Lecture-27 Prepared under

QIP-CD Cell Project

Internal Combustion Engines

Ujjwal K Saha, Ph.D.

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
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 What Causes Air Pollution Today?

Stationary Sources
Combustion of fuels
for power and heat
Other burning such Mobile Sources
as incineration or
forest fires Highway vehicles: cars,
Industrial/commercial trucks, buses and
processes motorcycles
Solvents and aerosols Off-highway vehicles such
as aircraft, boats,
locomotives, farm
equipment, construction
machinery & lawn mowers
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 Primary Types of Air Pollutants

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Particulate Matter (PM10)

Lead (Pb)
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 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Odorless, colorless gas
Caused by incomplete combustion of
fuel and air
Most of it comes from motor vehicles
Reduces the transport of oxygen through
the blood stream
Affects mental functions and visual
acuity, even at low levels
Improvements are being made but there
are still problems in some urban areas
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 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

1. General term for a wide range of

hydrocarbon compounds
2. VOCs result from combustion processes
and evaporation of gasoline vapors,
solvents, etc.
3. They contribute to Global Warming
4. In sunlight, they combine with NOx to form
ozone (smog)
5. Ozone irritates eyes, aggravates respiratory
ills, damages crops
6. The ozone problem is the one affecting the
most people today
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 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Nitrogen dioxide is the prominent one (it's

the yellow-brown color in smog)
NOx results from high temperature
combustion processes, e.g. cars and utilities
They affect the respiratory system
They play a major role in atmospheric
reactions
Overall levels unchanged but transportation
sources are cleaner

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 Lead (Pb)

Long known as one of the worst toxics in

common use
Emitted from gasoline additives, battery
factories and non-ferrous smelters
Affects various organs and can cause
sterility and neurological impairment, e.g.
retardation and behavioral disorders
Infants and children especially susceptible
Control of mobile sources has been
exceptionally successful

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 Particulate Matter (PM10)

PM10 is a general term for tiny airborne

particles (under ten microns), e.g., dust, soot,
smoke
Primary sources are fuel-burning plants and
other industrial/ commercial processes
Some are formed in the air
They irritate the respiratory system and may
also carry metals, sulfates, nitrates, etc.
Some overall decreases seen but trends
may be masked by meteorological changes

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 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

This term is used for a number of compounds

containing sulfur
Primarily caused by burning of coal, oil and
various industrial processes
They can affect the respiratory system
They react in the atmosphere to form acids,
sulfates and sulfites
Substantial reductions due to controls at the
sources and through use of low sulfur fuels

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 Other Air Pollutants

Carbon dioxide Asbestos

Chlorofluorocarbons Manganese
Formaldehyde Dioxins
Benzene Cadmium

Still others which are yet to

be fully characterized

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 Global Warming

Certain gases in the troposphere absorb

some of the infrared radiation reflected
from the earth
Carbon Dioxide is the major one (50%).
Others include methane (18%) and CFCs
(14%). CFCs also are responsible for
destroying the stratospheric ozone layer
The United States produces over 20% of
the world's "greenhouse" gases

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 The Combustion Process
(theoretical)
Gasoline -------- Air ---------

C 7 H13 + 10 O2 + 39 N2

Energy!!

7 CO2 + 6.5 H2 O + 39N2

Carbon Water
Dioxide (Steam) Nitrogen

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The Combustion Process
(actual) Real Fuel
Today's Air

Pollutants:
Exhaust: Unburned
Nitrogen Hydrocarbons
Water (steam) Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Pollutants Other elements or
compounds
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 Evaporative Emissions
(diurnal, running losses, hot soak)
Other
Refueling Losses
Emissions
(displaced vapors)
from
Motor
Vehicles

Miscellaneous Emissions
(due to other evaporation
and wear of brakes, Crankcase Losses
tires, etc.) (due to "blowby")
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 The Motor Vehicle as
a Source of Air Pollution
Refueling Evaporative
Losses Emissions

Exhaust Crankcase
Emissions Losses, etc.

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How Emissions are Formed
In the engine
- incomplete combustion
-"wall quench"
- high pressure and temp
-"Blowby"
Due to evaporation of fuel
-"breathing"
- hot engine and fuel
- displacement of vapors

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 The Effect of Air-Fuel Ratio

Fuel Economy
Higher

NOx

HC

CO
Lower
Rich Stoichiometric Lean
(too much fuel) (14.7 to 1) (too much air)

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 Typical Emission Control
Devices

Positive Crankcase Ventilation

(PCV) Valve

Air Pump

Evaporative Emissions Canister

Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)

Valve

Catalytic Converter

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Efficiency of the Three-way Catalyst
100%
90%
80%

The "Window"
50%

HC
NOx

CO
0%
Rich Stoichiometric Lean
(too much fuel) (14.7 to 1) (too much air)

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 Catalytic Converter
A catalytic converter is a device that
uses a catalyst to convert three harmful
compounds in car exhaust into harmless
compounds. The three harmful compounds
are:
Hydrocarbons (in the form of
unburned gasoline)

Carbon monoxide (formed by the

combustion of gasoline)

Nitrogen oxides (created when

the heat in the engine forces nitrogen
in the air to combine with oxygen)
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 Catalytic Converter
In a catalytic converter, the catalyst (in
the form of platinum and palladium) is
coated onto a ceramic honeycomb or
ceramic beads that are housed in a muffler-
like package attached to the exhaust pipe.

The catalyst helps to

convert carbon monoxide
into carbon dioxide. It
converts the hydrocarbons
into carbon dioxide and
water. It also converts the
nitrogen oxides back into
nitrogen and oxygen.
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Catalytic Converter

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 References
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2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for Engg.
Technologists, Addison Wisley.
3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
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and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
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8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
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Wisley.
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14. Stone R, (1992), Internal Combustion Engines, The Macmillan Press Limited, London.
15. Taylor CF, (1985), The Internal-Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, Vol. 1 & 2,
The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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 Web Resources
1. http://www.mne.psu.edu/simpson/courses
2. http://me.queensu.ca/courses
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23. http://widget.ecn.purdue.edu/~yanchen/ME200/ME200-8.ppt -
24. http://www.epa.gov/otag/cunsumer/fapmve2.ppt
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