ECL 4340

POWER SYSTEMS

L ECTURE 1
I NTRODUCTION
 A BOUT P ROF. K WANG L EE

Professional
BSEE from Seoul National University, MSEE from
North Dakota State, Ph.D. from Michigan State
ROTC & Army Signal Corps for 2 years
Electric Industry (Han Young) for 1 year
Faculty at MSU, OSU, UH, Penn State doing
teaching and research in electric power systems
Have been at Baylor since 2007 as ECE Chair
Doing research in power systems, power plants,
fuel cell, intelligent systems
Teaching power systems, linear systems, optimal
control, intelligent control
 A BOUT P ROF. K WANG L EE

Personal
Married to Sangwol
Have two sons & 6 grandchildren
Jonathan age 21
Owen age 18
Franziska age 15
Esme age 12
Jesse age 9
Teddy age 6
Live near campus on Hackberry Ave
Member of Fellowship Bible Church on Speegleville
Road
Attend Bible Study Fellowship on Monday evenings
 A NNOUNCEMENT

Please read Chapters 1 and 2

HW 1 is 2.3, 5, 8, 11, 21; due Thursday 8/31
Will be turned in (for other homework we may have an
in-class quiz)
For Project (2.32, 33, 34) you need to use the
PowerWorld Software. You can download the software
and cases at the below link; get version 18 (August 20,
2015) http://www.powerworld.com/gloversarma.asp
 S IMPLE P OWER S YSTEM

Every power system has three major

components
generation: source of power, ideally with a
specified voltage and frequency
load: consumes power; ideally with a constant
resistive value
transmission system: transmits power; ideally
as a perfect conductor
 C OMPLICATIONS

No ideal voltage sources exist

Loads are seldom constant
Transmission system has resistance,
inductance, capacitance and flow limitations
Simple system has no redundancy so power
system will not work if any component fails
 N OTATION - P OWER

Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy

Power Units
Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
kW 1 x 103 Watt
MW 1 x 106 Watt
GW 1 x 109 Watt
Installed U.S. generation capacity is about
1000 GW ( about 3 kW per person)
Maximum load of Greater Waco about 2 GW
 N OTATION - E NERGY

Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is

what people really want from a power system
Energy Units
Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
kWh = Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
Btu = 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh
One gallon of gas has about 0.125 MBtu (36.5 kWh);
U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600
billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person, which
means on average we each use 1.5 kW of power
continuously)
 P OWER S YSTEM E XAMPLES
Electric utility: can range from quite small, such
as an island, to one covering half the continent
there are four major interconnected ac power
systems in North American, each operating at 60 Hz
ac; 50 Hz is used in some other countries.
Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight is
primary consideration; frequency is 400 Hz.
Ships and submarines
Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard
Battery operated portable systems
N ORTH A MERICA I NTERCONNECTIONS
E LECTRIC S YSTEMS IN E NERGY C ONTEXT

Class focuses on electric power systems, but we first

need to put the electric system in context of the
total energy delivery system
Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy
transportation
Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually
converted into another form of energy when used
About 40% of US energy is transported in electric
form
Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and
fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for
change in world energy infrastructure
 L OOKING AT THE E NERGY P IE
Biomass, 4.8 Wind, 1.7
About 40% of our energy is
Hydro, 2.5
Nuclear, 8.3
consumed in the form of electricity, a
percentage that is gradually
Petroleum,
35.3
increasing. The vast majority on the
Natural Gas,
28 non-fossil fuel energy is electric!
Coal, 18.3
In 2014 we got about 1.7% of
our energy from wind and 0.4%
About 82% Fossil Fuels from solar (PV and solar thermal),
0.2% from geothermal
BASIC PRINCIPLES
BASIC PRINCIPLES
BASIC PRINCIPLES
BASIC PRINCIPLES
BASIC PRINCIPLES
BASIC PRINCIPLES
BASIC PRINCIPLES
 R EVIEW OF P HASORS

Goal of phasor analysis is to simplify the analysis of

constant frequency ac systems
v(t) = Vmax cos(wt + qv)
i(t) = Imax cos(wt + qI)

Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoid

1T Vmax
v(t ) dt
2
T0 2
 P HASOR R EPRESENTATION

Euler's Identity: e j cos j sin

Phasor notation is developed by rewriting

using Euler's identity
v(t ) 2 V cos( t V )
v(t ) 2 V Re e j ( t V )
(Note: V is the RMS voltage)
 P HASOR R EPRESENTATION

The RMS, cosine-referenced voltage phasor is:

V V e jV V V
v(t ) Re 2 Ve j t e jV
V V cosV j V sin V
I I cos I j I sin I

(Note: Some texts use boldface type for

complex numbers, or bars on the top)
 A DVANTAGES OF P HASOR A NALYSIS

Device Time Analysis Phasor

Resistor v(t ) Ri (t ) V RI
di (t )
Inductor v(t ) L V j LI
dt
1t 1
Capacitor
C0
i (t ) dt v (0) V
j C
I

Z = Impedance R jX Z
R = Resistance
X = Reactance
X
Z = R X
2 2
=arctan( )
R
 RL C IRCUIT E XAMPLE

V (t ) 2 100cos( t 30)
f 60Hz
R 4 X L 3
Z 42 32 5 36.9
V 10030
I
Z 536.9
20 6.9 Amps
i(t) 20 2 cos( t 6.9)
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