ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &

DEVELOPMENT

URBAN PLANNING
AND
DEVELOPMENT
AR L2429

ASSIGNMENT 2

ROME PLANNING CONCEPTS

SUBMMITED BY:
MANISHA GUPTA;
NIDHI DHATWALIA;
MRIGYA GUPTA;
PALAK SOFAT.

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e |1

 ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FACTORS AFFECTING THE ORIGIN 3

LOCATION 4

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN ROME 5

TOPOGRAPHY 5

POPULATION GROWTH 6

ROAD NETWORK 6

TRANSPORT SYSTEM 7-8

POPULATION DENSITY 8

SOCIO-CULTURAL ACTIVITIES 9

FOODS AND FESTIVALS 10

WATER SUPPLY 11-13

DRAINAGE AND SEWARAGE SYSTEM 14

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e |2

 ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT

FACTORS AFFECTING ITS ORIGIN

Rome is one of the oldest cities in the world and it has had a particular urban development during its
historical evolution.

There are several stages in its development:

Republican and imperial age

Middle ages

Renaissance and baroque

Modern age

Contemporary age (after 1860)

Origins according to legend Rome was founded in 875 BC on seven hills, as you can see in this
picture the first detectable expansion through reconstructions of written sources is the one dating
back to the republican era

In the middle ages, after the fall of the holy roman empire, the city headed towards decline.
Depopulation and abandonment greatly reduced the number of inhabitants who concentrated near
the river banks.

In the 15th -16th centuries Rome regained some of its former lustre, many popes engaged in
improving the city's arts, as a mark of their power. 18th-century St. Peter's basilica as it would
appear to contemporary people

Capital of the kingdom of Italy (1870-1922) in 1870 Rome was chosen as the capital city of Italy for
its historical and artistic importance. There were less than 250,000 inhabitants ,70% of whom were
illiterate. The city was prey to malaria and robbers. There were no industries in the modern sense of
the term.

By1900 the population doubled. The city was greatly restored but also damaged in several parts,
such as the capitoline hill, gutted to make way for the altare della patria.

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e |3

 ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT

LOCATION
Emerging from a small agricultural community in central Italy, the city of Rome was traditionally
founded in 753 BC.

the city of Rome is located in central Italy, but the empire it came to rule covered the entire
Mediterranean basin, together with much of western Europe.

at its greatest extent in stretched from present-day northern England to southern Egypt, and from
the Atlantic coast of Portugal to the Iraqi shores of the Persian Gulf.

Romes location in central Italy placed it squarely within a cultural environment dominated by a
cluster of interlinked Mediterranean civilizations, the most famous of these was that of the ancient
Greeks.

as Romes reach extended throughout the Italian peninsula it came into direct contact with the
Greek cities to the south.

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e |4

 ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN ROME

The weather in Rome during summer (June to August) can be uncomfortably hot, with temperatures
often exceeding 95f (35c) at midday, and locals tend to close up their businesses during august.
Winter (December to February) is mild, with the average temperature in December hovering around
55f (13c)

TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION GRAPH

TOPOGRAPHY
Throughout the history of Rome, the urban limits of the city were considered to be the area within
the city walls. Originally, these consisted of the servian wall, which was built twelve years after the
gaulish sack of the city in 390 bc. This contained most of the Esquiline and Caelian hills, as well as the
whole of the other five. Rome outgrew the servian wall, but no more walls were constructed until
almost 700 years later, when, in 270 AD, The city's urban area is cut in two by its ring-road, the
grande raccordo anulare ("gra"), finished in 1962, which circles the city centre at a distance of about
10 km (6 mi). Although when the ring was completed most part of the inhabited area lay inside it
(one of the few exceptions was the former village of ostia, which lies along the tyrrhenian coast), in
the meantime quarters have been built which extend up to 20 km (12 mi) beyond it.

GOOGLE EARTH IMAGE OF ROMES TOPOGRAPHY

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e |5

 ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT

POPULATION GROWTH
The current population is officially around 2.8 million, but on workdays it is estimated that it
exceeds 3.5 million. It is a remarkable growth compared to the past.

Romes inhabitants were

138,000 in 1825

244,000 in 1871

692,000 in 1921

1,600,000 in 1961

By the early eighties, the city's population growth stopped completely, with a slight decrease from
1981 to 2001. This is a phenomenon observed in other major Italian and European cities, partly due
to falling birth rates (not sufficiently compensated by immigration) and partly to the development of
satellite towns outside the municipal area. With more than 2,700,000 inhabitants, Rome is the most
populous town.

ROAD NETWORK

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e |6

 ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT

TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Rome has an urban transport network which consists of buses, trams, rapid transit lines, light rail
lines and suburban railways.

ROME METRO

Rome metro is the rapid transit system serving the city with three underground lines. The first track
opened in 1955. The total length of the network is 60 km (37 mi) with 73 stations. There are three
lines a, b - plus a branch called b1 - and c. Lines a and b intersect at Roma termini station; line c is
completely automated but is not yet connected to the rest of the network. A fourth line, line d, is
under development. It will have 22 stations over a distance of 20 km (12 mi).

TRAMS AND COMMUTER RAIL

Rome's over ground rail transport comprises the tramway network, suburban and urban lines in and
around the city of Rome, plus an "express line" to the airport. Whereas most fs-regionale lines
(regional state railways) provide a largely suburban service with more than twenty stations scattered
throughout the city, a metro-like service is provided by the Roma-lido and Roma-nord rail lines, but
with lower frequencies than metro lines, as the romegiardinetti light rail line.

BUSES

Rome has a comprehensive bus network, including one trolleybus routes (with additional trolleybus
lines under construction). The metrebus integrated fare system allows holders of tickets and
integrated passes to travel on all companys vehicles.

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e |7

 ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT

RAILWAYS

Rome is one of the major hubs of Italian railway network, along with Milan and Bologna. The main
railway station serving the city, Roma termini, is the busiest station in Italy and one of the largest in
Europe. The second largest station in the city is Roma tiburtina, which is being redeveloped for high-
speed rail service. Other notable stations include Roma ostiense, Roma trastevere, Roma Tuscolana,
Roma san Pietro etc.

POPULATION DENSITY

In 2016, the population of Rome is estimated at 2,869,461, but this is only the city proper. The urban
area has a population of 3.8 million, with up to 4.3 million living in the metropolitan area. Rome is

the 4th most populous city in the European union in terms of population within city limits, and the
largest and most populated city in Italy.

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e |8

 ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT

SOCIO- CULTURAL ACTIVITIES

The culture and traditions in Rome reflect its historic past celebrate the modern world.

Rome culture is an eclectic mix of high culture, the arts, fashion and historic architecture.

Daily life centres around enduring Rome traditions rich in religion and food.

It is this contrast of historic and modern culture and traditions that defines Rome as the eternal
city.

ECLECTIC CULTURE

Art created by the masters during the renaissance and baroque periods coexist with modern-day
pieces in art museums and galleries throughout the city.

Modern work buildings are steps away from historic monuments, like the colosseum and the
roman forum.

In short, Rome is an eclectic culture of a busy cosmopolitan city that reveres its past.

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e |9

 ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT

FOOD AND FESTIVALS

Food is an integral part of the culture in Rome, with dishes that are full of flavour and reflective
of old roman traditions.

Food is further celebrated with food festivals.

They are an important part of the culture scene in Rome and typically usher in a season,
celebrate the roman heritage, or simply carry on an age-old tradition.

During the Christmas season, churches in Rome display elaborate nativity scenes, and live music
is enjoyed in the piazzas. The traditional midnight mass at the Vatican attracts thousands of
locals and international visitors.

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e | 10

 ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT

WATER SUPPLY
Water supply was not originally top priority in the city.
Rome had population over 1 million by 1st century AD
The site of Rome itself was well supplied with water. Springs were
abundant, and wells could be sunk to find water at no great depth.
Rain water was collected in cisterns, and the water from the Tiber was used.
But these sources came to be inadequate, and in 312 b.c. the first of the great aqueducts
(aquae) was built by the famous censor, Appius Claudius, and named for him the aqua
appia.
It was eleven miles long, of which all but three hundred feet was underground.
The channels of the aqueducts were generally built of masonry,
for lack of sufficiently strong pipes. Cast-iron pipes the romans did not have, lead was rarely
used for large pipes, and bronze would have been too expensive.
Because of this lack, and not because they did not understand the principle of the siphon,
high pressure aqueducts were less commonly constructed.
To avoid high pressure, the aqueducts that supplied Rome with water, and many others,
were built at a very easy slope and frequently carried around hills and valleys, though
tunnels and bridges were sometimes used to save distance.
The great arches, so impressive in their ruins, were used for comparatively short distances,
as most of the channels were Underground.

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e | 11

 ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT

In the cities, the water was carried into distributing reservoirs (castella), from which ran the
street mains. Lead pipes (fistulae) carried the water into the houses. These pipes were made
of strips of sheet lead with the edges folded together and welded at the joining, thus being
pear-shaped rather than round.

as these pipes were stamped with the name of the owner and user, the finding of many at
Rome in our own time has made it possible to locate the sites of the residences of many
distinguished romans. In Pompeii, these pipes can be seen easily now, for in that mild
climate they were often laid on the ground close to the house, not buried as in most parts of
this country.

The poor must have carried the water that they used from the public fountains that were
placed at frequent intervals in the streets, where the water ran constantly for all comers.

AQUEDUCTS WORKING

THE PONT DU GARD, A ROMAN AQUEDUCT NEAR NIMES

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e | 12

 ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT

INFORMATION CONCERNING THE NINE AQUEDUCTS IN EXISTENCE AT THE TIME OF FRONTINUS

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e | 13

 ROME, ITALY AR L2429 URBAN PLANNING &
DEVELOPMENT

DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Rome had a complex system of sewers.

Waste flowed through a central channel into the main sewage system, then into a river.
The first sewers built between 800 and 735 BC
Cloaca maxima, (greatest sewer) is one of the worlds first sewage systems

1.took sewage from city of Rome to Tiber river.

2.built by Romes Etruscan kings

3.began as an open drain, eventually built over and enclosed in 33 bc by Augustus, creating a
tunnel.

4.many branches off the main sewer served public toilets, baths, public buildings

5.constantly serviced.

6.today, cloaca maxima drain rainwater and debris from centre of Rome.

CLOACA MAXIMA

Not all homes were hooked up to sewers, most were not, so many still threw their waste into the streets. But
Rome had pervasive street cleaning.

VIIth SEMESTER, SECTION-C, BATCH 2013 P a g e | 14