thit b nng h v ng chng.
14.2. Khng c h xung l khoan ng chng cha c t. Khng dng ng chng c t c rng b cn hoc
c hin tng nt rn.
14.3. Khi xoay lc ng chng bng kp khng nn ni tay n qu di.
15. i vi s c ng chng c th p dng cc bin php di y gii quyt:
15.1. Trong trng hp ng chng ri xung l khoan, nu on ri nng, c th cho on ng chng xung
ni trc tip ri ko ln. Nu on ri su th dng ta r rng phi ly ln.
15.2. Nu ng chng b t gy dng ta r rng phi vn vo ko ln. Khi phn di ca ng chng b t
b cht khng ly ln c bng ta r rng phi th c th dng ta r rng tri (lc ny phi dng cn khoan rng
tri) tho on gy ri cho ng chng khc hoc ta- r rng phi xung ni trc tip ko ln.
E. PHNG V GII QUYT S C RI DNG C KHOAN
16. trnh hin tng dng c khoan b ri xung l khoan cn ch :
16.1. Trc khi nng h dng c khoan phi kim tra nhy ca ti, phanh hm, quang mc v cc dng c
nng h khc.
16.2. Khi lp cn khoan, mi khoan, ng mu phi vn tht cht. Nu dng c no c u ren b chn, phi loi
ra trnh tut ren.
16.3. Khi khoan gung xon phi thng xuyn kim tra tnh hnh v cht lng cc cht gia cc on gung
xon v u ni 6 cnh (u ni ny d b ri ra do lc qu ln pht sinh trong qu trnh khoan).
16.4. Khi khoan p phi thng xuyn theo di tnh hnh v cht lng ca dy cp.
16.5. Khi lm vic trn ming l khoan phi thn trng trnh tut tay ri cc ph tng khoan (km, ba, cl, c
vt...) vo l khoan.
16.6. Khi ngh khoan hoc ang sa cha my mc thit b trn ming l khoan phi y kn ming l khoan li.
17. gii quyt s c ri dng c khoan c th s dng cc dng c nu ti im 13 ca Ph lc ny.
i vi cc loi ph tng khoan nh cl, km ba, c vt... ri vo l khoan, ty theo vt ri v tnh hnh thc t c
th dng mi khoan hom, ng mu nhi nha ng hoc t st n xung y l vt ri dnh vo ri li ln.
ly cc on gung xon ri xung y l khoan th dng cn khoan c bit ( c trang b theo my
khoan) v mt on gung xon ( dn hng) cng vi cc chung chp hoc chung c mc nh hng c
rng tri, dng tay p v xoy dn dn ct dng c khoan ngc chiu kim ng h cho n khi cc dng c ny
ngm vo phn dng c b ri trong l khoan. Sau nng dn ton b ct dng c khoan ln bng ti kt
hp vi xoay bng tay theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h.
Khi khoan p hoc lc nng h b dng c khoan m dy cp b t v ct dng c khoan ri xung l khoan
th dng mc xon n hoc kp ly ln. Nu t cp st u nng th dng mc cu ko ct dng c
khoan ln.
G. PHNG V SA CHA LI L KHOAN B CONG
18. phng l khoan b cong cn ch cc im di y:
18.1. My khoan v thp khoan phi c t trn nn bng phng, chc chn khi khoan khng b ln.
18.2. Khng dng cn khoan, ng mu cong qu tiu chun cho php.
18.3. Khi khoan m l hoc ang khoan t tng cng chuyn sang tng mm (hoc ngc li) khng nn khoan
vi tc nhanh v p lc ln qu, nn dng ng mu di khoan.
18.4. Khi khoan gp hang hc phi dng loi ng mu di hn chiu cao ca hang t nht l 0,5 m hoc h ng
chng qua hang ri khoan tip.
19. Nu pht hin thy l khoan b cong phi sa li ngay. Khi sa l khoan cong nn sa li t tng t
tng i mm v c th p dng cc bin php sau:
19.1. Trong tng t mm (t cp I - cp IV) nu l khoan b cong khng nghim trng lm, c th ni di ng
mu hoc lp thm ng mn khoan khoan sa cong.

53
19.2. Nu l khoan b cong trong tng t cng, nn dng va xi mng lp ht on cong. Sau 28 h mi cho
mi khoan c ng mu di xung khoan li.
CH THCH: Khi sa li l khoan cong ch c khoan vi tc chm (s 1) v lc va phi (di 200 N).
H. PHNG S C KHI KHOAN VO A TNG C HANG NG
20. Khi khoan trong vi, lmt, thch cao, cn ch phng hin tng tt bt ng ct dng c khoan.
Nhng hin tng bo hiu sp khoan ti hang loi cacbont l:
- B mt nc t ngt, khoan khng xung.
- Ting my n t qung, khng c ting n y l.
- Mu ly ln c du vt b n mn hoc c thch nh bm vo, hay mu b v nt, t l ly mu rt thp.
21. m bo cht lng k thut ca l khoan khi khoan trong cc tng vi, lmt, thch cao, cn thc
hin cc quy nh sau y:
21.1. Mi hip khoan khng c khoan qu 0,5m.
21.2. Khi ly mu phi thao tc cn thn, nh nhng phng mu ri xung hang.
21.3. Khi ang khoan thy c hin tng khc thng nh nu iu trn th phi ngng khoan, ghi chp k
nhng iu cn thit vo nht k (hin tng, cm gic tay khoan, lng nc ra, su khoan v v...) sau
tip tc khoan vi p lc v tc thp.
21.4. Ghi chp v theo di su khoan cn thn, lin tc c th xc nh v tr ri khi c hin tng ri tt ct
dng c khoan.
21.5. Khoan qua nh hang v khoan n y hang phi ngng khoan o su nh hang, y hang, b dy
hang, m t v ghi chp y cc c im v a tng, a cht thy vn trong hang.
21.6. Khi khoan tip phi tm hiu tnh hnh lp y hang phn on tnh hnh v phm vi pht trin tip
ca hang.
21.7. Khi nng ct dng c khoan ln phi phng s c mi khoan vng phi nh hang.
22. phng l khoan b cong cn p dng cc bin php k thut sau y:
Khi khoan cc hang ln phi dng ng nh hng v mi khoan hp kim khoan. Sau khi khoan qua hang mt
on c th dng tip mi khoan bi.

Ph lc V
(Tham kho)
Kch thc ti thiu ca nn (sn) khoan, khi khoan thng ng
Kch thc (m)
S TT Loi thit b khoan
Nn khoan Sn khoan
1 B khoan tay 4x4 5x5
2 My khoan XJ-100, GX-1T 4x6 5x7
3 My khoan XU-300, CK 6x8 7 x 10
4 My khoan t hnh ZU - 150 6 x 10 7 x 10
5 My khoan YK-12/25 3x3 4x4
CH THCH:
- Kch thc ca nn khoan bng trn cha bao gm kch thc ca bi khoan;
- Khi khoan xin, kch thc nn (sn) khoan phi c ko di thm ty theo xin ca l khoan ng thi
hng ca nn (sn) khoan phi c xc nh theo hng gc phng v l khoan.

MC LC

54
1. Phm vi p dng
2. Ti liu vin dn
3. Thut ng v nh ngha
4. Nguyn tc chung
5. Chun b trc khi khoan
6. Xc nh v tr v cao ming l khoan
7. Lm nn (sn) khoan v lp rp thit b khoan
8. Khoan trn sng nc
9. Quy nh v phng php khoan
10. Nng h dng c khoan
11. Gia c thnh l khoan - chng mt nc v ngn nc trong l khoan
12. Theo di, o c v ghi chp trong qu trnh khoan
13. Ly mu t, , nc
14. Cng tc kt thc l khoan
Ph lc A (Quy nh): Bn thit k l khoan
Ph lc B (Quy nh): Bn ghi kt qu xc nh v tr v cao l khoan
Ph lc C (Quy nh): Xc nh dc ta luy nn khoan
Ph lc D (Quy nh): Phn cp t theo khoan
Ph lc E (Quy nh): Phn loi ht (hn) theo kch thc
Ph lc G (Quy nh): Nhng du hiu xc nh tn t hin trng
Ph lc H (Quy nh): Xc nh trng thi v tnh cht ca t ti hin trng
Ph lc I (Tham kho): Hng dn ghi chp nht k khoan v mu ca nht k khoan
Ph lc K (Tham kho): Cc loi phiu mu
Ph lc L (Tham kho): Bin bn s c l khoan v gii quyt s c l khoan
Ph lc M (Tham kho): Bin bn lp l khoan
Ph lc O (Tham kho): Quan trc v ghi chp mc nc trong l khoan
Ph lc P (Quy nh): Tiu chun k thut ca ng mu thnh mng
Ph lc Q (Quy nh): Tiu chun dng c xuyn SPT
Ph lc R (Tham kho): Tiu chun ch yu ca cc loi cn v ng khoan
Ph lc S (Tham kho): Cng thc tnh ton neo v ko phng tin ni
Ph lc T (Tham kho): Trang b my mc, dng c v vt liu tiu hao dng cho ly mu, o c v ghi chp
Ph lc U (Tham kho): phng v gii quyt s c trong l khoan
Ph lc V (Tham kho): Kch thc ti thiu ca nn (sn) khoan, khi khoan thng ng

55