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AbstractIn this paper, we proposed a short-range ground In this paper, we report the development of 24GHz FMCW
surveillance FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave) ground surveillance radar system designed to detect moving
radar. For this work, we employed a 2D-FFT algorithm to detect targets at short range.
moving targets, and a windowing scheme to reduce the distortion
generated by frequency transition. Moreover, we designed a
moving target finding method to extract moving targets from the II. FAST-RAMP BASED FMCW RADAR
remaining distortions. We developed a 24GHz FMCW radar
system comprised of front-end and back-end modules. A newly In previous work [2], the basic concept of fast-ramp based
designed algorithm was implemented in a micro-processor of the FMCW radar was introduced in detail, with illustrations such
back-end module. When we tested the function of the developed as Figure 1. Here, Figure 1(a) represents the signal shape in the
radar system in the field, the range and velocity profiles of a frequency-time domain. The shape of the frequency sweep is
moving car occupying the detection zone were extracted without saw-toothed, with the solid line representing the transmitted
distortion. signal and the dotted line representing the received signal.
Index TermsRadar, Surveillance Radar, Moving Target,
Figure 1(b) presents a received beat-signal from a single target.
Detection. The range information can be expressed as a frequency
spectrum of each beat-signal and the Doppler-frequency
appears as phase information over the all ramps in slow time
I. INTRODUCTION
domain.
In recent years, FMCW (Frequency Modulation
Continuous Wave) radar has been used for a variety of vehicle
applications including such as automotive, security, and
surveillance [1-2].
FMCW radar is effective, but it possesses ambiguities
regarding separation of the ranges and velocities of multiple
simultaneous targets. In order to resolve them, a fast-ramp
based FMCW radar is herein proposed. In this radar, based on
2D-FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) processing, a 2D range-
Doppler map is completed and the target information is
extracted from it [2-5].
Generally, in this method, a fast-ramp with saw-tooth
frequency modulation shape is used, so an unwanted signal
occurs in the analogue electronics in the received part. That is,
when the maximum carrier frequency is transited to the lowest
frequency at the end of each ramp period, sudden sharp peaks
appears in the signal power. This powerful signal not only
Fig. 1. Basic concept of the ramp-sequence based FMCW radar: (a)
appears in near range, but also spreads over the entire spectral Transmitted signal and received signal in the frequency-time domain, and (b)
range. Particularly, in near range, because the distortion is also Beat-signal for a single moving target in the slow time domain. B (lower left
spread over Doppler spectrum, it is very difficult to distinguish side) is the bandwidth, PRI is the pulse repetition interval, and t is the two-
the unwanted signal and reflections from the real target, using way delay time of the received signal reflected from a single target.
Doppler information [6-7].
978-1-4673-7297-8/15/$31.00 2015
c IEEE 692
Using this method, 2D-FFT processing is used to extract 9 Finally, to compare the selected moving target cells
the 2D range and velocity profiles. With this approach, because with the threshold, it is determined whether each
the clutter is diminished in all range-bins with a zero Doppler, cell is target or not, by the thresholding function.
the clutter, including stationary targets, can easily be Generally, in the 2D range-Doppler map, the number of
suppressed and moving targets can easily be distinguished. targets in one Doppler spectrum is low in practical cases [5].
However, because the fast-ramp with saw-tooth frequency Thus, even though windowing is effective method for
modulation shape is used for FMCW generation, an unwanted resolving the distortion, the unwanted signal in near range dose
signal occurs in the receiver. That is, the sharp peaks appear in not completely disappear. Moreover, this signal still spreads in
the signal power in transition time from maximum carrier adjacent Doppler directions from the zero-Doppler point.
frequency to the lowest frequency, such as figure 2. This situation produces ghost moving targets, which
This powerful signal not only appeared in near range, but reduces radar performance. Thus, in this work, after
also spreads over the entire range spectrum. Especially, in near distinguishing the ghost targets and the real moving targets, the
range, since the distortion is also spread over Doppler spectrum, moving targets are only fed into the CFAR detector. The role is
it is very difficult to distinguish the unwanted signal and real processed in a moving target finding function.
target using Doppler information [6-7].
Fig. 2. Transmitted signal on frequency time domain and the measured power
of the received beat signal.
To test the performance of the developed short-range radar TABLE II. RADAR SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS
in the field, we set up a measurement environment as shown in
Cases Windowing Moving target finding
Figure 5. A real single car passed through the detection zone
with an average velocity of less than 30 km/h. The radar was (a) Not used Not used
installed near the road to detect moving cars occupying the (b) Applying windowing Not used
detection zone. (c) Applying windowing Applying proposed method
Figure 6 shows the measured range-Doppler maps. Figure
6(a) and 6(b) present the results in the cases with and without Figure 7(a) presents the results in the cases with and
applying window functions. without applying window functions. Figure 7(c) is the result in
In the typical method, the magnitude of the moving target is the case with moving target finding together with windowing.
similar to a side-lobe of high distortion. With the 2D range- From these results, we know that the newly developed radar
Doppler map applying windows, the side-lobe of distortion is system cancels most of the distortion and effectively detect
considerably suppressed. moving targets.
However, even though windowing is an effective method
for resolving the distortion, we can see that the unwanted
signal in near range did not completely disappear.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
(a)
This work was supported by the DGIST R&D Program of
the Ministry of Science, ICT and Technology of Korea (15-RS-
01).
REFERENCES
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Algorithm for Target Range and Velocity Detection in FMCW
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(c)
Fig. 7. Detection results and range profiles for case (a)-(c)