Group No: 04 Student No: 0606024

Experiment No: 07

Course No: EEE310

Name of the experiment:

STUDY OF DIGITAL MODULATION AND DEMODULATION (FSK)

Date of performance: 24.08.2010

Date of submission: 20.09.2010

Submitted by

Rafatul Faria

Department: Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Section: A1

Level-3, Term-II

Partners student number:

0606025-0606030
Objective:
1. Getting familiarized with FSK(Frequency Shift Keying) signal generation
2. Knowing FSK demodulation techniques

Theory:
FSK:

As direct baseband signal transmission requires impracticably large antennas, high frequency
transmission is necessary. So the baseband signal is used to modulate a high-frequency carrier
and the information is contained in that carrier. There are several modulation techniques and
FSK is one of them.

When the data are transmitted by varying the frequency, we have the case of Frequency Shift
Keying (FSK). A 0 is transmitted by a pulse of frequency
c0, and 1 is transmitted by a pulse of
frequency
c1. The information about the transmitted data resides in the carrier frequency.

Fig: Original Data

Fig: FSK modulated carrier

Demodulation technique:

FSK can be detected or demodulated both coherently (synchronous) or non-coherently

(asynchronous).
Asynchronous Detection:

FSK signal can be demodulated by Asynchronous detection; detector doesnt require the
receiver carrier to be synchronized with carrier frequency of the transmitted signal.
The detector consists of a Band pass filter, an envelope detector consist of full wave rectifier
and low pass filter, and a pulse shaping circuit. The BPF is tuned to pass the higher frequency
carrier and attenuate the low frequency carrier of the FSK signal. So, the BPF makes the signal
like the high frequency carrier and low frequency carrier are contained in an envelope. The full
wave rectifier (of the envelope detection circuit) inverts the negative portion of the signal from
the BPF and provides a full wave rectified wave at the output. The low pass filter of the
envelope detection circuit removes the high frequency components of the rectified signal and
resembles the envelope shape of the BPF output. The pulse shaping circuit is used to shape the
signal output from LPF. The pulse shaping circuit is used to shape the signal output from the
low pass filter. The sloping binary 1 to 0 and binary 0 to binary 1 transition are squared and
results the fully recovered digital intelligent signal.

Synchronous Detection:

FSK can be detected by Synchronous detection process. Synchronous detector circuit consists of
a phase locked loop, JK flip-flop, low pass filter and a pulse shaping circuit to recover the digital
intelligent signal from FSK.
The FSK is fed into PLL and it outputs a signal from the voltage controlled oscillator which is
synchronized using a JKFF. The JKFF synchronizes with low and high carrier frequency and
provide a pulse train with variable width which is proportionate to the period of the FSK signal.
That is the pulse repetition rate representing the high frequency carrier is double the rate
representing the low frequency carrier. Although this pulse train is synchronized to the high and
low carrier frequency, are each phase shifted differently. Usually the low frequency carrier
square wave is 30 out of phase and the high frequency carrier is 90 out of phase. The phase
comparator produces an error voltage from each phase difference which is used to recover the
digital intelligence. Output of PLL detector is fed into the LPF. LPF removes high frequency
components and smoothes & amplifies the signal. The pulse shaping circuit is used to shape the
signal output from LPF. The sloping binary 1 to 0 and binary 0 to binary 1 transition are squared
and results the fully recovered digital intelligent signal.

Block diagram:
Observed waveshapes:
The waveshapes in the following pins are observed
a. J19 : modulated output
b. J8 and J19 : input signal and modulated output
c. J44 : recovered signal at voltage comparator output
d. J8 and J44 : input signal and recovered output signal
 1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0

-0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4

-0.6 -0.6

-0.8 -0.8

-1 -1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0 0.02 0.04 0.06

Fig: Carrier signal at J19 (low frequency) Fig: Carrier signal at J19 (high frequency)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Fig: Input data at J8

 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Fig: Input data at J8 (blue) and FSK modulated signal at J19 (red)

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Fig: Input data at J8 (blue) and FSK recovered signal at J44 (red)

N.B.: The above wave-shapes have been plotted in matlab.

Oscilloscope views taken at the lab:

Fig: Carrier signals at J19 (same waveshape for high and low frequency)

Fig: Input data at J8 and FSK modulated signal at J19

Fig: Input data at J8 and FSK recovered signal at J44

Question answers and discussion:
Two carrier frequencies for representing binary 0 and 1:

f (binary 0 carrier) = 135 KHz

f (binary 1 carrier) = 171 KHz

Both values are obtained by the frequency meter.

Function of post detection filter:

It is a low-pass filter which-

a. removes high frequency components

b. amplifies the signal to output a wave that follows the envelope of its input signal
c. smoothes the demodulated signal

Still it cannot reconstruct the original digital intelligent signal.

Function of VOLTAGE COMPARATOR circuit:

It is used to convert the smooth analog signal output from the post detection filter into
sequence of pulses. In fact, it is required to reconstruct the original intelligent signal.

Little phase shift between the original data and reconstructed data:

May be this is caused by the filters.

Advantages of FSK:

a. Noise: Frequency is far less prone to interference than changing voltage levels. So it
can be selected to avoid electrical noise.
b. Unstable ground: FSK signals take the form of an AC signal. Since an AC signal has no
ground reference, it is unaffected by ground plane changes.
c. Range: FSK receiver can detect frequency changes even if they are of very low
amplitude. FSK signals can be of millivolt levels while direct digital data must
be maintained at several volts to be read reliably. Data transmission distances
of as much as ten to twenty miles are therefore typical.
d. Data paths: Using capacitors and transformers, the FSK signals can be coupled to
other conductors such as telephone, instrumentation or power lines. Selective
frequency filters are used to separate the FSK signal from other signals on the
line. FSK is also particularly well-suited for data transmission over sliding or
 rolling contacts which are prone to changing resistance caused by dirt and
scale.

The FSK advantage is ideally suited to conditions where the transmission of digitally encoded
data streams compromises data integrity as a result of the sensitivity of digital data to so-called
adverse environment conditions.

In addition, the technology can be utilized not only to transmit discrete and digitally encoded
data as frequency equivalents, but to move analog data as a variable pulse rate without the
traditional A/D and D/A conversions. The technology not only enhances data integrity but also
provides an alternative to cable installation by superimposing discrete, digital, analog or pulse
stream data on in-place power, PBX, instrumentation or other existing wiring without affecting
what those wires are already being used for.

Comparison between FSK and PSK:

FSK is done using only two frequencies, nothing else is required while PSK needs to keep
track of the change in the phase of the receiving signal.

Application of FSK:

Most early telephone line modems used audio FSK to send and receive data up to rates
of about 300 bps, e.g. the common Bell 103 modem. Even today North American caller ID uses
1200 baud AFSK in the form of the Bell 202 standard.

AFSK is also used in the United States Emergency Alert System to transmit warning
information.

The ultimate objective of any data communication device is to provide error-free data
along with trouble-free operation and ease of installation. The inherent characteristics of FSK
technology allow these objectives to be achieved in many instances when straight digital
communication is potentially marginal or unreliable. The versatility of FSK results in many
innovative data communication solutions.
 Appendix

Matlab code for generating the waveshapes:

clear all;
close all;
clc;

t=0:0.01:11;
a=sin(2*pi*128*t);
subplot(1,2,1);
plot(t,a);
b=sin(2*pi*192*t);
subplot(1,2,2);
plot(t,b);

n=0:0.01:11;
for i=1:length(n)
if(i<=300)

d(i)=1;
f(i)=sin(2*pi*128*n(i));

elseif(i>600)

d(i)=1;
f(i)=sin(2*pi*128*n(i));

else

d(i)=-1;
f(i)=sin(2*pi*192*n(i));

end
end
figure;
plot(n,d,'LineWidth',8);
hold on;
plot(n,f,'r');

[r nr]=shift(d,n,0.05);
r=r-0.05;
figure;
plot(n,d,'LineWidth',4);
hold on;
plot(nr,r,'r','LineWidth',4);