NGHIN CU NG DNG CA CC B BIN I IN T CNG SUT

VO KHAI THC NGUN PIN MT TRI V IN GI

L Tin Phong, Ng c Minh
TM TT
Nng lng t ngun pin mt tri (PV-Photovoltaic Generation) v ngun in gi (WG-
Wind Generation) thng c khai thc thng qua cc b bin i in t cng sut khc
phc cc nhc im cng nh khai thc c nng lng ti a ca hai loi ngun ny.
Bng vic phn loi b bin i theo hng truyn cng sut, nng lng t PV v WG c th
p ng cho cc ph ti, thay i ch phng np cho kho nng lng hoc ch pht, thu
nng lng so vi li in. Qua , cc b bin i cch ly hoc khng cch ly gia pha
ngun v pha ti s c s dng. Bi bo ng dng thc nghim vi b bin i flyback
khai thc ngun nng lng mt tri.
T kha: Pin mt tri, in gi, b bin i, mt hng, hai hng, cch ly, khng cch ly.
1. Tng quan v vn khai thc ngun AC/DC: B chnh lu dng in xoay
pin mt tri v in gi chiu thnh dng in mt chiu.
in nng pht ra t ngun pin mt tri DC/AC: B nghch lu bin i dng
hoc turbine gi t khi c dng cp in in mt chiu thnh dng in xoay chiu.
trc tip cho ph ti v c trng ca cc Ty theo chc nng ca b bin i, c
ngun ny l khng n nh. Nng lng t th phn chia theo hng (mt hng, hai
ngun PV ch c vo nhng thi im c hng) hay theo yu cu c lp gia cc pha
bc x mt tri (ban ngy) trong khi nng (cch ly, khng cch ly). Kt hp vi cc
lng t ngun WG li c th thu c bt thit b iu khin nh diode, mosfet hay
k ngy m. c im chung ca hai ngun IGBT, cc b bin i in t cng sut ny
ny l lun bin thin theo cc yu t khch ang gip cho ngun pin PV v in gi tr
quan nh cng bc x, nhit , tc nn ph bin hn. Bi bo ny s gii thiu
gi, thi tit ti v tr t tm pin mt tri mt s b bin i in t cng sut v
hay turbine gi. Do vy, chng thng c ang c s dng hin nay.
kt kt vi ph ti hoc li in thng qua 2. Cc b bin i in t cng sut khai
cc b bin i in t cng sut. thc ngun PV v WG
Ngun pin mt tri v in gi c th in nng pht t ngun PV v WG c
c khai thc di dng p ng cho cc khai thc thng qua cc b bin i in t
ph ti ln cn (mt chiu, xoay chiu), kt cng sut. Hnh 2 cho thy s phn loi theo
ni li y cng sut vo li hoc thu hng truyn cng sut cc b bin i trong
nhp cng sut t li phc v cho mc h ngun ny. [4-6]
ch vn hnh h thng. I1 I2 I1 I2
Hnh 1 m t cu trc ca h thng khai + + + +
thc ngun pin mt tri v in gi [1-3].
Ngun - - - -
DC/DC Grid
PV a. Mt hng b. Hai hng
~ Hnh 2. Phn loi BB in t cng sut khai
Ngun DC/AC thc ngun PV v WG
AC/DC Ti
WG
AC
C th thy rng, cc b bin i c
Bus phn thnh hai loi:
Ti AC BB mt hng (hnh 2a): Ch truyn
Kho
DC cng sut theo mt hng nht nh. Dng
nng DC/DC
lng Bus in u vo I1 v u ra I2 ca BB c
DC/DC: B bin i
DCdng in mt chiu quy c ch c gi tr dng. BB ny c
mt chiu.
Hnh 1. M hnh khai thc ngun PV v WG

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dng lin kt ngun PV, WG, ph ti mt
chiu hoc xoay chiu.
BB mt hng (hnh 2b): Cho php
truyn cng sut theo c hai hng (xui
hoc ngc). Dng in u vo I1 v u ra
I2 ca BB c quy c c gi tr dng
(khi truyn ti xui) v c gi tr m (khi
truyn ti ngc). BB ny c dng
lin kt kho nng lng vo thanh ci mt
chiu (thc hin ch phng hoc np)
hoc lin kt thanh ci mt chiu vi li
in (pht in nng vo li hoc nhn in
nng t li).
p ng c yu cu truyn ti cng
sut ca h ngun, cu trc v nguyn l
hot ng ca mt s BB ph hp c
pht trin v ng dng.
2.1. B bin i mt hng
a. B DC/DC khng cch ly:
B boost (hnh 3): [7]
+ +
L D
K C
- -
a. Cu trc mch
iL iout
+ + +
L L
C C
- - -
b. K ng c. K m
Hnh 3. B bin i DC/DC boost
Chuyn mch K ng m theo chu k.
Khi K ng, cun cm c ni vi ngun 1
chiu v cun khng tch nng lng trong
thi gian ton. Khi K m, cun khng gii
phng nng lng qua Diode D ti ti trong
thi gian toff.
Nh vy, thng qua vic iu khin thi
gian ng m ca kha iu khin K, nng
lng c tch phng trong cun cm s
lm cho in p u ra ca b bin i lun
lun tng cao hn so vi in p u vo
theo cng thc (1):
1
Vout = Vin (1)
1 k
t
vi k = on l h s c trng cho
T
khong thi gian dn dng qua kha K.
B buck (hnh 4): [7]
+ +
L
K
D C2
- -
a. Cu trc mch
iL iL
+ + + +
L L
C C
- - - -
b. K ng c. K m
Hnh 4. B DC/DC buck
Trong thi gian m, kha K thng cho
dng i qua, in p mt chiu c np vo
t C2 v cp nng lng cho ti qua cun
khng L. Trong thi gian ng, kha K ng
li khng cho dng qua na, nng lng 1
chiu t u vo bng 0. Tuy nhin ti vn
iL iout c cung cp y in nh nng lng
+
lu trn cun khng v t in do diode khp
- kn mch. Nh vy cun khng v t in c
tc dng lu gi nng lng trong thi gian
ngn duy tr mch khi kha K ng.
in p u ra xc nh theo cng thc
(2):
Vout = kVin (2)
B bin i buck hoc boost ny c s
dng iu khin ngun PV hoc ngun
in gi 1 chiu trong trng hp in p
ca hai ngun ny lun ln hn in p ca
thanh ci DC.
B buck-boost (hnh 5): [7]
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 + + +
K D
L C A
B
- -
a. Cu trc mch C
+ +
iL + iL C -
L Hnh 7. B AC/DC khng cch ly
C iout
- - - B chnh lu dng in xoay chiu 3 pha
b. K ng iout c. K m thnh dng in mt chiu ny c s dng
Hnh 5. B bin i DC/DC buck-boost cho ngun WG pht ra in xoay chiu
iu chnh im lm vic v khai thc c
Cho php iu khin in p u ra ln cng sut ln nht cho turbine gi. [7]
hn hoc nh hn in p u vo ty theo 2.2. B bin i hai hng
h s k theo cng thc (3): B bin i hai hng cho php truyn ti
cng sut c theo chiu xui v theo chiu
k ngc nn ph hp thay i ch phng
Vout =Vin (3)
1 k np cho kho nng lng (DC/DC hai hng)
Khi k > 0,5 th Vout > Vin v ngc li. hoc ch thu pht gia h ngun vi li
in (DC/AC hai hng).
B bin i ny c s dng trong
a. B bin i khng cch ly
trng hp in p ca cc ngun c th ln B DC/DC buck-boost (hnh 8) [4-6]
hn hoc nh hn in p thanh ci DC. D1 D2
b. B DC/DC cch ly [7-9] + +
Cch ly v in c th c thc hin vi
cc thit b i hi m bo an ton, gim n S1 S2
L
cng nh kh nng vn hnh chnh xc ca C1 C2
cc thit b bo v. Vic cch ly gia pha
u vo v u ra ca BB c th thc hin - -
bng cch s dng my bin p trong mch Hnh 8. B DC/DC buck-boost
in t cng sut vi tn s cao. S cu Vi b bin i DC/DC buck-boost hai
trc b DC/DC cch ly c cho trn hnh 4. hng (hnh 8a): Khi truyn cng sut theo
chiu thun (t tri sang phi) th S1 dn
+ + theo lnh iu khin cn S2 lun m; Khi
K D truyn cng sut theo chiu nghch (t phi
C1 C2 sang tri) th S2 dn theo lnh iu khin cn
S1 lun m. Thi gian cht nh c to ra
- - trong giai on chuyn ch trnh vic
Hnh 6. B DC/DC cch ly dn dng qua hai kha iu khin v t u
in nng c truyn t u vo n ra ca b bin i.
u ra BB bng cch bin i dng in B DC/DC buck-boost xp chng
mt chiu u vo thnh dng in xoay (hnh 9)
chiu ri cm ng qua mch t sang pha th [4-6] B bin i DC/DC buck-boost hai
cp. Dng in xoay chiu cm ng pha hng xp chng (hnh 8b) cho php in p
th cp c chnh lu thnh dng in mt u ra ln hn hoc nh hn in p u vo
chiu u ra ca mch bi diode D. ph thuc vo vic kt hp cc kha iu
c. B bin i AC/DC khng cch ly (hnh khin v hng dng in. ch tng p
7) theo chiu thun, S1 lun dn, S2 v S4 lun
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m trong khi S3 hot ng theo lnh iu
khin. ch gim p theo chiu thun,
S1 hot ng theo lnh iu khin v S2, S3,
S4 lun m; D2 v D3 lun phn cc ngc
trong khi D4 lun phn cc thun. D4 hot
ng nh mt diode xoay t do. Tng t
ch tng p theo chiu nghch, S3 lun
dn trong khi S4 hot ng theo lnh iu
khin v D1 hot ng nh 1 diode xoay t
do.
+ +
S1 D1 S3 D3
L Hnh 11. B DC/DC na cu
C1
D4 D2
S4 S2
- -
Hnh 9. B DC/DC buck-boost xp chng
B DC/DC Cuk (hnh 10) [7]
L1 C L2
+ +
Q1 D1 C2
C1 D2 Q2
- -
Hnh 10. B DC/DC Cuk
T C hot ng nh phn t tch tr nng
lng chnh ca mch trong khi cc t C1 v
C2 hot ng nh cc t ghp. in p u
ra c th ln hn hoc nh hn in p u
vo ging nh b bin i buck-boost nhng
phn cc ngc.
ch tng p, gi tr dng in hiu
dng chy qua cun cm v cc kha iu
khin ca b bin i buck-boost cao hn
ca buck-boost xp chng mt gi tr bng
dng in u ra ca b buck-boost xp
chng. Tng t, gi tr hiu dng dng in
qua t in cng vt cao hn 1/3 dng in
u ra. V vy, cun cm, cc kha iu
khin, t in trong b bin i buck-boost
pht nhit nhiu hn, tn tht nhiu hn, d
gy bo ha trong cun cm hn v do
hiu sut s thp hn so vi b buck-boost
xp chng.
Tuy nhin, s lng thit b ca b
buck-boost xp chng li nhiu gp i so
vi b buck-boost thng thng.
B DC/DC na cu (hnh 11) [5]
+
S1 D1
L
V1 C1 +
S2 D2 V2
C2
- -
C2
khc phc nhng nhc im ca
cc b buck-boost v buck-boost xp chng,
ta c th s dng b bin i na cu (hnh
11).
B DC/DC na cu c th hot ng
ch buck hay boost ph thuc vo kha
iu khin S1 v S2 kt hp vi diode D1 v
D2. C th m t hai ch vn hnh nh
sau:
Ch 1 (Ch boost): S2 v D1 dn
theo lnh iu khin trong khi S1 v D2
lun m. C th phn thnh hai giai on:
giai on 1 (S2 ng, D2 m; S1 m, D2
m) v giai on 2 (S1 m, D1 m; S2 m,
D2 ng).
Ch 2 (Ch buck): S1 v D2 hot
ng theo lnh iu khin trong khi Q2 v
D1 lun m. C th phn thnh hai giai
on: giai on 1 (S1 ng, D2 m; Q1 m,
D2 m) v giai on 2 (S1 m, D1 m; S2
m, D2 ng).
u im chnh ca b bin i na cu
khi c so snh vi b Cuk l n ch yu
cu c mt cun cm v dng in nh mc
ca cc kha iu khin cng thp hn 1 na
so vi b Cuk. Do , hiu sut ca b bin
i na cu cng cao hn so vi b Cuk.
B bin i DC/AC mt pha (hnh
12)
B bin i ny cho php truyn ti
cng sut t mt chiu sang xoay chiu v
xoay chiu sang mt chiu thng qua vic
iu khin thi gian ng m cho kha S1,
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S2 v tch phng nng lng qua cun cm. Ch boost: S1-S4 hot ng theo
[6] lnh iu khin, D5-D8 c s dng nh 1
+
b chnh lu.
Ch buck: S5-S8 hot ng theo
D2
S1 L1 S3 lnh iu khin, D1-D4 hot ng nh 1 b
chnh lu.
~ C 3. Cu trc iu khin ca cc b bin i
L2 vac in t cng sut cho ngun PV v WG
D1 S2 S4 Ngun PV
- ng cong dng in pht pht ra theo
a. S cu trc in p t vo hai u ca ngun PV c
S1 S1 cho trn hnh 14.
D2 S3 D2 S3 120

1000W/m2 MPP3
700W/m2

L1 L1
100

~ ~
400W/m2

+ +
- - 80
MPP2

vac vac
L2

Power [W]
60

S2 L2 S4 S2 S4
MPP1

D1 D1
40

b. S1 ng c. D1 ng
20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Voltage [V]

S1 S1 Hnh 14. ng cong V-I ca ngun PV

D2 S3 D2 S3
iu ny cho thy rng ti mi thi im
L1 ~ + L1 (ng vi mt ng cong V-I), khi in p
v
- ~ +
-
L2 ac v t vo hai u ca ngun PV thay i th
S2 S4 L2 ac
D1 D1 S2 S4 im lm vic (V, I) ca h s thay i. Ch
d. S2 ng c duy nht mt im l c cng sut pht ra
e. D2 ng
Hnh 12. B bin di DC/AC mt pha hai hng ln nht MPP. Vic khai thc im MPP ny
l rt quan trng v n s khc phc c gi
b. B bin i DC/DC cch ly (hnh 13) [4] thnh v hiu sut thp ca bn thn ngun
B bin i ny cng s dng my bin PV. B bin i DC/DC phi thc hin iu
p cch ly hot ng tn s cao truyn khin sao cho in p u vo ca b bin
ti nng lng. Tuy nhin do t s vng dy i ri ng vo in p ca im MPP ti
ca cun s v cun th c nh nn b bin thi im . H thng iu khin s phi
i ny ch cho php gi mt pha c in p thu thp thng tin dng p u vo, u ra
cao v 1 pha c in p thp, ph hp khi ca b bin i quyt nh xung iu
lin kt thanh ci DC vi kho nng lng. khin. Ty theo phng php tm im MPP
m h thng iu khin c th phi thu thp
+ + thng tin v cng bc x mt tri, nhit
L S3 S5 S7 trn cc tm PV thng qua cc cm bin.
D3 Hnh 15 m t h thng iu khin ngun
S1 D1 D5 D7
UH PV thng qua b bin i DC/DC. [1-3]
L1 UC
C1 C2 Cng
bc x Nhit
H thng
S2 S4 S8
iu khin
u
D4 S6 u
D2 D6 D8 i i + -
- Hnh 13. B DC/DC cch ly hai hng -
Ngun
B bin i ny cng c hai ch lm PV DC/DC
vic:
Hnh 15. iu khin ngun PV

46
 Ngun in gi
a s cc turbine gi hin i u pht
ra dng in 3 pha khai thc c cc tc
khng ng u ca gi. Nng lng pht
ra phi tha mn mt s tiu ch nh cng
sut cc i ca turbine, nng lng cn khai
thc (cc i khi c tc gi trung bnh,
theo yu cu ph ti) nn h thng iu
khin cn phi thu thp cc thng tin v
dng in pht ra, tc quay ca turbine v a. Chng trnh theo di thng s
c th cn thu thp thm thng tin v tc
gi, iu kin mi trng. Qua c th
iu khin gc m ca cnh turbine hoc
iu khin im lm vic ca b bin i
AC/DC. ng cong cng sut theo tc
gi v s iu khin WG c cho trn
hnh 16. [1-3]
b. th dng in u ra b bin i
Hnh 17. Kt qu thc nghim b DC/DC
4. Kt lun
Vi b bin i thit k ti thi im
kho st, cng sut pht ra ca PV tng dn
theo thi gian (tng ng tng theo cng
bc x) dn t n gi tr t ca
dng in. Thi gian ly s liu l bui sng,
a. ng cong cng sut theo tc gi cng bc x tng dn nhng dng in
iu kin thu c cha t c gi tr t l do nng
Tc gi mi trng lng mt tri cha thu c nng
H thng lng cn thit.
n i iu khin
u
a th cng sut trn hnh 17a cho thy
ib ic i + - cng sut u vo dao ng do thut ton
tm im lm vic cc i ang pht huy tc
3~ AC/DC dng trong khi cng sut u ra kh bng
WG phng do c tc dng ca t in u ra
b. S iu khin ngun in gi ca b flyback.
Hnh 16. iu khin ngun PV B bin i c vai tr quan trng trong h
thng khai thc ngun nng lng gi v pin
Thc nghim iu khin cho ngun pin mt tri. Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh
mt tri c lp ti trng HKTCN vi b in t cng sut, b bin i s tr nn
iu khin DC/DC cch ly cho thy b bin thch ng tt hn vi c im ca ngun
i p ng c yu cu bm gi tr in mt tri v in gi, gip hai ngun
dng t np nng lng cho c quy. nng lng tr thnh ngun thay th xanh,
Hnh 17 cho thy kt qu thc nghim thu sch nht cho ngun nng lng truyn
c trong khong thi gian t 8h 07 09 thng v gp phn bo v s sng trn tri
n 8h2730 ngy 22/09/2014 vi gi tr t.
dng t (gi tr dng u ra ca b bin i)
l 10A.

47
 Ti liu tham kho
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