Apparatus and Equipment

Materials

20 ppm of red reactive dye solution, titanium oxide and distilled water

Apparatus

500 ml of volumetric flask, conical flask, electronic weighing balance, 0.45 m membrane filter,
and UV-Vis spectrophotometer.

.
UV-Vis spectrophotometer Computer Distilled Water
Methodology

Procedure for measuring absorption spectrum and determining of maximum wavelength,

max by using the UV-Vis Spectroscopy

1. The UV-Vis Spectroscopy was switched on by pressing the on/off button and the
instrument was allowed to initialize for a few minutes.
2. Lambda 25 which is a software for UV-Vis Spectroscopy was opened and the
wavelength was set to 420, m for analysis.
3. One of the cuvettes was rinsed with distilled water and filled with the blank sample.
The cuvette that was filled with of the blank sample. The cuvette then was put into
the sample compartment and set as the reference solution.
4. Then, the other cuvette was filled with of 10ppm reactive red dye sample solution
and the cell was placed in the sample compartment in the chamber of the Uv-Vis
Spectrometry.
5. The sample was analyzed and the maximum wavelength, max was recorded.
6. The machine was set up and ready for analysis of samples.

The Calibration Curve

1. The same steps as in the determination of maximum wavelength were repeated by

using 500 ml of reactive red dye solution with 20 ppm concentration.
2. The reactive red solution was diluted by using the distilled water into for different
concentrations which are 8ppm, 6ppm, 4pmm and 2pmm respectively.
3. The maximum wavelength, max and the designated concentration was set under the
concentration section.
4. The cuvette that was filled with of the sample was then placed in the cell
compartment labelled sample.
5. Then, the calibration curve which is in form of absorption versus concentration was
plotted.

For Amount of Catalyst Dosage study

1. 50ml of reactive red solution with concentration of 10 ppm was prepared into three
different conical flasks.
2. The catalyst which is the titanium oxide powder was weighted 0.3 g, 0.6 g and 0.9 g
respectively
3. The titanium oxide powder was then poured into the conical flask that contain 50ml
of reactive red solution
4. After that, the mixture was stirred by orbital shaker at 150 rpm for 30 minutes.
 5. By using the 0.45 m membrane filter the mixture was filtered in order to separate
the catalyst from reactive red solution sample.
6. The prepared sample was analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and the results was
saved in CD-ROM.

Shut-down procedure

1. The application program at the computer was closed and the cuvettes were removed
from the chamber of the Uv-Vis spectroscopy.
2. The cuvette was cleaned by using distilled water and placed into it case.
3. The UV-Vis spectroscopy was switched off and the computer was shut down.

Recommendation

1. Hold the cuvettes in such a manner that opaque sides are held between two fingers and
transparent side are not being touched.

2. Make sure to choose suitable wavelength before running the UV-Vis Spectroscopy.

3. Always wear UV blocking safety glasses or goggles when using this device. The light
source emits ultraviolet radiation and can cause eye damage.

4. Make sure to carefully handle the catalyst (titanium oxide) and avoid contact to eyes and
skin because titanium oxide can cause irritation to the skin and eyes when in contact.

5. The transparent sides of the cuvettes must be wiped with soft tissue to remove any finger
print or moisture from the outside surface.

6. When filling the cuvette with distilled water or sample, make sure there are no bubble in
the cuvette as the UV light can be defracted when it hit the bubble hence affecting the
result.
Appendices

Figure 1.1: Reactive Red Dye Solution Sample Figure 1.2: Reactive Red Dye Solution Sample after dilution

Figure 1.3: Titanium Oxide Powder