Lesson 1 Introduction

7/7/2010
CCNA Exploration 1 – Network Fundamentals

Contents
 Objectives
Chapter 1:  Communicating in a Network Centric World

Living in a Network  Communication – An Essential Part of Our Lives
Centric World  The Network as a Platform
 The Architecture of the Internet
KK20703 Data Communication  Trends in Networking
 Summary
1 KK20703 © 2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2
Objectives
 Describe how networks impact our daily lives.
 Describe the role of data networking in the human

network.
Objectives
 Identify the key components of any data network.
 Identify the opportunities and challenges posed by

converged networks.
 Describe the characteristics of network architectures:
fault tolerance, scalability, quality of service and
security.
 Install and use IRC clients and a Wiki server.
KK20703 © 2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 KK20703 © 2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 4
Networks supporting the way we live

 The Internet rapidly changes social, commercial, political and
personal interaction.
Communicating  Instantaneous global communication – global community

 Internet an integral part of our daily live
in a Network
Centric World
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How Networks Impact Daily Life Today’s Popular Communication Tools

 Decide what to wear using online current weather conditions.  New forms of communication that empower individuals
 Find the least congested route to your destination, displaying to create information that can be accessed by a global
weather and traffic video from webcams. audience.
 Check your bank balance and pay bills electronically.  Instant Messaging
 Receive and send e-mail, or make an Internet phone call, at an  Real-time communication
Internet cafe over lunch. between 2 or more people
based on typed text.
 Obtain health information and nutritional advice from experts all
over the world, and post to a forum to share related health or  Weblogs (Blogs)
treatment information.  Web pages created by an
individual
 Download new recipes and cooking techniques to create a
spectacular dinner.  Podcasting
 Website that contain audio
 Post and share your photographs, home videos, and experiences
files available for
with friends or with the world. downloading
Networks Supporting the Way We Learn Networks Supporting the Way We Work
 Robust and reliable networks support and enrich  Today, networks provide a greater integration between
student learning experiences. related functions and organizations.
 Available at any time from any place.  Communication over a network changes the way we work
 Many benefits – Intranet, private network
KK20703 © 2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 9

Business application can be accessed remotely as if the employees were on site10
KK20703 © 2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Networks Supporting the Way We Play Networks Supporting the Way We Play
 Whatever form of recreation we enjoy in the human  The widespread adoption of the Internet by the
network, networks are improving our experience. entertainment and travel industries enhances the ability
to enjoy and share many forms of recreation,
regardless of location.
 It is possible to explore places interactively that
previously we could only dream of visiting, as well as
preview the actual destinations before making a trip.
 The details and photographs from these adventures
may be posted online for others to view.
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What is Communication?
 Basic characteristics of communication
 Rules or agreements are 1st established.
Communication –  Important information may need to be acknowledged.
An Essential Part of  Various modes of communication may impact the
Our Lives effectiveness of getting the message across.
 Data networks operate in much
the same way as human
communication network.
Rules or agreements are 1st established Rules or agreements are 1st established
 Before beginning to communicate with each other, we  Among the protocols that govern successful human
establish rules or agreements to govern the communication are:
conversation.  An identified sender and receiver
 These rules, or protocols, must be followed in order for  Agreed upon method of communicating (face-to-face,
the message to be successfully delivered and telephone, letter, photograph)
understood.  Common language and grammar
 Speed and timing of delivery
 Confirmation or acknowledgement requirements
Quality of Communications External Factors

 Factors affecting successful communications  The quality of the pathway between the sender and the
 External recipient
 Related to the complexity of the network and the number of  The number of times the message has to change form
devices a message must pass through.
 The number of times the message has to be redirected
 Internal
or readdressed
 Related to the nature of the message itself.
 The number of other messages being transmitted
simultaneously on the communication network
 The amount of time allotted for successful
communication
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Internal Factors
 The size of the message
 The complexity of the message
 The importance of the message The Network as a Platform
The Network as a Platform The Elements of a Network

 Being able to reliably communicate to anyone,  Four elements of a network:
anywhere, is becoming increasingly important to our  Devices
personal and business lives.  These are used to
communicate with one
 Different types of messages. another
 Messages
 In order to support the immediate delivery of the  Information that travels over
millions of messages being exchanged between people the medium
all over the world, we rely on a web of interconnected  Medium
networks.  This is how the devices are
connected together
 Rules
 Governs how messages
flow across network
The Elements of a Network Common Data Network Symbols

 The global standardization of the various elements of
the network enables equipment and devices created by
different companies to work together.
 Experts in various technologies can contribute their
best ideas on how to develop an efficient network,
without regard to the brand or manufacturer of the
equipment.
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Network Connections Rules

 All communication processes happen in an instant.
 To work properly, the network processes must be

tightly controlled.
 Rules govern every step of the process
 The way cables are designed
 The way the digital signals are sent
 These rules are called protocols –

 the communications industry has standardized most of
them to allow people in different places, different
equipment to communicate.
Protocol (Rules) Converged Networks

 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)  Converged data networks carry multiple services on
 The industry standard one network.
Converged networks Trends in Data Network

 Technology advances are enabling us to consolidate
these disparate networks onto one platform - a
platform defined as a converged network.
 The flow of voice, video, and data traveling over the
same network eliminates the need to create and
maintain separate networks.
 On a converged network there are still many points of
contact and many specialized devices - for example,
personal computers, phones, TVs, personal
assistants, and retail point-of-sale registers - but only
one common network infrastructure.
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Network Architecture Characteristics

 Network architecture
 The technologies that support the infrastructure
 The programmed services and protocols that move the
The Architecture of the Internet messages across that infrastructure
 Characteristics addressed by network architecture
design:
 Fault tolerance
 Scalability
 Quality of service
 Security
Circuit-Switched, Connection-Oriented
Fault Tolerance Networks
 Limits the impact of a hardware or software failure and  Existing infrastructure was circuit-switched, connection-
can recover quickly when such a failure occurs. oriented network.
 Phone operators and primitive dial systems –
connecting telephone calls.
 Connection oriented
 Any physical disconnect or service problem between the 2
users would drop the call.
 Therefore, require initiating a new call and provisioning a
new circuit.
 Limitation?
Packet-Switched, Connectionless
Circuit Switched vs Packet Switched Networks
 Circuit switched  A single message is broken into small blocks of data
(packets) which address information for the information
for the sender and the receiver.
 Packets travel through one or more networks along
various paths and reassemble at the destination.
 Each packet travel independently , take different routes
to a destination.
 Connectionless
 Does not require an active connection for a call to go
through
 Allows more efficiency, multiple users can use network
35
circuits simultaneously. 36
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Circuit Switched vs Packet Switched Scalability

 Packet Switched  Ability to expand quickly to support new users and
applications without impacting the performance of the
service being delivered to existing users
Scalable Internet Structure Quality of Service (QoS)

 Hierarchical  A control mechanism that can provide different priority to different
users or data flows, or guarantee a certain level of performance to
 Common standard data flow in accordance with requests from the application program
 Common protocol
QoS
QoS
 Requires a set of techniques to manage the utilization
of network resources  Using QoS, administrator can choose which traffics get
 QoS – Mechanisms that manage congested network
priority
traffic.  Example of priority decisions:
 Cause of congestion – demand on the network  Time-sensitive comm: telephone, video
resources exceeds the available capacity.  Non-time-sensitive comm: web page, email
 Constraint – technology limitations, costs, bandwidth  High importance to organization: business transaction
data
 Undesirable comm : block unwanted activity
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Security
 Primary goals:
 Preventing theft of information
 Preventing unauthorized changes to information
 Preventing denial of service
Security Basic Security Measures

 Types of security concerns:  Ensuring confidentiality
 Infrastructure security  User authentication
 Content security  Data encryption
 Maintaining communication integrity

 Digital signatures
 Ensuring availability
 Firewalls
 Redundant network architecture
 Hardware without a single point of failure
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Major Trends
 Trends contributing to future communications network
 Increasing number of mobile users
 Proliferation of network capable devices
Trends in Networking  Expanding range of services
Summary
 In this chapter you learned to:
 Describe how networks impact our daily lives.
 Describe the role of data networking in the human
Summary network.
 Identify key components of any data network.
 Identify opportunities and challenges posed by converged
networks.
 Describe the characteristics of network architectures: fault
tolerance, scalability, QoS, and security.
Q&A
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Example :
Consider these business scenarios. Example
 A wheat farmer in Australia uses a laptop enabled with  Remote workers, called teleworkers or telecommuters,
a Global Positioning System (GPS) to plant a crop with use secure remote access services from home or while
precision and efficiency. At harvest time, the farmer can traveling. The data network enables them to work as if
co-ordinate harvesting with the availability of grain they were on-site, with access to all the network-based
transporters and storage facilities. Using mobile tools normally available for their jobs. Virtual meetings
wireless technology, the grain transporter can monitor and conferences can be convened which include people
the vehicle in-route in order to maintain the best fuel in remote locations. The network provides audio and
efficiency and safe operation. Changes in status can be video capability so all participants can both see and hear
relayed to the driver of the vehicle instantly. each other. The information from the meetings can be
recorded to a wiki or blog. The latest versions of the
agenda and minutes can be shared as soon as they are
created.
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Lesson 1 Introduction

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7/7/2010

CCNA Exploration 1 – Network Fundamentals

Chapter 1:  Communicating in a Network Centric World

 The Architecture of the Internet

KK20703 Data Communication  Trends in Networking

1 KK20703 © 2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2

 Describe the role of data networking in the human

 Identify the opportunities and challenges posed by

Networks supporting the way we live

Communicating  Instantaneous global communication – global community

How Networks Impact Daily Life Today’s Popular Communication Tools

KK20703 © 2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 9

Quality of Communications External Factors

 The complexity of the message

 The importance of the message The Network as a Platform

The Network as a Platform The Elements of a Network

The Elements of a Network Common Data Network Symbols

Network Connections Rules

 To work properly, the network processes must be

 These rules are called protocols –

Protocol (Rules) Converged Networks

Converged networks Trends in Data Network

Network Architecture Characteristics

Circuit Switched vs Packet Switched Scalability

Scalable Internet Structure Quality of Service (QoS)

Security Basic Security Measures

 Maintaining communication integrity

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