ECL 4340

POWER SYSTEMS

L ECTURE 2
C OMPLEX P OWER , T HREE -P HASE
 A NNOUNCEMENT

Please read Chapters 1 and 2

HW 1 is 2.3, 5, 8, 11, 21; due Thursday 8/31
Will be turned in (for other homework we may have an
in-class quiz)
For Project (2.32, 33, 34) you need to use the
PowerWorld Software. You can download the software
and cases at the below link; get version 18 (August 20,
2015) http://www.powerworld.com/gloversarma.asp
C OMPLEX P OWER
C OMPLEX P OWER
C OMPLEX P OWER
C OMPLEX P OWER
 C OMPLEX P OWER

Relationships between real, reactive and complex power

P S cos

Q S sin S 1 pf 2

Example: A load draws 100 kW with a leading pf of 0.85.

What are (power factor angle), Q and S ?
-cos 1 0.85 31.8
100kW
S 117.6 kVA
0.85
Q 117.6sin(31.8) 62.0 kVar
C OMPLEX P OWER
 C ONSERVATION OF P OWER

At every node (bus) in the system

Sum of real power into node must equal zero
Sum of reactive power into node must equal zero

This is a direct consequence of Kirchhoffs current

law, which states that the total current into each
node must equal zero.
Conservation of power follows since S = VI*
 RL C IRCUIT E XAMPLE

V (t ) 2 100cos( t 30)
f 60Hz
R 4 X L 3
Z 42 32 5 36.9
V 10030
I
Z 536.9
20 6.9 Amps
i(t) 20 2 cos( t 6.9)
 C ONSERVATION OF P OWER

Earlier we found
I = 20-6.9 amps

S V I * 10030 206.9 200036.9 VA

36.9 pf = 0.8 lagging
SR VR I 4 20 6.9 206.9
*

2
PR 1600W I R (Q R 0)
SL VL I * 3 j 20 6.9 206.9
2
Q L 1200 var I X (PL 0)
 P OWER C ONSUMPTION IN D EVICES

Resistors only consume real power

2
PResistor I Resistor R
Inductors only consume reactive power
2
Q Inductor I Inductor X L
Capacitors only generate reactive power
2 1
QCapacitor I Capacitor X C XC
C
2
VCapacitor
QCapacitor (Note-some define X C negative)
XC
 E XAMPLE

First solve
basic circuit

400000 V
I 4000 Amps
1000
V 400000 (5 j 40) 4000
42000 j16000 44.920.8 kV
S V I * 44.9k20.8 4000
17.9820.8 MVA 16.8 j 6.4 MVA
 E XAMPLE

Now add additional

reactive power load
and resolve

Z Load 70.7 pf 0.7 lagging

I 564 45 Amps
V 59.713.6 kV
S 33.758.6 MVA 17.6 j 28.8 MVA
 P OWER S YSTEM N OTATION

Power system components are usually shown as

one-line diagrams. Previous circuit redrawn

17.6 MW 16.0 MW
28.8 MVR -16.0 MVR

59.7 kV 40.0 kV

17.6 MW
16.0 MW
28.8 MVR
16.0 MVR

Arrows are
Transmission lines
Generators are used to
are shown as a
shown as circles show loads
single line
 R EACTIVE C OMPENSATION

Key idea of reactive compensation is to supply reactive

power locally. In the previous example this can
be done by adding a 16 Mvar capacitor at the load
16.8 MW 16.0 MW
6.4 MVR 0.0 MVR

44.94 kV 40.0 kV

16.8 MW
16.0 MW
6.4 MVR
16.0 MVR
16.0 MVR

Compensated circuit is identical to first example with

just real power load
 R EACTIVE C OMPENSATION , CONT D

Reactive compensation decreased the line flow

from 564 Amps to 400 Amps. This has advantages
Lines losses, which are equal to I2 R decrease
Lower current allows utility to use small wires, or
alternatively, supply more load over the same wires
Voltage drop on the line is less
Reactive compensation is used extensively by
utilities
Capacitors can be used to correct a loads power
factor to an arbitrary value.
 P OWER FACTOR C ORRECTION E XAMPLE

Assume we have 100 kVA load with pf=0.8 lagging,

and would like to correct the pf to 0.95 lagging
S 80 j 60 kVA cos 1 0.8 36.9
PF of 0.95 requires desired cos 1 0.95 18.2
Snew 80 j (60 Qcap )
60 - Qcap
tan18.2 60 Qcap 26.3 kvar
80
Qcap 33.7 kvar
D ISTRIBUTION S YSTEM C APACITORS