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STATUS
REPORT ON
VIOLENCE
PREVENTION
2014
GLOBAL
STATUS
REPORT ON
VIOLENCE
PREVENTION
2014
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
1.Violence prevention and control. 2.Domestic Violence. 3.Interpersonal Relations. 4. I.World Health
Organization.
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Cover photo by Jon Shireman and iStock.
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Part VI At a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Part VII Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Part VIII Country profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Part IX Statistical annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Preface
Violence shatters lives. Around the world almost half a Health Organizations 2002 World report on violence and
million people are murdered each year. Beyond these deaths, health, Many who live with violence day in and day out
millions more children, women and men suffer from the far- assume that it is an intrinsic part of the human condition.
reaching consequences of violence in our homes, schools But this is not so. Violence can be prevented. Governments,
and communities. Violence often blights peoples lives for communities and individuals can make a difference.
decades, leading to alcohol and drug addiction, depression,
suicide, school dropout, unemployment and recurrent This Global status report on violence prevention 2014
relationship difficulties. In crisis and conflict-affected takes stock of how governments are making a difference,
countries, violence can hamper recovery and development by assessing the measures countries are taking to prevent
efforts by exacerbating societal divisions, perpetuating and respond to interpersonal violence. The report the first
crime, and in some cases leading to the recurrence of war. of its kind finds that considerable violence prevention
activity is underway around the world. For instance, on
In addition, the costs of violence are high. Families on average, each of the prevention programmes surveyed was
the brink of poverty can be ruined when a breadwinner is reported to be implemented in about a third of countries;
killed or disabled because of violence. For nations, social each of the services to protect and support victims surveyed
and economic development is eroded by the outlay on the was reported to be in place in just over half of countries; and
health, criminal justice and social welfare responses to some 80% of countries were found to have enacted each of
violence. As the late Nelson Mandela wrote in the World the prevention laws surveyed.
iv Preface
But importantly the report also reveals gaps in global prevention goals in the post-2015 development agenda.
violence prevention that must be filled: gaps in knowledge These include halving violence-related deaths everywhere,
about the extent of the problem; in the quality and reach of ending violence against children and eliminating all forms of
prevention programmes; in access to services for victims; violence against women and girls by 2030. Whether or not
in the enforcement of existing laws; and in mechanisms to these goals are eventually adopted, their prominence in the
coordinate multisectoral work. debate so far confirms the relevance of violence prevention
to the challenges facing society now and in the future.
Collaboration across sectors is a necessary starting point Indeed, preventing violence is one of the top five priorities
for filling these gaps. The health sector must expand its expressed by the five million citizens who have conveyed
role in violence prevention, increase services for victims their views on the focus for the new development agenda
and improve the collection of data on violence. The justice through the global United Nations-led consultations.
and law enforcement sectors must ensure that laws which
strengthen violence prevention are promulgated and The Global status report on violence prevention 2014
rigorously applied, that laws discriminating against women builds on existing commitments by several United Nations
are changed, that efforts to improve community policing agencies to support countries in their violence prevention
and problem-orientated policing are intensified, and that efforts. It identifies clear gaps and opportunities and
institutions to support such efforts are strengthened. The inspires us to action. Further, it provides a baseline and
development sector must integrate governance and rule of a set of indicators to track future violence prevention
law more closely with violence prevention programming. progress. Please join us in ensuring its findings are made
use of and its recommendations implemented, particularly
Publication of the Global status report on violence 2014 as we anticipate the adoption of the post-2015 development
coincides with proposals to include several violence agenda. Together we can indeed make a difference.
Preface v
Acknowledgements
The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and
benefitted from the contributions of many World Health the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Organization (WHO) staff and partners from other were cosponsors of the report, and WHO acknowledges
organizations. the invaluable inputs of Eveline de Brujin, Paul Eavis, Sara
Sekkenes, Christi Sletten and Zachary Taylor (UNDP); and
Alexander Butchart and Christopher Mikton coordinated and Enrico Bisogno, Jenna Dawson-Faber, Steven Malby and
wrote the report. Etienne Krug provided strategic direction. Angela Me (UNODC).
Data management and statistical analysis were conducted
by Christopher Mikton and Daniel Hogan, assisted by Kacem WHO also thanks the following contributors whose expertise
Iaych and Charles Upton. made this report possible:
Linda Dahlberg who provided expert advice and
Many WHO staff made invaluable contributions to the contributed to the final writing up and editing of the
report. Margie Peden and Tami Toroyan provided guidance report;
based on their experience in producing the Global status Anna Alvazzi del Frate, Mark Bellis, Vivien Carli, Peter
report on road safety. Data collection was facilitated by Donnelly, Michael Feigelson, Adnan Hyder, Rolf Loeber,
WHO representatives and staff at country level. At WHO Robert Muggah, Bridget Penhale, Irvin Waller, Elizabeth
regional level, trainings, data collection and validation Ward, Charlotte Watts and Anthony Zwi who provided
were carried out by Martial Missimikim and Martin Ekeke expert advice on the survey design;
Monono (African Region); Alessandra Guedes and Marcelo Anna Alvazzi del Frate, Avni Amin, Mark Bellis, Vivien
Korc (Region of the Americas); Rania Saad, Hala Sakr and Carli, Peter Donnelly, Claudia Garcia Moreno, Jenny
Joanna Vogel (Eastern Mediterranean Region); Francesco Gray, Karen Hughes, James Mercy, Michele Moloney-
Mitis and Dinesh Sethi (European Region); Salim Chowdhury Kitts, Christina Pallitto, Bridget Penhale, Marta Santos
and Chamaiparn Santikarn (South-East Asia Region); and Pais, AK Shiva Kumar, Joan van Niekerk, Catherine Ward
Jonathon Passmore (Western Pacific Region). Other WHO and Alys Willman who provided peer review comments;
staff who contributed to the development and production Angela Burton who edited and proofread the report;
of the report include Avni Amin, Kidist Bartolomeos, Islene Alexandra Lysova who reviewed the literature and
Araujo De Carvalho, Alexandra Fleischmann, Claudia Garcia assisted with content analysis;
Moreno, Berit Kieselbach, Colin Mathers, Vladimir Poznyak, Graphic designers at Inis Communication who produced
Florence Rusciano, Claire Scheurer and Laura Sminkey. the design and layout.
Country-level data were obtained through the crucial input Finally, WHO wishes to thank the UBS Optimus Foundation
of: for its generous financial support for the development and
publication of this report, as well as the Government of
National Data Coordinators (see Table A1 in Part IX
Belgium, the Bernard van Leer Foundation, UNDP and the
Statistical annex);
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
all respondents and attendees of the consensus meetings
who also provided financial support.
in countries;
government officials who agreed to provide the country
information included in the report.
vi Acknowledgements
Executive summary
This report focuses on interpersonal violence, which is data best representing their country. Third, WHO regional
violence that occurs between family members, intimate and global violence prevention technical staff validated
partners, friends, acquaintances and strangers, and includes the final data submitted for each country by checking them
child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner violence, against independent databases and other sources. Finally,
sexual violence and elder abuse. Interpersonal violence is permission to include the final data in the status report was
a risk factor for lifelong health and social problems. It is obtained from country government officials.
both predictable and preventable, and responsibility for
addressing it rests clearly with national governments. Coverage
This report highlights data from 133 countries, covering
Aims of the report 6.1 billion people and representing 88% of the worlds
The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 population. Response rates by region varied, covering 63%
represents the progress countries have made in implementing of the population in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 70%
the recommendations of the 2002 World report on violence in the African Region, 83% in the European Region, 88% in
and health. The specific aims of the report are to: the Region of the Americas and 97% in both the South-East
Asia and Western Pacific Regions.
describe the state of the problem of interpersonal
violence worldwide and the extent to which countries are
collecting data on fatal and non-fatal violence to inform Violence affects the lives of millions, with
planning and action; long-lasting consequences
assess the current status of programme, policy and There were an estimated 475 000 deaths in 2012 as a
legislative measures to prevent violence; result of homicide. Sixty percent of these were males aged
evaluate the availability of health care, social and legal 1544 years, making homicide the third leading cause of
services for victims of violence; death for males in this age group. Within low- and middle-
identify gaps in tackling the problem of interpersonal income countries, the highest estimated rates of homicide
violence and stimulate national action to address them. occur in the Region of the Americas, with 28.5 homicides
per 100 000 population, followed by the African Region
By giving an assessment of violence prevention efforts
with a rate of 10.9 homicides per 100 000 population. The
globally and a snapshot of these efforts by country, the
lowest estimated rate of homicide is in the low- and middle-
report provides a starting point for tracking future progress
income countries of the Western Pacific Region, with 2.1 per
and offers a benchmark that countries can use to assess
100 000 population. Over the period 20002012, homicide
their own progress.
rates are estimated to have declined by just over 16%
globally (from 8.0 to 6.7 per 100 000 population), and, in
Method high-income countries, by 39% (from 6.2 to 3.8 per 100 000
Data for this report were systematically gathered from population). By contrast, homicide rates in low- and middle-
each country in a four-step process which was led by a income countries have shown less decline over the same
government-appointed National Data Coordinator. First, period. For both upper and lower middle-income countries
within each country a self-administered questionnaire was the decline was 13%, and for low-income countries it was
completed by respondents from ministries of health, justice, 10%. Nevertheless, deaths are only a fraction of the health
education, gender and women, law enforcement and police, and social burden arising from violence.
children, social development and the interior, and, where
relevant, nongovernmental organizations. Second, these
respondents held a consensus meeting and agreed on the
Executive summary ix
Availability of services to identify, refer, develop comprehensive and data-driven national action
protect and support victims varies markedly plans;
integrate violence prevention into other health platforms;
Providing high-quality care and support services to victims
strengthen mechanisms for leadership and coordination;
of violence is important for reducing trauma, helping victims
ensure prevention programmes are comprehensive,
heal and preventing repeat victimization and perpetration.
integrated and informed by evidence;
However, despite strong evidence linking experiences
ensure that services for victims are comprehensive and
of violence to mental health problems, less than half of
informed by evidence;
countries reported the availability of mental health services
strengthen support for outcome evaluation studies;
to address the needs of victims, ranging from two-thirds of
enforce existing laws and review their quality;
countries in the Region of the Americas and the European
implement and enact policies and laws relevant to
Region, to only 15% in the African Region. Globally, child
multiple types of violence;
protection services were the most widely reported of all
build capacity for violence prevention.
services (69% of all countries), followed by medico-legal
services for victims of sexual violence. However, the quality At regional and global levels, the reports key recommenda-
of these services and their accessibility to victims were not tions are to:
ascertained, and these relatively high levels of reported
availability may conceal low-quality services. Of all services strengthen the global violence prevention agenda;
included in the survey, adult protective services were the strengthen support for comprehensive and integrated
least reported. Only a third of surveyed countries indicated violence prevention programming;
having adult protective services in place to investigate strengthen efforts of regional and subregional
potential cases of elder abuse, and assist vulnerable older organizations to work with national offices to coordinate
adults. data collection and disseminate data gathered;
increase collaboration between international organiza-
tions and donor agencies;
Victim support services often extend beyond medical and
set baselines and targets, and track progress .
other care. Legal representation in criminal courts and
receiving compensation from the state are important for A growing body of research shows that much interpersonal
all types of interpersonal violence. While the majority of violence can be effectively prevented and its far-reaching
countries (86%) report laws providing victims with legal consequences mitigated. The Global status report on
representation and participation in criminal courts, only violence prevention 2014 shows that many countries
52% indicate having victim compensation legislation. Both have begun to implement prevention programmes and
the existence of such laws and the extent to which they are victim services, and to develop the national action plans,
enforced vary by country income level, with existence and policies and laws required to support violence prevention
enforcement appearing to be much greater in high-income and response efforts. At the international level, high-
countries than elsewhere. level resolutions that commit Member States to tackling
interpersonal violence within their countries and through
Recommendations the establishment of networks and partnerships have been
The findings of the Global status report on violence adopted.
prevention 2014 are relevant to national, regional and global
violence prevention efforts. Across these levels they offer Yet, this survey shows that serious gaps remain and that
an opportunity for all violence prevention stakeholders to much work is still required to realize the full potential of
come together and step up their activities and investments the growing violence prevention field. No country can rest
to match the burden and severity of the problem. on its laurels and assume it has successfully addressed
interpersonal violence. The international community must
At a national level, the reports key recommendations are to: continue to recognize interpersonal violence as an important
health, criminal justice, development and gender issue, and
strengthen data collection to reveal the true extent of the
step up its support for prevention.
problem;
x Executive summary
Part I Background
INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE A UNIVERSAL CHALLENGE
Interpersonal violence and its consequences Since 2000, about 6 million people globally have been killed
in acts of interpersonal violence, making homicide a more
frequent cause of death than all wars combined during this
More than 1.3 million people worldwide die each year
period. Non-fatal interpersonal violence is more common
as a result of violence in all its forms (self-directed,
than homicide and has serious and lifelong health and social
interpersonal and collective), accounting for 2.5% of global
consequences.
mortality. For people aged 1544 years, violence is the
fourth leading cause of death worldwide (1). In addition,
tens of thousands of people around the world are victims Beyond physical injuries, the health effects of violence
of non-fatal violence every day. These include victims of include disabilities, depression, reproductive and physical
assault who sustain physical injuries requiring treatment health problems, smoking, high-risk sexual behaviours and
in emergency departments and those who suffer other alcohol and drug misuse behaviours that link experiences
physical, sexual and psychological abuse, but may not of violence to heart disease, stroke, cancer, HIV/AIDS and
bring it to the attention of health or other authorities. This a host of other chronic and infectious diseases and early
report focuses on interpersonal violence, which is violence death. Violence places a heavy strain on health and criminal
that occurs between family members, intimate partners, justice systems, and social and welfare services. Violence
friends, acquaintances and strangers, and includes child also erodes the economic fabric of communities as local
maltreatment, youth violence (including that associated economies are impacted by workforce absenteeism, lost
with gangs), violence against women (for example, intimate productivity, loss of human capital, and face disincentives
partner violence and sexual violence) and elder abuse (2). It for investment and economic development.
is distinct from self-directed violence and collective violence,
which are not covered in this report.1 Self-directed violence Calls to action
is that which people inflict upon themselves, such as suicidal Violence has long been recognized as a problem for the
behaviour and self-mutilation (2). Collective violence refers criminal justice and defence sectors and has been taken up in
to instrumental violence inflicted by larger groups such as various United Nations (UN) resolutions dating back to 1986
nation states, militia groups and terrorist organizations in (see Box 1). It was put on the international health agenda
order to achieve political, economic or social objectives (2). when the World Health Assembly, at its meeting in Geneva
Violence is the intentional use of in 1996, adopted a resolution declaring violence a leading
worldwide public health problem (WHA49.25). The World
physical force or power, threatened Health Assembly called upon Member States to give urgent
or actual, against oneself, or against consideration to the problem of violence and requested the
a group or community that either Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO)
to develop a science-based approach to understanding and
results in or has a high likelihood
preventing violence.
of resulting in injury, death,
psychological harm, maldevelopment WHO responded to the resolution in part with the World
or deprivation. report on violence and health the first comprehensive
review of violence as a global public health problem (2).
Source: WHO global consultation on violence and health, 1996 (4). The report covered a broad spectrum of violence, from
highly visible forms such as youth violence and collective
violence, to more hidden forms that occur against women,
children and elderly people, as well as self-directed
1
WHO published Preventing suicide: a global imperative (3) in 2014
(http://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/world_ violence. For each, the report described what was known
report_2014/en/, accessed 14 October 2014). about the magnitude and impact of the problem, the factors
2 Part I Background
that increase or protect against the risk of violence, the 4. promote primary prevention responses;
different intervention and policy responses that have been 5. strengthen responses for victims of violence;
tried and what is known about their effectiveness. It also
6. integrate violence prevention into social and educational
made recommendations for action at local, national and
policies, and thereby promote gender and social equality;
international levels. In short, the report recommended that
7. increase collaboration and exchange of information on
governments:
violence prevention;
1. create, implement and monitor a national action plan for
8. promote and monitor adherence to international treaties,
violence prevention;
laws and other mechanisms to protect human rights;
2. enhance capacity for collecting data on violence;
9. seek practical, internationally agreed responses to the
3. define priorities for, and support research on, the causes, global drugs trade and the global arms trade.
consequences, costs and prevention of violence;
While crime prevention has been on the agenda of international organizations since 1872, when the First International
Congress on the Prevention and Repression of Crime was held in London, interest in preventing interpersonal violence
increased around 30 years ago. In 1986 the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) asserted
in the Seville statement on violence that violent behaviour is not genetically programmed into human nature and is
therefore preventable (8), and in 1990 the United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency were
adopted (9). In 1997, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was established and mandated to assist
Member States in addressing the interrelated issues of drug control, crime prevention and international terrorism in
the context of sustainable development and human security. In 2002, the UN Economic and Social Council adopted the
Guidelines for the prevention of crime (10), which set out basic principles and methods for crime prevention and provide
guidance for international action.
In 1989, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) which
obliges governments, to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or
negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation (11). The Committee on the Rights of the Child, which oversees
implementation of this convention, has held several thematic discussions on violence against children and called for the
UN Study on violence against children (12, 13) which was published in 2006. This report has been followed by several
regional reports and by the appointment in 2009 of the UN Secretary Generals Special Representative on Violence
against Children, who in 2013 developed the Global survey on violence against children (14).
Violence against women has also received considerable attention from UN agencies. In 1993 the UN General Assembly
adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (15). Since 1994 there has been a UN Special
Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences. In 1996 the United Nations Development Fund
for Women established its Trust Fund to Eliminate Violence against Women, and in 2006 the UN Secretary Generals
In-depth study on all forms of violence against women was published. In 2010, the UN General Assembly adopted
the Updated model strategies and practical measures on the elimination of violence against women in the field of
crime prevention and criminal justice (16). On its establishment as an organization in 2010, the UN Entity for Gender
Equality and the Empowerment of Women (otherwise known as UN Women) prioritized the prevention of and response
to violence against women and works closely with other agencies such as UNODC, the UN Population Fund (UNFPA),
UNAIDS and WHO to empower women, prevent violence against them, and mitigate its consequences.
Part I Background 3
The report became a catalyst for stimulating awareness and published the first Global and regional estimates of violence
action. WHO regional committees for Africa, the Americas, against women: prevalence and health burden of intimate
Europe, and the Western Pacific adopted resolutions partner violence and non-partner sexual violence (6), and
endorsing the reports recommendations and encouraged Clinical and policy guidelines for responding to intimate
their Member States to implement them. Heads of state in partner violence and sexual violence against women (7).
the African Union and the Council of Europe endorsed the These guidelines have been widely disseminated and nearly
report, as did international nongovernmental organizations 35 countries have participated in related capacity-building
such as International Physicians for the Prevention of workshops.
Nuclear War, Mdecins Sans Frontires and the World
Medical Association. At a national level, uptake of the In 2003 the World Health Assembly adopted resolution
World report on violence and health was reflected in the WHA56.24, which called upon Member States to appoint
convening of over 50 policy discussions on the report, and a focal point within their ministries of health and actively
the publication of 25 national reports on violence and health make use of the conclusions and recommendations of the
that were modelled on the global report. World report on violence and health. In 2014, the World
Health Assembly drew attention to the important role of
WHO also developed the methodology for and conducted health systems in addressing violence, in particular against
the WHO multi-country study on womens health and women and girls and against children, and called upon
domestic violence. The report of this study (5) presented WHOs Director-General to develop a global plan of action
the first comparable data on the prevalence of different to strengthen the role of the health system in addressing
forms of violence against women, their consequences and interpersonal violence, in particular against women and
risk factors, and the coping strategies that women develop girls, and against children (WHA67.15).
in the face of intimate partner violence. In 2013, WHO
WHO/Pierre Albouy.
4 Part I Background
Scott Wallace/The World Bank.
Part I Background 5
national plans of action for the prevention of violence The narrative section of this report presents an analysis
overall, and by type of violence; of information aggregated across countries, including
agencies/departments responsible for overseeing or estimated rates of homicide based on homicide data
coordinating violence prevention activities, as well reported by countries and from international datasets.
as mechanisms for collaboration and exchange of Part VI, At a glance, provides an overview of the findings
information on violence prevention; for the five main types of violence covered by the report,
data on homicide from police and civil or vital registration namely child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner
systems; violence, sexual violence and elder abuse. Part VIII, Country
data on non-fatal violence from national population- profiles, describes the main indicators reported by each
based surveys; participating country using a standard template. Part IX, the
social and educational policies relevant to multiple Statistical annex, includes country-by-country results across
types of violence (e.g. incentives for youth at high-risk several indicators.
of violence to complete schooling, policies to reduce
poverty in specific areas); This report highlights data from 133 countries covering
other policies and laws relevant to multiple types of 6.1 billion people and representing 88% of the worlds
violence (e.g. alcohol, policing strategies, firearms population. Response rates by region covered 63% of
legislation); the population in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (16
prevention policies, programmes and laws by type of countries), 70% in the African Region (27 countries), 83%
violence; in the European Region (41 countries), 88% in the Region of
health, social and legal services for victims of violence. the Americas (21 countries) and 97% in both the South-East
Asia (8 countries) and Western Pacific Regions (20 countries)
A multisectoral group of national counterparts working on (see Explanatory notes, Table 7, page 61).
violence prevention was then asked to reach a consensus
on the data that best represented their country. The final
data submitted for each country were then validated by
WHO regional and global violence prevention technical
staff by checking them against independent databases and
other sources. Permission to include the final data in the
status report was then obtained from country government
officials. More details on the method can be found in Part V,
Explanatory notes (page 57).
6 Part I Background
Part II State of the problem
DEATHS AND INJURIES ARE ONLY A FRACTION OF
THE BURDEN
Violence is a major contributor to death, disease consequences of violence are not evenly distributed
and disability, and a host of other health and social among countries, regions, or by sex and age. Whereas
consequences worldwide. The magnitude of the problem is males are disproportionately represented among victims
best represented by a pyramid. Violent deaths are the most of violent death and physical injuries treated in emergency
visible outcome of violent behaviour recorded in official departments, women and girls, children and elderly
statistics, yet represent only the apex of the pyramid. Next people disproportionately bear the burden of the non-
are victims of violence that come to the attention of health fatal consequences of physical, sexual and psychological
authorities and receive some form of emergency medical, abuse, and neglect, worldwide. They also suffer a host
medico-legal or other care. The third, much broader layer at of negative health and social consequences from these
the base of the pyramid includes acts of violence captured in acts of violence that often last a lifetime and that are not
population-based surveys acts that may never be reported captured in official statistics.
to health or other authorities. These surveys are critical to
documenting the prevalence and consequences of violence Homicide claimed the lives of an estimated
against women and girls, child maltreatment and elder 475 000 people worldwide in 2012
abuse. Of course, not all victims of violence are willing to
In 2012 an estimated 475 000 people worldwide were
disclose their experiences of violence even in a confidential
victims of homicide, for an overall rate of 6.7 per 100 000
interview, and the base of the pyramid also comprises the
population (see Table 1 and Box 2). Rates in high-income
many victims of violence who suffer in silence.
countries from all regions were generally lower than rates
in low- and middle-income countries, and there were an
As evident from the information presented in this
estimated 3.8 homicides per 100 000 in all high-income
report on fatal and non-fatal violence, the patterns and
countries combined.
Table 1: Estimated numbers and rates of homicide per 100 000 population, by WHO region and country
income status, 2012
WHO region and country income level Number of homicides Homicide rate per 100 000
population
African Region, low- and middle-income 98 081 10.9
Region of the Americas, low- and middle-income 165 617 28.5
Eastern Mediterranean Region, low- and middle-income 38 447 7.0
European Region, low- and middle-income 10 277 3.8
South-East Asia Region, low- and middle-income 78 331 4.3
Western Pacific Region, low- and middle-income 34 328 2.1
All regions, high-income 48 245 3.8
Global 474 937 a
6.7
Producing global estimates of the number of deaths resulting from homicide requires a complex procedure of data
collection and validation. Discrepancies in the estimates produced at international level namely between the data
provided by countries for the Global status report on violence prevention 2014, data from UNODCs global studies on
homicide (20, 21) and data from WHOs Mortality Database can originate either during data collection or validation.
Data collection at national level draws on different sources, usually including the criminal justice system (i.e. from police
or prosecuting authorities) and civil or vital registration systems, each of which may use different definitions of homicide.
Moreover, multiple channels of data collection exist between countries and international organizations, and these can
result in differences in data supplied to different organizations. International agencies may also use different procedures
to validate country data. Finally, different definitional frameworks can exist, both at national and international level.
The estimates of numbers and rates for deaths resulting from homicide presented in this report, and the proportion of
homicides by mechanism (for example, firearm and sharp force), were based on information from several sources. These
included data provided by countries from police and vital registration sources; data from UNODCs global studies on
homicide (20, 21); and data from WHOs Mortality Database. The estimation process used observed data on homicide
rates, in conjunction with regression modelling for countries without sufficient data availability or quality, to compute
comparable estimates of homicide rates and numbers across countries. As a result of the estimation process, the
estimates will not always match reported criminal justice and vital registration figures.
Full details of the estimation procedures used in the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 are given on page
62, while methodological details on the data published by UNODC appear in the global studies on homicide (20, 21).
These differences in data collection, validation, and methods of statistical estimation explain discrepancies between
the figures presented in this report and those published by UNODC, as shown in Table A3 of the Statistical annex.
For low- and middle-income countries, the highest estimated 1529 years (18.2 per 100 000), followed closely by males
rates of homicide are in the Region of the Americas, with an aged 3044 years (15.7 per 100 000). Estimated rates of
annual rate of 28.5 deaths per 100 000 population, followed homicide among females range from 1.2 per 100 000 in ages
by the African Region with a rate of 10.7 per 100 000 514 years, to 3.2 per 100 000 in the age group 1529 years.
population. The lowest estimated rates of homicide are in
the low- and middle-income countries of the Western Pacific Table 2: Estimated homicide rate per 100 000
Region (2.1 per 100 000) with an annual rate that is three population by age group and sex, 2012, world
times lower than the global rate of homicide, and just under
two times lower than the rate for all high-income countries Age group Homicide rate per 100 000 population
combined and that for the European Region (see Table 1). (years) Male Female Total
04 2.8 2.7 2.7
Young males bear the burden of homicide 514 1.7 1.2 1.5
1529 18.2 3.2 10.9
Fatal violence is not distributed evenly among sex and age 3044 15.7 2.7 9.3
groups. Males account for 82% of all homicide victims 4559 10.2 2.0 6.1
and have estimated rates of homicide that are more than > 60 6.7 2.7 4.5
four times those of females (10.8 and 2.5, respectively, Total 10.8 2.5 6.7
per 100 000) (see Table 2). The highest estimated rates
of homicide in the world are found among males aged
Figure 1
16 High
Figure 1
15
14 Upper middle
16
13 High
100 000 population
15 Lower middle
12
14 Upper middle
11 Low
13
per population
10 Lower middle
129
118 Low
107
per 100 000
96
HomicidesHomicides
85
74
63
52
41
30
2 04 514 1529 3044 4559 60+
1
0 Age in years
04 514 1529 3044 4559 60+
African Region, low- and middle-income Region of the Americas, low- and middle-income
25%
10 27% 47% 38% Part II State of the problem
25%
Firearm
48%
only 25% of homicides in the low- and middle-income force are estimated to comprise 35% of homicides in the
countries of the European Region, where 37% of homicides AfricanSharp force26% in the Eastern Mediterranean Region,
Region,
involve sharp instruments (see Figure 3). Homicides by sharp 27%
and 38% in the South-East Asia Region.
Other
Firearm
33% Sharp force
9%
32%
16% 75%
35%
African Region, low- and middle-income Region of the Americas, low- and middle-income
25%
27% 47% 38%
26% 37%
Eastern Mediterranean Region, low- and European Region, low- and middle-income
middle-income
26%
38%
23%
36%
38%
39%
South-East Asia Region, low- and middle-income Western Pacific Region, low- and middle-income
31%
47%
22%
Figure 4
Part11
II State of the problem Low 11
10
22%
11 Low
10
9 Lower middle
Homicides per 100 000 population
8
Upper middle
7
6
High
5
4 World
3
2
1
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year
Cultural factors, whether an incident involves childFigure the 5 reported decline was 13%, and for low-income countries
maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner violence it was 10%.
or sexual violence against women or elder abuse, and the
availability of weapons often determine how weapons Hundreds of thousands of victims of violence
are used in interpersonal violence (2). Firearms are highly receive emergency medical care each year
prevalent in the Region of the Americas and are the
For every violence-related death there are many more
predominant weapon used in violent encounters, including
individuals who seek emergency treatment for an injury
intimate partner homicides. In other regions, weapons such
sustained from an act of interpersonal violence. For example,
as knives and beatings with fists, feet or objects are more
in a nationally representative study of violence-related
common. The weapons used in interpersonal violence also
injury cases presenting at emergency departments during a
differ substantially from one type of violence to another. Blunt
1-month period in Brazil, there were 4835 cases of violence-
trauma and suffocation, for instance, are more common in
related injury, of which 91% were victims of interpersonal
cases of fatal child maltreatment. In contrast, cases of youth
violence and 9% were the result of self-directed violence.
violence are more likely to feature lethal weapons such as
More than half of the victims (55%) were also young, aged
firearms or knives (2). In some countries, so-called honour
1029 years (23). In the United States of America, 1 723 515
killings and death by fire account for a significant number
people were treated in emergency departments in 2012 for
of reported cases of lethal intimate partner violence against
injuries sustained in an assault; 37% were aged 1024 (24).
women.
In Cape Town, South Africa, analysis of 9236 consecutive
trauma centre admissions from October 2010 to September
Homicides are declining fast in high-income
countries but more slowly elsewhere Figure 2011
6 showed that assault with a sharp instrument (21%) or
blunt object (17%) were the two most common mechanisms
Over the period 20002012, homicide rates are estimated of injury, that over 70% of all cases were males, and 42%
to have declined 40%
by just over 16% globally (from 8.0 to 6.7 were aged 1830 years (25). Male
per 100 000 population),
35% and, in high-income countries, 38% Female
by 39% (from 6.2 to 3.8 per 100 000 population, see Globally, an estimated 42% of 33% women who have been
30% 32%
Figure 4). By contrast, homicide rates in low- and middle- physically and/or sexually abused by a partner have
income countries25% have shown less decline over the same 28% experienced injuries as a result of that violence (6).
period. For both upper and lower middle-income countries Estimates from some countries indicate that more than
20%
15% 18%
12 Part II State of the problem
10% 13%
one in four women injured by an intimate partner requires of deaths from intimate partner violence, with deaths
medical care (26). Blunt-force injuries by an intimate partner often being attributed to another cause (for example, a
are most commonly inflicted on the head, face and neck, kitchen accident or a fall). Furthermore, information about
followed by musculoskeletal and genital injuries (6, 27). the victim-perpetrator relationship is often missing from
official homicide statistics. Many child and elderly deaths
Children who suffer physical abuse may manifest a variety are also not routinely investigated or subject to post-
of internal and external injuries that can be life threatening mortem examination, which makes it difficult to establish
(28). Abusive head trauma is a common cause of injuries in the precise numbers of fatalities from abuse. In the case
very young children. Skull fractures, retinal haemorrhaging, of police reports of non-fatal violence and injuries treated
subdural haematomas, neurological disabilities, cortical in hospital emergency departments, factors such as the
blindness and seizures are some of the common injuries severity of the violence, the age of the victim, whether the
related to abusive head trauma (28). Injuries that are perpetrator was known to the victim and lack of access or
unexplained or inconsistent with the history provided by the distrust in health or police authorities impact the likelihood
child or a caregiver may also suggest abuse. of a victim coming forward to report their assault.
Elder abuse can also lead to physical injuries ranging from Much of what is known about violence against women,
minor scratches and bruises to broken bones and head children and older adults comes from population-based
injuries that lead to lasting disabilities. For older people, the surveys and special studies. These studies indicate that
consequences of abuse can be especially serious because physical, sexual and psychological abuse are widespread
their bones are more brittle and convalescence takes and undermine the health and well-being of millions
longer. Even relatively minor injuries can cause serious and of women, children and older adults worldwide. These
permanent damage, or death (29). studies also underscore the fact that a reliance on routinely
collected data from police and health services is inadequate
Women, children and elderly people bear for the design and monitoring of comprehensive prevention
the burden of the non-fatal consequences of plans addressing these forms of violence. For example,
population-based surveys of intimate partner violence
physical, sexual and psychological abuse
against women show that 20% to 60% of women have told
Violence against women, against children, and elder abuse no one about the violence and few have sought institutional
are particularly prone to underreporting in official death help, including from health care services. Of women who
statistics, police reports and data on injuries treated in were injured due to violence, 48% reported needing health
hospital emergency departments. In the case of violent care for the injury, but only 36% actually sought it (5).
deaths, there can be significant levels of misclassification
UN Photo/Gaston Guarda.
25.4%
WHO European
Region
24.6%
23.2% 37.0% Western Pacific
High Income WHO Eastern Region
29.8% Mediterranean
WHO Region
Region
37.7%
of the Americas South-East Asia
Region
36.6%
WHO African
Region
Source: WHO Global and regional estimates of violence against women (6)
About 30% of ever-partnered women One in five girls has been sexually abused
throughout the world have experienced during childhood, with estimates from some
physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate countries placing that proportion closer to one
partner at some point in their lives in three
Global estimates of intimate partner violence perpetrated Estimates of child maltreatment indicate that nearly a
by men against women indicate that 30% of ever-partnered quarter of adults (22.6%) worldwide suffered physical
women (about one in three) worldwide have experienced abuse as a child, 36.3% experienced emotional abuse and
physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some 16.3% experienced physical neglect, with no significant
point in their lives (see Figure 5) (6). In the African, Eastern differences between boys and girls (3032). However, the
Mediterranean and South-East Asia Regions, approximately lifetime prevalence rate of childhood sexual abuse indicates
37% of ever-partnered women report experiencing physical more marked differences by sex 18% for girls and 7.6%
and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lives, for boys (33). National surveys of violence against children
followed by the Region of the Americas, with approximately conducted in Africa reveal much higher rates of childhood
30% of women reporting lifetime exposure. Globally, 7.2% physical, sexual and emotional abuse than the global rates.
of women also report experiencing sexual violence by other
perpetrators (6).
40% Male
35% 38% Female
25% 28%
20%
15% 18%
10% 13%
9%
5%
0%
Kenya Republic of Swaziland* Zimbabwe
Tanzania
Findings from the Violence Against Children Surveys 23.8% in Austria and 32% in Belgium (3840). In studies of
conducted in Kenya, the Republic of Tanzania, Swaziland Figure 8 vulnerable elders (for example, those suffering dementia or
and Zimbabwe, for instance, indicate that about one in three living in a residential institution for older adults), nearly 25%
100%experienced sexual abuse during their childhood. For
girls reported significant levels of psychologicalPolice
abuse (41). With
90%
boys, the reported prevalence of childhood sexual abuse 95% a rapidly ageing population in countries around
93%
88% 88%
Civil or the
vitalworld,
80% 86%
ranged from 9% in Zimbabwe to 18% in Kenya (see Figure 85% registration
the number of elderly adults vulnerable to abuse, neglect
6).70%
The reported prevalence of childhood physical abuse was and exploitation is expected to grow.
69%
60% 53% and 76% in Kenya, the Republic of Tanzania,
between
59%
and50%Zimbabwe, with somewhat higher rates of childhood Violence contributes to lifelong ill health,
40% abuse experienced by boys than girls. The reported
physical particularly for women and 40%children
30%
prevalence of childhood physical abuse of girls in Swaziland
30%
20%22%. The reported prevalence of emotional 25% abuse The non-fatal consequences
25% of violence are by far the
was
10% childhood for the four countries was between 24% greatest part of the social and health burden arising from
during
violence (see Figure 7). Physical injuries themselves are
and0%38%, with similar rates indicated by boys and girls
African Region of the Eastern European
outweighed South-East Westernof negative behavioural,
by the wide spectrum
(3437). Region Americas Mediterranean Region Asia Region Pacific Region
cognitive, mental health, sexual and reproductive health
Region
problems, chronic diseases and social effects that arise
Globally, 6% of older adults report significant from exposure to violence. All types of violence have been
abuse in the past month strongly linked to negative health consequences across
Elder abuse has not been studied to the same extent as the lifespan, but violence against women and children
other types of violence. The only available global estimate contributes disproportionately to the health burden. The
shows that 6% of older adults reported significant abuse Figure 9 available evidence shows that victims of child maltreatment
in the past month (38). National surveys conducted in and women who have experienced intimate partner
predominately high-income countries find wide variation and sexual violence have more health problems, incur
in rates of abuse in the past year among adults aged over significantly higher health care costs, make more visits to
60 years. For instance, reported rates of abuse among older health providers over their lifetimes and have more hospital
adults living in private households range from 0.8% in Spain stays (and longer duration of hospital stays) than those who
and 2.6% in the United Kingdom to upwards of 18% in Israel, have not experienced violence (2, 27).
60%
57%
50% of the problem
Part II State 52% 15
40%
41%
Violence against women and girls is an important risk factor times more likely to acquire HIV and 1.6 times more likely
for HIV, other sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted to have syphilis (6). Violence against women and children
pregnancies and other reproductive health problems. For has also been strongly linked to many other adverse
example, women who have experienced intimate partner health outcomes affecting the brain and nervous system,
violence have a 16% greater chance of having a low birth gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems, and immune
weight baby and are more than twice as likely to have an and endocrine function (endocrine glands secrete hormones
induced abortion (6). In certain regions of the world, women that control and coordinate activities throughout the body)
who have experienced intimate partner violence are 1.5 (27, 28).
Exposure to violence is also strongly associated with high- who have not been exposed to partner violence (6). Women
risk behaviours such as alcohol and drug abuse and smoking, who have experienced non-partner sexual violence are also
which in turn are key risk factors for several leading causes 2.3 times more likely to have alcohol use disorders and 2.6
of death, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic times more likely to have depression or anxiety than women
lung disease, liver disease and other noncommunicable who have not (6).
diseases (4244). Victims of violence are also at higher risk
of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and Violence has high economic costs
suicidal behaviour (27, 28, 45, 46). Both exposure to violence preventing violence can promote economic
and mens perpetration of violence against women have been growth
shown to be associated with high-risk sexual behaviours
The health and social consequences of violence take an
(47, 48). For example, findings from a multi-country study
economic toll on countries too, although the precise burden
in Eastern Europe found a substantially greater risk of
is unknown, particularly in developing countries where
problem drinking (10 times) and drug use (six times) among
economic losses and impact tend to be underestimated. The
young adults who had four or more adverse experiences
provision of treatment, mental health services, emergency
in childhood compared to young adults without these
care and criminal justice responses are some of the direct
experiences (42). Young adults who experienced adverse
costs associated with violence. There are also a wide
events in their childhood also had a 2.4 times increased risk
range of indirect costs. Victims of violence are more likely
of cancer, 5.8 times risk of stroke and 49-fold increased risk
to experience spells of unemployment, absenteeism, and
of attempting suicide compared to those without adverse
to suffer health problems that affect job performance (49).
child experiences (42).
Other indirect costs include those related to lost productivity
Women exposed to intimate partner violence are almost because of premature death; long-term disability; the
twice as likely to have an alcohol use disorder, twice provision of places of safety for children and women;
as likely to experience depression, and have a 4.5-fold disruptions to daily life because of fears for personal safety;
increased risk of suicide attempts compared to women and disincentives to investment and tourism (49).
Reliable data on the nature and extent of violence, the as an intentional homicide, and because of varying police
populations at risk and the causes and consequences of and law enforcement capacity to identify and record
violence are essential to developing well-informed national homicide events (53). For instance, infanticide leading to
plans of action and policies, programmes and services to death or so-called honour killings may not be recorded as
prevent and respond to violence. Data on both fatal and intentional homicides in police statistics (53).
non-fatal violence are necessary to inform these efforts.
Countries were asked to provide information on deaths as Civil or vital registration systems, on the other hand, typically
well as on national population-based surveys that capture record homicides using the International Classification
information on victimization which may or may not have of Disease (ICD) external cause of injury codes (see ICD-
been reported to police or other authorities. 10, chapter 20) (54). The manner (or intent) of death is
determined by a medical professional (for example, a
For deaths, countries were asked to provide information on coroner or medical examiner) along with the underlying
homicide from police data and from civil or vital registration cause (the way in which the person sustained the fatal
data. Both sources of data have their strengths and injury for example, gunshot, strangulation). For a death to
weaknesses. Strengths of police data include the detailed be classified as homicide, there must be a preponderance
nature of the information included, their comprehensiveness of evidence indicating that the injuries were inflicted by
(compared to other crimes, homicide data suffer much less another person with the intent to injure or kill. In general,
from underreporting), and their validity and consistency. civil or vital registration systems are not subject to legal
Weaknesses of police data include the fact that within and thresholds for classifying a death as a homicide. Thus, some
between countries there can be wide variation in homicide cases may fall in the so-called undetermined intent category
information collected by law enforcement authorities because of insufficient evidence to determine the manner of
because of varying legal thresholds for classifying a death death. However, unlike criminal justice data, these systems
Figure 8: Proportion of countries with available data on the number of homicides, by source (n = 133
reporting countries)
Figure 8
100% Police
90% 93% 95%
88% 88%
Civil or vital
80% 86% 85% registration
70%
69%
60%
59%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20% 25% 25%
10%
0%
African Region of the Eastern European South-East Western
Region Americas Mediterranean Region Asia Region Pacific Region
Region
record all causes of death, which facilitates adjustments and response efforts. For instance, 36% of countries report
to correct for incompleteness when computing national being unable to provide a breakdown of homicide by sex
totals. Nonetheless, the quality of public health data on Figurein9 their police data and more than half (54%) are not able
homicides is influenced by factors similar to police data, to provide this breakdown in their civil or vital registration
including insufficient professional health staff (especially data. In addition, 13% of countries (over one third in the
in developing countries), problems of undercounting when Eastern Mediterranean Region) say they lack annual data on
not all deaths are properly examined and certified, and the homicide for the period 20012010 to track trends. Countries
possibility that cause of death assessments are changed by were not asked about information on victim-perpetrator
coroners after statistics are produced (20). relationships or about the circumstances surrounding the
violent death. However, other studies (20,21) have found
60%
Fully 60% of countries do not have usable data that few systems collect such information, making it difficult
57%
on homicide 50% from civil or vital registration to classify homicides by type of violence
52% (for example, those
sources 40% resulting from child maltreatment, elder abuse or from
41%
intimate partner violence). Without more detailed data, the
30%
The findings from the survey show substantial gaps in
30% measures countries are taking to prevent homicide run the
data across20%the two sources of homicide information. The26%
risk of being poorly targeted and less effective than they
majority of countries (88%) report having data on homicide 17%
10% could be.
from police sources. However, fully11% 60% of countries do not
6%
have usable 0%data on homicide from civil or vital registration
All types of Armed Gang Youth Approximately
Child 43% of countries
Intimate reporting Elder
Sexual the availability
sources, while about 9% of countries
violence violencereportviolence
having neither
violence ofmaltreatment
police homicidepartner
data do notviolence abuse
use a standard definition to
police nor vital registration data on homicide. Within certain violence
classify homicides (e.g. UNODCs International Classification
WHO regions, the availability of data on fatal violence is even
of Crime for Statistical Purposes) (55); for countries reporting
more limited. For instance, in the Eastern Mediterranean
homicide data from civil or vital registration sources, about
Region some 30% of countries report missing homicide data
14% are not using a standard definition (e.g. ICD-10 external
from police sources, and in the African and South-East Asia
cause of injury codes) (54). Countries should identify ways to
Regions, 70%75% of countries indicate they are missing
Figure strengthen
10 data from both sources and should also look for
homicide data from civil or vital registration sources (see
ways to link data from these and other sources to provide
Figure 8). Data on homicides also remain insufficiently
more complete and comprehensive information to target
detailed
100%in many countries to guide and monitor prevention
prevention efforts. National
90% action plan
Figure 9: Proportion of countries that have conducted national prevalence surveys on different types of
violence (n = 133 reporting countries)
60%
57%
50% 52%
40%
41%
30%
30%
20% 26%
17%
10% 11%
0% 6%
All types of Armed Gang Youth Child Intimate Sexual Elder
violence violence violence violence maltreatment partner violence abuse
violence
For most types of violence, under half type of violence the most extensively surveyed of all,
of countries reported having conducted followed closely by population-based surveys that include
nationally representative population-based Figure 10sexual violence (see Figure 9). Data on intimate partner
surveys and sexual violence have typically been collected either in
dedicated surveys of violence against women, or as part
While
100%the majority of countries say they have data on fatal of demographic and health or reproductive health surveys.
National
violence from either police or vital registration sources, action plan
90% About two thirds of countries in the European Region
for most types of violence less than half of countries
80% and Region of the Americas (68% and 67% respectively)
Survey data
surveyed report having conducted nationally representative
indicated that they have conducted surveys on intimate
70%
prevalence surveys (see Figure 9). 71%
partner
68% violence compared to 52% of countries in the African
60% 65%
Region, 38% of countries in the Eastern Mediterranean
Even though gang violence and armed 53% violence are highly 57%
50% Region and 25% of countries
52% in the South-East Asia Region.
visible
40%
types of violence, few countries have gathered About half (52%) of countries 41% indicated that they have
systematic 40%data to determine
37% the prevalence and41% conducted national surveys that included questions on
30%
characteristics of these types of violence at a national sexual violence, including many countries in Africa (67%),
20% 26%
level. Only 6% of countries report the conducting of national and between 25% and 62% in other WHO regions.
17%
surveys
10% on gang 11% violence and 11% of countries report
the conducting
0% of surveys on armed
6% violence, including in
Countries reported that sexual violence was the
countries where
Armed smaller-scale
Gang studiesYouthindicate serious
Child Intimate Sexual Elder
predominant type of violence surveyed across all levels of
violence
problems with gangs andviolence
gun violence.violence maltreatment
Further, only 26% partner violence abuse
country income status, with 52% indicating that they have
violence
indicate that they have surveyed youth violence, including
conducted a national prevalence survey on sexual violence
29% of countries in the Region of the Americas and 43% of
(see Table 3). While the proportion of countries reporting
countries in the European Region. Where conducted, such
that they have conducted national surveys on various types
surveys have typically gathered population-based data on
of violence was consistently lower in low-income countries
bullying, physical fighting and school violence.
relative to middle- and high-income countries, this was not
the case with sexual violence. More low-income countries
Intimate partner violence is the most Figure 11
reported conducting population-based surveys that included
extensively surveyed of all types of violence questions on sexual violence than high-income countries.
Approximately 57% of countries
Life skills/social indicatedprogrammes
development that they (YV)
had 51%
conducted national surveys on violence against women Approximately four in 10 countries (41%) report that they
Social and cultural norms change (SV) 50%
which focused on intimate partner violence, making this have conducted national surveys on child maltreatment (see
Social and cultural norms change (IPV) 49%
Bullying prevention (YV) 47%
22 Caregiver support programmes (EA) 39% Part III Findings
Pre-school enrichment (YV) 38%
Figure 9), with 60% of countries in the European Region where no country indicates having conducted such a survey.
having done so compared with 43% in the Region of the Elder abuse was reportedly also the least surveyed of the
Americas, 33% in the African Region and 13% of countries different types of violence in low-income countries.
in the South-East Asia Region. These differences are also
evident when looking at country income status. Only 14% It is important to note that survey respondents were not
of low-income countries report having conducted surveys always aware that national prevalence surveys had been
on child maltreatment compared to nearly half of high- and conducted in their countries. Where this was the case,
middle-income countries (47% and 45% respectively) (see information about the existence of relevant surveys was
Table 3). shared with countries during the validation process. It
is nonetheless possible that existing surveys have been
About one in six (17%) countries reports having conducted missed. In addition, countries may have categorized a single
a survey on elder abuse (see Figure 9), including 32% of survey as providing information on several different forms
countries in the European Region, 19% of countries in the of violence (for example, intimate partner violence, sexual
Region of the Americas and between 7%13% in other violence, child maltreatment) or have incorrectly categorized
regions, with the exception of the South-East Asia Region a small-scale survey as a national survey.
Table 3: Population-based surveys by type of violence and country income status (n = 133 reporting
countries)a
a
There were too few reported surveys of gang violence for inclusion in this table.
Developing a national action plan is a key step towards For example, children who suffer rejection, neglect, harsh
effective violence prevention. It is a way for countries to physical punishment and sexual abuse or witness violence
articulate how violence impacts the health, economic at home or in the community are at greater risk of engaging
viability and safety and security of a nation. It also provides in aggressive and antisocial behaviour at later stages in
direction to policy-makers and others about what needs to their development, including engaging in violent behaviour
be done and how best to achieve sustainable reductions in as adults (56, 57). About half (51%) of countries surveyed
violence. As outlined in the recommendations of the World indicated that they had integrated plans that address
report on violence and health (2), a national action plan multiple types of violence (see Table 4). This suggests that
should include: objectives; priorities; strategies; assigned in about half of countries, planning may be driven more by
responsibilities; a timetable and evaluation mechanism; efforts to address specific types of violence than efforts to
and adequate financial resources for implementation. The create synergies across types of violence. Integrated plans
plan should also be based on input from a wide range of addressing all types of violence were far more frequent in
governmental and nongovernmental actors, and feature the Region of the Americas (76%) than in other regions.
coordinating mechanisms at local and national levels to
enable collaboration between sectors, with a specific Many countries include intimate partner violence and
organization mandated to monitor and report periodically sexual violence in their national plans to address violence
on progress. Formulating a national action plan therefore against women. Approximately three out of every four
involves considerable time and resources, and the existence countries reported having national action plans for child
of such a plan can thus be assumed to indicate a firm maltreatment (71%), followed by national action plans for
commitment to addressing the problem. intimate partner violence (68%) and sexual violence (65%),
and youth violence (53%). Less than half of the surveyed
Plans that encompass all types of countries reported plans to address elder abuse (41%),
interpersonal violence are less common than armed violence (40%) or gang violence (37%) (see Table 4).
those for specific types of violence
The different types of violence share many underlying risk
factors and are related to each other in important ways.
Table 4: National action plans by type of violence and WHO region (n = 133 reporting countries)
100% National
90% action plan
70% 71%
68%
60% 65%
57%
50% 53% 52%
40% 41% 41%
40%
37%
30%
20% 26%
17%
10% 11%
6%
0%
Armed Gang Youth Child Intimate Sexual Elder
violence violence violence maltreatment partner violence abuse
violence
The Eastern Mediterranean Region reported the lowest for improvements in the capacity to collect data. Comparing
frequency of national action plans to address intimate the extent to which national plans of action coincide with
partner violence (44%) and sexual violence (38%). In the the availability of national population-based surveys for
Figure 11
African Region, plans to address sexual violence, intimate non-fatal violence thus provides insight into the relationship
partner violence and child maltreatment were reported by between data, policy and planning.
more than half of countries (70%, 63%, 56% respectively),
Life skills/social development programmes (YV) 51%
whereas for youth, armed, and gang violence, only 30% Globally, many more countries reported that they had plans
Social and cultural norms change (SV) 50%
41% of countries in the region reported plans of action to of action to reduce violence than population-based surveys
Social andPlans
address these types of violence. cultural
of norms
actionchange (IPV)
to address 49%
(see Figure 10). This was less the case for intimate partner
elder abuse were indicated in fewer than Bullying prevention
half of (YV)
all countries 47% women, with the number of
and sexual violence against
in the African, European and Western
Caregiver Pacificprogrammes
support Regions. (EA) countries reporting 39%
national action plans on these types of
Pre-school enrichment (YV) violence 1113 percentage
38% points higher than the number
National plans are not always informed by of countries reporting surveys. Many countries include both
Parenting education (CM) 38%
data intimate partner and
Child sexual abuse prevention (CM) 37%sexual violence in their national plans
National action plans and information from
Residential data
care systems
policies (EA) to address violence against women and often include both
36%
should be mutually reinforcing since good epidemiological intimate partner violence and sexual violence in population-
Prevention programmes for school and college populations (SV) 35%
data are needed to discern where violence is occurring, the based surveys. The most frequently reported plans of action
After-school programmes (YV) 35%
groups at greatest risk and to track and monitor progress. were for child maltreatment (71% of countries), which
Home visiting (CM) was 30 percentage 35% points more than the percentage of
Without an understanding of the extent and causes of
Improving physical
violence it is difficult to formulate effectiveenvironments (SV)
national plans 29% surveys on child maltreatment. Similar
countries reporting
of action or other policyProfessional
frameworksawareness campaigns
for violence (EA)
prevention. gaps between 26%plans of action and available survey data
Ideally, the collection and analysis of data on the prevalence
Mentoring (YV) were seen23% for armed and gang violence and elder abuse,
of and risk factors for Public fatalinformation
and non-fatal violence
campaigns (EA) with about23%
three times as many countries reporting plans of
should therefore precede the formulationDating of national
violenceplans
(IPV) action for22%
these types of violence than countries with survey
of action. However, where no such data collection systems data on them.
Microfinance with gender equity training (IPV) 21%
and survey findings are available, it is also logical for
authorities to develop a national plan of action that calls 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe.
Violence is a multifaceted problem with biological, best buy strategies six that focus on the prevention of
psychological, social and environmental roots. Efforts violence and one that focuses on response efforts. These
geared towards preventing violence should therefore be strategies can potentially impact multiple forms of violence,
comprehensive, tackling the range of factors that increase help reduce the likelihood of both perpetrating violence and
the risk of violence, including larger social determinants such becoming a victim, and represent areas where developing
as economic and gender inequality, and should be sustained countries and funding agencies can make reasonable
over time. Violence prevention efforts can be targeted at investments. These strategies are:
individuals, relationships, communities and whole societies,
1. developing safe, stable and nurturing relationships
and delivered in collaboration with the different sectors of
between children and their parents and caregivers (59);
society such as schools, workplaces, nongovernmental
2. developing life skills in children and adolescents (60);
organizations and the criminal justice system.
3. reducing the availability and harmful use of alcohol (61);
Although there is no simple or single solution to the problem 4. reducing access to guns and knives (62);
of violence, there is a growing body of knowledge on how
5. promoting gender equality to prevent violence against
to prevent violence, and countries and donor agencies
women (63);
seem to be investing more in prevention. However, there
6. changing cultural and social norms that support violence (64);
is considerable unevenness in the extent to which different
strategies are being supported, and violence prevention has 7. victim identification, care and support programmes (65).
yet to attract political and financial support commensurate
To assess how far programmes representing the six
with the scale and severity of the problem.
prevention strategies are being implemented, the survey
A growing number asked whether the 18 prevention programmes listed in
A growing of scientific studies Figure 11 existed in each surveyed country and whether they
were: not implemented; implemented once or a few times;
number of demonstrate the
preventability or implemented on a larger scale (for example, across many
scientific studies schools or communities or with a reach to over 30% of the
of violence. The
demonstrate the evidence supporting intended target population). The 18 programmes are further
preventability of certain prevention defined in Part VII, Glossary. Findings relating to alcohol and
other policies and victim support programmes are covered in
violence. strategies is stronger
and the prevention later sections of this report.
gains shown so far are greater for some types of violence
The findings from the survey indicate that many countries
than for others (for example, to address child maltreatment
are investing in prevention, yet none of the 18 prevention
and youth violence). With some exceptions, most of
programmes is being implemented on a level necessary to
the existing evidence for effective violence prevention
achieve significant and sustainable reductions in violence
programming also comes from studies in high-income
(see Figure 11). Across the 18 programmes, many are
countries, and may not easily be adapted to low- and
being implemented on a larger scale by fewer than 40%
middle-income settings where economic and social
of surveyed countries. It is also important to note that
conditions, and the epidemiology of the different forms of
implementation on a larger scale does not necessarily mean
violence, are very different (2, 56, 58).
implementation of a particular programme with documented
Based on systematic reviews of the scientific evidence for evidence of effectiveness.
prevention, WHO and its partners have identified seven
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
a
Key: CM=child maltreatment; EA=elder abuse; IPV=intimate partner violence; SV=sexual violencee; YV=youth violence. While each programme is shown as relevant to a
particular type of violence, some of the programmes listed in the figure have shown preventive effects on several types of violence.
Social and cultural norm-change strategies Figure 14these types of strategies to raise awareness about violence
are the most common approach used by against women. Although rigorous evaluations of social
100%
countries to address violence against women and cultural norm-change strategies are still needed to
African Region
90% assess their impact, they canRegion
be an ofimportant strategy to
the Americas
About half of surveyed countries reported implementing
80% inform and create cultural shifts in what is acceptable and
social and cultural norm-change strategies to address sexual Eastern Mediterranean Region
70% unacceptable behaviour, and in promoting norms supportive
violence and intimate partner 71%violence against women (see European Region
60% of healthy, non-violent and gender equitable relationships.
Figure 11). This is in contrast to microfinance combined South-East Asia Region
50%
with gender equity training programmes and school-based 50% Western Pacific Region
dating violence prevention programmes, where 21% and It is not surprising that fewer countries reported
40% 43% 43%
22% of countries (respectively) reported implementing implementing school-based dating violence prevention
30% 35%
these types of approaches. Social and cultural norm-change programmes. Although the practice of dating may not take
20% 22% or be recognized
strategies19%were also19%one of the few types of strategies place 20% as acceptable by governments in
10% 13% some countries, only a handful of school-based dating
reportedly implemented by more than 40% of countries 7% 0%
0% violence prevention programmes have been developed to
in all regions (exceptprovided
Incentives in the South-East
for youth to Asia Region) (see policies to reduce
Housing the
Table 5). Based complete
on otherschooling
evidence, many countriesconcentration
use help young people address relationship violence and learn
of poverty
Table 5: Proportion of countries implementing different types of programmes on a larger scale, by type
of programme and WHO region (n = 133 reporting countries)
Child sexual abuse prevention 44% 62% 31% 29% 0% 35% 37%
Youth violence
Pre-school enrichment 22% 67% 31% 54% 13% 15% 38%
Life skills/social development programmes 33% 71% 56% 63% 38% 30% 51%
Bullying prevention 30% 52% 69% 59% 25% 35% 47%
Social and cultural norm-change 41% 67% 56% 48% 25% 50% 49%
programmes
Sexual violence
Prevention programmes for school and 30% 52% 38% 37% 25% 25% 35%
college populations
Improving physical environments 15% 24% 50% 29% 25% 40% 29%
Social and cultural norm-change 56% 62% 56% 42% 38% 50% 50%
programmes
Elder abuse
Professional awareness campaigns 11% 24% 44% 37% 0% 25% 26%
Caregiver support programmes 15% 43% 56% 51% 25% 35% 39%
Residential care policies 11% 52% 63% 40% 13% 30% 36%
Life skills training and bullying prevention are Efforts are being made to address parent-child
the most common approaches implemented to relationships and the developmental pathways
address youth violence toward later violent behaviour
Life skills and social development programmes were It is worth noting that countries reported implementing a
the most common youth violence prevention approach number of programmes to promote positive and nurturing
that countries reported implementing. These types of relationships between children and their caregivers, and
programmes are designed to help children and adolescents strategies aimed at getting children off to a good start to
manage anger, resolve conflicts in a non-violent way and ensure greater success in school (see Figure 11). There
develop social problem-solving skills. Systematic reviews is a strong and growing body of evidence showing the
of the evidence show that these types of programmes can impact of early relationships between children and their
result in a 15% reduction in violent behaviour in students caregivers on the structural and functional development
across all school years and a 29% reduction among students of the brain and the subsequent cognitive, emotional and
in secondary school (75, 76). Half of surveyed countries social development of children (77, 78). Children growing
reported implementing these types of programmes (see up in environments without the benefit of safe, stable and
Figure 11), with substantially more countries in the Region nurturing relationships with parents or other caregivers
of the Americas (71%) and the European Region (63%) have difficulty forming relationships with peers and others,
implementing these programmes on a larger scale than lack empathy for others in distress and are at much greater
elsewhere (see Table 5). Bullying prevention programmes risk of experiencing depression and anxiety, developing poor
were also commonly mentioned, with 47% of countries communication skills and adopting antisocial behaviours.
indicating that they have implemented such programmes. They also have poorer educational attainment and economic
productivity over their lifetimes and are more likely to be a
perpetrator or victim of violence (59).
Extent of implementation
Larger scale
Limited
Not implemented
Data not available
0 850 1,700 3,400 Kilometers
Not applicable
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever Data Source: World Health Organization
on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, Map Production: Health Statistics and
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines Information Systems (HSI)
for which there may not yet be full agreement. World Health Organization WHO 2014. All rights reserved.
There are a number of evidence-based programmes larger scale. However, this was reportedly the case in only
designed to help strengthen early relationships and 15% of countries in the African Region, and between 25%
interactions between children and their caregivers, promote and 43% of countries in the other regions.
healthy development and improve child behaviour. These
include home visiting programmes, which have been shown Programmes to improve standards of care within nursing and
to reduce child maltreatment by as much as 39%, and other other residential care homes to reduce the chances of elder
parenting education and parent and child programmes, which abuse were reported by about 36% of countries. Whereas
have also demonstrated short- and longer-term positive 63% of Eastern Mediterranean Region countries and 52%
outcomes for children (7981). About 35% of countries of countries in the Region of the Americas reported larger
reported implementing home visiting programmes and 38% scale implementation of residential care policies to prevent
reported implementing parenting education programmes elder abuse, this was not the case elsewhere. In the African
and pre-school enrichment programmes, although this Region, only 11% of countries reported having implemented
varied by region (see Table 5). For instance, more countries these types of policies and procedures on a larger scale,
in the Region of the Americas and in the European Region and less than 20% had implemented such programmes only
reported implementing home visiting programmes on a once or a few times.
larger scale than countries in other regions (see Figure 12).
Implementation of other strategies to prevent elder abuse
Caregiver support programmes are the most was limited at best. A quarter of countries (26%) reported
commonly reported strategy to prevent elder having implemented campaigns aimed at educating
abuse professionals to recognize the signs and symptoms of
Nearly 40% of countries reported implementing caregiver elder abuse and improve their problem-solving and case
support programmes to prevent abuse of older adults (see management skills on a larger scale (mostly in the Eastern
Table 5). These types of programme help caregivers deal with Mediterranean and European Regions); 23% report having
the emotional demands and stresses involved in providing implemented public information campaigns (see Figure 13).
care. More than half of Eastern Mediterranean Region In the African Region, the Region of the Americas and South-
countries (56%) and 51% of European Region countries East Asia Region, most countries reported implementing
indicated implementing caregiver support programmes on a public information campaigns on a one-off or occasional
basis.
Extent of implementation
Larger scale
Limited
Not implemented
Data not available
0 850 1,700 3,400 Kilometers
Not applicable
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever Data Source: World Health Organization
on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, Map Production: Health Statistics and
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines Information Systems (HSI)
for which there may not yet be full agreement. World Health Organization WHO 2014. All rights reserved.
Community and problem-orientated policing Almost all countries reported using strategies to improve
strategies are widely used community-police relations such as community policing
(99% of countries), and routinely using directed or problem-
Countries were also asked about policing strategies
orientated policing strategies (94%) which require analysis,
to prevent violence. Community policing and problem-
assessment and community involvement to address crime
orientated policing have become important law enforcement
and disorder problems. Globally, around nine out of ten
strategies to strengthen relationships with communities and
countries report that police use these two types of strategy.
address crime, disorderly behaviour and other situations that
contribute to fear and insecurity in urban neighbourhoods. A
growing evidence base (82) supports their effectiveness in
preventing several types of violence (for example, alcohol-
and drug-related youth violence), although most studies of
community-based and problem-orientated policing are from
high-income countries where informal social controls are
stronger and the rule of law is intact.
Figure 14: Proportion of countries with schooling and housing policies to reduce the risk of violence, by
WHO region (n = 133 reporting countries) Figure 14
Housing policies at national level to reduce the More countries are tackling the harmful
concentration of poverty in urban areas which were use of alcohol, although patterns of risky
explicitly aimed at reducing violence were rare only 24% drinking behaviour remain very high in several
of countries reported having such policies. South-East Asia countries
Region reported none, while 7% of countries in the African
Although levels of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking
Region, 43% in the Region of the Americas and 50% in
and rates of violence differ between countries, there are
the Eastern Mediterranean Region reportedly did have
important links between alcohol and violence across all
such policies. Concentrated poverty is a visible aspect of
cultures (61). For instance, harmful alcohol use directly
disadvantage. Communities with high concentrations of
affects physical and cognitive function, leading to reduced
poor and unemployed people also tend to have high levels
self-control, which may make some drinkers more likely
of residential instability, making it difficult for people to
to resort to violence in confrontations. Experiencing or
establish common values and norms and to develop strong
witnessing violence can lead to the harmful use of alcohol
social ties and support networks. There is also a level of
as a way of coping or self-medicating. Alcohol and violence
disorganization that compromises community participation
may also be related through common risk factors (for
and makes it difficult to exercise effective social control.
example, antisocial personality disorder) that contribute to
These levels of economic and social disadvantage create
the risk of both heavy drinking and violent behaviour.
the conditions for high rates of violence. They exacerbate
social marginalization and also contribute to poor physical
and mental health. Policy measures to reduce the harmful use of alcohol include
restrictions on the sale and serving of alcohol for example,
through excise taxes on beer, wine and spirits; reduced
hours or days of sale of alcoholic beverages; minimum
age for the purchase of alcohol; and regulations on the
UN Photo/Sophia Paris.
Country Background check Minimum age Licence denied or Limits on ammunition Private sales
for purchase revoked where family permitted
violence is present
Austria Yes, criminal and mental health 18 years; No Only allowed to possess Yes
21 years for ammunition for intended
handguns weapon
Brazil Yes, criminal, mental health and 25 years, with a No Any quantity permitted Yes
employment few exceptions
Colombia Yes, criminal and mental health 18 years Yes Information not available Information not
available
Finland Yes, criminal and mental health 18 years (15 No Any quantity permitted Yes
with parental
consent)
Japan Yes, criminal and mental health 18 years No Any quantity permitted No
Mexico Yes, criminal, mental health, 18 years No 500 .22 cartridges, 1000 No
physical and addiction shotgun cartridges, 200
cartridges for other
weapons
Sweden Yes, criminal and mental health 18 years Yes Only allowed to possess No
ammunition for intended
weapon
United Yes, criminal, mental health, 18 years for Yes Restrictions based on age Yes
States of addiction, domestic violence shotguns and and for certain types of
America (only when purchasing through a rifles; 21 years ammunition (e.g. armour
federally licenced dealer). Some for handguns piercing)
states impose further restrictions and other
weapons
a
Source: GunPolicy.org [website] hosted by the University of Sydney (http://www.gunpolicy.org/, accessed 20 August 2014) (91).
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
For all laws, levels of reported enforcement With the exception of countries in the European Region,
were usually much lower than the enactment less than half of countries reported that bans on corporal
of legislation punishment were fully enforced. There is some evidence
Figure 17
to suggest that enactment of a ban may be sufficient to
Overall, the average proportion of countries in which
change attitudes and behaviour around the use of corporal
each of the laws was reported to have been enacted
punishment. For instance, findings from a multi-country
was 80%, while the average proportion of countries in
Child protection services study conducted in five European 69% countries (three with
which each of the laws was reportedly enacted and fully
bans on corporal punishment and two without) found that
enforced wasMedico-legal
57%. The biggest gaps
services forbetween the reported
sexual violence victims 67%
nearly all forms of corporal punishment were used less
existence and enforcement of laws a difference of 46
Identification in countries with bans 59% than in those in which corporal
and 43 percentage points and referral for child
respectively maltreatment
related to bans
punishment was lawful (97). Parents in countries with bans
on corporal punishmentIdentification
and to domestic/family
and referral forviolence
intimate
in place were also less 53%accepting of corporal punishment
partner
legislation. Focusing on better violence and
enforcement of sexual
existingviolence
laws
and stated that their knowledge of the ban was one of four
is likely to lead to significant violence prevention
Mental gains.
health services 49%
factors that most affected whether or not they used corporal
This should include attending to institutional mechanisms
Adult protective services punishment.34%Other factors influencing them included the
and resources, and increasing human capacity to ensure
parents definition of physical violence, personal approval of
that enacted legislation is doing what it is intended to do 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
corporal punishment, and their own experience of childhood
protect people from violence, hold perpetrators accountable
violence.
and create environments that are safe for all citizens.
Figure 18
Part III Findings 39
Adult protective services Child protection services
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Figure 16
Figure 16: Proportion of countries reporting implementation of mental health services for victims of
violence at larger scale (n = 133 reporting countries)
26% Western
71%
Region of the Americas 56%
Pacific Region
Eastern
Mediterranean
Region
66%
European Region 50%
15% African Region
South-East
Asia Region
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Child protection services are the most widely Two thirds of countries indicated that they do
available of all services not have adult protective services in place to
Child protection services were the most widely reported assist vulnerable older adults
of all services (69%), followed by medico-legal services Of all the services included in the survey, adult protective
Figure 18
for victims of sexual violence (see Figure 17). About eight services were the least reported by countries. Only one
out of every 10 countries in the Region of the Americas third of countries indicated that they have adult protective
and in the Eastern Mediterranean and European Regions Adult protective
services in place services Child protection
to investigate potential cases ofservices
elder
reported
100% having systems in place to identify and investigate abuse and assist vulnerable older adults. The lack of
potential cases of child maltreatment. This was also the adult protective services, particularly in contrast to child
90%
case for three quarters of countries in the South-East Asia protection88%services, was consistent across all regions (see
80%
Region. Other types of screening and 81% referral services (for
81% Figure 18). Countries furthest along in efforts to protect and
70%through maternal and child health programmes) to
example, support older adults include 75%these services as part of their
identify
60%and support potential victims of child maltreatment national policy (29, 98). The United States, for example, has
were 50%
also reported by 59% of countries. However, in both a fully developed system for reporting and treating cases of
instances, these services were more 48% commonly reported elder abuse. Services are designed to provide elder abuse
40% 45%
41% (80%) than low-income countries
by high-income countries 42%with a coordinated, interdisciplinary system of social
victims
38%
(33%).30% and health services which enable them 30%to continue living
20% 25%
independently at home and to protect them against further
15%
10% child protection services are present in many
Although abuse.
countries,
0% these services are often dispersed, fragmented and
poorly resourced,African
and may in factRegion
have aofdetrimental
the impact
Eastern With a rapidly ageingSouth-East
European population, the need to strengthen the
Western
on the protection Region
of child victims ofAmericas Mediterranean
violence (14). As a result, Region
system Asia Region
of adult protection Pacific
is important. Region
By 2030, older adults
Region
even when such services are available, child victims and are projected to comprise 13% of the world population
their families may fail to use them and a lack of information one in eight people will be aged 65 years or older (99). While
about existing services, the fear of seeing confidentiality low- and middle-income countries will experience the most
broken, and concerns about reprisals can further undermine rapid growth in ageing, with increases of up to 140%, high-
the quality of child protection services (14). income countries are expected to experience increases
Figure 16
averaging 51% (99).
60%
50%
48% 45%
40% 42%
41%
38%
30%
30%
20% 25%
10% 15%
0%
African Region of the Eastern European South-East Western
Region Americas Mediterranean Region Asia Region Pacific Region
Region
Referral and support services for violence middle- (53%) or low-income countries (38%). Two-thirds of
Figure 16countries, on the other hand, indicated availability of medico-
against women are available in half of the
worlds countries, but information is lacking legal services for victims of sexual assault, making these
on the quality, coverage and uptake of these services the most frequently reported services available
services to victims after child protective services. Countries were
not asked about the nature, coverage and quality of such
71%
WHO recommends asking women about exposure to intimate
services or about the consistency with which these services
partner violence when assessing conditions that may have
are offered to victims, or how many victims make use of
56%
been caused or complicated by intimate partner violence
them. Victims of sexual assault require comprehensive and
26%
in order to provide appropriateWestern
Asking all women about their
follow-up care andRegion
Pacific
support.
of the Americas
Region with intimate
experiences
gender-sensitive services from trained health care providers
to help them recover fromEastern
the traumatic event and lessen
partner violence is not recommended in all settings. Women Mediterranean
both short- and long-term health consequences (7). Medico-
who disclose violence should be provided with immediate Region
legal services, in particular, are important for women who
support and care that is responsive to their concerns, and
66%
may wish to pursue legal action (100, 101). National health
which helps them access information, resources and further
systems as a whole African
support (7). Comprehensive care (including emergency 15% need toRegion address violence against
contraception, prophylaxisEuropean
for HIV Region
and other sexually 50%
women by providing high-quality care and services that are
timely, effective, sensitive to the needs of victims and their
transmitted infections and psychological support) should be South-East
safety, and provided by well-trained professionals.
provided to survivors of rape and sexual assault. Asia Region
UN Photo/Martine Perret.
This Global status report on violence prevention 2014 uses a to be filled. Knowledge about the true extent of the problem
standardized method to assess the measures countries are of interpersonal violence in many countries is hindered by
taking to prevent and respond to interpersonal violence. It a lack of data. Without such data it is difficult to develop
includes 133 countries, accounting for 88% of the worlds effective national plans of action and policies, prevention
population. The report brings violence prevention in line with programmes and services for victims. National action plans
other issues such as alcohol and health, climate change, for all types of violence are frequently formulated in the
mental health, road safety, tobacco, and tuberculosis, absence of data and too often fail to address elder abuse,
where regularly repeated assessments along the lines of armed violence and gang violence. Mechanisms or lead
this report allow countries to set baselines and targets and agencies to coordinate multisectoral work addressing all
monitor progress over time. forms of violence are exceedingly rare, in spite of being
recognized as a cornerstone of the public health approach
The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 for the to violence prevention. Uptake of prevention programmes
first time provides a detailed picture of the global violence is highly uneven, with consistent gaps in the African,
prevention landscape some 12 years after the World South-East Asia and much of the Western Pacific Regions.
report on violence and health was launched, with its nine Prevention programmes are also not being implemented in
recommendations for action. The results show that there a manner and on a level necessary to achieve significant
are many efforts under way around the world to prevent and and sustainable reductions in violence. While countries are
respond to violence: implementing strategies to change sociocultural norms,
much more needs to be done to implement effective
Two thirds of the countries report national action plans
strategies to promote gender equitable norms and empower
to address child maltreatment and violence against
women in order to prevent intimate partner violence and
women compared to around half reporting plans for
sexual violence. Elder abuse remains one of the most
youth violence prevention; just 40% report plans for elder
neglected types of violence.
abuse, armed violence and gang violence prevention.
Prevention activity is under way, with about half of
While globally there is more attention given to victim services
surveyed countries reporting implementing primary
than to prevention, important services such as mental
prevention programmes such as life skills training
health and adult protective services are nonetheless lacking
and bullying prevention programmes to prevent youth
in half or more of surveyed countries. Globally, enforcement
violence, and social and cultural norm-change strategies
of laws relevant to all types of violence remains weak: on
to address violence against women; more than one third
average, each of the laws surveyed was reported to be fully
of countries also reported implementing programmes
enforced by just over half of the countries. Key social and
addressing parent-child relationships and some of the
educational policies addressing multiple types of violence,
early developmental pathways toward later violent
such as incentives for youth to complete schooling, and
behaviour.
housing policies to alleviate poverty, remain too rare across
Over half of the countries have each of the services
much of the world. Filling these gaps should be a priority.
surveyed in place to identify, refer, protect and support
victims of violence.
Almost 80% of countries have enacted each of the Strengths and limitations of the report
violence prevention laws surveyed. The Global status report on violence prevention 2014
Problem-orientated and community-based policing are has four notable strengths. Its main strength is the
in place in most of the countries that participated in the comprehensiveness of its coverage. It is comprehensive
survey. in the types of measures it covers national action plans,
agencies responsible for violence prevention, information
The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 also systems, data collection capacity, policies, prevention
uncovers many gaps in global violence prevention that need
The findings of the Global status report on violence timeliness of their reporting. Similar efforts should be made
prevention 2014 are relevant to national, regional and global to improve data on incidents of violence with non-fatal
violence prevention efforts. Across all these levels they consequences treated in hospital emergency departments
offer an unprecedented opportunity for violence prevention and other victim care facilities. Existing recent population-
stakeholders to come together and step up their activities based national and subnational surveys of the prevalence
and investments to a level commensurate with the burden of all the main types of interpersonal violence should
and severity of the problem. For instance, by showing the be identified. While police and service-based reporting
extent to which national action plans are driven by data, provides important data on the most severe forms of
the findings provide pointers for governments, regional violence that result in death or serious injury, country
bodies and international violence prevention partners on specific national population-based surveys play an important
how they should steer national planning exercises in a more role in documenting more hidden forms of violence. Several
data-driven direction. By highlighting gaps in prevention officials were unaware that high-quality national surveys
programming and service delivery by type of violence, had been carried out within their borders. Where none
stakeholders at all three levels have an opportunity to exists, conducting such surveys using instruments that
correct imbalances in preventive attention. Perhaps most produce valid and cross-culturally comparable findings
importantly, whether at national or international level, and with the help of international experts if required and
the findings represent a set of indicators and a baseline periodically repeating them to asses changes over time
measure to track future progress and to help set targets should be made a priority.
within countries and internationally.
Develop comprehensive and data-driven national
National level action plans. All countries should critically review the
extent to which national action plans are comprehensive and
A primary aim of the report is to identify gaps in national
address all forms of violence, and are informed by nationally
violence prevention efforts and to stimulate actions to
representative data on the magnitude and characteristics of
address them. Accordingly, countries should review the
violence and the risk and protective factors for violence.
reports findings for their countries in relation to regional and
Such plans provide a framework that can strengthen efforts
global findings and in this way develop a roadmap for how
to address specific types of violence, and given the strong
their existing violence prevention efforts can be improved.
connections between the different types of violence they
Where necessary, this review could be done by reconvening
have the potential to accelerate overall violence prevention
the intersectoral expert groups that were established during
gains.
the data collection process. The review should pay particular
attention to the following recommendations deriving from
the main findings of the report and the gaps it identified. Integrate violence prevention into other health
platforms. Because violence is a risk factor for outcomes
such as HIV and sexually transmitted diseases, mental
Strengthen data collection to reveal the true extent
health and substance abuse disorders, and because
of the problem. Vital registration and police systems
immunization programmes, early childhood development
for collecting data on violence-related deaths should be
and school health programmes may already be well
evaluated for the completeness and accuracy of the data
developed, countries should integrate violence prevention
they collect; their use of international classifications of fatal
into other health platforms that already exist.
and non-fatal violence (ICD-1O and UNODC international
classification of crime); breakdown by age, sex, homicide
mechanism and victim-perpetrator relationship; and
1. WHO Global Health Observatory Data Repository [online 9. United Nations General Assembly. United Nations Guidelines
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The data collection and validation method used for this child maltreatment prevention programmes (e.g. home
report was modelled on that used in WHOs first Global visiting, parenting education and parent-child support
status report on road safety (1) and is shown in Figure programmes) and laws (e.g. against corporal punishment
19. It involved systematically gathering data and other and child marriage);
information from each country, coordinated by a National youth violence prevention programmes (e.g. life skills
Data Coordinator. Within each country the questionnaire training and mentoring programmes, bullying prevention,
was completed by individual respondents representing after-school supervision, pre-school enrichment) and laws
ministries of health, justice, law enforcement and the (e.g. against weapons on school premises, prohibiting
police, education, gender and women, children and social gang membership);
development, and, where relevant, nongovernmental intimate partner violence prevention programmes (e.g.
organizations working on violence prevention. school-based dating violence prevention programmes
and programmes to change social and cultural norms that
The questionnaire used the recommendations of the World are supportive of violence) and laws (e.g. against rape in
report on violence and health (2) and subsequent WHO marriage, allowing for the removal of a violent spouse
violence prevention guidance documents as the basis for from the home);
its content. The scientific evidence base for intervention sexual violence prevention programmes (e.g. programmes
effectiveness was used to identify specific prevention for school and college populations and programmes
programmes selected for inclusion, and questions were to improve the physical environment, for instance by
formulated about programmes of proven or promising improving street lighting in public spaces and providing
effectiveness in preventing different types of violence. special carriages on trains) and laws (e.g. against rape,
Information about other programmes or approaches was against contact and non-contact sexual violence);
also gathered, particularly in areas where fewer evidence- elder abuse prevention programmes (e.g. programmes to
based programmes exist, such as for elder abuse and provide support for caregivers and to improve residential
sexual violence prevention. In these areas, programmes or care policies, professional awareness and public
approaches included in the questionnaire were based on information campaigns) and laws (e.g. against elder
expert opinion. The selection of questions about prevention abuse, including in institutions);
laws specific to each type of violence was also guided by health services for victims of violence (e.g. mental health
expert opinion. services for victims of violence, child protection services,
adult protective services, medico-legal services for
The questionnaire covered the following areas: victims of sexual violence, and identification, referral and
support for victims of child maltreatment and violence
data (e.g. homicide numbers, rates and trends; mechanism against women);
of homicide; the existence of national or subnational legal services (e.g. requiring that the state compensate
population-based survey data on non-fatal violence for victims of violence for their suffering).
each of the different types of violence);
action plans and agency involvement in violence The questionnaire and survey method were developed in
prevention (e.g. the existence of national action plans close consultation with an international expert committee
to address the different types of violence; governmental of violence prevention researchers and practitioners,
and nongovernmental agencies involved in violence and widely reviewed by representatives of international
prevention activities, including a lead agency to and regional organizations working on the prevention of
coordinate prevention activities); violence, governmental and nongovernmental organizations,
prevention policies and laws relevant to multiple and academic institutions.
types of violence (alcohol policies and laws, social and
educational policies, policing strategies, firearms laws);
Validation
Government clearance
1
Includes one non-member area, the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
2
Includes one Associate Member, Tokelau.
References
1. World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
2. Krug E, Dahlberg L, Mercy J, Zwi A, Lozano R. World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
Most countries that record information on homicide deaths come from data systems that are incomplete, or may use
rely on vital registration or criminal justice reporting inconsistent definitions for homicide.
systems, and often use both. In civil registration and vital
statistics systems, homicides are coded as a cause of death Adjusted homicide deaths
according to the International Classification of Diseases. Systems reporting homicide deaths may not always
The criminal justice systems typically rely on administrative capture all homicide deaths in a country. This can
data collected through the police and court system. occur when some deaths are not captured by the vital
registration or criminal justice reporting system, or when
For the purposes of generating comparable estimates of deaths that are recorded are incorrectly classified as due
homicide across countries, two databases were combined: to causes other than homicide. Previous work on the WHO
the WHO Mortality Database (1), which contains vital Mortality Database developed methods for quantifying
registration data, and criminal justice statistics previously these biases in vital registration data, after which data
compiled by the UNODC (2,3). For countries with long are either excluded if there is evidence of large under-
time series of high quality reporting data for homicides, reporting or misclassification, or adjusted in cases
estimates of homicide rates from 20002012 were derived where the issues are less severe. This process leads to
directly from the reported data, after adjustment to deal with a set of adjusted homicide deaths that are corrected for
underreporting. For countries without high quality reporting underreporting and misclassification.
data for homicides across most of the 20002012 period,
estimates were obtained from a hierarchical regression Comparable homicide estimates
model. For countries with model-based homicide estimates, Unfortunately, many countries do not yet have robust data
the levels and trends indicated by those estimates are more collection systems for measuring their homicide rates.
appropriately interpreted as guides to priority setting and To address this data gap, modelling is used to derive
understanding the likely homicide burden within a country, homicide estimates for countries that do not have high
as opposed to evidence of the effectiveness of national quality data on homicides. These model-based estimates,
policies on homicide. combined with adjusted homicide deaths from countries
with high-quality data on homicide, provide a comparable
Types of health statistics set of homicide estimates for all Member States.
The reported number of homicide deaths in vital registration
and criminal justice data sources are not necessarily the Estimation strategy for homicide rates
most accurate estimate of homicide deaths, and in cases National homicide rates for year 2012 were estimated
where both systems are present in a country, discrepancies based on an in depth analysis of homicide data from 2000
are sometimes apparent. Moreover, countries definitions to 2012, with countries grouped into two main estimation
of homicide may differ, which reduces the comparability of categories. For countries with 8 or more years of recent high
reported values for homicide rates across countries. Given quality data on homicide from at least one source between
this, three types of homicide statistics were used to prepare 2000 and 2012, estimates were computed directly from the
this report: data. For countries without long time series of high-quality
data, regression modelling was used to project national
Reported homicide deaths homicide rates, combining information on observed levels of
The number of homicide deaths as reported by countries homicide rates across regions and countries with covariates
in their response to the Global status report on violence that explain variation in levels of homicide.
prevention 2014 survey is presented in the Country
profiles, Annex A3. These reported homicide deaths may
The country profiles in the following section (in alphabetical higher the score, the greater the alcohol-attributable
order) present a selection of core information about violence burden of disease in population groups with the same
prevention and victim support services, as reported by each level of consumption. Notably, different drinking patterns
of the 133 participating countries and areas. Additional and give rise to very different health outcomes in population
more detailed national data can be found in the Statistical groups with the same level of consumption (1).
annex (Tables A1A11). An excise tax is an inland tax applied on the sale of, or
production for sale of, specific goods. Here it refers to
Background information on countries beer, wine and spirits. Excise taxes are distinguished
from customs duties, which are taxes on imports (1).
Background information for population, gross national
income (GNI) per capita and economic inequality are Key to country profiles
reported for the most recent year available. Population
data were extracted from the United Nations Population The sections below reflect how the information is structured
Division database, while gross national income per capita in each of the country profiles. They include details on how
for the year 2012, and data on the Gini coefficient of income data on certain variables are presented and should be
inequality, came from World Bank estimates. Where no interpreted.
data were available for 2012, published data for the latest
Variables were coded as if the information was
year were used. The World Bank Atlas method was used to
unavailable or non-applicable, or if respondents had
categorize GNI according to the following bands:
provided a Dont know response.
low-income: US$ 1005 or less
middle-income: US$ 1006 to US$ 12 275 Information on the existence of national and subnational
high-income: US$ 12 276 or more. action plans, policies and laws is indicated as Yes (with
a footnote where these are subnational) or No. Countries
Flags were obtained from the World Flag Database (http://
where the development of action plans, policies and laws
www.flags.net). Flags as of 31 December 2012 were used.
is underway but these have yet to be approved or endorsed
by government are indicated as No. National was defined
Terminology as relating to a nation or a country as a whole. In federal
A full list of definitions of all key terms used in this report states, plans of action, policies and laws were considered
can be found in Part VI, Glossary. national when they were either federal or when more than
90% of subnational entities such as states or provinces
The information on levels and patterns of drinking and had such plans of action, policies and laws.
excise taxes on alcohol sales was taken from the 2014
Global status report on alcohol and health (1). Respondents were asked to use their professional
Total per capita consumption is defined as total (recorded judgement to rate the extent of enforcement of laws and of
plus estimated unrecorded) alcohol per capita for those implementation of programmes. The group of respondents
aged 15 years and older within a calendar year in litres then reached consensus on an enforcement rating for laws
of pure alcohol (1). and an implementation rating for programmes. These scores
The patterns of drinking score reflects how people were:
drink instead of how much they drink within a population. Extent of enforcement of laws
Strongly associated with the alcohol-attributable burden 1 = Enforced to a limited extent: up to 40% effective
of disease in a country, the patterns of drinking score 2 = Enforced to a large extent: 4079% effective
is measured on a scale from one (least risky pattern 3 = Fully enforced: 80% or more effective
of drinking) to five (most risky pattern of drinking). The
Key facts:
Nearly one in four adults reports
having been physically abused
Proportion of countries with national
as a child; 36% say they were action plans and surveys
emotionally abused as a child.
20% of women and 510% of Yes No
men report having been sexually
abused as children.
Maltreatment can cause changes
in the brain that increase the
risk of behavioural, physical 29
and mental health problems in 41
adulthood.
59
Being a victim of child
maltreatment can increase the risk
71
that a person will become a victim
and/or perpetrator of other forms
of violence in adolescence and National action plans National surveys
adulthood.
70 At a glance
Proportion of countries that reported implementing
a particular strategy
23 Home visiting
42 Home visiting programmes involve visits by nurses to parents and infants
in their homes to provide support, education, and information. Some
home visiting programmes can substantially reduce child maltreatment
35 and associated outcomes such as injuries.
None
(not implemented at all)
15
Parenting education
Limited
(implemented once or Parenting education programmes aim to improve child-
a few times) rearing skills, increase knowledge of child development
47
and encourage positive child management strategies
strategies.
Larger scale 38 Parenting education programmes show great promise
(e.g. across many in preventing child maltreatment and promoting
schools or communities positive parenting and child behaviour
behaviour.
or has reached 30%
or more of the target
population)
15
Child sexual abuse avoidance training
Child sexual abuse prevention programmes teach children about body
48
ownership, the difference between good and bad touch, how to say no
37 and how to disclose abuse to a trusted adult. They can increase childrens
knowledge of what to do if they encounter a potentially abusive situation.
CHILD MALTREATMENT 71
At a glance YOUTH VIOLENCE
Key facts:
Worldwide an estimated 200 000
homicides occur each year among
Proportion of countries with national
youth aged 1029 years, accounting action plans and surveys
for 43% of all homicides annually.
In over 80% of deaths due to youth Yes No
violence the victim is a male.
For each young person killed, many
more sustain injuries requiring
hospital treatment. 26
Beyond deaths and injuries, youth
violence can lead to mental health 47 53
problems and increased health 74
risk behaviours, such as smoking,
alcohol and drug use, and unsafe sex.
Perpetrators and victims of youth
violence often have a long history of
National action plans National surveys
involvement in violence, and many
were victims of child maltreatment.
72 At a glance
Proportion of countries that reported implementing
a particular strategy
27 Preschool enrichment
35
Preschool enrichment programmes introduce young children to the skills
necessary for success in school, thereby increasing the likelihood of future
success. Preschool enrichment programmes can reduce arrests for
academic success
38 violence among those aged 2024 years by up to 40%40%.
Larger scale
(e.g. across many
schools or communities
or has reached 30%
Mentoring
or more of the target 27 Mentoring programmes match a young person at
population) high risk of antisocial behaviour or growing up in a
50
single-parent family with a caring older person from
outside the family
family. Mentoring can reduce illicit drug
23
initiation, truancy and other risk factors for youth
violence.
violence
19 Bullying prevention
34
Bullying prevention programmes can involve anger management, social skills
and assertiveness training for children involved in bullying; teaching peers active
listening and problem solving skills to help those involved; and whole-school
47 approaches such as developing an anti-bullying policy
policy.
YOUTH VIOLENCE 73
At a glance INTIMATE
PARTNER VIOLENCE
Globally, one in three women has been a victim
of violence by an intimate partner.
Key facts:
Proportion of countries with national
Intimate partner violence against
women is an important risk factor action plans and surveys
for HIV, other sexually transmitted Yes No
diseases, unwanted pregnancies
and other reproductive health
problems.
Women exposed to intimate
partner violence are almost twice 32
as likely to have an alcohol use 43
disorder, two times more likely to 57
experience depression and have an
increased risk for suicide attempts 68
compared to women who have not
been exposed to partner violence.
Intimate partner violence can National action plans National surveys
negatively affect children in
households where it occurs.
74 At a glance
Proportion of countries that reported implementing
a particular strategy
None
(not implemented at all)
Microfinance and gender
Limited equity training
(implemented once or 37
Microfinance combined with gender equity training
a few times) 42
focuses on women living in poor communities and is
Larger scale designed to economically empower them and address
(e.g. across many gender norms, cultural beliefs and communication
communication. It
21
schools or communities is one of the few strategies with documented evidence
or has reached 30% showing reductions in partner violence
violence.
or more of the target
population)
76 At a glance
Proportion of countries that reported implementing
a particular strategy
None
(not implemented at all)
SEXUAL VIOLENCE 77
At a glance ELDER ABUSE
78 At a glance
Proportion of countries that reported implementing
a particular strategy
Larger scale
(e.g. across many
schools or communities Caregiver support
or has reached 30%
or more of the target 28 Caregiver support programmes provide services to
population)
33 relieve the burden of caregiving, by, for instance,
providing help with housekeeping and meal
preparation, respite care, support groups and day
care. They can reduce the caregiver burden, stress
care
39 and depression, all of which are risk factors for
elder abuse
abuse.
27
37 Residential care policies
Residential care policies aim to improve standards of care in nursing and other
residential care homes for elderly people by implementing procedures within
36 the homes that reduce the likelihood of elder abuse
abuse. They can help to establish
uniform licencing requirements and professional operating standards that lower
abuse.
the risk of elder abuse
ELDER ABUSE 79
Part VII Glossary
Adult protective services identify and assess elderly identity against another group or set of individuals in order
and disabled adults who have been abused or are at risk of to achieve political, economic or social objectives.
abuse, investigate these cases and provide services, in part
to prevent abuse from occurring or recurring. Community policing strategies aim to establish police-
community partnerships and a problem-solving approach
After-school programmes extend adult supervision that is responsive to the needs of the community, through an
and aim to improve childrens academic achievement and active partnership between the police and the community.
school involvement by supporting their studies and offering
recreational activities outside normal school hours. Elder abuse is any act of commission or omission (in
which case it is usually described as neglect), that may
Armed violence is the use or threatened use of weapons to be either intentional or unintentional and involves persons
inflict injury, death or psychosocial harm, which undermines aged 6065 years or more (the age bracket for old age
development. varies by country but often coincides with the official
age of retirement). The abuse may be physical, sexual,
Caregiver support programmes to prevent elder abuse psychological (involving emotional or verbal aggression), or
provide services to relieve the burden of caregiving, by, financial, or involve other material maltreatment and result
for instance, providing help with housekeeping and meal in unnecessary suffering, injury or pain, the loss or violation
preparation, respite care, support groups and day care. of human rights, and a decreased quality of life for the older
person.
Changing social and cultural gender norms aims to alter
the social expectations that define appropriate behaviour for Gang violence is the intentional use of violence by a
women and men, such as norms that dictate men have the person or group of persons who are members of, or identify
right to control women, and which make women and girls with, any durable, street-orientated group whose identity
vulnerable to physical, emotional and sexual violence by includes involvement in illegal activity.
men.
Gender norms are social expectations that define what
Child maltreatment is the abuse and neglect of children is considered appropriate behaviour for women and men.
under 18 years of age. It includes all types of physical and/or The different roles and behaviours of females and males,
emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, negligence children as well as adults, are shaped and reinforced by
and commercial or other exploitation, which results in actual gender norms within society.
or potential harm to the childs health, survival, development
or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, Home visiting programmes involve visits by nurses
trust or power. to parents and children in their homes to prevent child
maltreatment and promote positive infant, child and
Child protection services investigate cases of child parental development by providing support, education and
maltreatment and identify, assess, and provide services to information.
children and families in an effort to protect children and
prevent further maltreatment, while wherever possible Interpersonal violence is the intentional use of physical
preserving the family. Such services are also sometimes force or power, threatened or actual, by a person or a small
known by other names, often attempting to reflect more group of people against another person or small group that
family-centred (as opposed to child-centred) practices, such either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury,
as children and family services, child welfare services death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation.
or even social services.
Intimate partner violence is behaviour within an intimate
Collective violence is the instrumental use of violence by relationship that causes physical, sexual or psychological
people who identify themselves as members of a group harm to those in the relationship, including acts of physical
whether this group is transitory or has a more permanent aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and
controlling behaviours.
Mentoring programmes assume that a warm and Physical environment improvement involves efforts
supportive relationship with a positive adult role model can to reduce the likelihood of sexual assault by, for instance,
help to protect children and adolescents against involvement improving the safety of trains or buses through the provision
in youth violence. Mentoring programmes typically match a of special seating areas and/or compartments for women
young person particularly one at high risk of antisocial and girls, and ensuring that streets and parking areas have
behaviour or growing up in a single-parent family with a adequate street lighting.
caring older person from outside the family. Mentors may
be older classmates, teachers, counsellors, police officers Residential care policies and procedures to prevent
or other members of the community. elder abuse aim to improve standards of care in nursing
and other residential care homes for elderly people by
Microfinance combined with gender equity training is implementing policies and procedures within the homes that
designed to benefit women living in the poorest communities will reduce the likelihood of elder maltreatment. These may
and combines the provision of microfinance with training and include promoting teamwork and professional development,
skills-building sessions for men and women on gender roles a focus on person-centred care, and regular audits.
and norms, cultural beliefs, communication and intimate
partner violence. Schools-based bullying prevention programmes
can take different forms. Individualized interventions
Parenting education programmes are usually delivered provide anger management, social skills and assertiveness
in groups with the aim of preventing child maltreatment and training to children already involved in bullying. Peer-led
other problem behaviours by improving child-rearing skills, interventions teach peer helpers the basic skills of active
increasing knowledge of child development and encouraging listening, empathy, problem solving and supportiveness that
positive child management strategies. they need to help others involved in a bullying situation.
Whole-school approaches include the development of an
Pre-school enrichment programmes introduce young anti-bullying policy, increased adult supervision on school
children early on to the skills necessary for success in school, grounds, the establishment of an anti-bullying committee
and may also include the acquisition of life skills, thereby and involvement of parents.
increasing the likelihood of future academic success and
reducing the likelihood that children will become involved School-based dating violence prevention programmes
in violence as they grow into adolescents and young adults. typically aim to reach students aged 1415 years, are often
integrated into existing health and physical educational
Problem-orientated policing integrates daily police curricula and taught in sex-segregated classes. They have an
practice with criminological theory and research methods underlying theme of healthy, non-violent relationship skills,
to enhance prevention and reduce crime and disorder, and frequently involve using graduated practice with peers
and emphasizes the use of systematic data analysis and to develop positive strategies for dealing with pressures
assessment methods. and the resolution of conflict without abuse or violence.
Professional awareness campaigns to prevent elder Self-directed violence is violence a person inflicts upon
abuse are designed for social and health care professionals himself or herself, and categorized as suicidal behaviour or
whose routine contact with older people puts them in a self-abuse.
position to identify and support those at risk of abuse or
already being abused. They aim to increase professional
awareness of elder maltreatment and improve professionals
ability to identify and deal effectively with suspected cases,
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
1 Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles 87
8
Burn 1%
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 6
ALBANIA
Population: 3 162 083 Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 520 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 34.51
LE
Residential care policies LAB YES
ILA
VAI
VA
A
OT
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
Medico-legal services for sexual violence YES
Mental health services NO
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Albania
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Other 6%
8
Burn 1%
Rate per 100 000 population
7
Strangulation 1% 6
Blunt force 10% 5
4
3
Firearm 66%
2
Sharp force 17%
1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 142, Rate= 2.86/100 000 (87.3% M, 12.7% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Algeria
Unknown 5%
88 2 Part VIII Country profiles
Firearm 26% 1.8
pulation
1.6
1.4
ALGERIA
Population: 38 481 705 Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 970 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 35.33
LE YES
Mentoring ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
After-school supervision OT NO
TA
A N
DAT
NO
School anti-bullying NO
TA
DA
7
Strangulation 1% Caregiver support
6 YES
Blunt force 10% Residential5 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
4
3
Providing for victim compensation NO Firearm 66% Adult protective services YES
2
Providing forforce
Sharp victim17%
legal representation YES Child protection
1
services YES
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
0
YES
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
DATA ON VIOLENCE Year
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
1.6
Other 36% 1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Sharp force 32% 0.2
Strangulation 1% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Reported homicides (2011) N= 631, Rate= 1.72/100 000 (84.2% M, 15.8% F) Year
Sources. Mechanism: DGSN and Gendarmerie Nationale/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Gendarmerie Nationale and Police
1
Armenia
Subnational.
2.5
Sharp force 25%
ARMENIA
Population: 2 969 081 Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 770 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 31.3
A N
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Excise taxes Beer: YESDAT Wine: YES Spirits: YES
NO
TA
Armenia
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Firearm 10%
3
Rate per 100 000 population
2.5
Sharp force 25%
2
Other 57%
1.5
Strangulation 1% 0
Burn 2% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 62, Rate= 1.8/100 000 (74.2% M, 25.8% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Australia
Unknown 3%
90 Firearm 17% 1.8 Part VIII Country profiles
ulation
1.6
1.4
OT
AN
T
DAT
NO
TA
DA
AUSTRALIA
Population: 23 050 471 Gross national income per capita: US$ 59 790 Income group: High Income inequality:
Albania ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES
Other 6% Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES1
Youth violence Burn 1%YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
8 to de-concentrate poverty YES1
Against elder abuse in institutions YES Sharp force 25% Public information campaigns
2.5 YES
Caregiver 2support YES
Other 57% Residential1.5
care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
1
Providing for victim compensation YES1 Adult protective services YES
0.5
Providing for victim legal representation YESBlunt
1 force 5% Child protection services YES
Strangulation 1% Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence YES
Burn 2% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services
Year
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Department of Health.
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
Australia
Mechanism of homicide2 Trends in homicides
Unknown 3%
1.8
Firearm 17%
Rate per 100 000 population
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Other 46% 0.8
0.6
Sharp force 33% 0.4
0.2
0
Blunt force 1% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 244, Rate= 1.1/100 000 (64.3% M, 35.7% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
1
Austria
Subnational.
2
Homicides classified as commited without a weapon are included in "other".
Firearm 14%
Part VIII Country profiles 1.2 91
pulation
1
Other 33%
4
AUSTRIA 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 8 463 948 Gross national income per capita: US$ 47 960 Income group: High Income inequality: 29.15
1.6
Against elder abuse in institutions YES Public information
1.4
campaigns YES
Caregiver1.2support YES
Residential 1 care policies YES
Other 46%
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM0.8SERVICES
0.6
Providing for victim compensation YES Sharp force 33% Adult protective services YES
0.4
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0.2
services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence YES
Blunt force 1% Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
Austria
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Youth Welfare.
1
Other 33% 0.8
0.6
Sharp force 36% 0.4
0.2
Strangulation 11%
0
Blunt force 6% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 36, Rate= 0.4/100 000 (44.4% M, 55.6% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Statistics Austria/ Reported homicides: VR Source: Statistics Austria
1 Azerbaijan
Subnational.
Firearm 12%
92 3.5 Part VIII Country profiles
ulation
3
Unknown 32%
1
AZERBAIJAN
0.2
Strangulation 1% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 9 308 959 Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 290 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 33.71
Azerbaijan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Firearm 12%
3.5
Rate per 100 000 population
3
Unknown 32% 2.5
2
1.5
1
Sharp force 51%
Other 5% 0.5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 231, Rate= 2.54/100 000 (66.2% M, 33.8% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Internal Affairs/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Country questionnaire
1 Bahrain
Subnational.
1.4
Other 37% 1.2
1.5
BAHRAIN
Strangulation 1% 0
Burn 2% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 1 317 827 Gross national income per capita: US$ 19 560 Income group: High Income inequality:
Australia ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YESUnknown 3% Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES IntimateFirearm
partner violence
17% YES1 Housing 1.8
polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few Year times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 16 / 16 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage
Austria YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Firearm 14%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (NO) 1.2
Youth violence laws Youth violence
1 prevention programmes
Rate per 100 000 population
Against weapons on
Other 33%school premises YES Pre-school
0.8
enrichment YES
Against gang or criminal group membership YES Life skills and social development training YES
Mentoring 0.6 YES
Sharp force 36% After-school
0.4 supervision
School anti-bullying
0.2
YES
Intimate partner violence
Strangulation laws
11% Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage Blunt force 6% Dating violence prevention
2001 2002 in schools
2003 2004 2009 2010 2011
2005 2006 2007 2008
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape YES School and college programmes YES
Azerbaijan
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Firearm 12% Elder abuse prevention programmes
3.5
Against elder abuse YES Professional awareness campaigns YES
Rate per 100 000 population
3
Against Unknown
elder abuse
32% in institutions YES Public information
2.5
campaigns YES
Caregiver support YES
Residential2 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES
1
Providing for victim compensation
YES Sharp force 51% Adult protective services YES
Otherlegal
Providing for victim 5% representation YES 0.5
Child protection services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Child maltreatment Youth violence Intimate partner violence Sexual violence Elder abuse
Bahrain
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
1.4
Other 37% 1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Sharp force 27% 0.4
0.2
Strangulation 9% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Blunt force 9% Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 13, Rate= 1.03/100 000 (100% M, 0% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Bangladesh
1
Subnational.
2.95
94 Part VIII Country profiles
opulation
2.9
2.85
Other 46% 0.8
Rate per 10
0.6
Sharp force 33% 0.4
0.2
BANGLADESH
0
Blunt force 1% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 154 695 368 Gross national income per capita: US$ 830 Income group: Low Income inequality: 32.12
Austria ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment
Firearm 14% NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
1.2
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation.
Residential0.8 care policies
VICTIM LAWS Sharp force 27%
VICTIM 0.6
SERVICES
0.4
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services NO
0.2
Providing for victim legal representation
Strangulation 9%
YES Child protection
0
services YES
Medico-legal
2001services for sexual
2002 2003 violence
2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Blunt force 9% Mental health services Year NO
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO
Bangladesh Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
2.95
Rate per 100 000 population
2.9
2.85
2.8
E
BL
2.75 LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
2.7 OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
2.65
TA
DA
2.6
2.55
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2010) N= 3988, Rate= 2.7/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Belarus
Albania
Firearm 2%
Unknown 7%
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles 14
95
8
Burn 1%
opulation
12
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 106
0.6
0.2
BELARUS
Strangulation 11%
0
Blunt force 6% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 9 405 097 Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 400 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 26.48
Programmes to Other
reduce5%civilian firearm possession and use YES 0.5
2.9
Against elder abuse in institutions YES Public information campaigns YES
2.85
Caregiver support YES
2.8
Residential care policies YES
2.75
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM2.7
SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective
2.65
services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
2.6 services YES
Medico-legal
2.55 services for sexual violence YES
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
12
10
Other 23% Sharp force 47%
8
6
Strangulation 3% 4
2
Reported homicides (2011) N= 429, Rate= 4.5/100 000 (68.3% M, 31.7% F) Year
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Internal Affairs/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Belgium
96 Firearm 10%
1.4
Part VIII Country profiles
Unknown 29%
lation
BELGIUM 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 11 060 095 Gross national income per capita: US$ 44 810 Income group: High Income inequality: 32.97
Bahrain ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES1
Youth violence NO Intimate partner
Firearmviolence
18% YES Housing polices
1.6 to de-concentrate poverty
12
Against elder abuse in institutions YES 1
Public information campaigns YES
Other 23% Sharp force 47% Caregiver 10support YES
Residential8 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
6
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment.
Strangulation
Providing for victim3%
compensation YES Adult protective
4 services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
2 services YES
Blunt force 18% Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services
Year
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES1 Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES1
Belgium
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Firearm 10%
1.4
Unknown 29%
Rate per 100 000 population
1 Belize
Subnational.
Unknown 3% Other 3%
Part VIII Country profiles 45 97
Blunt force 7% 40
pulation
35
0.8
BELIZE
0.2
Strangulation 9% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Blunt force 9% Year
Population: 324 060 Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 620 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 53.13
Bangladesh ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing 2.95
polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
1.2
Caregiver support
1
YES
Blunt force 2% Residential care policies YES
0.8
VICTIM LAWS Strangulation 2% VICTIM SERVICES
0.6
Providing for victim compensation NO Burn 5% Adult protective
0.4
services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES1 Child protection services
0.2
YES
Other 40% Medico-legal services for sexual violence
0
YES
Mental health2001 services YES
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Security Council Secretariat.
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
DATA ON VIOLENCE Year
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Belize Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Unknown 3% Other 3%
45
Blunt force 7% 40
Rate per 100 000 population
35
30
Sharp force 20% 25
Firearm 67% 20
15
10
5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 124, Rate= 39/100 000 (90% M, 10% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
1 Benin
Subnational.
Rate p
2.6
2.55
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
BENIN Year
Population: 10 050 702 Gross national income per capita: US$ 750 Income group: Low Income inequality: 38.62
Belarus
ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
Firearm 2%
National action plans
Unknown 7% National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES1 Child maltreatment YES Incentives14provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES1
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
LegalBelgium
age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Firearm
YES10%
Against female genital mutilation abusive situations
1.4 YES
Unknown 29%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) (YES)force 12%
YESSharp
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
Bhutan
1 Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles 99
8
Burn 1%
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 6
6
Population: 741 822 Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 420 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 38.73
Belgium ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child Firearm
maltreatment
10% YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violenceUnknown 29%YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
1.4 to de-concentrate poverty
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO
Bhutan Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
Bolivia
Albania
Firearm 9%
Other 6% Sharp force 7% 45
100 8 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1% 40
pulation
Blunt force 2%
pulation
7
35
Strangulation 1% Strangulation 1% 6
30
0.8
Strangulation 2%
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Government, Under-Secretary of Citizen Security.
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services NO
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
Medico-legal services for sexual violence YES
Mental health services YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Bolivia Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Firearm 9%
Sharp force 7% 45
40
Rate per 100 000 population
Blunt force 2%
35
Strangulation 1% 30
Burn 1% 25
Unknown 70%
20
Other 10% 15
10
5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 3505, Rate= 33/100 000 (68% M, 32% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
1 Botswana
Subnational.
16
Firearm 67% 20
Rate per 10
15
10
5
BOTSWANA
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 2 003 910 Gross national income per capita: US$ 7 650 Income group: Middle Income inequality:
Benin ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Firearms Alcohol
Laws to regulate civilian access YES Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 8.4
Mandatory background check YES Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY MOST RISKY
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES Spirits: YES
Carrying firearms in public YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
No response/dont know Limited Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 21 / 21 Home visiting NO
Bhutan
Against child marriage YES Parenting education NO
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation YES abusive situations NO
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) NO ()
Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes
Against weapons on school premises YES Pre-school enrichment YES
Against gang or criminal group membership YES Life skills and social development training YES
Mentoring YES
After-school supervision YES
School anti-bullying YES
Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Against rape in marriage NO Dating violence prevention in schools YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Microfinance and gender equity training YES
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape YES School and college programmes YES
Bolivia
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes YES
Against non-contact sexual violence YES1
Firearm 9%
Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Sharp force 7% Elder abuse
45 prevention programmes
Against elder abuse YES Professional 40 awareness campaigns YES
Rate per 100 000 population
Blunt force 2%
Against elder abuse in institutions NO
Strangulation 1%
Public information
35 campaigns YES
Burn 1%
Caregiver 30support YES
25
Unknown 70% Residential care policies NO
20
VICTIM LAWS Other 10% VICTIM SERVICES
15
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective
10 services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
5 services YES
0
Medico-legal
2001services for sexual
2002 2003 2004 violence
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO
Botswana Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
20
18
Rate per 100 000 population
16
14
12
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
10
AVA
VA
8 OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
6
TA
DA
4
2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 220, Rate= 10.9/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Brazil
1 Albania
Subnational.
Other 6% 29.5
102 8 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1% 29
opulation
pulation
7
28.5
Strangulation 1% 6
BRAZIL
Population: 198 656 019 Gross national income per capita: US$ 11 640 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 54.69
Bhutan
ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty YES
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
Firearms Alcohol
Laws to regulate civilian access YES Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 8.7
Mandatory background check YES Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY MOST RISKY
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES Spirits: YES
Carrying firearms in public YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
No response/dont know Limited Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Bolivia
Against child marriage YES Parenting education NO
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Firearm
YES 9%
Against female genital mutilation
Sharp force 7%
abusive situations
45
YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) (NO)
40
16
Against elder abuse in institutions YES Public information
14 campaigns YES
Caregiver 12support YES
Residential 10 care policies YES
8
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
6
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective
4
2
services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0
services YES
Medico-legal
2001services for sexual
2002 2003 2004 violence
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Brazil
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
29.5
29
Rate per 100 000 population
28.5
28
27.5
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
27
AVA
VA
OT
TA
26.5 AN
DAT
NO
26
TA
DA
25.5
25
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
0.8
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles 103
8
population
0.7
Burn 1%
pulation
7
0.6
Strangulation 1% 6
0.5
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Population: 412 238 Gross national income per capita: US$ 31 590 Income group: High Income inequality:
Bolivia ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment
Firearm 9% NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence NO Sharp violence
Intimate partner force 7% NO Housing polices
45 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO 40
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few Year times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 15 / 15 Home visiting NO
Against child marriage
Botswana NO Parenting education NO
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations NO
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) NO () 20
Youth violence laws Youth violence
18 prevention programmes
Rate per 100 000 population
Against weapons on school premises YES Pre-school16 14
enrichment NO
Against gang or criminal group membership NO Life skills 12
and social development training YES
Mentoring10 YES
After-school 8 supervision NO
6
School anti-bullying
4 YES
Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner
2 violence prevention programmes
Against rape in marriage NO 0
Dating violence prevention in schools NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear NO
Social and cultural norms change NO
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
Brazil
YES School and college programmes YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes NO
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change NO
Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes
29.5
Against elder abuse YES Professional 29
awareness campaigns NO
Rate per 100 000 population
0.8
Rate per 100 000 population
0.7
0.6
0.5
Blunt force 100% 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2013) N= 2, Rate= 0.5/100 000 (50% M, 50% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Bulgaria
Other 11%
104 Burn 1% 3 Part VIII Country profiles
Firearm 17%
pulation
2.5
Strangulation 9%
Unknown 70%
BULGARIA
5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 7 277 831 Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 850 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 28.19
Botswana ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
20 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES 18
Bulgaria
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Other 11%
Burn 1% 3
Firearm 17%
Rate per 100 000 population
2.5
Strangulation 9%
2
1.5
Blunt force 11% 1
Sharp force 51%
0.5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 104, Rate= 1.3/100 000 (71% M, 29% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Interior/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Ministry of Interior
Burkina Faso
Part VIII Country profiles 1.2 105
ulation
1
10
BURKINA FASO 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 16 460 141 Gross national income per capita: US$ 670 Income group: Low Income inequality: 39.79
Brazil ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing 29.5
polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
29
2.5
Against Strangulation
elder abuse in9%institutions NO Public information campaigns YES
Caregiver support
2 NO
Residential1.5 care policies NO
VICTIM
BluntLAWS
force 11% VICTIM SERVICES
1
Providing for victim compensation YES
Sharp force 51% Adult protective services
0.5
YES
Providing for victim legal representation NO Child protection services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES1 Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES1
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Afghanistan
Burkina Faso Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
1.2
Rate per 100 000 population
0.8
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
0.6
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
0.4
TA
DA
0.2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 117, Rate= 0.73/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
1
Burundi
Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
Unknown 14%
106 88 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%
pulation
pulation
77
Strangulation 1% 66
27
BURUNDI 25
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 9 849 569 Gross national income per capita: US$ 240 Income group: Low Income inequality: 33.27
Brunei ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
0.8
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
1
Against elder abuse in institutions NO Public information campaigns NO
Caregiver0.8support NO
Residential0.6 care policies NO
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM 0.4
SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services NO
0.2
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
2011
0 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal YES
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health and AIDS Control.
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Mental health services Year YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Burundi
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Unknown 14% 8
Rate per 100 000 population
7
6
5
Other 19% Firearm 41% 4
3
2
1
Sharp force 26% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2013) N= 478, Rate= 5.97/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: Country questionnaire/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Cambodia
Strangulation 2% 3.5
Blunt force 100% 0.4
CAMBODIA 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 14 864 646 Gross national income per capita: US$ 880 Income group: Low Income inequality: 36.03
Strangulation 2% 3.5
3
Sharp force 37%
2.5
2
Blunt force 42% 1.5
1
0.5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Cameroon
Rate per 1
1
Sharp force 51%
0.5
CAMEROON
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 21 699 631 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 190 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 38.91
AgainstStrangulation
elder abuse2%in institutions NO 3.5
Public information campaigns YES
3
Sharp force 37% Caregiver support NO
2.5
Residential2 care policies YES
Blunt
VICTIM force 42%
LAWS VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES
1
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services
0.5
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services
0
YES
Medico-legal2001services for sexual
2002 2003 2004 violence
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
Cameroon
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
LE
ILAB
ILA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
2007 2.3
DA
Canada
Albania
Unknown 4%
Other 1% 2
Part VIII Country profiles6%
Other
1.8
8 109
population
Burn
Burn 3%1% Firearm 35% 1.6
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 1.4
6
0.6
0.2
CANADA 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 34 837 978 Gross national income per capita: US$ 50 650 Income group: High Income inequality: 32.56
1 China
Subnational.
1.6
Other 19% Firearm 41% 4
Population: 1 384 770 183 Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 720 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 42.06
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Health and Family Planning Commission.
ProvidingBlunt force 16%
for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0.2
services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services YES
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment Youth violence Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence Elder abuse
Afghanistan
China
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
2
1.8
Rate per 100 000 population
1.6
1.4
E
1.2
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
1 AVA
VA
OT
TA
0.8 AN
DAT
NO
0.6
TA
DA
0.4
0.2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 12336, Rate= 0.92/100 000 (68.3% M, 31.7% F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: VR Source: National Disease Surveillance System
Colombia
Albania
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles 111
60
8
Burn 1%
pulation
Other 5% 7
ulation
50
Strangulation 1%
Firearm 78% 6
2
COLOMBIA 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 47 704 427 Gross national income per capita: US$ 7 010 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 55.91
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Institute of Legal Medicine and Ministry of Health and Social Protection.
Against elder abuse YES Professional
1.8 awareness campaigns YES
Rate per 100 000 population
60
Other 5%
Rate per 100 000 population
50
Firearm 78%
Blunt force 1% 40
30
20
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 15742, Rate= 34/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: Direccion de Epidemiologia y Demografia/ Reported homicides: Direccion de Epidemiologia y Demografia Source: Police
Cook Islands
Canada ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence Unknown
NO 4% Child maltreatment NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence Other 1% NO Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices
2 to de-concentrate poverty NO
1.8
Sexual violenceBurn 3% NO Elder abuse NO
Afghanistan
Cook Islands Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
Costa Rica
Albania
Other 4%
Other 6%
Part VIII Strangulation
Country profiles 14 113
5% 8
Burn 1%
pulation
12
7
Strangulation 1% 6
10
1
COSTA RICA
0.2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 4 805 295 Gross national income per capita: US$ 8 850 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 50.73
12
Blunt force 9% 10
8
Firearm 63%
6
Sharp force 19% 4
2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 407, Rate= 8.8/100 000 (87.7% M, 12.3% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Judiciary/ Reported homicides: VR Source: Judiciary
Croatia
2
1
CROATIA 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 4 307 422 Gross national income per capita: US$ 13 260 Income group: High Income inequality: 33.65
ProvidingSharp
for victim
force compensation
19% YES Adult protective
4 services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
2 services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence YES
Mental health2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010
2011
Year
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Institute of Public Health.
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence Sexual violence Elder abuse NO
Croatia
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
2.5
Other 18% Firearm 24%
Rate per 100 000 population
Burn 2% 1.5
Strangulation 6%
1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 50, Rate= 1.17/100 000 (62% M, 38% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR Source: Civil and Vital Registration
Cuba
6
Unknown 3%
5
Rate per 100
20
CUBA 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 11 270 957 Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 890 Income group: Middle Income inequality:
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Cuba
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
7
Firearm 6%
Rate per 100 000 population
6
Unknown 3%
Sharp force 70% 5
Other 5% 4
Burn 1% 3
Strangulation 6% 2
Cyprus
2.5
116 Unknown 11% Firearm 34% Part VIII Country profiles
pulation
2
Blunt force 100%
CYPRUS
Population: 1 128 994 Gross national income per capita: US$ 26 390 Income group: High Income inequality:
6
Against elderUnknown
abuse in3%institutions YES Public information campaigns YES
Other 5%
Sharp force 70% Caregiver support
5 YES
Residential4 care policies YES
Burn 1%
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
3
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Cyprus
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
1.5
Other 33%
1
0.5
Strangulation 22% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 9, Rate= 1/100 000 (33.3% M, 66.7% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Czech Republic
Other 0.5% 2
6
CZECH REPUBLIC 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 10 660 051 Gross national income per capita: US$ 18 130 Income group: High Income inequality: 25.82
Croatia ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
2.5
Youth violenceOther 18%YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Elder abuse Firearm 24%
Strangulation 5% 2.5
Rate per 100 000 population
Other 0.5% 2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 185, Rate= 1.75/100 000 (58.4% M, 41.6% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Dominica
Rate per 1
Blunt force 12% Sharp force 38% 0.5
Population: 71 684 Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 590 Income group: Middle Income inequality:
Cuba ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives 7provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence FirearmNO6% Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
2
Against elder abuse in institutions NO Public information campaigns YES
Blunt force 69% Caregiver1.5support YES
Firearm 12% Residential care policies YES
1
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation NO Sharp force 14% Adult protective
0.5 services YES
Providing for victim legal representation NO Child protection services
0
YES
Medico-legal 2001services for sexual
2002 2003 2004 violence
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO
Dominica Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
15
Sharp force 50%
10
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Dominican Republic
Other 1%
30
Part VIII Strangulation
Country profiles
3% 119
population
25
Blunt force 7% 20
Burn 1%
Strangulation 6% 2
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 10 276 621 Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 430 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 47.2
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Dominican Republic
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Other 1%
30
Strangulation 3%
Rate per 100 000 population
25
Blunt force 7% 20
Firearm 64% 15
10
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 2268, Rate= 22.4/100 000 (91.1% M, 8.9% F)
Sources. Mechanism: National Statistical Office/ Reported homicides: Police Source: National Statistical Office
Ecuador
16
Other 33%
0.5
Population: 15 492 264 Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 170 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 49.26
Czech Republic ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence 5% YES
Strangulation Housing polices
2.5 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
Ecuador
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
20
Unknown 8% 18
Rate per 100 000 population
16
Other 2% 14
12
Strangulation 5% Firearm 63% 10
8
Blunt force 1% 6
4
2
Sharp force 21%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 2106, Rate= 13.79/100 000 (89% M, 11% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR Source: Civil and Vital Registration
Egypt
Burn 1% 4
3.5
Firearm 12%
EGYPT 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 80 721 874 Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 980 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 30.77
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Egypt
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
5
Other 4%
4.5
Rate per 100 000 population
Burn 1% 4
Strangulation 4% 3.5
3
Blunt force 1% 2.5
Firearm 67% 2
1.5
1
Sharp force 23% 0.5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 3549, Rate= 4.36/100 000 (89% M, 11% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Interior/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Ministry of Interior
1 El Salvador
Subnational.
Unknown 1%
122 Other 0.4% 80 Part VIII Country profiles
70
ulation
Blunt force 6% 60
Rate per 100 00
Sharp force 50%
10
EL SALVADOR 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 6 297 394 Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 600 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 48.33
4
Caregiver3.5support NO
Strangulation 4%
Residential3 care policies NO
VICTIM
BluntLAWS
force 1% Firearm 67% VICTIM 2.5
SERVICES
2
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective
1.5 services YES
Providing for force
Sharp victim23%
legal representation YES Child protection
1
0.5
services YES
Medico-legal
0
services for sexual violence YES
Mental health2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Blunt force 6% 60
50
Firearm 70% 40
30
Sharp force 23% 20
10
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Reported homicides (2011) N= 4371, Rate=70.3/100 000 (86% M, 14% F) Year
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Tripartite Homicide Commission
1
Estonia
Subnational.
14
Rate per 10
10
ESTONIA
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 1 290 778 Gross national income per capita: US$ 16 360 Income group: High Income inequality: 36
Ecuador ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives20provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violenceUnknown 8%YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
18 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Against elder
Blunt abuse in institutions
force 6% NO Public information
60 campaigns NO
Caregiver50support YES
Firearm 70% Residential40 care policies
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES 30
Sharp
for force
victim23% 20
Providing compensation YES Adult protective services NO
10
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
0
Medico-legal2001services for sexual
2002 2003 2004 violence
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Estonia
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Justice.
Fiji
4.5
124 4
Part VIII Country profiles
opulation
Rate per 10
Blunt force 1% 6
4
2
Sharp force 21%
FIJI
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 874 742 Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 010 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 42.83
Egypt ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives 5provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence Other
NO4% Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
4.5
Finland
3
Part VIII Country
Firearmprofiles
15% 125
opulation
2.5
2
Firearm 67% 2
Rate per 10
1.5
1
Sharp force 23% 0.5
FINLAND
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 5 408 466 Gross national income per capita: US$ 46 820 Income group: High Income inequality: 26.88
El Salvador ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plansUnknown 1% National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violenceOther 0.4%YES1
80
Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
70
Against elderOther
abuse12%
in institutions YES Public information
3.5 campaigns YES
3
Caregiver support YES
Sharp force 46% 2.5
Residential care policies
2
YES
VICTIM LAWS
Burn 19%
VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective
1 services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Blunt force 15% 0.5
Child protection services YES
Strangulation 8% 0
Medico-legal 2001services for sexual
2002 2003 2004 violence
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year YES
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES
Finland Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
2.5
2
Sharp force 46%
1.5
Other 16%
1
Burn 3%
0.5
Blunt force 7%
Strangulation 13% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 114, Rate= 2.11/100 000 (67% M, 33% F)
Sources. Mechanism: National Research Institute of Legal Policy/ Reported homicides: Police Source: National Research Institute of Legal Policy
1
Subnational.
Gabon
126 Part VIII Country profiles
Sharp force 23% 20
Rate
10
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
GABON
Year
Afghanistan
Gabon Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
1 Albania
Subnational.
10
9
0 000 population
Other 6% 8
Part VIII Country profiles 87 127
Burn 1%
pulation
76
Strangulation 1% 6
5
Burn 3% 8
GEORGIA
2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 4 358 242 Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 290 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 42.1
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Center for Disease Control and Public Health.
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services NO
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
Medico-legal services for sexual violence YES
Mental health services NO
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Georgia
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
10
9
Rate per 100 000 population
8
7
E
6
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
5 AVA
VA
OT
TA
4 AN
DAT
NO
TA
3
DA
2
1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 107, Rate= 2.3/100 000 (75.7% M, 24.3% F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs
Germany
Albania
Unknown
Other 6% 9%
128 Firearm 13% 1.4
8 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%
pulation
ulation
7
1.2
Other 18%
Strangulation 1% 6
2
GERMANY Strangulation 8% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 82 800 121 Gross national income per capita: US$ 45 170 Income group: High Income inequality: 28.31
Finland ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES1 Child maltreatment YES1 Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
3 to de-concentrate poverty YES
Firearm 15%
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES1
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Germany
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Unknown 9%
1.4
Firearm 13%
Rate per 100 000 population
1.2
Other 18%
1
0.8
Burn 1%
0.6
Sharp force 38%
Strangulation 13% 0.4
0.2
Blunt force 8% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 662, Rate= 0.8/100 000 (53% M, 47% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs
1 Ghana
Subnational.
Other 3% Unknown 4%
Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 5%
2.5 129
ulation
2
Strangulation 8%
1.5
GHANA
Blunt force 7%
Strangulation 13% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 25 366 462 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 580 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 42.76
1.2
Other 18%
Caregiver support
1 YES
Residential0.8 care policies NO
VICTIM Burn
LAWS 1% VICTIM 0.6
SERVICES
Sharp force 38%
Providing for victim compensation
Strangulation 13% NO Adult protective
0.4 services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0.2 services YES
Blunt force 8%
Medico-legal
0
services for sexual violence YES
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Other 3% Unknown 4%
2.5
Burn 5%
Rate per 100 000 population
2
Strangulation 8%
Firearm 51% 1.5
0.5
Sharp force 18%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Reported homicides (2011) N= 423, Rate= 1.71/100 000 (79% M, 21% F) Year
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Guatemala
40
GUATEMALA
Population: 15 082 831 Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 130 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 55.89
Georgia ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES1
10
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
9
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance.
Sharp
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services
Year
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Guatemala
Mechanism of homicide2 Trends in homicides
50
45
Rate per 100 000 population
40
35
Other 15%
30
Firearm 82% 25
20
15
Strangulation 3% 10
5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 5155, Rate= 34.2/100 000 (88.88% M, 11.12% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
1
Guinea
Subnational.
2
Blunt and sharp force were reported as one category, and are included in "other".
Other 3%
Part VIII Country profiles 131
Firearm 32%
Rate per 100 00
5
4
3
2
GUINEA 1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 11 451 273 Gross national income per capita: US$ 440 Income group: Low Income inequality: 39.35
Caregiver 40support NO
35
Other 15% Residential
30 care policies NO
Firearm 82%
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
25
20
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective
15
services NO
Strangulation
Providing for victim3%
legal representation YES Child protection
10 services YES
Medico-legal
5 services for sexual violence YES
0
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 NO
2008 2009 2010 2011
DATA ON VIOLENCE Year
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Afghanistan
Guinea Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Other 3%
Firearm 32%
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
1 Albania
Guyana
Subnational.
Other 6%
132 8 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1% 30
Unknown 19%
pulation
Firearm 19% 7
ation
Strangulation 1% 25
6
Burn 1%
0.6
Population: 795 369 Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 410 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 44.54
Ghana ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Other 3% UnknownChild maltreatment
4% NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence Burn 5%NO Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices
2.5 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Labour, Human Services and Social Security.
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services NO
Providing for victim legal representation NOSharp force 10% Child protection services YES
Medico-legal services for sexual violence NO
Mental health services YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Guyana
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
30
Unknown 19%
Firearm 19%
Rate per 100 000 population
25
20
Other 7%
15
Burn 4%
10
Strangulation 2% Sharp force 40%
5
Blunt force 9%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 130, Rate= 17/100 000 (74% M, 26% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Honduras
70
Other 1%
Blunt force 11%
0.5
HONDURAS
Sharp force 18%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 7 935 846 Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 140 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 56.95
Guatemala ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
50 to de-concentrate poverty YES
45
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Honduras
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
90
Unknown 0.4% 80
Rate per 100 000 population
70
Other 1%
60
Strangulation 3% Firearm 83% 50
Blunt force 3% 40
30
Sharp force 10%
20
10
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 7172, Rate= 85.5/100 000 (91.6% M, 8.4% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Iceland
134 0.16 Part VIII Country profiles
0.14
ulation
0.12
20
Rate per 10
15
Strangulation 3% 10
5
ICELAND
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 325 867 Gross national income per capita: US$ 38 370 Income group: High Income inequality:
Guinea ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Other 3% Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse Firearm 32% YES1
Firearms Alcohol
Laws to regulate civilian access YES Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 7.1
Blunt force 55%
Mandatory background check YES Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY MOST RISKY
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES Spirits: YES
Carrying firearms in public Sharp force 10% YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Guyana
Against child marriage YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation YES abusive situations YES
30
Ban on corporal punishment
Unknown 19% (all settings) YES (YES) 19%
Firearm
Against elderOther
abuse1%in institutions YES Public information
70 campaigns YES
Strangulation 3% Firearm 83% Caregiver60support YES
50
Blunt force 3% Residential40
care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
30
Sharp force 10%
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective
20 services NO
10
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0
services YES
Medico-legal2001services for sexual
2002 2003 2004 violence
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES1 Youth violence Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES1
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Directorate of Health.
0.12
0.1
Sharp force 100% 0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 1, Rate= 0.03/100 000 (0% M, 100% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
1
India
Subnational.
4
Part VIII Country profiles 3.5
135
opulation
3
Blunt force 55%
INDIA
Population: 1 236 686 732 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 550 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 33.9
Guyana ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES 30
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Unknown 19% 19%
Elder abuse Firearm
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few Year times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 21 / 18 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage
Honduras YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (NO) 90
Youth violence
Unknownlaws
0.4% Youth violence
80 prevention programmes
Rate per 100 000 population
Against weapons
Otheron1%school premises YES Pre-school70enrichment YES
Against gang or criminal
Strangulation 3% group membership YES Firearm 83% Life skills 60and social development training YES
50
Blunt force 3% Mentoring40 YES
After-school30 supervision YES
Sharp force 10% School anti-bullying
20 YES
Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner
10 violence prevention programmes
Against rape in marriage NO 0
Dating violence prevention in schools YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear NO
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape YES School and college programmes YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes YES
Iceland
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes
0.16
Against elder abuse YES Professional
0.14
awareness campaigns NO
Rate per 100 000 population
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Afghanistan
India Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
4
3.5
Rate per 100 000 population
3
2.5
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
2
AVA
VA
OT
TA
1.5 AN
DAT
NO
TA
1
DA
0.5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 35122, Rate= 2.89/100 000 (73.1% M, 26.9% F)
Sources. Mechanism: / Reported homicides: Police Source: Ministry of Home Affairs
Albania
Indonesia
Other 6%
136 0.8
8 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1% 0.7
pulation
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 0.6
6
Burn 4%
Population: 246 864 191 Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 420 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 38.14075554
Honduras ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
90 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Unknown 0.4% YES
Sexual violence Elder abuse NO 80
0.8
0.7
Rate per 100 000 population
0.6
0.5
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
0.4
AVA
VA
OT
TA
0.3 AN
DAT
NO
TA
0.2
DA
0.1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 1456, Rate= 0.6/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Country questionnaire
Albania
Iran
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles 137
8
Burn 1%
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 6
30
Sharp force 10%
Rate pe
20
10
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 76 424 443 Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 570 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 38.28
Iceland ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
0.16
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES1
0.14
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 15 / 13 Home visiting YES
India
Against child marriage YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO 4
abusive situations YES
3.5
Rate per 100 000 population
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (NO)
3
Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes
2.5
Against weapons on school premises YES Pre-school enrichment
2
YES
Against gang or criminal group membership YES Life skills and social development training
1.5
YES
Mentoring
1
YES
After-school supervision
0.5
YES
School anti-bullying
0
YES
Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence
2001 2002 2003 prevention
2004 2005 programmes
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Against rape in marriage NO Dating violence prevention in schools Year YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Microfinance and gender equity training YES
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
Indonesia YES School and college programmes YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes YES
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and0.8cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Elder abuse0.7 prevention programmes
Rate per 100 000 population
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
Iraq
1 Albania
Subnational.
80
Other 24%
00 population
Other 6% 70
138 8
60
Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%
pulation
7
50
Strangulation
Burn 4%1% 6
Rate per 100
0.06
0.04
0.02
IRAQ
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 32 778 030 Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 130 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 30.86
80
Other 24%
Rate per 100 000 population
70
60
50
Burn 4%
Firearm 45% 40
Strangulation 6% 30
20
Blunt force 7%
10
Sharp force 14% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 2518, Rate= 8.79/100 000 (81.7% M, 18.3% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Israel
1
Subnational.
Other 2% Unknown 7%
Part VIII Country profiles 5%
Strangulation 3.5 139
pulation
3
Blunt force 4%
2.5
Rate per 100 00
2
1.5
1
ISRAEL
0.5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 7 643 905 Gross national income per capita: US$ 32 030 Income group: High Income inequality: 39.2
70
Caregiver60support YES
Burn 4%
Residential50 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS Firearm 45% VICTIM SERVICES
40
Strangulation
for victim6% 30
Providing compensation NO Adult protective services YES
20
Providing for victim
Blunt forcelegal
7% representation NO Child protection services YES
10
Sharp force 14%
Medico-legal services for sexual violence YES
0
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
DATA ON VIOLENCE Year
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
3
Blunt force 4%
2.5
Firearm 55% 2
1.5
Sharp force 27%
1
0.5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Reported homicides (2011) N= 147, Rate= 1.9/100 000 (77% M, 23% F) Year
Sources. Mechanism: Israel Center Bureau of Statistics/ Reported homicides: VR Source: Israel Center Bureau of Statistics
1
Subnational.
Italy
1.2
Rate per 100
0.3
0.2
0.1
ITALY 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 60 884 593 Gross national income per capita: US$ 34 810 Income group: High Income inequality: 36.03
3
Blunt
Against elder forcein4%
abuse institutions YES Public information campaigns NO
Caregiver2.5support YES
Firearm 55% Residential2 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES
Sharp force 27%
Providing for victim compensation YES 1
Adult protective services NO
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0.5 services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services
Year
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Italy
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
1.2
Burn 2% 1
Strangulation 7% 0.8
Firearm 45%
0.6
Blunt force 7% 0.4
0.2
Sharp force 24% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 528, Rate= 0.89/100 000 (69.7% M, 30.3% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Other 11% 70
Rate per 100 000 population
60
Sharp force 19% Firearm 70%
50
40
30
20
10
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
1 Japan
Subnational.
142 0.7
Part VIII Country profiles
Firearm 2%
ulation
Unknown 3% 0.6
Sharp force 54%
JAPAN
Population: 127 249 704 Gross national income per capita: US$ 47 690 Income group: High Income inequality:
60
Against elder abuse
Sharp forcein19%
institutions YES Firearm 70% Public information campaigns YES
Caregiver50support YES
Residential40 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
30
20
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES 10
Child protection services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
Mental health services YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
Japan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Firearm 2% 0.7
Rate per 100 000 population
Unknown 3% 0.6
Sharp force 54%
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Other 41% 0.1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 1020, Rate= 0.8/100 000 (57% M, 43% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Statistics and Information Department
Jordan
2.5
JORDAN
Population: 7 009 444 Gross national income per capita: US$ Income group: Middle Income inequality: 35.43
Unknown 3%
Against elder abuse in institutions YES Sharp force 54% Public information
0.5
campaigns YES
Caregiver support
0.4
YES
Residential care policies YES
0.3
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
0.2
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services NO
Other 41% 0.1
Providing for victim legal representation YES1 Child protection services YES
0
Medico-legal 2001services for sexual
2002 2003 2004 violence
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services
Year
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Jordan
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
3
Rate per 100 000 population
2.5
2
E
BL
1.5 LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
1 AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
0.5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 133, Rate= 2.1/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: - / Reported homicides: Police Source: Ministry of Interior
1
Kazakhstan
Albania
Subnational.
Other 6% 14
144 8 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%
opulation
12
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 106
KAZAKHSTAN
Population: 16 271 201 Gross national income per capita: US$ 9 780 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 29.04
Jamaica ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence Child maltreatment YES1 Incentives70provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Other 11%
Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
Jordan
School and college programmes YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape Physical environment changes YES
Against non-contact sexual violence Social and cultural norms change NO
Elder abuse laws Elder abuse 3 prevention programmes
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Development.
2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Mental health services Year YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence Intimate partner violence Sexual violence YES Elder abuse
Kazakhstan
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
14
Rate per 100 000 population
12
10
8
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
6 AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
4
TA
DA
2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2010) N= 1416, Rate= 8.4/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
1
Kenya
Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
7
145
8
population
Burn 1% 6
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 5
6
30
KENYA
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 43 178 141 Gross national income per capita: US$ 870 Income group: Low Income inequality: 47.68
Japan ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence FirearmNO 2% Intimate partner violence NO Housing 0.7
polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few Year times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage
Jordan
YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation YES abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (YES) 3
Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes
Rate per 100 000 population
2.5
Against weapons on school premises YES Pre-school enrichment
2
NO
Against gang or criminal group membership YES Life skills and social development training YES
Mentoring 1.5 YES
After-school1 supervision NO
School anti-bullying
0.5
YES
Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage YES Dating violence
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in schools
2004 2005 2006 2007 NO
2008 2009 2010 2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape YES School and college programmes YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Kazakhstan YES Physical environment changes YES
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes
14
Against elder abuse NO Professional awareness campaigns YES
Rate per 100 000 population
12
Against elder abuse in institutions NO Public information campaigns YES
Caregiver10support YES
Residential8 care policies NO
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES 6
Afghanistan
Kenya Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
7
Rate per 100 000 population
6
5
E
BL
4 LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
3 AN
DAT
NO
TA
2
DA
1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 2283, Rate= 5.91/100 000 (74% M, 26% F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: National Bureau of Statistics
Kiribati
Albania
Other 6%
146 Unknown 22% Sharp force 23%
128 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%
pulation
pulation
107
Strangulation 1% 6
0.3
Rate per 10
0.2
Other 41% 0.1
KIRIBATI
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 100 786 Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 520 Income group: Middle Income inequality:
Jordan ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
3
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Firearms Alcohol 2
Laws to regulate civilian access YES Adult (15+)
1.5
per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 3
Mandatory background check YES Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY MOST RISKY
1
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Excise taxes Beer: NO Wine: NO Spirits: NO
Carrying firearms in public YES 0.5
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES 0
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE
2001 2002OF2003
VIOLENCE
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Year times
Once/few Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage
Kazakhstan
YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (NO) 14
Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes
6
Against elder abuse in institutions NO Public information campaigns NO
Caregiver 5support YES
Residential4 care policies NO
3
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
2
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services NO
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
1 services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Medical Services.
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services NO
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Kiribati
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
12
Unknown 22% Sharp force 23%
Rate per 100 000 population
10
6
Blunt force 11%
4
Other 44% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 8, Rate= 7.15/100 000 (75% M, 25% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Kuwait
6
Part VIII Country profiles 147
opulation
4
Rate per 1
1
0.5
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 3 250 496 Gross national income per capita: US$ 44 940 Income group: High Income inequality:
Kazakhstan ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives14provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Yeartimes
Once/few Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 17 / 15 Home visiting NO
Against child marriage
Kenya YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation YES abusive situations NO
7
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (YES)
Youth violence laws Rate per 100 000 population
Youth violence prevention programmes
6
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO
Kuwait Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
6
Rate per 100 000 population
4
E
3
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
2 AN
DAT
NO
TA
1
DA
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 144, Rate= 4/100 000 (77% M, 23% F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Kyrgyzstan
Albania
Firearm 4% 8
Other31%
Unknown 6%
148 78 Part VIII Country profiles
population
Burn 1%
pulation
67
Strangulation 1%
56
6
KYRGYZSTAN 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 5 474 213 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 040 Income group: Low Income inequality: 33.38
5
Against elder abuse in institutions YES1 Public information campaigns YES
Caregiver 4support YES
Residential3 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
2
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services
1
YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services YES
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment Youth violence Intimate partner violence Sexual violence Elder abuse
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Kyrgyzstan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Firearm 4% 8
Unknown 31%
7
Rate per 100 000 population
6
5
Sharp force 35% 4
3
Other 10%
2
1
Strangulation 6% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Blunt force 14%
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 248, Rate= 4.4/100 000 (76.2% M, 23.8% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR Source: Civil and Vital Registration
1
LAOS
Subnational.
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 6 645 827 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 270 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 36.74
Kiribati ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence Unknown NO22% Intimate partner
Sharp violence
force 23% NO Housing polices
12 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
Latvia
Albania
107
Strangulation 1% 6
Blunt force 11%
Rate per 10
4
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 2 060 428 Gross national income per capita: US$ 14 060 Income group: High Income inequality: 34.81
Kuwait ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
6
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Larger scale Yeartimes
Once/few
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage
Kyrgyzstan YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation YES abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) FirearmYES
4%
(YES) 8
Unknown 31%
Youth violence laws Youth violence
7 prevention programmes
10
Unknown 9% 8
4
Blunt force 12%
2
Other 31% Strangulation 6% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 200, Rate= 9.64/100 000 (50.5% M, 49.5% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Liberia
10
Rate per 10
2
LIBERIA
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 4 190 435 Gross national income per capita: US$ 370 Income group: Low Income inequality: 38.16
Kyrgyzstan ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment
Firearm 4% YES1 Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
8
Youth violence UnknownYES 31% Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
7
10
Against elder abuse in institutions NO Public information campaigns NO
Unknown 9% Caregiver 8support YES
Residential6 care policies NO
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
4
Providing for victim compensation NO Blunt force 12% Adult protective services NO
2
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
Other 31% Strangulation 6% Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services YES
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Liberia
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
1.2
Rate per 100 000 population
10
0.8
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
0.6 AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
0.4
TA
DA
0.2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 16, Rate= 0.43/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Lithuania
1 Albania
Subnational.
107
Strangulation
Other1%9% 86
4
LITHUANIA Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 14%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 3 027 621 Gross national income per capita: US$ 13 820 Income group: High Income inequality: 37.57
Lithuania
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
10
Other 9% 8
6
Strangulation 8%
4
1 Madagascar
Subnational.
Unknown 2%
Part VIII Country profiles 153
4.5
Firearm 39% 4
lation
3.5
MADAGASCAR
Population: 22 293 914 Gross national income per capita: US$ 420 Income group: Low Income inequality: 44.11
Latvia ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES1
Youth violence Firearm NO6%
Intimate Sharp force 36%
partner violence YES 12
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Yeartimes
Once/few Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage
Liberia YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) NO () 1.2
Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes
Rate per 100 000 population
10
Against weapons on school premises YES Pre-school enrichment YES
Against gang or criminal group membership YES Life skills0.8and social development training YES
Mentoring 0.6 NO
After-school
0.4 supervision NO
School anti-bullying NO
0.2
Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage NO Dating violence prevention in schools YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO Microfinance and gender equity training Year YES
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
Lithuania
YES School and college programmes YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes YES
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Firearm 4% Sharp force 30% Elder abuse prevention programmes
12
Against elder Unknown
abuse 1% NO Professional awareness campaigns NO
Rate per 100 000 population
10
Against elder abuse in institutions
Other 9%
NO Public information campaigns YES
Caregiver 8support NO
Residential6 care policies NO
Strangulation
VICTIM LAWS 8% VICTIM SERVICES
4
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective
2
services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
Blunt force 48% 0
Medico-legal2001services for sexual
2002 2003 2004 violence
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.
3.5
Other 18%
3
2.5
Burn 2% 2
Strangulation 1% 1.5
1
0.5
Blunt force 22% Sharp force 16% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 130, Rate= 0.6/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Country questionnaire.
Malawi
1
Subnational.
3.5
3
Rate per 10
4
Blunt force 12%
2
Other 31%
MALAWI
Strangulation 6% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 15 906 483 Gross national income per capita: US$ 320 Income group: Low Income inequality: 43.91
Liberia ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
1.2
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Larger scale Yeartimes
Once/few
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Lithuania
Against child marriage YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation SharpNO
force 30% abusive situations YES
Firearm 4%(all settings) 12
Ban on corporal punishment YES (YES)
Youth violenceUnknown
laws 1%
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Microfinance and gender equity training Year YES
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
Madagascar YES School and college programmes YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes YES
Against non-contact sexual violence
Unknown 2%
YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Elder abuse
4.5 prevention programmes
Firearm 39%
Against elder abuse YES Professional 4 awareness campaigns YES
Rate per 100 000 population
3.5
Against elder abuse in institutions
Other 18% NO Public information
3
campaigns YES
Caregiver2.5support YES
Residential2 care policies NO
Burn 2%
VICTIM LAWS 1%
Strangulation VICTIM1.5SERVICES
1
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective
0.5
services YES
Providing for victim
Bluntlegal
forcerepresentation
22% YES
Sharp force 16% Child protection services
0
YES
Medico-legal 2001services for sexual
2002 2003 2004 violence
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO
Malawi Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
4
Rate per 100 000 population
3.5
3
2.5
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
2 AVA
VA
OT
TA
1.5 AN
DAT
NO
TA
1
DA
0.5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2013) N= 438, Rate= 3.35/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Malaysia
Albania
Other 6%
Part VIII Country Firearm
profiles7% 3
155
8
opulation
Burn 1% 2.57
pulation
Rate per 10
0.4
0.2
MALAYSIA 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 29 239 927 Gross national income per capita: US$ 9 820 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 46.21
Lithuania ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES ChildSharp
maltreatment
force 30% YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Firearm 4% 12
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty YES1
Unknown 1%
3.5
Against elder abuse in institutions YES Public information campaigns YES
Caregiver 3support YES
2.5
Residential care policies YES
2
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM1.5
SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective
1 services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0.5 services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence YES
Mental health2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by General Directorate of Health.
3
Firearm 7%
Rate per 100 000 population
Unknown 4% 2.5
Sharp force 50%
Other 3% 2
Burn 3%
1.5
1
Strangulation 12%
0.5
0
Blunt force 21% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2010) N= 540, Rate= 1.93/100 000 (81% M, 19% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Maldives
1
Subnational.
4.5
156 4
Part VIII Country profiles
opulation
3.5
3
Strangulation 8%
Rate per 1
4
Population: 338 442 Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 430 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 37.37
Madagascar
ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violenceUnknown
YES 2% Child maltreatment YES Incentives
4.5 provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence NO Firearmviolence
Intimate partner 39% YES Housing polices
4 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Firearms Alcohol 3
2.5
Laws to regulate civilian access YES Adult (15+)2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 1.2
Burn 2% check
Mandatory background Patterns 1.5
of drinking score
Strangulation 1%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Excise taxes
1 Beer: Wine: Spirits:
Carrying firearms in public YES 0.5
Blunt force
Programmes to reduce 22% firearm possessionSharp
civilian and force
use 16% YES 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
Year
No response/dont know Limited Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Malawi
Against child marriage NO Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) NO () 4
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
4.5
4
Rate per 100 000 population
3.5
3
2.5
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
2
AVA
VA
OT
TA
1.5 AN
DAT
NO
1
TA
DA
0.5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Mauritania
Albania
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles 157
8
Burn 1%
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 6
Burn 2%
Rate per 10
Strangulation 1% 1.5
1
0.5
Blunt force 22% Sharp force 16% 0
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 3 796 141 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 040 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 40.46
Malawi ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
4
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
3.5
Against elder abuse in institutions NO Public information
3
campaigns NO
Caregiver2.5support NO
Residential2 care policies NO
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM1.5
SERVICES
1
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services NO
0.5
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0
services NO
Medico-legal 2001services for sexual
2002 2003 2004 violence
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year NO
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO
Mauritania Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
Mexico
Albania
30
Other 6%
158 8 Part VIII Country profiles
population
Unknown
Burn 12%
1% 25
pulation
7
Strangulation
Other 1%
0.2% 206
2
Rate per 10
1.5
1
0.5
MEXICO 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 120 847 477 Gross national income per capita: US$ 9 720 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 47.16
Malaysia ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence Firearm YES Intimate partner violence YES 3
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty YES
7%
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few Yeartimes Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 16 / 14 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage
Maldives YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation YES abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (YES) 4.5
4
Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes
30
Rate per 100 000 population
Unknown 12% 25
Other 0.2% 20
Burn 1%
Strangulation 6% 15
Firearm 68%
Blunt force 1% 10
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 27213, Rate= 24.0/100 000 (89% M, 11% F)
Sources. Mechanism: INEGI/ Reported homicides:VR Source: INEGI
Mongolia
1
Subnational.
Firearm 2%
Part VIII Country profiles 16 159
Sharp force 42%
opulation
14
12
1.5
Population: 2 796 484 Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 080 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 36.52
Maldives ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Housing 4.5
polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
4
Against elderUnknown
abuse in12%
institutions NO 25
Public information campaigns NO
Other 0.2% Caregiver20support NO
Burn 1%
Residential15 care policies NO
Strangulation 6% Firearm 68%
VICTIMBlunt
LAWS force 1% VICTIM 10SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective services
5
YES
Providing forSharp force
victim 12%representation
legal YES Child protection services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services YES
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Mongolia
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Firearm 2% 16
Sharp force 42%
Rate per 100 000 population
14
12
10
Other 28% 8
6
4
2
Strangulation 6% 0
Blunt force 22% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 239, Rate= 8.56/100 000 (75.7% M, 24.3% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Montenegro
160 Other 4%
6 Part VIII Country profiles
pulation
5
2
Rate per 10
1.5
1
0.5
MONTENEGRO
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 621 081 Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 950 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 28.58
Mauritania ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty YES
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
Firearms Alcohol
Laws to regulate civilian access YES Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 8.7
Mandatory background check YES Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY MOST RISKY
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES Spirits: YES
Carrying firearms in public YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Mexico
Against child marriage YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation YES abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (YES) 30
4
Strangulation 13%
3
Firearm 70%
Blunt force 4% 2
1
Sharp force 9%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 23, Rate= 3.68/100 000 (87% M, 13% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Morocco
2
Part VIII Country profiles
Unknown 3% 1.8
161
opulation
1.6
Other 9% 1.4
MOROCCO
Population: 32 521 143 Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 910 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 40.88
Mexico ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
30
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty YES
5
Against elder abuse in institutions YES Public information campaigns NO
Strangulation 13% Caregiver 4support YES
Residential3 care policies YES
VICTIMBlunt
LAWS Firearm 70% VICTIM SERVICES
force 4% 2
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services
1
YES
Providing for Sharp
victimforce
legal9%representation YES Child protection services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services YES
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
Morocco
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
2
Unknown 3% 1.8
Rate per 100 000 population
1.6
Other 9% 1.4
Burn 1% 1.2
Strangulation 3% Sharp force 70% 1
0.8
0.6
Blunt force 14% 0.4
0.2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 436, Rate= 1.3/100 000 (86.2% M, 13.8% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Mozambique
6
5
Firearm 68%
Blunt force 1%
Rate per 1
10
MOZAMBIQUE
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 25 203 395 Gross national income per capita: US$ 510 Income group: Low Income inequality: 45.66
Mongolia ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES
Firearm 2%
Child maltreatment YES Incentives16provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence
Sharp force 42% YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Year
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Montenegro
Against child marriage NO Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment
Other 4%
(all settings) YES (YES) 6
1.6
Against elder abuse in institutions
Other 9% YES Public information
1.4
campaigns YES
Caregiver1.2support NO
Burn 1%
Strangulation 3% Sharp force 70% Residential1 care policies NO
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM0.8
SERVICES
0.6
Providing for victim
Blunt forcecompensation
14% NO Adult protective
0.4 services NO
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0.2 services YES
0
Medico-legal 2001services for sexual
2002 2003 2004 violence
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services
Year
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES 1
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Mozambique
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
7
Rate per 100 000 population
6
5
4
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
3 OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
2
TA
DA
1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 849, Rate= 3.7/100 000 (91.2% M, 8.8% F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Other Source: National Institute of Statistics
Myanmar
1 Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles 2.5
163
8
population
Firearm 2%
Burn 1%
pulation
Unknown 2% 27
Strangulation 1% 6
6
Rate per 1
4
2
MYANMAR
Strangulation 6% 0
Blunt force 22% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 52 797 319 Gross national income per capita: US$ Income group: Low Income inequality:
Montenegro ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES1 Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES1
6
Youth violence OtherYES 4%
1
Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty YES1
Firearms Alcohol 4
Strangulation 13%
Laws to regulate civilian access YES Adult (15+)3 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 0.7
Mandatory background check Firearm 70% YES Patterns of drinking score
Handguns/long guns/
Blunt force 4% automatic weapons YES/YES/YES 2
Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES Spirits: YES
Carrying firearms in public YES 1
Sharp force 9%
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES1
0
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE
2002 OF VIOLENCE
2003 2004 2005 2001 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Yeartimes
Once/few Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 20 / 20 Home visiting YES
Morocco
Against child marriage NO Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Unknown 3%
YES (YES) 2
1.8
Youth violence laws Rate per 100 000 population
Youth violence
1.6
prevention programmes
Against weaponsOther
on 9%
school premises YES Pre-school 1.4 enrichment YES
Against gang orBurn
criminal
1% group membership YES1
Sharp force 70%
Life skills1.2and social development training YES
Strangulation 3% Mentoring1 YES
0.8
After-school
0.6 supervision NO
Blunt force 14% School anti-bullying
0.4 YES
Intimate partner violence laws Intimate 0.2
partner violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage Dating violence 2001 prevention
2002 2003 in schools
2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010
2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home Microfinance and gender equity training Year YES
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
Mozambique
YES School and college programmes YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes YES
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Elder abuse7
prevention programmes
Against elder abuse NO Professional awareness campaigns YES
Rate per 100 000 population
6
Against elder abuse in institutions NO Public information campaigns
5
YES
Caregiver support
4
YES
Residential care policies YES
3
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
2
Providing for victim compensation YES1 Adult protective services YES
1
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
2011
0
Medico-legal services for sexual violence YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Mental health services
Year
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO
Myanmar Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence YES1 Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
2.5
Rate per 100 000 population
Firearm 2%
Unknown 2% 2
1
Other 21%
0.5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 1323, Rate= 2.06/100 000 (69% M, 31% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Nepal
1
Subnational.
Firearm 4%
Unknown 13%
164 4.5 Part VIII Country profiles
opulation
4
Sharp force 21%
3.5
3
1
Sharp force 9%
NEPAL 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 27 474 377 Gross national income per capita: US$ 700 Income group: Low Income inequality: 32.82
Morocco ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
2 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violenceUnknownYES 3% Elder abuse YES 1.8
Firearm
Against elder abuse in2%
institutions NO Public information campaigns NO
Unknown 2% 2
Caregiver support NO
Sharp force 75% Residential
1.5 care policies NO
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
1
Other 21%
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective services NO
Providing for victim legal representation YES 0.5
Child protection services NO
Medico-legal
0
services for sexual violence YES
Mental health2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010
2011
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Population.
DATA ON VIOLENCE Year
4
Sharp force 21%
3.5
3
Other 25% 2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
Burn 2% Blunt force 24% 0
Strangulation 11% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Reported homicides (2012) N= 752, Rate= 2.76/100 000 (61.3% M, 38.7% F) Year
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Netherlands
1.2
Other 16%
Strangulation 3% Sharp force 70% 1
NETHERLANDS
0.2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 16 714 018 Gross national income per capita: US$ 48 110 Income group: High Income inequality: 30.9
4
Against elder abuse in institutions NOSharp force 21% Public information campaigns YES
Caregiver3.5support YES
3
Residential
2.5
care policies
Other 25%
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
2
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective
1.5 services YES
1
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0.5
services YES
Burn 2% Blunt force 24% Medico-legal services for sexual violence YES
0
Strangulation 11% Mental health2001services YES 2011
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Miinistry of Health, Welfare and Sport.
1.2
Other 16%
1
0.8
0.6
Strangulation 8%
0.4
0.2
Blunt force 8%
Sharp force 31% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Reported homicides (2011) N= 143, Rate= 0.9/100 000 (65% M, 35% F) Year
Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR Source: Civil and Vital Registration
1
New Zealand
Other includes cases reported as "beating".
166 1.8
Part VIII Country profiles
Firearm 16%
ulation
Rate per 10
2
1
NEW ZEALAND 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 4 459 852 Gross national income per capita: US$ 35 520 Income group: High Income inequality: 36.17
Myanmar ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES1 Housing 2.5
polices to de-concentrate poverty YES
1.2
Against elder abuse in institutions
Other 16% YES Public information campaigns YES
Caregiver 1support YES
Residential
0.8 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS 8%
Strangulation VICTIM0.6
SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective
0.4 services YES
Providing for victim
Blunt legal
force representation
8% NO Child protection
0.2 services YES
Sharp force 31% Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services YES
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Social Development .
1.8
Firearm 16%
Rate per 100 000 population
Nicaragua
1
Subnational.
Firearm 48% 14
12
Rate per 10
1
Other 21%
0.5
NICARAGUA 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 5 991 733 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 690 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 40.47
Nepal ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
YES 13% Firearm
Interpersonal violenceUnknown 4%
Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing 4.5
polices to de-concentrate poverty YES
Otherin44% 1.6
Against elder abuse institutions YES Public information
1.4
campaigns YES
Caregiver1.2support NO
Residential1 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM0.8
SERVICES
0.6
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective
0.4
services NO
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0.2 services YES
Sharp force 40% Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence YES
Mental health2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Nicaragua
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
16
Other 14%
Rate per 100 000 population
Firearm 48% 14
12
10
8
6
4
Niger
NIGER
1
0.5
Burn 2% Blunt force 24% 0
Strangulation 11% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 17 157 042 Gross national income per capita: US$ 390 Income group: Low Year Income inequality: 34.55
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Afghanistan
Niger Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
LE
ILAB
ILA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
2012 4.8
DA
Albania
Nigeria
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles 169
8
Burn 1%
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 6
Rate per 100
0.6
Strangulation 8%
0.4
0.2
NIGERIA
Blunt force 8%
Sharp force 31% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 168 833 776 Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 490 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 48.83
New Zealand ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
1.8 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence Other 44%YES1 Elder abuse Firearm 16% NO
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Nigeria
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
Norway
Albania
1
Subnational.
Other 6%
170 Firearm 11% 1.28 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%
pulation
pulation
17
Strangulation
Unknown1%3% 6
1
NORWAY
0.2
Sharp force 40% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 4 993 875 Gross national income per capita: US$ 98 880 Income group: High Income inequality: 25.79
Nicaragua ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
16
to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence Other 14% NO Elder abuse NO
1
Unknown 3%
0.8
Other 4%
Sharp force 61% 0.6
0.4
Strangulation 14%
0.2
Blunt force 7% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Reported homicides (2010) N= 31, Rate= 0.3/100 000 (90% M, 10% F) Year
Oman
1.4
1.2
10
1
Unknown 3% Caregiver support YES
Other 4%
Residential
0.8 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS Sharp force 61% VICTIM0.6
SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation Adult protective
0.4 services
Strangulation 14%
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0.2
services YES
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
Blunt force 7% 0
Mental health services
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
2008 2009 2010 2011
DATA ON VIOLENCE Year
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
1.6
Sharp force 18%
Rate per 100 000 population
1.4
1.2
1
Blunt force 11%
0.8
Other 63% 0.6
0.4
Firearm 4%
0.2
Unknown 4%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Reported homicides (2011) N= 29, Rate= 0.9/100 000 (--% M, --% F)
Year
Sources. Mechanism: VR / Reported homicide: Royal Oman Police Source: Royal Oman Police
Palestine
Subnational.
1
5
PANAMA
Population: 3 802 281 Gross national income per capita: US$ 9 030 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 51.92
Norway ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
1.2
Youth violence Firearm YES11% Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty YES1
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few Yeartimes Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) / Home visiting NO
Against
Omanchild marriage YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Sharp force 18%
YES (YES) 1.6
5
Against elder abuse in2%
Strangulation institutions YES Public information campaigns NO
Caregiver 4support YES
Residential3 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS
Sharp force 20% Firearm 78% VICTIM SERVICES
2
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services YES
1
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE Year
25
Rate per 100 000 population
Unknown 2%
20
Other 2%
Blunt force 3%
15
10
Sharp force 16% Firearm 77%
5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 665, Rate= 17/100 000 (95% M, 5% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Public Security/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
10
Rate per 10
0.4
Strangulation 14%
0.2
Year
Population: 7 167 010 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 790 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 50.88
Oman ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
1.6
Youth violenceSharp forceYES18% Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few Yeartimes Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 16 Home visiting NO
Against child marriage
Palestine YES Parenting education NO
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (NO) 6
Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes
Rate per 100 000 population
5
Strangulation 2%
Against weapons on school premises YES Pre-school enrichment
4
NO
Against gang or criminal group membership YES Life skills and social development training YES
Sharp force 20%
Mentoring3 YES
Firearm 78% After-school2 supervision NO
School anti-bullying
1
YES
Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage YES Dating violence
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in schools
2004 NO
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Microfinance and gender equity training
Year
NO
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
Panama
YES School and college programmes YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes YES
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Elder abuse25
prevention programmes
Against elder abuse NO Professional awareness campaigns NO
Rate per 100 000 population
Unknown 2%
Against elder abuse
Otherin2%
institutions NO Public information
20 campaigns NO
Blunt force 3% Caregiver support NO
15
Residential care policies NO
VICTIMSharp
LAWS force 16% Firearm 77%
VICTIM 10SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective
5 services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services YES
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Papua New Guinea
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
12
Rate per 100 000 population
10
8
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
6
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
4
TA
DA
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2010) N= 713, Rate= 10.4/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Peru
Albania
Other 6%
174 Unknown
14
8 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%9%
opulation
Firearm 57%
pulation
127
Other
Strangulation 1%5% 106
Other 63%
Rate per 1
0.6
0.4
Firearm 4%
0.2
Unknown 4%
PERU
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 29 987 800 Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 890 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 48.14
Palestine ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
6
Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
10
Against elder abuse in institutions YES Public information campaigns YES
Caregiver 8support YES
Residential6 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
4
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services
2
YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence YES
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Directorate General of Health Promotion.
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services YES
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Peru
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
14
Unknown 9%
Rate per 100 000 population
Firearm 57% 12
Other 5%
10
Burn 2%
8
Strangulation 3%
6
Blunt force 7%
4
2
Sharp force 17%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 1968, Rate= 6.5/100 000 (84% M, 16% F)
Sources. Mechanism: CEIC/ Reported homicides: CEIC Source: Ministry of Interior
Philippines
1
Subnational.
Unknown 0.5% 16
Other 2.5% 14
3
Sharp force 20%
PHILIPPINES 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 96 706 764 Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 950 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 42.98
Panama ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
25 to de-concentrate poverty NO
12
Against elder abuse in
Other 5%institutions NO Public information campaigns
Burn 2% Caregiver10support YES
Strangulation 3% Residential8 care policies YES
VICTIM Blunt
LAWS force 7% VICTIM SERVICES
6
Child maltreatment YES1 Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Philippines
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
18
Firearm 56%
Rate per 100 000 population
Unknown 0.5% 16
Other 2.5% 14
12
10
8
6
4
Sharp force 41% 2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 12086, Rate= 12.6/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: NSO/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Civil and Vital Registration
Poland
1
Subnational.
3.5
Other 8% 3
10
Rate per 10
Sharp force 16% Firearm 77%
5
POLAND
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 38 210 924 Gross national income per capita: US$ 12 660 Income group: High Income inequality: 32.73
Papua New Guinea ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
12
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Firearm 4% 4
Rate per 100 000 population
3.5
Other 8% 3
Sharp force 63%
2.5
2
Strangulation 11%
1.5
1
Portugal
2.5
Rate per 10
4
PORTUGAL 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 10 603 804 Gross national income per capita: US$ 20 620 Income group: High Income inequality: 38.45
Peru ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence UnknownYES 9% Intimate partner violence YES 14
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty YES1
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few Yeartimes Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 16 / 16 Home visiting YES
Philippines
Against child marriage Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation YES abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (YES) 18
Firearm 56%
Rate per 100 000 population
Unknown
Youth violence laws 0.5% Youth violence
16 prevention programmes
Other
on2.5% 14 enrichment
Against weapons school premises YES Pre-school YES
Against gang or criminal group membership NO Life skills12and social development training YES
10
Mentoring8 YES
After-school 6 supervision YES
School anti-bullying
4 YES
Intimate partner
Sharpviolence laws
force 41% Intimate partner
2 violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage YES Dating violence prevention in schools YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Microfinance and gender equity training Year YES
Social and cultural norms change
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
Poland
YES School and college programmes YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes YES
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes
Firearm 4% 4
Against elder abuse YES Professional awareness campaigns YES
Rate per 100 000 population
3.5
Against elder abuse
Otherin8%
institutions YES Public information
3
campaigns YES
Sharp force 63% Caregiver2.5support YES
Residential2 care policies
Strangulation 11%
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM1.5
SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective
1 services NO
Providing for victim legal14%
Blunt force representation YES Child protection
0.5 services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services YES
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by General Directorate of Health.
Firearm 22% 3
Rate per 100 000 population
2.5
1.5
Unknown 57% Sharp force 13%
1
Qatar
1
Subnational.
Rate per 10
Blunt force 7%
4
2
Sharp force 17%
QATAR 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 2 050 514 Gross national income per capita: US$ 78 060 Income group: High Income inequality: 41.1
Philippines ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
18 to de-concentrate poverty YES
Firearm 56%
Child maltreatment Youth violence Intimate partner violence Sexual violence Elder abuse
Qatar
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Other 17%
E
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
Burn 17%
DA
Moldova
Albania
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles
14
179
8
Burn 1% Firearm 3%
opulation
12
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 10
6
8
Rate per 10
6
4
Sharp force 41% 2
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 3 514 381 Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 150 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 33.03
Poland ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence Firearm YES4%
1
Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices
4 to de-concentrate poverty NO
14
Firearm 3%
Rate per 100 000 population
12
10
8
Sharp force 15%
6
Other 81%
Blunt force 1% 4
2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 304, Rate= 8.5/100 000 (81.6% M, 18.4% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
1
Romania
Subnational.
3.5
Strangulation 5%
2
Strangulation 11%
ROMANIA
Blunt force 14%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 21 754 741 Gross national income per capita: US$ 8 560 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 27.42
Portugal ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence YES Intimate partner
Firearm violence
22% YES Housing polices
3 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
12
Against elder abuse in institutions YES Public information campaigns NO
Caregiver10support YES
Sharp force 15% Residential8 care policies YES
6
VICTIM LAWS
Other 81% VICTIM SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation YES Blunt force 1% 4
Adult protective services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
2 services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE Year
Romania
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Sharp force 28% 4.5
Blunt force 10%
4
Rate per 100 000 population
3.5
Strangulation 5%
3
Firearm 3% 2.5
2
1.5
Other 20%
1
0.5
0
Unknown 34% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 421, Rate= 2.09/100 000 (64.6% M, 35.4% F)
Sources. Mechanism: National Institute for Public Health/ Reported homicides: VR Source: National Institute of Legal Medicine
Russia
Firearm 25%
Part VIII Country profiles 20 181
18
pulation
16
14
1.5
Population: 143 169 653 Gross national income per capita: US$ 12 740 Income group: High Income inequality: 40.11
Qatar ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violenceOther 17% YES1 Elder abuse YES
Firearms Alcohol
Laws to regulate civilian access Sharp force 66% YES Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 15.1
Mandatory background check YES Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY MOST RISKY
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES Spirits: YES
Carrying firearms
Burn in
17%public YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES1
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting NO
Against child marriage
Moldova YES Parenting education NO
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (NO) 14
Youth violence laws Firearm 3% Youth violence prevention programmes
Rate per 100 000 population
12
Against weapons on school premises YES Pre-school10 enrichment NO
Against gang or criminal group membership YES Life skills 8and social development training YES
Sharp force 15% Mentoring6 NO
Other 81% After-school supervision NO
Blunt force 1% 4
School anti-bullying NO
2
Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage YES Dating violence
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in schools
2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010
2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO Microfinance and gender equity training NO
Year
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape YES School and college programmes NO
Romania
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes YES
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws
Sharp force 28% Elder abuse prevention programmes
4.5
Against elder abuse Blunt force 10%
NO Professional
4 awareness campaigns YES
Rate per 100 000 population
16
Unknown 13% 14
Sharp force 20% 12
10
8
Other 5% 6
Burn 4% 4
2
Strangulation 4% 0
Blunt force 29% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Reported homicides (2012) N= 18951, Rate= 12.32/100 000 (75% M, 25% F) Year
Sources. Mechanism: Federal State Statistics Service/ Reported homicides: VR Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs
1
Rwanda
Subnational.
Sharp force 7%
182 5 Part VIII Country profiles
4.5
pulation
4
Strangulation 17% 3.5
Burn 17%
RWANDA
Population: 11 457 801 Gross national income per capita: US$ 600 Income group: Low Income inequality: 50.82
Moldova ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
14
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Firearm 3%
Firearms Alcohol 10
Laws to regulate civilian access Sharp force 15% YES Adult (15+)8 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 9.8
Mandatory background check YES Patterns of6 drinking score LEAST RISKY MOST RISKY
Other 81%
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons Blunt forceNO/YES/YES
1% Excise taxes
4 Beer: YES Wine: YES Spirits: YES
Carrying firearms in public NO 2
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES
0
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE
2001 2002 OF VIOLENCE
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few Yeartimes Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 21 / 21 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage
Romania YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Ban on corporalSharp force 28%
punishment (all settings) YES (YES)
Blunt force 10% 4.5
Youth violence laws Youth violence
4 prevention programmes
4
Strangulation 17% 3.5
Other 54% 3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
Burn 22%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2013) N= 500, Rate= 4.745/100 000 (45% M, 55% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Samoa
Rate per
2
0
SAMOA
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 188 889 Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 260 Income group: Middle Income inequality:
Romania
ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Sharp force 28%
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment
Blunt force 10% NO Incentives
4.5provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices
4 to de-concentrate poverty NO
2009 8.6
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
NOT
TA
D
TA
DA
2013 3.2
San Marino
Albania
Other 6% 4
184 3.58 Part VIII Country profiles
population
Burn 1%
0opulation
37
Strangulation 1%
2.56
Rate per 1
1.5
Other 20%
1
0.5
SAN MARINO
0
Unknown 34% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 31 247 Gross national income per capita: US$ 51 470 Income group: High Income inequality:
Russia ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Firearm 25%
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives20provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices
18 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear NO
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
Samoa YES School and college programmes YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes YES
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes
Against elder abuse YES Professional awareness campaigns NO
Against elder abuse in institutions YES Public information campaigns NO
Caregiver support YES
Residential care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Secretary of State, Health and Social Security.
Medico-legal services for sexual violence YES
Mental health services YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child
San maltreatment NO
Marino Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide1 Trends in homicides2
4
Rate per 100 000 population
3.5
3
2.5
E
BL
LE
LAB
ILA
2
VAI
VA
A
NOT
TA
1.5 A
DAT
NO
A
1
T
DA
0.5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 0, Rate= 0/100 000 (0% M, 0% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Country questionnaire/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Sao Tome
1
Albania
No homicides were recorded for the year 2011, and therefore there is no data on mechanisms.
2
Zero homicides were reported for the years 2001, and 2003 to 2011.
7
Strangulation 1% Sharp force 10% 6
10
Year
Population: 188 098 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 310 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 50.82
Rwanda ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Sharp force 7%
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
5 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO 4.5
3.5
Against elder abuse in institutions NO Public information campaigns
3
YES
Caregiver support NO
2.5
Residential care policies
2
YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM1.5SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective
1 services NO
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0.5 services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.
Firearm 10%
Saudi Arabia
SAUDI ARABIA
0.5
Burn 22%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 28 287 855 Gross national income per capita: US$ 24 660 Income group: High Income inequality:
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
Albania
Senegal
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles 187
8
Burn 1%
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 6
SENEGAL
Population: 13 726 021 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 030 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 40.3
San Marino ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives4 provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Housing3.5
polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO
Senegal Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence YES1 Elder abuse NO
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
Serbia
1 Albania
Subnational.
Other 6% 3
188 Firearm 40% 8 Part VIII Country profiles
Unknown 9%
population
Burn 1% 2.5
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 26
1.5
Rate per 1
1
0.5
0
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 9 552 553 Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 350 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 29.62
Sao Tome
ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment
Firearm 10% YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty YES
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Sharp force 10%
Firearms Alcohol
Laws to regulate civilian access
Other 60% YES Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 12.6
Mandatory background check Blunt force 10% YES Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY MOST RISKY
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES Spirits: YES
Carrying firearms in public YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possessionBurn
and10%
use YES
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Saudi
Against Arabia
child marriage YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (NO)
Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes
Against weapons on school premises YES Pre-school enrichment YES
Against gang or criminal group membership YES Life skills and social development training YES
Mentoring NO
After-school supervision NO
School anti-bullying YES
Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Against rape in marriage YES Dating violence prevention in schools NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Microfinance and gender equity training YES
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape
Senegal YES School and college programmes YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes NO
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes
Against elder abuse NO Professional awareness campaigns YES
Against elder abuse in institutions NO Public information campaigns YES
Caregiver support YES
Residential care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
Medico-legal services for sexual violence YES
Mental health services YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
Serbia
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
2.5
1.5
0.5
Strangulation 9%
Other 42% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 130, Rate= 1.8/100 000 (70% M, 30% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Statistical Office/ Reported homicides: VR Source: Statistical Office
Seychelles
1
Blunt and sharp force were reported as one category, and are included in other. Firearm includes deaths
reported as due to "explosives".
14
Part VIII Country profiles 189
population
12
Strangulation 38% Sharp force 37% 10
Other 60%
Blunt force 10%
SEYCHELLES
Burn 10%
Population: 92 339 Gross national income per capita: US$ 11 590 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 65.77
Saudi Arabia ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES1 Child maltreatment YES1 Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES1
Firearms Alcohol
Laws to regulate civilian access YES Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 5.6
Mandatory background check NO Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY MOST RISKY
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES Spirits: YES
Carrying firearms in public YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage
Senegal YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES ()
Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes
Against weapons on school premises YES1 Pre-school enrichment NO
Against gang or criminal group membership NO Life skills and social development training YES
Mentoring YES
After-school supervision YES
School anti-bullying YES
Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Against rape in marriage NO Dating violence prevention in schools YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Microfinance and gender equity training NO
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape YES School and college programmes YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape
Serbia YES Physical environment changes YES
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes
3
Against elder abuse
Unknown 9%
Firearm 40%
YES Professional awareness campaigns NO
Rate per 100 000 population
Seychelles
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
14
Rate per 100 000 population
12
Strangulation 38% Sharp force 37% 10
8
6
4
2
0
Blunt force 25% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Singapore
1
Subnational.
0.8
Sharp force 44%
0.7
SINGAPORE
Population: 5 303 264 Gross national income per capita: US$ 51 090 Income group: High Income inequality: 42.48
Senegal ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty YES
Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Firearms Alcohol
Laws to regulate civilian access YES Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 2
Mandatory background check YES Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY MOST RISKY
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES Spirits: YES
Carrying firearms in public YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
No response/dont know Limited Partial
Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 21 / 21 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage YES Parenting education YES
Serbia
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) NO () 3
Firearm 40%
Youth violence laws 9%
Unknown Youth violence prevention programmes
12
AgainstStrangulation
elder abuse 38%
in institutions NO
Sharp force 37%
Public information campaigns YES
Caregiver10support YES
Residential8 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
6
0.9
Other 13%
Rate per 100 000 population
0.8
Sharp force 44%
0.7
0.6
Strangulation 12% 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Blunt force 31% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Reported homicides (2013) N= 17, Rate= 0.3/100 000 (64.7% M, 35.3% F) Year
Slovakia
Other 26%
Part VIII Country profiles Firearm 9% 3.5 191
pulation
3
SLOVAKIA
Population: 5 445 757 Gross national income per capita: US$ 17 200 Income group: High Income inequality: 26
0.8
Against elder abuse in institutions Sharp force 44% Public information
0.7
campaigns YES
Caregiver0.6support YES
Strangulation 12%
Residential
0.5 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM0.4SERVICES
0.3
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective
0.2
services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services
0.1
YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence YES
Blunt force 31% Mental health2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Slovakia
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
3
2.5
Burn 1%
2
Strangulation 8%
1.5
1
Slovenia
Subnational.
1.8
Other 11% 1.6
1.5
0.5
Strangulation 9%
Year
Population: 2 067 717 Gross national income per capita: US$ 22 830 Income group: High Income inequality: 31.15
Seychelles ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing 14
polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Slovenia
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
2
Rate per 100 000 population
1.8
Other 11% 1.6
1.4
1.2
Firearm 63%
Strangulation 10% 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Sharp force 16%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 19, Rate= 0.93/100 000 (42% M, 58% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR Source: Civil and Vital Registration
Solomon Islands
5
6
Rate per 10
4
2
SOLOMON ISLANDS
0
Blunt force 25% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 549 598 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 480 Income group: Middle Income inequality:
Singapore ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES1 Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
0.9
Youth violence Other 13% YES Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Other 11%
Against elder abuse in institutions NO Public information
1.6 campaigns NO
Caregiver1.4
1.2
support NO
Firearm 63% Residential
Strangulation 10% 1 care policies NO
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM0.8SERVICES
0.6
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective
0.4 services NO
Providing forSharp
victimforce
legal representation
16%
YES Child protection
0.2 services YES
0
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment
Solomon Islands NO Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
6
Rate per 100 000 population
4
E
BL
LE
3 ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
2 AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2008) N= 19, Rate= 3.7/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: -
South Africa
1 Albania
Subnational.
Firearm 33%
Other 6% 45
194 408
Part VIII Country profiles
opulation
Burn 1%
pulation
357
Strangulation 1%
306
0.4
Rate per 10
0.3
0.2
0.1
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 52 385 920 Gross national income per capita: US$ 7 460 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 63.14
Slovakia ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Other 26%
Youth violence YES1 Intimate Firearm
partner9%violence YES Housing3.5
polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
5
Against elder abuse in institutions YES Public information campaigns YES
Caregiver4support YES
Residential 3 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
2
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective services
1
YES
Providing for victim legal representation NO Child protection services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES1 Elder abuse NO
South Africa
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
35
Unknown 0.2% 30
Other 2.8% 25
Burn 2% Sharp force 32% 20
Strangulation 3% 15
10
5
0
Blunt force 27% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012/2013) N= 16259, Rate= 31.1/100 000 (80% M, 15% F)3
Sources. Mechanism: National Injury Mortality Surveillance System/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
1
Subnational.
2
For Gauteng Province (an urban setting) only.
3
The reported total of 95% leaves 5% of cases undetermined as to whether male or female.
1.4
1.2
Other 10% 1
0.8
Burn 1%
0.6
Strangulation 9% 0.4
Sharp force 41% 0.2
Blunt force 6% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 334, Rate= 0.7/100 000 (68.9% M, 31.1% F)
Sources. Mechanism: National Institute of Statistics/ Reported homicides: VR Source: National Institute of Statistics
1 Sudan
Subnational.
1.4
Caregiver support NO
1.2
Other 10% Residential1 care policies NO
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
0.8
Burn 1%
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective
0.6 services NO
ProvidingStrangulation
for victim legal
9% representation YES Child protection
0.4 services YES
Sharp force 41% Medico-legal
0.2 services for sexual violence YES
Blunt force 6% Mental health0 services
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
DATA ON VIOLENCE Year
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Federal Ministry of Health.
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Afghanistan
Sudan Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
Albania
Swaziland
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles 197
8
Burn 1%
pulation
25
7
Strangulation 1%
tion
6
SWAZILAND
Population: 1 230 985 Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 100 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 51.49
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
25
Rate per 100 000 population
20
15
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
10 OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
5
DA
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2013) N= 102, Rate= 9.3/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Country questionnaire.
Sweden
Albania
Other
Other 16%
6% 1.4
198 8 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%
opulation
1.2
pulation
Firearm 27% 7
Strangulation 1% 61
SWEDEN
Population: 9 511 313 Gross national income per capita: US$ 56 120 Income group: High Income inequality: 25
Spain ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence
UnknownNO16% Child maltreatment YES1 Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
1.6
Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner
Firearmviolence
17% YES Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty YES1
20
Against elder abuse in institutions NO Public information campaigns YES
Caregiver 15support YES
Residential care policies YES
10
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective
5 services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection services YES
0
Medico-legal
2001services for sexual
2002 2003 2004 violence
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services Year
YES Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES1
Sweden
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Other 16% 1.4
Rate per 100 000 population
1.2
Firearm 27%
1
Strangulation 11%
0.8
0.6
Blunt force 7% 0.4
0.2
Switzerland
1
Subnational.
Unknown 7%
Other 4%
Part VIII Country profiles 1.4 199
pulation
Strangulation 9% 0.4
Sharp force 41% 0.2
Population: 7 997 399 Gross national income per capita: US$ 80 950 Income group: High Income inequality: 33.68
Reported homicides (2012) N= 41, Rate= 0.5/100 000 (61% M, 39% F) Year
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
1 Macedonia
Subnational.
6
Rate per 100
10
TAJIKISTAN 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 8 008 990 Gross national income per capita: US$ 880 Income group: Low Income inequality: 30.83
LAWS AND
Sharp PREVENTION
force 39% PROGRAMMES BY
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few Year times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage YES Parenting education NO
Switzerland
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation
Unknown 7%
YES abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Other 4%
YES (YES) 1.4
Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes
3
Unknown 5% 2.5
2
1.5
1
Other 26% Blunt force 17%
0.5
0
Strangulation 13% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2013) N= 117, Rate= 1.5/100 000 (73.5% M, 26.5% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Internal Affairs/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Thailand
Unknown
Part VIII Country profiles11% 201
9
Strangulation 2%
pulation
8
Other 2% 7
Rate per 100
0.6
Blunt force 7% 0.4
0.2
Population: 66 785 001 Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 250 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 39.37
3
Against elder abuse in institutions
Unknown 5%
YES Public information campaigns NO
Caregiver2.5support YES
Residential2 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
1.5
Child maltreatment YES1 Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES1 Sexual violence YES1 Elder abuse YES1
Thailand
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Unknown 11%
9
Strangulation 2%
Rate per 100 000 population
8
Other 2% 7
6
5
4
Sharp force 19% Firearm 66% 3
2
1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 2941, Rate= 4.5/100 000 (86.17% M, 13.86% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Public Health/ Reported homicides: VR Source: Ministry of Public Health
1
Trinidad and Tobago
Subnational.
40
35
Strangulation 2%
THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Population: 2 105 575 Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 710 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 43.56
Swaziland ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES 25
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few Year times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 16 / 16 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage
Sweden
YES Parenting education Training to recognise / YES
Against statutory rape YES avoid sexually abusive situations
Against female genital mutilation YES YES
Ban on corporal punishment
Other 16%(all settings) YES () 1.4
Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes
7
Firearm 38%
Rate per 100 000 population
6
5
4
Sharp force 3%
3
Other 45% 2
Blunt force 14% 1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 29, Rate= 1.4/100 000 (75.9% M, 24.1% F)
Sources. Mechanism: State Statistical Office / Reported homicides: Police Source: State Statistical Office
Tajikistan
3
Unknown 5% 2.5
Rate per 100 0
Blunt force 31% 0.6
0.4
0.2
Population: 1 337 439 Gross national income per capita: US$ 14 780 Income group: High Income inequality:
8
Against elder abuse in institutions
Other 2%
Public information
7
campaigns YES
Caregiver support
6 YES
Residential5 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
4
Sharp force 19% 3
Providing for victim compensation YES Firearm 66% Adult protective
2
services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
1 services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence YES
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment Youth violence Intimate partner violence Sexual violence Elder abuse
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
40
35
Strangulation 2%
30
Burn 1% 25
Unknown 1% 20
15
10
Firearm 77%
5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 379, Rate= 28.6/100 000 (88% M, 12% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Tunisia
Other 38%
204 Part VIII Country profiles
0.3
lation
0.25
Firearm 2%
Sharp force 3%
3
TUNISIA 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 10 874 915 Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 240 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 36.06
Tajikistan ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence FirearmNO8% Sharp force
Intimate partner 31%
violence NO 3.5
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty YES
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few Year times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES
Against child marriage
Thailand YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation YES abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal Unknown 11%(all settings)
punishment YES (YES) 9
Strangulation
Youth violence laws 2% Youth violence prevention programmes
Against weaponsOther
on 2%
school premises YES Pre-school 7enrichment YES
6
Against gang or criminal group membership YES Life skills and social development training
5
NO
Mentoring 4 NO
Sharp force 19% Firearm 66%
After-school 3 supervision YES
School anti-bullying
2 YES
Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner
1 violence prevention programmes
0
Against rape in marriage NO Dating violence prevention
2001 2002 2003 in
2004schools NO
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape YES School and college programmes YES
Trinidad
Against contactand Tobago
sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes YES
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Sharp force 14% Elder abuse prevention programmes
45
Against elder abuse YES Blunt force 5% Professional awareness campaigns YES
Rate per 100 000 population
40
Against elder abuse in institutions YES
Strangulation
2%
Public information
35 campaigns YES
Caregiver 30support YES
Burn 1%
Residential25 care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS Unknown 1% 20
VICTIM SERVICES
15
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective
10 services YES
Firearmlegal
77%representation
Providing for victim YES Child protection
5 services YES
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
YES
2007 2008 2009 2010
2011
Mental health services
Year
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Tunisia
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Other 38%
0.3
Rate per 100 000 population
0.25
Firearm 2%
0.2
Burn 5%
0.15
Strangulation 8% 0.1
0.05
Blunt force 5%
Sharp force 42% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Turkey
Unknown 12%
Part VIII Country profiles 4 205
pulation
3.5
Other 14% 3
1.5
Population: 73 997 128 Gross national income per capita: US$ 10 810 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 40.03
Thailand ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling YES
Youth violence UnknownYES 11% Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
9 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence YES
Strangulation 2% Elder abuse YES
0.25
Firearm 2% Caregiver support YES
0.2
Burn 5% Residential care policies YES
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM0.15
SERVICES
ProvidingStrangulation 8%
for victim compensation YES Adult protective
0.1 services YES
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0.05
services YES
Blunt force 5% Medico-legal services for sexual violence YES
Sharp force 42% 0
Mental health2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
DATA ON VIOLENCE Year
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Turkey
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Unknown 12%
4
Rate per 100 000 population
3.5
Other 14% 3
2.5
Blunt force 2% 2
Firearm 50%
1.5
Strangulation 2%
1
0.5
Sharp force 20% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 1703, Rate= 2.28/100 000 (80% M, 20% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Tuvalu
16
4
Rate per 10
Sharp force 19% Firearm 66% 3
2
1
TUVALU 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 9 860 Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 650 Income group: Middle Income inequality:
Trinidad and TobagoACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment
Sharp force 14% NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices
45 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Elder abuse Blunt force 5%
3.5
Against elder abuse in institutions
Other 14%
NO Public information
3
campaigns YES
Caregiver2.5support YES
Blunt force 2%
Residential2 care policies YES
Firearm 50%
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
1.5
Strangulation 2%
Providing for victim compensation YES Adult protective
1 services NO
Providing for victim legal representation YES Child protection
0.5 services YES
Sharp force 20% Medico-legal0 services for sexual violence YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Mental health services
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
Tuvalu
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
20
18
Rate per 100 000 population
16
14
Sharp force 50% 12
Other 50%
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 2, Rate= 17.8/100 000 (100% M, 0% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
Uganda
16
14
Unknown 1% 20
Rate per 10
15
10
Firearm 77%
5
UGANDA 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 36 345 860 Gross national income per capita: US$ 480 Income group: Low Income inequality: 44.3
Tunisia ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence Other
YES 38% Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES1 Housing polices
0.3 to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
20
18
Rate per 100 000 population
16
14
YEAR NUMBER OF HOMICIDES
12
E
2009 2753
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
10
AVA
VA
OT
TA
8 AN
2010 DAT 2669
NO
6
TA
DA
4
2 2013 1761
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 1987, Rate= /100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: -/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
1
United Arab Emirates
Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
208 8 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 6
Burn 5%
Afghanistan
United Arab Emirates
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
1 Albania
United Kingdom
Subnational.
7
Strangulation 1%3% 1.6
Burn 6
Blunt force 2% 2
Firearm 50%
Population: 62 783 115 Gross national income per capita: US$ 38 300 Income group: High Income inequality: 35.97
Other 26%
2
Unknown 4% 1.8
Rate per 100 000 population
1.6
Burn 3% 1.4
Firearm 8%
1.2
1
Strangulation 9%
0.8
0.6
0.4
Blunt force 10% 0.2
Sharp force 40% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011/12) N= 653, Rate= 1.03/100 000 (70% M, 30% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Police
1
National and subnational.
2
Tanzania
In 2002, there were 172 deaths attributable to the activities of Harold Shipman.
25
10
Population: 47 783 107 Gross national income per capita: US$ 570 Income group: Low Income inequality: 37.58
Uganda ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Housing polices
20 to de-concentrate poverty YES
Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES 18
Tanzania
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
30
Rate per 100 000 population
25
20
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
15 AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
10
TA
DA
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 3928, Rate= 8.7/100 000 (% M, % F)
Sources. Mechanism: / Reported homicides: Police Source: Civil and Vital Registration
USA
Albania
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles 211
88
Burn 1%
Unknown 11%
pulation
pulation
77
Strangulation 1% 66
8
6
Rate per
4
2
0
Population: 317 505 266 Gross national income per capita: US$ 52 350 Income group: High Income inequality: 40.81
7
6
Other 5% 5
Burn 1% 4
Strangulation 3%
Blunt force 1% Firearm 68% 3
2
Sharp force 11% 1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Reported homicides (2011) N= 16 259, Rate= 5.3/100 000 (78% M, 22% F) Year
Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Civil and Vital Registration Source: Civil and Vital Registration
1
Subnational.
2
Federal, state and local laws. The nature and extent of restrictions vary by state.
3 Uzbekistan
Aged 16 and older with parental consent; a few states allow children <16 to marry with parental consent and/or a court order.
4
Most states do not use the term "statutory rape" but have statutes addressing sexual activity involving minors.
5
Federal and state laws; federal law applies to specific interstate conduct that occurs in enumerated locations subject to federal jurisdictions.
6
Federal and state laws but state law isSharp
primaryforce
source of27%
sanctions, remedies and protections.
Uzbekistan
Afghanistan
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
Sharp force 27%
Firearm 1%
Unknown 2%
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
Burn 3%
Strangulation 16%
1 Vanuatu
Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
Part VIII Country profiles 213
8
Burn 1%
pulation
7
Strangulation 1% 6
1
Strangulation 9%
VANUATU
0.2
Sharp force 40% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Population: 247 262 Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 990 Income group: Middle Income inequality:
Afghanistan
Vanuatu
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
E
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
Albania
Viet Nam
Other 6%
214 8
1.8 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%
pulation
7
1.6
ulation
Firearm
Strangulation 1%7% 1.4
6
15
VIET NAM 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 90 795 769 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 550 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 35.57
1.8
1.6
Rate per 100 000 population
Firearm 7%
1.4
Other 4% 1.2
Sharp force 62%
Burn 2% 1
Strangulation 2% 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Blunt force 23% 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 1358, Rate= 1.56/100 000 (58.5% M, 41.5% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Public Security/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Ministry of Public Security
Yemen
7
6
WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP
Population: 4 218 771 Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 810 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 35.5
Nigeria ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence NO Elder abuse YES
Firearms Alcohol
Laws to regulate civilian access YES Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Mandatory background check YES Patterns of drinking score
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons NO/NO/YES Excise taxes Beer: Wine: Spirits:
Carrying firearms in public YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) 16 / 15 Home visiting YES
Norway
Against child marriage YES Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation YES abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment
Firearm 11% (all settings) YES (YES) 1.2
6
Rate per 100 000 population
5
Strangulation 2%
4
3
Sharp force 20% Firearm 78% 2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 80, Rate= 3/100 000 (81.2% M, 18.8% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Palestinian Health Information Center/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Palestinian Health Information Center
Panama
1
Subnational.
25
216 Part VIII Country profiles
opulation
Unknown 2%
20
Other 2%
Strangulation 3%
YEMEN 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Population: 23 852 409 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 220 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 37.69
Uzbekistan ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
National action plans National social and educational policies
Interpersonal violence NO Sharp force 27%
Child maltreatment YES Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling NO
Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence NO Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty NO
Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Firearms Firearm 1% Alcohol
Unknown 2%
Laws to regulate civilian access YES Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 0.3
Mandatory background check YES Patterns of drinking score
Handguns/longOtherguns/
14% automatic weapons YES/YES/YES
Blunt force 37% Excise taxes Beer: Wine: Spirits:
Carrying firearms in public YES
Programmes to reduce Burncivilian
3% firearm possession and use YES
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
Strangulation 16%
No response/dont know Limited Partial Full KEY No response/ dont know Once/few times Larger scale
Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation
Legal age of marriage (male/female) / Home visiting NO
Against child marriage
Vanuatu NO Parenting education YES
Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Against female genital mutilation NO abusive situations YES
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (NO)
Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes
Against weapons on school premises YES Pre-school enrichment YES
Against gang or criminal group membership YES Life skills and social development training YES
Mentoring YES
After-school supervision NO
School anti-bullying NO
Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
Against rape in marriage Dating violence prevention in schools NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home Microfinance and gender equity training YES
Social and cultural norms change YES
Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes
Against rape YES School and college programmes YES
Vietcontact
Against Nam sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes NO
Against non-contact sexual violence YES Social and cultural norms change YES
Elder abuse laws Elder abuse1.8 prevention programmes
Against elder abuse NO Professional
1.6 awareness campaigns NO
Rate per 100 000 population
Firearm 7%
Against elder abuse in institutions NO Public information
1.4 campaigns NO
Other 4% Caregiver1.2support NO
Sharp force 62%
Burn 2% Residential1 care policies NO
Strangulation 2% 0.8
VICTIM LAWS VICTIM SERVICES
0.6
Providing for victim compensation NO Adult protective
0.4 services NO
Providing for victim legal representation NO Child protection
0.2 services YES
Blunt force 23% 0 services for sexual violence
2011
Medico-legal2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YES
2008 2009 2010
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health and Population.
Mental health services Year NO
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO
Yemen
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
8
Rate per 100 000 population
7
6
Other 8% Firearm 84% 5
4
Blunt force 5%
3
Sharp force 3% 2
1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 1866, Rate= 7.45/100 000 (95% M, 5% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Interior/ Reported homicides: Police Source: Ministry of Interior
Zambia
ZAMBIA Burn 3%
Strangulation 16%
Population: 14 075 099 Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 410 Income group: Middle Income inequality: 57.49
Afghanistan
Zambia
Mechanism of homicide Trends in homicides
2008 7.02
BL
LE
ILAB
ILA
AVA
VA
OT
TA
AN
2009 DAT 8.21
NO
TA
DA
2010 6.22
1 Albania
Zimbabwe
Subnational.
Unknown 32%
Other 6%
218 82 Part VIII Country profiles
Burn 1%
pulation
1.8
7
ulation
Strangulation
Other1%
9% 1.6
6
ZIMBABWE
Population: 13 724 317 Gross national income per capita: US$ 800 Income group: Low Income inequality: 50.1
Other 9% 1.6
Firearm 2% 1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Blunt force 18% 0.4
0.2
0
Sharp force 39% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Reported homicides (2012) N= 981, Rate= 7.5/100 000 (% M, % F) Year
Sources. Mechanism: ZimSTAT/ Reported homicides: Police Source: ZimSTAT
226
GENERAL INFORMATION NATIONAL ACTION PLANS
Country/area Population Gross Income level3 Income Interpersonal Armed Gang Organized Child Youth Intimate Sexual Elder abuse
(2012)1 national inequality violence violence violence crime maltreatment violence partner violence
income per (Gini index)4 violence
capita2
Afghanistan 29824536 690 Low 27.82 No No No Subnational No Dont know No Subnational No
Albania 3162083 4520 Middle 34.51 Yes Dont know Dont know Dont know Yes Dont know Yes Yes Yes
Algeria 38481705 4970 Middle 35.33 Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bulgaria 7277831 6850 Middle 28.19 Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Burkina Faso 16460141 670 Low 39.79 No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Burundi 9849569 240 Low 33.27 No No No No No No Yes Yes No
Cambodia 14864646 880 Low 36.03 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1
Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2014). World Population Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights. New York: United Nations.
2
Gross National Income (GNI) per Capita is the dollar value of a countrys final income in a year divived by its population using Atlas methodology. Data from World Development Indicators database, World Bank, June 2014.
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
3
World Development Indicators (WDI) database: Low income is US$ 1005 or less, middle-income is US$ 1006 to US$ 12 275, high-income is US$ 12 276 or more. Where a precise GNI was not available, the WDI estimation
of income level was used.
4
Latest available year. The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A
Ecuador 15492264 5170 Middle 49.26 Yes Subnational Dont know No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Egypt 80721874 2980 Middle 30.77 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes
El Salvador 6297394 3600 Middle 48.33 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Estonia 1290778 16360 High 36.00 Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Fiji 874742 4010 Middle 42.83 No No No No No No No No No
Finland 5408466 46820 High 26.88 Yes No No Yes Yes Subnational Yes Yes No
Gabon 1632572 10020 Middle 41.45 No No No No No Yes Subnational Subnational No
Georgia 4358242 3290 Middle 42.10 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Germany 82800121 45170 High 28.31 Subnational No No No Subnational Subnational Yes Yes Subnational
Ghana 25366462 1580 Middle 42.76 No No No No Yes No Yes Yes No
Guatemala 15082831 3130 Middle 55.89 No No Subnational No Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational
Guinea 11451273 440 Low 39.35 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Guyana 795369 3410 Middle 44.54 No No No No No No No No No
Honduras 7935846 2140 Middle 56.95 Yes Subnational Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Iceland 325867 38370 High Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational
India 1236686732 1550 Middle 33.90 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Indonesia 246864191 3420 Middle 38.14 No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No
227
GENERAL INFORMATION NATIONAL ACTION PLANS
228
Country/area Population Gross Income level3 Income Interpersonal Armed Gang Organized Child Youth Intimate Sexual Elder abuse
(2012)1 national inequality violence violence violence crime maltreatment violence partner violence
income per (Gini index)4 violence
capita2
Iran (Islamic 76424443 6570 Middle 38.28 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Subnational Yes
Republic of)
Iraq 32778030 6130 Middle 30.86 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Israel 7643905 32030 High 39.20 No Subnational No Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Subnational
Italy 60884593 34810 High 36.03 No No Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Jamaica 2768941 5190 Middle 45.51 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Japan 127249704 47690 High Dont know Dont know Dont know Yes Yes Dont know Yes Yes Yes
Jordan 7009444 Middle 35.43 Subnational Dont know Dont know Dont know Yes No Yes Subnational Yes
Kazakhstan 16271201 9780 Middle 29.04 Dont know Yes Yes Dont know Subnational Subnational Dont know Dont know Dont know
Kenya 43178141 870 Low 47.68 No No No No No No No No No
Kiribati 100786 2520 Middle No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Kuwait 3250496 44940 High Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
Kyrgyzstan 5474213 1040 Low 33.38 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lao Peoples 6645827 1270 Middle 36.74 No No No No No No No No No
Democratic Republic
Peru 29987800 5890 Middle 48.14 Yes Yes Yes Subnational Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes
Philippines 96706764 2950 Middle 42.98 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Poland 38210924 12660 High 32.73 No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Portugal 10603804 20620 High 38.45 No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No
Qatar 2050514 78060 High 41.10 Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Republic of Moldova 3514381 2150 Middle 33.03 No No No Yes No Subnational No Subnational No
Romania 21754741 8560 Middle 27.42 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Russian Federation 143169653 12740 High 40.11 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Subnational Yes
Rwanda 11457801 600 Low 50.82 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Samoa 188889 3260 Middle No No No No No No No No No
San Marino 31247 51470 High No No No No No No No No No
Sao Tome and 188098 1310 Middle 50.82 No No No No No No Yes Yes No
Principe
Saudi Arabia 28287855 24660 High Yes Dont know Dont know Dont know Yes Dont know Yes Yes No
Senegal 13726021 1030 Middle 40.30 No Yes No No No No No No No
Serbia 9552553 5350 Middle 29.62 No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Seychelles 92339 11590 Middle 65.77 Subnational No No No Subnational Subnational Yes Yes Subnational
Singapore 5303264 51090 High 42.48 No No No No No No No No No
Slovakia 5445757 17200 High 26.00 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Slovenia 2067717 22830 High 31.15 No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Solomon Islands 549598 1480 Middle Yes Yes Yes No Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes
229
GENERAL INFORMATION NATIONAL ACTION PLANS
230
Country/area Population Gross Income level3 Income Interpersonal Armed Gang Organized Child Youth Intimate Sexual Elder abuse
(2012)1 national inequality violence violence violence crime maltreatment violence partner violence
income per (Gini index)4 violence
capita2
South Africa 52385920 7460 Middle 63.14 Yes Yes Subnational Subnational Yes Subnational Yes Yes Subnational
Spain 46754541 29340 High 34.66 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sudan 37195349 1460 Middle 35.29 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No
Swaziland 1230985 3100 Middle 51.49 No No No No Yes No No No No
Sweden 9511313 56120 High 25.00 No No No Yes Subnational Subnational Yes Yes Subnational
Switzerland 7997399 80950 High 33.68 No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
TFYR Macedonia 2105575 4710 Middle 43.56 No No No Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes No
United Republic of 47783107 570 Low 37.58 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Tanzania
United States of 317505266 52350 High 40.81 Subnational Subnational Subnational Subnational Yes Subnational Subnational Subnational Yes
America
Uzbekistan 28541423 1700 Middle 36.72 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Subnational Subnational Yes No
Vanuatu 247262 2990 Middle No No No No No No No No No
Viet Nam 90795769 1550 Middle 35.57 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
West Bank and 4218771 2810 Middle 35.50 No No No No No No No No Yes
Gaza Strip
Yemen 23852409 1220 Middle 37.69 No No No No Yes Yes No No No
Zambia 14075099 1410 Middle 57.49 No No No No Subnational No Yes Yes Dont know
Zimbabwe 13724317 800 Low 50.10 No No No No Yes No No Yes No
HOMICIDES
Country/area Number of homicides (latest Number and rate of WHO estimated number and rate of homicides Homicide rate by sex WHO estimated proportion of
year available) as reported homicides (for 2012) per 100 000 (2012)c (2012) homicides by mechanism (2012)
by countries in the Global according to criminal
status report on violence justice statistics as
prevention 2014 survey reported by UNODCb
231
HOMICIDES
232
Country/area Number of homicides (latest Number and rate of WHO estimated number and rate of homicides Homicide rate by sex WHO estimated proportion of
year available) as reported homicides (for 2012) per 100 000 (2012)c (2012) homicides by mechanism (2012)
by countries in the Global according to criminal
status report on violence justice statistics as
prevention 2014 survey reported by UNODCb
Police Civil or vital UNODC UNODC Number 95% Rate 95% Male Female Percentage Percentage Percentage
homicide registration criminal criminal confidence confidence homicide homicide firearms sharp force other
number homicide justice justice intervals intervals rate rate mechanisms
number homicide homicide
number rate
Cambodia 268 356 2.4 3.5 1.3 14% 37% 50%
Cameroon 2544 606 - 11129 11.7 2.8 - 51.3 17.8 5.7 33% 33% 34%
Canada 476 527 543 1.6 614 1.8 2.8 0.8 30% 41% 28%
Central African Republic 610 140 - 2646 13.5 3.1 - 58.5 23.5 3.8 24% 37% 39%
Chad 1168 257 - 4734 9.4 2.1 - 38 13.7 5.1 23% 36% 42%
Chile 550 3.1 811 4.6 8.0 1.4 41% 52% 7%
China 12336 15480 1.1 1.4 0.8 4% 30% 66%
Colombia 16033 15742 14670 30.8 20923 43.9 81.7 7.3 80% 16% 5%
Comoros 57 13 - 220 8.0 1.8 - 30.6 11.1 4.8 35% 39% 26%
Congo 450 110 - 2113 10.4 2.5 - 48.7 17.4 3.4 32% 34% 34%
Cook Islands 1 1 1 3.1 4.4 1.6 15% 37% 48%
Costa Rica 474 407 407 8.5 407 8.5 14.5 2.2 63% 19% 17%
Cte dIvoire 2412 535 - 9912 12.2 2.7 - 50 16.9 7.2 31% 35% 34%
Croatia 50 50 51 1.2 54 1.3 1.9 0.6 32% 28% 40%
Cuba 589 534 561 5.0 7.3 2.6 5% 72% 23%
Cyprus 9 10 23 2.0 23 2.0 2.8 1.3 22% 33% 44%
Czech Republic 185 105 1.0 99 0.9 1.1 0.8 18% 39% 43%
Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea 1169 271 - 5015 4.7 1.1 - 20.3 7.2 2.4 4% 30% 65%
Democratic Republic of the Congo 8755 1954 - 37066 13.3 3 - 56.4 22.1 4.6 29% 35% 36%
Denmark 47 0.8 50 0.9 1.2 0.6 17% 56% 28%
Djibouti 60 12 - 295 7.0 1.4 - 34.3 9.8 4.2 36% 39% 24%
Dominica 6 5 6.8 11.7 1.9 37% 39% 24%
Dominican Republic 2268 2268 22.1 2608 25.4 46.2 4.5 64% 25% 11%
Ecuador 2106 1924 12.4 2144 13.8 24.4 3.3 66% 25% 9%
Egypt 3549 171 4101 956 - 16123 5.1 1.2 - 20 7.8 2.4 33% 37% 30%
El Salvador 4371 2594 41.2 2767 43.9 80.9 10.5 77% 13% 11%
Equatorial Guinea 26 5 - 112 3.5 0.7 - 15.2 5.5 1.3 48% 26% 26%
Eritrea 474 102 - 2024 7.7 1.7 - 33 12.0 3.5 17% 42% 41%
Estonia 70 65 70 5.4 8.4 2.8 4% 54% 42%
Ethiopia 7334 1644 - 29060 8.0 1.8 - 31.7 12.9 3.1 13% 43% 44%
233
HOMICIDES
234
Country/area Number of homicides (latest Number and rate of WHO estimated number and rate of homicides Homicide rate by sex WHO estimated proportion of
year available) as reported homicides (for 2012) per 100 000 (2012)c (2012) homicides by mechanism (2012)
by countries in the Global according to criminal
status report on violence justice statistics as
prevention 2014 survey reported by UNODCb
Police Civil or vital UNODC UNODC Number 95% Rate 95% Male Female Percentage Percentage Percentage
homicide registration criminal criminal confidence confidence homicide homicide firearms sharp force other
number homicide justice justice intervals intervals rate rate mechanisms
number homicide homicide
number rate
Kiribati 8 8 8.2 10.5 5.9 27% 38% 35%
Kuwait 144 102 72 - 133 3.1 2.2 - 4.1 4.8 0.7 73% 27% 0%
Kyrgyzstan 467 248 497 9.1 13.9 4.4 12% 49% 40%
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 473 119 - 1919 7.1 1.8 - 28.9 10.5 3.8 21% 37% 42%
Latvia 200 129 97 4.7 143 7.0 11.1 3.5 4% 48% 48%
Lebanon 249 51 - 1339 5.4 1.1 - 28.8 8.3 2.3 39% 27% 34%
Lesotho 770 678 - 848 37.5 33.1 - 41.3 51.7 23.7 50% 33% 17%
Liberia 16 135 3.2 469 111 - 2045 11.2 2.6 - 48.8 16.8 5.5 29% 42% 30%
Libya 157 35 - 663 2.6 0.6 - 10.8 3.4 1.7 43% 28% 29%
Lithuania 194 158 202 6.7 202 6.7 10.5 3.4 2% 44% 54%
Luxembourg 1 0.2 0.4 0 14% 46% 40%
Madagascar 130 1810 452 - 7244 8.1 2 - 32.5 11.5 4.8 19% 42% 39%
Malawi 438 279 1.8 321 2.0 3.1 0.9 5% 34% 61%
Malaysia 540 46 1244 292 - 6109 4.3 1 - 20.9 6.2 2.4 7% 52% 41%
Maldives 5 1 12 3 - 50 3.5 0.8 - 14.7 4.4 2.7 33% 36% 31%
Mali 1640 413 - 6466 11.0 2.8 - 43.5 13.8 8.2 31% 42% 27%
Malta 12 2.8 12 2.8 2.3 3.4 52% 32% 16%
Marshall Islands 2 4.7 7.3 2 20% 38% 42%
Mauritania 430 94 - 1879 11.3 2.5 - 49.5 15.2 7.4 40% 39% 22%
Mauritius 33 2.7 3.1 2.2 24% 39% 38%
Mexico 27213 26597 22.0 40.6 4.6 73% 15% 12%
Micronesia (Federated States of) 5 4.6 5.9 3.3 18% 37% 45%
Monaco 0 1.1 1.5 0.6 25% 41% 34%
Mongolia 239 271 283 10.1 15.8 4.5 2% 42% 56%
Montenegro 23 14 17 2.7 17 13 - 22 2.8 2.1 - 3.5 4.0 1.6 70% 9% 22%
Morocco 436 704 2.2 810 2.5 4.4 0.6 0% 72% 28%
Mozambique 849 849 852 3.4 5.2 1.7 20% 34% 46%
Myanmar 1323 2198 505 - 8815 4.2 1 - 16.7 3.8 4.5 32% 32% 36%
Namibia 388 17.2 446 19.7 27.7 12.2 47% 33% 21%
Nauru 0 1.3 1.9 0.8 8% 32% 60%
235
HOMICIDES
236
Country/area Number of homicides (latest Number and rate of WHO estimated number and rate of homicides Homicide rate by sex WHO estimated proportion of
year available) as reported homicides (for 2012) per 100 000 (2012)c (2012) homicides by mechanism (2012)
by countries in the Global according to criminal
status report on violence justice statistics as
prevention 2014 survey reported by UNODCb
Police Civil or vital UNODC UNODC Number 95% Rate 95% Male Female Percentage Percentage Percentage
homicide registration criminal criminal confidence confidence homicide homicide firearms sharp force other
number homicide justice justice intervals intervals rate rate mechanisms
number homicide homicide
number rate
Saudi Arabia 1829 405 - 8559 6.5 1.4 - 30.3 7.1 5.7 70% 20% 10%
Senegal 25 1087 266 - 4449 7.9 1.9 - 32.4 12.3 3.7 33% 41% 27%
Serbia 135 130 111 1.2 154 1.6 2.3 0.9 42% 29% 30%
Seychelles 8 8 9 9.5 15.2 3.7 42% 38% 19%
Sierra Leone 113 1.9 774 174 - 3331 13.0 2.9 - 55.7 19.0 7 22% 43% 35%
Singapore 17 11 0.2 33 0.6 0.8 0.4 0% 44% 56%
Slovakia 93 75 75 1.4 75 1.4 1.5 1.2 15% 38% 46%
Slovenia 16 19 14 0.7 14 0.7 0.8 0.6 10% 20% 70%
Solomon Islands 19 27 6 - 112 4.9 1.1 - 20.3 6.7 3 9% 40% 51%
Somalia 560 130 - 2370 5.5 1.3 - 23.2 8.5 2.6 55% 24% 22%
South Africa 16259 16259 31.0 18698 35.7 62.2 10.7 54% 28% 18%
South Sudan 1504 13.9 524 117 - 2257 4.8 1.1 - 20.8 7.2 2.5 48% 28% 24%
Spain 334 364 0.8 364 0.8 1.1 0.5 25% 47% 29%
Sri Lanka 795 3.8 6.3 1.3 28% 39% 33%
Sudan 1244 2435 585 - 9560 6.5 1.6 - 25.7 9.7 3.4 38% 29% 33%
Suriname 50 9.4 14.8 4 6% 50% 44%
Swaziland 102 239 19.4 27.4 11.7 56% 28% 16%
Sweden 81 67 68 0.7 72 0.8 1.0 0.5 27% 50% 23%
Switzerland 41 39 46 0.6 0.6 0.5 31% 31% 38%
Syrian Arab Republic 544 2.5 4.0 1 20% 34% 46%
Tajikistan 117 145 1.8 3.1 0.5 8% 33% 59%
Thailand 3327 2941 3704 5.5 10.0 1.3 74% 21% 5%
The former Yugoslav Republic of 29 29 37 1.8 2.4 1.1 38% 3% 59%
Macedonia
Timor-Leste 54 13 - 219 4.9 1.2 - 19.6 6.6 3.1 10% 44% 47%
Togo 618 152 - 2392 9.3 2.3 - 36 13.6 5.1 20% 39% 40%
Tonga 1 1.0 5 4.7 5.7 3.7 19% 37% 44%
Trinidad and Tobago 379 379 28.3 472 35.3 62.2 9 77% 14% 8%
Tunisia 332 199 47 - 853 1.8 0.4 - 7.8 2.9 0.8 3% 43% 55%
Turkey 1703 2020 2.7 4.8 0.7 57% 23% 20%
Turkmenistan 223 54 - 901 4.3 1 - 17.4 7.3 1.4 31% 33% 36%
a
All police-reported data shown are as submitted to WHO as part of the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey. As such, these data may differ from the police-reported homicide numbers and rates supplied
to and published by UNODC owing to variations in the procedures/channels used to gather the data, the timing of their collection and the validation methods used by WHO and UNODC respectively.
b
Source: Global Study on Homicide [website] hosted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (http://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/data.html, accessed 6 October 2014).
c
These estimates of homicide represent the best estimates of WHO, based on the evidence available to it up until October 2014, rather than representing the official estimates of Member States, and have not necessarily
been endorsed by Member States. They have been computed using standard categories, definitions and methods to ensure cross-national comparability and may not be the same as official national estimates produced using
alternate, potentially equally rigorous methods.
d
Includes manslaughter and homicide in a traffic accident.
e
Police data include completed and attempted cases of homicide.
237
Table A4: Availability of national population-based surveys by types of violence
1
There is great variability in the content of these laws between countries and between states/provinces in countries with federal constitutions.
249
Czech Republic Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Limited No Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT LAWS AGAINST CHILD MALTREATMENT
250
CHILD MALTREATMENT
Country/area Home visiting Parenting Training to Ban on corporal punishment Against statutory rape Against child marriage Against female genital
education recognize/ mutilation
avoid sexually
abusive Covers all
situations settings
Implementation Existence Enforcement Yes/No Enforcement Enforcement Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement
Dominica Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale No Yes Partial Yes Full No
Dominican Republic Limited Larger scale Limited Yes Limited Yes Yes Limited Yes Full No
Ecuador None Limited Larger scale Yes Limited Yes Yes Limited Yes Partial No
Egypt Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial No Yes Limited Yes Limited Yes Partial
El Salvador Limited Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Estonia Limited Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Fiji Limited Limited Limited Yes Limited No Yes Limited Yes Limited No
Finland Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Gabon None None None Yes Limited No Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Georgia Limited None None Yes Partial Yes Yes Full Yes Full No
Germany Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Ghana Limited Limited Larger scale No Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Guatemala None Limited Limited No Yes Partial No No
Guinea Larger scale None None Yes Full No Yes Full Yes Limited Yes Limited
Guyana Limited Limited Limited No Yes Partial Yes Full No
Honduras Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Yes Limited No No
Iceland Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes
India Limited Limited Limited Yes Full No Yes Full Yes Full No
Indonesia Limited Limited Limited Yes Limited No Yes Limited Yes Partial Yes Limited
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Limited Larger scale Limited Yes Limited No Yes Full Yes Full No
Iraq Limited Limited None Yes Partial Yes Yes Full Yes Full Subnational Dont know
Israel Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Dont know Yes Yes Full Yes Limited No
Italy Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial No Yes Full Yes Yes Full
Jamaica Larger scale Limited Larger scale Yes Limited No Yes Limited Yes Full No
Japan Larger scale Limited None Yes Full No Yes Full Yes Full Yes
Jordan None Limited Limited Yes Partial No Yes Full Yes Partial No
Kazakhstan Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full No
Kenya Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Yes Partial Yes Partial Yes Partial
Kiribati Limited Limited Limited Yes Limited No Yes Full Yes Full No
Kuwait None Larger scale None Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Kyrgyzstan Limited Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Partial Dont know
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic None None None Yes Partial Yes Yes Partial Yes Partial No
251
Samoa None None None Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
San Marino None None None Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT LAWS AGAINST CHILD MALTREATMENT
252
CHILD MALTREATMENT
Country/area Home visiting Parenting Training to Ban on corporal punishment Against statutory rape Against child marriage Against female genital
education recognize/ mutilation
avoid sexually
abusive Covers all
situations settings
Implementation Existence Enforcement Yes/No Enforcement Enforcement Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement
Sao Tome and Principe None None Limited Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Saudi Arabia Larger scale Limited Limited Yes Partial No Yes Full No No
Senegal None Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Limited Yes Partial
Serbia Larger scale Limited Limited Yes Partial No Yes Full Yes Full No
Seychelles Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Limited Yes Partial Yes Full No
Singapore Limited Larger scale Larger scale No Yes Full Yes Full No
Slovakia Larger scale Limited Larger scale Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Slovenia None Larger scale Limited No Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Solomon Islands Limited Limited Limited No Yes Limited Yes Limited No
South Africa Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Limited No Yes Dont know Yes Dont know No
Spain Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Sudan Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Partial No Yes Partial No Yes Partial
Swaziland Limited Limited Larger scale No Yes Partial Yes Limited No
Sweden Larger scale Larger scale Limited Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Switzerland Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
TFYR Macedonia Larger scale Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Partial Yes Partial Yes Partial
Tajikistan Limited None Limited Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Thailand Larger scale Larger scale Limited Yes Partial No Yes Full Yes Full No
Trinidad and Tobago Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale No Yes Full Yes Full No
Tunisia Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Turkey Limited Larger scale Limited No Yes Full Yes Full No
Tuvalu None Limited Limited No Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Uganda Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Yes Limited Yes Limited Yes Limited
United Arab Emirates Limited Limited Limited No Yes Full Yes Full No
United Kingdom Larger scale Larger scale Limited Yes Full No Yes Full Yes Full Yes Partial
United Republic of Tanzania Limited Limited Limited No Yes Full Yes Limited Yes Limited
United States of America Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Subnational Full No Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Uzbekistan Larger scale Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Yes Full Yes Full No
Vanuatu None None None Yes Limited No Yes Limited Yes Not enforced No
Viet Nam Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
West Bank and Gaza Strip Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Limited Yes Yes Partial Yes Partial Yes Full
Yemen None Limited Limited Yes Limited No Yes Partial No No
253
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT YOUTH VIOLENCE LAWS AGAINST YOUTH VIOLENCE
254
Country/area Pre-school Life skills Mentoring After-school School Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group
enrichment and social supervision anti-bullying membership
development
training
Implementation Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement
Dominica None None None None Limited Yes Partial No
Dominican Republic Larger scale Larger scale None Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Partial
Ecuador Larger scale Larger scale None None None No Yes Dont know
Egypt None Limited Limited Dont know Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Partial
El Salvador Larger scale Limited Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Limited
Estonia Limited Limited Limited Larger scale Limited No Yes Full
Fiji Dont know Limited Limited Dont know Limited Yes Full Yes Full
Finland Larger scale Larger scale Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes No
Gabon None None Limited None None Yes Full Yes Full
Georgia None Larger scale Limited None Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Full
Germany Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Ghana None Larger scale Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Full No
Guatemala Limited Larger scale None Larger scale Larger scale Yes Limited Yes Limited
Guinea None None None None None Yes Limited Yes Full
Guyana None Limited Limited Limited None No Yes Full
Honduras None None None Limited Limited No Yes Partial
Iceland Limited Limited Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full No
India Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Indonesia Limited Limited Limited None Limited Yes Limited Yes Limited
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Limited Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Iraq Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Limited Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Israel Limited Larger scale Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Partial No
Italy None Larger scale Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Jamaica Limited Larger scale Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial No
Japan None None None None Larger scale No No
Jordan None Larger scale Limited None Larger scale No Yes Full
Kazakhstan Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Kenya None Limited Larger scale None Limited Yes Partial Yes Partial
Kiribati None Limited Limited None Limited Yes Full Yes Full
Kuwait None Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Kyrgyzstan Larger scale Larger scale Limited Larger scale Limited Yes Full Yes Full
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic None Limited Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Partial
Latvia Limited Limited None Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Full
Liberia Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Partial
255
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT YOUTH VIOLENCE LAWS AGAINST YOUTH VIOLENCE
256
Country/area Pre-school Life skills Mentoring After-school School Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group
enrichment and social supervision anti-bullying membership
development
training
Implementation Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement
Saudi Arabia Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Full
Senegal None Limited Limited None None No Yes Full
Serbia Limited Larger scale None None Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Seychelles None Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Subnational Full No
Singapore None Larger scale Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Slovakia Limited Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Partial
Slovenia Larger scale Larger scale Limited Larger scale Limited No Yes Full
Solomon Islands Limited Limited None None None No No
South Africa Larger scale Larger scale Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Limited
Spain Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Sudan Larger scale Larger scale Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Partial
Swaziland Larger scale Larger scale Limited Dont know None No No
Sweden Larger scale Larger scale Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full No
Switzerland Larger scale Larger scale Limited Larger scale Limited Yes Full Yes Full
TFYR Macedonia Larger scale Limited Limited Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Full
Tajikistan Limited Limited Limited Larger scale Limited Yes Full Yes Full
Thailand None Limited Limited None Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Trinidad and Tobago Limited Larger scale Limited Larger scale Larger scale No Yes Full
Tunisia Limited None None Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Full
Turkey Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale None Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Tuvalu None Larger scale Limited Larger scale Limited Yes Full Yes Full
Uganda Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Partial
United Arab Emirates Dont know Dont know Dont know Dont know Dont know Yes Full Yes Full
United Kingdom Larger scale Larger scale Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Subnational Partial
United Republic of Tanzania None Limited Limited None None Yes Partial Yes Partial
United States of America Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full No
Uzbekistan Limited Limited Limited Limited None Yes Full Yes Full
Vanuatu None None None None None No Yes Limited
Viet Nam Limited Limited Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
West Bank and Gaza Strip Limited Limited Limited Limited Larger scale No Yes Partial
Yemen Limited Limited Limited None None Yes Partial Yes Partial
Zambia None None None None Limited Yes Limited Yes Limited
Zimbabwe Larger scale None None None Limited Yes Partial No
257
In some countries, the minimal legal age of marriage may be lowered with parental consent in individual cases.
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT INTIMATE LAWS AGAINST INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE
258
PARTNER VIOLENCE
Country/area Dating Microfinance Social and Against rape in marriage Allowing free entry into Allowing removal of violent Law regarding minimum
violence and gender cultural marriage/divorce spouse legal age of marriage1
prevention in equity norms
schools training change
Implementation Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement Exists Age for females Age for males
Czech Republic Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 18 18
Dominica None Limited Larger scale No Yes Full Yes Limited Yes
Dominican Republic None Limited Limited Yes Limited Yes Partial Yes Limited Yes 18 18
Ecuador None None Larger scale No Yes Partial Yes Limited Yes 16 16
Egypt None Larger scale Larger scale Yes 18 18
El Salvador Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 18 18
Estonia Limited None Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Limited Yes 18 18
Fiji None Limited None Yes Limited Yes Limited Yes Limited Yes 18 18
Finland Limited None Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 18 18
Gabon None None None No Yes Full Yes Full Yes 18 18
Georgia None None Limited Yes Limited Yes Full Yes Limited Yes 16 16
Germany Larger scale Dont know Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 18 18
Ghana Limited None Larger scale No Yes Full Yes Limited Yes 18 18
Guatemala None Larger scale Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Full Yes Full Yes 18 18
Guinea Larger scale None None Yes Full Yes Full No Yes 18 18
Guyana None Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Full Yes Full Yes 16 16
Honduras Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Limited Yes Partial Yes Limited Yes 18 18
Iceland Limited None Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Limited Yes 18 18
India Limited None Larger scale No No No Yes 18 21
Indonesia Limited None Limited No Yes Partial Yes Partial Yes 21 21
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Limited Larger scale Larger scale No Yes Full Yes Full Yes 13 15
Iraq None Limited Limited Yes Full No No Yes 18 18
Israel Larger scale Limited Larger scale Yes Full No Yes Full Yes 17 17
Italy Larger scale None Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 18 18
Jamaica Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Limited Yes Partial Yes Limited Yes 18 18
Japan Dont know None Larger scale No No Yes Full Yes 16 18
Jordan None Larger scale Larger scale No Yes Limited Yes Not enforced Yes 18 18
Kazakhstan Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Dont know Yes 18 18
Kenya None Limited Limited Yes Limited Yes Partial Yes Limited Yes 18 18
Kiribati None Limited None Yes Not enforced Yes Not enforced Yes Not enforced Yes 18 18
Kuwait None None Larger scale Yes 15 17
Kyrgyzstan Limited Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 17 17
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic None Larger scale Limited No No No Yes 18 18
259
San Marino Limited None Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 18 18
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT INTIMATE LAWS AGAINST INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE
260
PARTNER VIOLENCE
Country/area Dating Microfinance Social and Against rape in marriage Allowing free entry into Allowing removal of violent Law regarding minimum
violence and gender cultural marriage/divorce spouse legal age of marriage1
prevention in equity norms
schools training change
Implementation Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement Exists Age for females Age for males
Sao Tome and Principe None None None Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 14 14
Saudi Arabia None None Limited Dont know No Yes Partial No
Senegal Limited None Larger scale Yes Limited Yes Full Yes Partial Yes 18 18
Serbia None Larger scale Larger scale Yes Yes Full Yes Yes 18 18
Seychelles Limited None Limited No No Yes Partial Yes 18 18
Singapore Larger scale None None Yes Full Yes Yes Full Yes 21 21
Slovakia Limited Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 17 17
Slovenia Limited None Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 18 18
Solomon Islands None None Limited Yes Not enforced Yes Not enforced Yes Not enforced No
South Africa Limited Limited Limited Yes Limited Dont know Yes Limited Yes 18 18
Spain Larger scale None Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 16 16
Sudan None Limited Larger scale No Yes Partial No No
Swaziland None None Limited Yes 18 18
Sweden Larger scale Limited Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 18 18
Switzerland Limited None Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 18 18
TFYR Macedonia Limited Limited Limited Yes Limited Yes Full Yes Limited Yes 16 16
Tajikistan None Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Full No Yes 18 18
Thailand Larger scale None Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Partial Yes 17 17
Trinidad and Tobago Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 18 18
Tunisia None Limited Limited No No No Yes 18 18
Turkey None Limited Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 17 17
Tuvalu None Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 18 18
Uganda None None Limited No No No Yes 18 18
United Arab Emirates Dont know None Dont know No Dont know Dont know Yes 18 18
United Kingdom Limited None Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full Yes 16 16
United Republic of Tanzania Limited Limited Larger scale Yes 18 16
United States of America Limited None Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Full Yes Partial Yes 18 18
Uzbekistan None Limited Limited Yes Limited Yes Partial Subnational Limited Yes 18 18
Vanuatu None None None Yes Limited Yes Limited Yes Limited Yes 18 18
Viet Nam Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full No Yes 18 18
West Bank and Gaza Strip None Limited Larger scale Yes 15 16
Yemen None Limited Limited No
Zambia Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Limited Yes Limited Yes Limited Yes 21 21
261
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT SEXUAL VIOLENCE LAWS AGAINST SEXUAL VIOLENCE
262
Country/area School and college Physical Social and cultural Against rape Against contact sexual violence Against non-contact sexual violence
populations environment norms change without rape
changes
Implementation Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement
Dominica Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Limited Yes Limited
Dominican Republic Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Partial Yes Partial
Ecuador Larger scale Limited Larger scale Yes Limited Yes Partial Yes Dont know
Egypt None Larger scale Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Partial Yes Partial
El Salvador Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Estonia None None Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Fiji Limited Limited Limited Yes Limited Yes Limited Yes Limited
Finland Larger scale None Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Gabon None None None Yes Full Yes Full No
Georgia None Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Limited No
Germany Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Ghana Larger scale Limited Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Guatemala Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Partial Yes Limited
Guinea Limited None None Yes Partial Yes Partial Yes Partial
Guyana None None Limited Yes Partial Yes Partial Yes Partial
Honduras None Limited Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Partial Yes Limited
Iceland Limited None Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
India Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Indonesia Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Partial No
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Iraq Larger scale Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Israel Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Partial Yes Partial
Italy Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Jamaica Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Limited Yes Limited
Japan Dont know Limited Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Jordan Limited None Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Kazakhstan Larger scale Larger scale None Dont know Dont know Dont know
Kenya Limited Limited Limited Yes Limited Yes Partial Yes Limited
Kiribati None Limited Limited Yes Not enforced Yes Not enforced Yes Not enforced
Kuwait None Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full No
Kyrgyzstan Limited Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Lao Peoples Democratic None Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Partial No
Republic
Latvia None None Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Limited
Liberia Larger scale None Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Limited Yes Limited
263
Saudi Arabia Larger scale Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Partial Yes Partial
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT SEXUAL VIOLENCE LAWS AGAINST SEXUAL VIOLENCE
264
Country/area School and college Physical Social and cultural Against rape Against contact sexual violence Against non-contact sexual violence
populations environment norms change without rape
changes
Implementation Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement
Senegal Limited None Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Serbia Limited None Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes
Seychelles Larger scale Larger scale Limited Yes Partial Yes Full Yes Full
Singapore Larger scale Larger scale None Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Slovakia Larger scale Larger scale Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Slovenia Limited Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Solomon Islands Limited None Limited Yes Limited Yes Limited No
South Africa Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial Yes Limited Yes Limited
Spain Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Sudan Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Swaziland Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Limited No
Sweden Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Switzerland Limited Larger scale Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
TFYR Macedonia Limited Limited Limited Yes Yes Partial Yes Limited
Tajikistan Limited Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Thailand Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Trinidad and Tobago Limited Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Tunisia Limited Larger scale Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Turkey None None Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Tuvalu Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Uganda Limited Limited Limited Yes Partial No Yes Limited
United Arab Emirates Limited Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
United Kingdom Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
United Republic of Tanzania Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Full Yes Limited Yes Not enforced
United States of America Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Partial Yes Partial
Uzbekistan None None None Yes Full Yes Full Yes Partial
Vanuatu None None None Yes Limited No No
Viet Nam Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
West Bank and Gaza Strip Limited None Limited Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Yemen Limited None Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full Yes Full
Zambia Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Limited Yes Limited
Zimbabwe Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Yes Partial
265
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT ELDER ABUSE LAWS AGAINST ELDER ABUSE
266
Country/area Professional awareness Public information Caregiver support Residential care Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions
campaigns campaigns policies
Implementation Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement
Dominican Republic None Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Limited Yes Limited
Ecuador Limited None None Larger scale Yes Limited Yes Partial
Egypt None Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Partial
El Salvador Limited None None None Yes Partial Yes Limited
Estonia None None Limited Dont know No No
Fiji Limited Limited Limited None No Not enforced No Not enforced
Finland None Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Gabon Limited None None None No No
Georgia Larger scale Larger scale None None Yes Partial No
Germany Larger scale Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Ghana Limited Limited Limited None Yes Limited No
Guatemala None None None None Yes Partial Yes Partial
Guinea Limited None None None No No
Guyana None None None None No No
Honduras Larger scale None None None Yes Partial No
Iceland Dont know Limited Limited Limited Yes Yes
India None Limited Larger scale Limited Yes Limited No
Indonesia Limited Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Partial No
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Limited Limited Limited Limited Yes Limited Yes Limited
Iraq Larger scale None Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Israel Larger scale Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Limited Yes Limited
Italy Limited None Limited Limited Yes Full Yes Partial
Jamaica Limited Limited Limited Larger scale No No
Japan Larger scale Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Partial Yes Partial
Jordan Limited Limited Larger scale Larger scale No Yes Partial
Kazakhstan Dont know Dont know Dont know Dont know Dont know Dont know
Kenya Limited Limited Limited None No No
Kiribati None None Limited None No No
Kuwait Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Kyrgyzstan Limited Limited Limited Limited Subnational Partial Subnational Partial
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic None None None None No No
Latvia None None None None No No
Liberia None None Limited None No No
Lithuania None None Larger scale Larger scale Yes Limited Yes Full
Madagascar None Limited None None No No
267
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT ELDER ABUSE LAWS AGAINST ELDER ABUSE
268
Country/area Professional awareness Public information Caregiver support Residential care Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions
campaigns campaigns policies
Implementation Existence Enforcement Existence Enforcement
Seychelles None Limited Larger scale Limited Yes Partial No
Singapore None Larger scale Limited Limited Yes Full No
Slovakia Larger scale Limited Limited Limited No Dont know
Slovenia Limited Limited Larger scale Limited Yes Full No
Solomon Islands None None None None No No
South Africa Limited Limited Limited Limited Yes Dont know Yes Dont know
Spain Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Subnational Dont know No
Sudan None None None None No No
Swaziland Limited Limited None None No No
Sweden Larger scale Limited Larger scale Larger scale No No
Switzerland Limited None Limited Limited Yes Partial Subnational Partial
TFYR Macedonia Limited Limited None None Yes Full No
Tajikistan Limited Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Thailand Limited None Larger scale Limited Yes Full Yes Partial
Trinidad and Tobago Limited Limited Larger scale Limited No Dont know
Tunisia Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Turkey None Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Full
Tuvalu Larger scale Larger scale Limited Limited Yes Full No
Uganda Limited Limited Limited Larger scale Yes Partial No
United Arab Emirates Dont know Dont know Dont know Dont know Subnational Full Subnational Full
United Kingdom Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Larger scale Subnational Full Subnational Full
United Republic of Tanzania Limited Limited None Limited No No
United States of America Limited Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Partial Subnational Partial
Uzbekistan None Limited None Limited Yes Full Subnational Limited
Vanuatu None None None None No No
Viet Nam Limited Limited Larger scale Larger scale Yes Full Yes Partial
West Bank and Gaza Strip Limited None Limited Limited No No
Yemen None None None None No No
Zambia Limited Limited Limited Limited Yes Limited Yes Limited
Zimbabwe None None Limited None No No
www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/status_report/2014