Work Energy

Electrostatics 253
Chapter
6
Work, Energy, Power and Collision
Introduction Since body is being displaced in the direction of F cos ,
therefore work done by the force in displacing the body through a
The terms 'work', 'energy' and 'power' are frequently used in distance s is given by
everyday language. A farmer clearing weeds in his field is said to be
W (F cos ) s Fs cos
working hard. A woman carrying water from a well to her house is
said to be working. In a drought affected region she may be required or W F.s
to carry it over large distances. If she can do so, she is said to have a
Thus work done by a force is equal to the scalar (or dot
large stamina or energy. Energy is thus the capacity to do work. The
product) of the force and the displacement of the body.
term power is usually associated with speed. In karate, a powerful
punch is one delivered at great speed. In physics we shall define If a number of forces F 1 , F 2 , F 3 ...... F n are acting on a body
these terms very precisely. We shall find that there is a loose
and it shifts from position vector r 1 to position vector r then
correlation between the physical definitions and the physiological 2
pictures these terms generate in our minds. W (F 1 F 2 F 3 .... F n ).( r 2 r 1 )

Work is said to be done when a force applied on the body Nature of Work Done
displaces the body through a certain distance in the direction of
Positive work
force.
Positive work means that force (or its component) is parallel
Work Done by a Constant Force to displacement Direction of motion
F
Let a constant force F be applied on the body such that it

makes an angle with the horizontal and body is displaced through a s
distance s 0 o 90 o
Fig. 6.2
By resolving force F into two components :
The positive work signifies that the external force favours the
(i) F cos in the direction of displacement of the body. motion of the body.
Example: (i) When a person lifts a body from the ground, the
(ii) F sin in the perpendicular direction of displacement of the
work done by the (upward) lifting force is positive
body.
F sin
F F man

F cos
s
s
Fig. 6.1 Fig. 6.3
254 Work, Energy, Power and Collision
(ii) When a lawn roller is pulled by applying a force along the Example: (i) When a person lifts a body from the ground, the
handle at an acute angle, work done by the applied force is positive. work done by the (downward) force of gravity is negative.
F Fg
s
(iii) When a spring is stretched, work done by the external
Fig. 6.4 s
(stretching) force is positive.
s
Fig. 6.7
F (ii) When a body is made to slide over a rough surface, the
work done by the frictional force is negative.
Fig. 6.5
Minimum work : Wmin F s
Maximum work : Wmax F s
When cos maximum 1 i.e. 0 o F

+ +
It means force does maximum work when angle between force
s
and displacement is zero. Fig. 6.8
Negative work
Negative work means that force (or its component) is opposite When cos minimum 1 i.e 180 o
to displacement i.e. It means force does minimum [maximum negative] work
F Direction of motion when angle between force and displacement is 180 o.

(iii) When a positive charge is moved towards another positive
s 90 o 180 o charge. The work done by electrostatic force between them is
negative.
Fig. 6.6
The negative work signifies that the external force opposes
the motion of the body.
Zero work
Under three condition, work done becomes zero W Fs cos 0
(1) If the force is perpendicular to the displacement [ F s ]
Example: (i) When a coolie travels on a horizontal platform with a load on his head,
s
work done against gravity by the coolie is zero.
(ii) When a body moves in a circle the work done by the centripetal force is
always zero. Fg
(iii) In case of motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field as force

[F q(v B)] is always perpendicular to motion, work done by this
force is always zero.
(2) If there is no displacement [s = 0]
Example: (i) When a person tries to displace a wall or heavy stone by applying a force and F
it does not move, then work done is zero.
s 0
(ii) A weight lifter does work in lifting the weight off the ground but does not
work in holding it up.
(3) If there is no force acting on the body [F = 0]
Example: Motion of an isolated body in free space.

Work, Energy, Power and Collision 255
Work Done by a Variable Force Let a body, whose initial position is x i , is acted upon by a
variable force (whose magnitude is changing continuously) and
When the magnitude and direction of a force varies with
position, the work done by such a force for an infinitesimal consequently the body acquires its final position x f .
Force
displacement is given by dW F. d s
B
F
ds

F
O xi xf Displacement
A x dx
Fig. 6.9 Fig. 6.10
The total work done in going from A to B as shown in the Let F be the average value of variable force within the interval
figure is dx from position x to (x + dx) i.e. for small displacement dx. The work
done will be the area of the shaded strip of width dx. The work done
A F. d s A (F cos )ds
B B
W
on the body in displacing it from position x i to x f will be equal to
In terms of rectangular component F Fx i Fy j Fz k the sum of areas of all the such strips
d s dxi dyj dzk dW F dx
W A (Fx i Fy j Fz k ).(dxi dyj dzk )
B xf xf
xB yB zB
W xi
dW xi
F dx
or W x Fx dx y Fy dy z Fz dz xf
A A A
W x i (Area of strip of width dx )
Dimension and Units of Work
W Area under curve between x i and x f
Dimension : As work = Force displacement
i.e. Area under force-displacement curve with proper algebraic
[W] [MLT 2
] [L] [ML T
2 2
] sign represents work done by the force.
Units : The units of work are of two types Work Done in Conservative and
Non-conservative Field
Absolute units Gravitational units
(1) In conservative field, work done by the force (line integral
Joule [S.I.]: Work done is said to be kg-m [S.I.]: 1 kg-m of work is
one Joule, when 1 Newton force done when a force of 1kg-wt.
of the force i.e. F.d l ) is independent of the path followed between
displaces the body through 1 displaces the body through any two points.
metre in its own direction. 1m in its own direction. W AB W AB W AB I
From, W = F.s From W = F s Path I Path II Path III A B
II
1 Joule = 1 Newton 1 m 1 kg-m = 1 kg-wt 1 m or F.d l F.d l F.d l
= 9.81 N 1 metre P ath I P ath II P ath III
III
= 9.81 Joule Fig. 6.11
erg [C.G.S.] : Work done is said to gm-cm [C.G.S.] : 1 gm-cm of (2) In conservative field work done by the force (line integral of the
be one erg when 1 dyne force work is done when a force of force i.e. F.d l ) over a closed path/loop is zero.
displaces the body through 1 cm 1gm-wt displaces the body
WAB WB A 0
in its own direction. through 1cm in its own

From W = F s direction. or F.d l 0 A B
From W = F s
1 erg 1dyne 1cm
1 gm-cm = 1gm-wt 1cm. =
Relation between Joule and Fig. 6.12
981 dyne 1cm
erg
Conservative force : The forces of these type of fields are
= 981 erg
1 Joule = 1 N 1 m known as conservative forces.
Example : Electrostatic forces, gravitational forces, elastic
= 105 dyne 102 cm
forces, magnetic forces etc and all the central forces are conservative
= 107 dyne cm = 107 erg in nature.
If a body of mass m lifted to height h from the ground level by
Work Done Calculation by Force Displacement different path as shown in the figure
Graph B B B B
I II III IV
l h
h3
h2
h1
A A A A
Examples : (1) If a porter with a suitcase on his head moves up a
staircase, work done by
the upward lifting force
relative to him will be
zero (as displacement
relative to him is zero)
while relative to a person
on the ground will be
mgh. h
Work done through different paths (2) If a person is
WI F. s mg h mgh pushing a box inside a Fig. 6.15
moving train, the work
h
WII F. s mg sin l mg sin mgh done in the frame of train will F.s while in the frame of earth will
sin
WIII mgh1 0 mgh 2 0 mgh 3 0 mgh 4 be F. (s s 0 ) where s 0 is the displacement of the train relative to
mg (h1 h2 h3 h4 ) mgh the ground.
Energy
WIV F. d s mgh
The energy of a body is defined as its capacity for doing work.
It is clear that WI WII WIII WIV mgh . (1) Since energy of a body is the total quantity of work done,
Further if the body is brought back to its initial position A, therefore it is a scalar quantity.
similar amount of work (energy) is released from the system, it (2) Dimension: [ML2 T 2 ] it is same as that of work or torque.
means WAB mgh and WBA mgh .
(3) Units : Joule [S.I.], erg [C.G.S.]
Hence the net work done against gravity over a round trip is Practical units : electron volt (eV), Kilowatt hour (KWh), Calories
zero. (cal)
WNet WAB WBA mgh (mgh ) 0 Relation between different units:
i.e. the gravitational force is conservative in nature. 1 Joule = 10 7 erg

Non-conservative forces : A force is said to be non- 1 eV = 1 . 6 10 19 Joule
conservative if work done by or against the force in moving a body 1 kWh = 3 . 6 10 6 Joule
from one position to another, depends on the path followed between
1 calorie = 4.18 Joule
these two positions and for complete cycle this work done can never
be zero. (4) Mass energy equivalence : Einsteins special theory of relativity
shows that material particle itself is a form of energy.
Example: Frictional force, Viscous force, Airdrag etc.
The relation between the mass of a particle m and its
If a body is moved from position A to another position B on a
equivalent energy is given as
rough table, work done against frictional force shall depend on the
length of the path between A and B and not only on the position A E mc 2 where c = velocity of light in vacuum.
and B. If m 1 amu 1.67 10 27 kg
WAB mgs
then E 931 MeV 1.5 10 10 Joule .
Further if the body is brought back to its initial position A,
work has to be done against the frictional force, which opposes the If m 1kg then E 9 10 16 Joule
motion. Hence the net work done against the friction over a round Examples : (i) Annihilation of matter when an electron (e )
trip is not zero.
R and a positron (e ) combine with each other, they annihilate or
s
destroy each other. The masses of electron and positron are
F converted into energy. This energy is released in the form of -rays.
e e
Fig. 6.14 Each photon has energy = 0.51 MeV.
WBA mgs. Here two photons are emitted instead of one photon to
WNet WAB WBA mgs mgs 2mgs 0. conserve the linear momentum.
i.e. the friction is a non-conservative force. (ii) Pair production : This process is the reverse of
annihilation of matter. In this case, a photon ( ) having energy
Work Depends on Frame of Reference
equal to 1.02 MeV interacts with a nucleus and give rise to electron
With change of frame of reference (inertial), force does not (e ) and positron (e ) . Thus energy is converted into matter.
change while displacement may change. So the work done by a force (Photon)
will be different in different frames.
e + e+
Fig. 6.16
(iii) Electrical energy

(iv) Magnetic energy
(iii) Nuclear bomb : When the nucleus is split up due to mass (v) Nuclear energy
defect (The difference in the mass of nucleons and the nucleus), (vi) Sound energy
energy is released in the form of -radiations and heat. (vii) Light energy
(5) Various forms of energy (viii) Heat energy
(i) Mechanical energy (Kinetic and Potential) (6) Transformation of energy : Conversion of energy from one
(ii) Chemical energy form to another is possible through various devices and processes.
Table : 6.1 Various devices for energy conversion from one form to another
Mechanical electrical Light Electrical Chemical electrical
Light Cathode
N S Anode
+
Dynamo Photoelectric A Primary

cell cell
+
Chemical heat Sound Electrical Heat electrical
Fe
Hot Cold
G Cu
Coal
Burning Microphone Thermo-couple
Heat Mechanical Electrical Mechanical Electrical Heat
Engine Motor Heater
Electrical Sound Electrical Chemical Electrical Light
Anode Cathode
+
Speaker Voltameter Bulb
Electrolyte
Kinetic Energy (ii) Moving vehicle possesses kinetic energy.
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion, is (iii) Moving air (i.e. wind) possesses kinetic energy which is
called kinetic energy. used to run wind mills.
Examples : (i) Flowing water possesses kinetic energy which is (iv) The hammer possesses kinetic energy which is used to
used to run the water mills. drive the nails in wood.
(v) A bullet fired from the gun has kinetic energy and due to This work done appears as the kinetic energy of the body
this energy the bullet penetrates into a target. 1
KE mv 2 .
v 2
u=0
F 1
In vector form KE m (v . v )
2
s As m and v .v are always positive, kinetic energy is always

Fig. 6.17 positive scalar i.e. kinetic energy can never be negative.
(1) Expression for kinetic energy :
(3) Kinetic energy depends on frame of reference : The
Let m = mass of the body, kinetic energy of a person of mass m, sitting in a train moving with
u = Initial velocity of the body (= 0) 1
speed v, is zero in the frame of train but mv 2 in the frame of the
2
F = Force acting on the body,
earth.
a = Acceleration of the body,
(4) Kinetic energy according to relativity : As we know
s = Distance travelled by the body, 1
E mv 2 .
v = Final velocity of the body 2
From v 2 u 2 2 as But this formula is valid only for (v << c) If v is comparable to c

(speed of light in free space = 3 10 8 m / s ) then according to
v2
v 2 0 2as s Einstein theory of relativity
2a
Since the displacement of the body is in the direction of the mc 2
E mc 2
applied force, then work done by the force is 1 (v / c )
2 2
v 2
(5) Work-energy theorem: From equation (i) dW mv dv .
W F s ma
2a
Work done on the body in order to increase its velocity from u
1 to v is given by
W mv 2
2 v
v v v 2
This work done appears as the kinetic energy of the body W u mv dv m u v dv m 2
1 u
KE W mv 2
2 1
W m[v 2 u 2 ]
(2) Calculus method : Let a body is initially at rest and force 2
F is applied on the body to displace it through small displacement Work done = change in kinetic energy

ds along its own direction then small work done W E
dW F.d s F ds This is work energy theorem, it states that work done by a

force acting on a body is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of
dW m a ds [As F = ma] the body.
This theorem is valid for a system in presence of all types of
dv dv
dW m ds As a dt forces (external or internal, conservative or non-conservative).
dt
If kinetic energy of the body increases, work is positive i.e.
ds body moves in the direction of the force (or field) and if kinetic
dW mdv .
dt energy decreases, work will be negative and object will move
opposite to the force (or field).
dW m v dv (i)
Examples : (i) In case of vertical motion of body under gravity
ds when the body is projected up, force of gravity is opposite to motion
As dt v and so kinetic energy of the body decreases and when it falls down,

force of gravity is in the direction of motion so kinetic energy
Therefore work done on the body in order to increase its
increases.
velocity from zero to v is given by
(ii) When a body moves on a rough horizontal surface, as force
v
v v v 2 1 of friction acts opposite to motion, kinetic energy will decrease and
W 0 mv dv m 0 v dv m mv 2 the decrease in kinetic energy is equal to the work done against
0
2 2
friction.
(6) Relation of kinetic energy with linear momentum: As 1 1 p2

we know So we can say that kinetic energy E mv 2 Pv
2 2 2m
1 1 P
E mv 2 v 2 [As P mv ] and Momentum P
2E
2mE
2 2 v v
1 From above relation it is clear that a body can not have kinetic
E Pv
2 energy without having momentum and vice-versa.
P2 P
or E As v m
2m
(7) Various graphs of kinetic energy
E E
E P2
Ev 2
m = constant
m = constant
v v
E
E
E
1 P E
m
m = constant
P = constant
m P
Stopping of Vehicle by Retarding Force t

P
F
If a vehicle moves with some initial velocity and due to some
retarding force it stops after covering some distance after some time. mv
or t (ii)
(1) Stopping distance : Let m = Mass of vehicle, F
v = Velocity, P = Momentum, E = Kinetic energy (3) Comparison of stopping distance and time for two
vehicles : Two vehicles of masses m1 and m2 are moving with
F = Stopping force, x = Stopping distance, velocities v1 and v2 respectively. When they are stopped by the same
t = Stopping time retarding force (F).
Then, in this process stopping force does work on the vehicle x1 E m v2
and destroy the motion. The ratio of their stopping distances 1 1 12
x2 E2 m 2v 2
By the work- energy theorem
t1 P m v
1 and the ratio of their stopping time 1 1 1
W K mv 2 t2 P2 m 2 v 2
2
Initial velocity = v Final velocity = 0 (i) If vehicles possess same velocities
v1 = v2
x1 m t m
1 ; 1 1
x x2 m2 t2 m2
Fig. 6.18 (ii) If vehicle possess same kinetic momentum

Stopping force (F) Distance (x) = Kinetic energy (E) P1 = P2
Kinetic energy (E) x1 E P 2 2m m
Stopping distance (x) 1 1 22 2
Stopping force (F) x 2 E2 2m1 P2 m1
mv 2 t1 P
x (i) 1 1
2F t2 P2
(2) Stopping time : By the impulse-momentum theorem (iii) If vehicle possess same kinetic energy
F t P F t P x1 E
1 1
x2 E2
t1 P 2m1 E1 m1 U U U
1 F i j k
t2 P2 2m 2 E2 m2 x y z
where,
Note : If vehicle is stopped by friction then U
Partial derivative of U w.r.t. x (keeping y and z constant)
1 1 x
mv 2 mv 2 U
2 2 v2
Stopping distance x Partial derivative of U U(x)
F ma 2 g y
w.r.t. y (keeping x and z constant) C D
[As a g] A
U
Partial derivative of U
Stopping time t
mv

mv

v z
F m g g w.r.t. z (keeping x and y constant) B
x
(3) Potential energy curve : O
Potential Energy Fig. 6.19
A graph plotted between the
Potential energy is defined only for conservative forces. In the potential energy of a particle and its displacement from the centre of
space occupied by conservative forces every point is associated with force is called potential energy curve.
certain energy which is called the energy of position or potential Figure shows a graph of potential energy function U(x) for one
energy. Potential energy generally are of three types : Elastic potential dimensional motion.
energy, Electric potential energy and Gravitational potential energy. As we know that negative gradient of the potential energy
(1) Change in potential energy : Change in potential energy gives force.
between any two points is defined in the terms of the work done by dU
F
the associated conservative force in displacing the particle between dx
these two points without any change in kinetic energy. (4) Nature of force
(i) Attractive force :
(i)
r
U 2 U1 r 2 F. d r W
1 On increasing x, if U increases,
We can define a unique value of potential energy only by dU
positive , then F is in negative direction
assigning some arbitrary value to a fixed point called the reference dx
point. Whenever and wherever possible, we take the reference point i.e. force is attractive in nature.
at infinity and assume potential energy to be zero there, i.e. if we take In graph this is represented in region BC.
r1 and r2 r then from equation (i) (ii) Repulsive force :
r
On increasing x, if U decreases,
U F. d r W dU
negative , then F is in positive direction
In case of conservative force (field) potential energy is equal dx
to negative of work done by conservative force in shifting the body i.e. force is repulsive in nature.
from reference position to given position. In graph this is represented in region AB.
(iii) Zero force :
This is why, in shifting a particle in a conservative field (say
On increasing x, if U does not change,
gravitational or electric), if the particle moves opposite to the field,
work done by the field will be negative and so change in potential dU
0 then F is zero
energy will be positive i.e. potential energy will increase. When the dx
particle moves in the direction of field, work will be positive and i.e. no force works on the particle.
change in potential energy will be negative i.e. potential energy will Point B, C and D represents the point of zero force or these
decrease. points can be termed as position of equilibrium.
(2) Three dimensional formula for potential energy: For (5) Types of equilibrium : If net force acting on a particle is
zero, it is said to be in equilibrium.
only conservative fields F equals the negative gradient () of the
dU
potential energy. For equilibrium 0 , but the equilibrium of particle can be of
dx
So F U ( read as Del operator or Nabla operator and three types :

i j k )
x y z
Stable Unstable Neutral

When a particle is displaced slightly from When a particle is displaced slightly from When a particle is slightly displaced from its
its present position, then a force acting on its present position, then a force acting on position then it does not experience any force
it brings it back to the initial position, it is it tries to displace the particle further away acting on it and continues to be in equilibrium
said to be in stable equilibrium position. from the equilibrium position, it is said to in the displaced position, it is said to be in
be in unstable equilibrium. neutral equilibrium.

Potential energy is minimum. Potential energy is maximum. Potential energy is constant.
dU dU dU
F 0 F 0 F 0
dx dx dx
d 2U d 2U d 2U
positive negative 0
dx 2 dx 2 dx 2
dU dU dU
i.e. rate of change of is positive. i.e. rate of change of is negative. i.e. rate of change of is zero.
dx dx dx
Example : Example : Example :
A marble placed at the bottom of a A marble balanced on top of a A marble placed on horizontal table.
hemispherical bowl. hemispherical bowl.
Elastic Potential Energy F

Dimension : As k
(1) Restoring force and spring constant : When a spring is x
stretched or compressed from its normal position (x = 0) by a small
[F] [MLT 2 ]
distance x, then a restoring force is produced in the spring to bring it [k ] [MT 2 ]
[x ] L
to the normal position.
Units : S.I. unit Newton/metre, C.G.S unit Dyne/cm.
According to Hookes law this restoring force is proportional
to the displacement x and its direction is always opposite to the Note : Dimension of force constant is similar
displacement.
to surface tension.
(2) Expression for elastic potential energy : When a spring
m
is stretched or compressed from its normal position (x = 0), work has
x=0
to be done by external force against restoring force.
F F ext F restoring k x
m Fext
Let the spring is further stretched through the distance dx,
+x then work done
F
dW F ext . d x Fext . dx cos 0 o kx dx [As cos 0o = 1]
m Fext
Therefore total work done to stretch the spring through a
x distance x from its mean position is given by
Fig. 6.20 x
x x x2 1
W 0 dW 0 k x dx k k x 2
i.e. F x
0 2
2
or F k x (i) This work done is stored as the potential energy in the

stretched spring.
where k is called spring constant.
If x = 1, F = k (Numerically) 1 2
Elastic potential energy U kx
2
or k=F
Hence spring constant is numerically equal to force required 1 F
U Fx As k x
to produce unit displacement (compression or extension) in the 2
spring. If required force is more, then spring is said to be more stiff
and vice-versa. F2 F
U As x k
Actually k is a measure of the stiffness/softness of the spring. 2k
1 2 1 F2 =
Increment in elastic potential energy
Elastic potential energy U k x Fx 1
2 2 2k k (x 22 x 12 )
2
Note : If spring is stretched from initial Work done by the spring-force on the block in
position x 1 to final position x 2 then work done various situation are shown in the following table
Table : 6.2 Work done for spring
Initial state of the spring Final state of the spring Initial position (x1) Final position (x2) Work done (W)
Natural Compressed 0 x 1/2 kx2
Natural Elongated 0 x 1/2 kx2
Elongated Natural x 0 1/2 kx2
Compressed Natural x 0 1/2 kx2
Elongated Compressed x x 0
Compressed Elongated x x 0
(3) Energy graph for a spring : If the mass attached with 1 1

K EU k a2 k x 2
spring performs simple harmonic motion about its mean position 2 2
then its potential energy at any position (x) can be given by
1
K k (a 2 x 2 ) (iii)
x=0 2
m
From the above formula we can check that
O 1 2
U max ka [At extreme x = a]
x=a 2
m
and U min 0 [At mean x = 0]
A 1 2
x=+a K max ka [At mean x = 0]
2
m
and K min 0 [At extreme x = a]
B
Fig. 6.21 1 2
E k a constant (at all positions)
1 2 2
U kx (i)
2 It means kinetic energy and potential energy changes
So for the extreme position parabolically w.r.t. position but total energy remain always constant
irrespective to position of the mass
1 2
U ka [As x = a for extreme] Electrical Potential Energy
2
Energy
It is the energy associated with state of separation between

E
charged particles that interact via electric force. For two point
U charge q 1 and q 2 , separated by distance r.
K 1 q q
A O B U . 1 2
4 0 r
x = a x=0 x = +a
Position While for a point charge q at a point in an electric field where
This is maximum potential energy or the total energy of mass.
Fig. 6.22 the potential is V
1 2
Total energy E ka (ii) U = qV
2
[Because velocity of mass is zero at extreme position] As charge can be positive or negative, electric potential energy can
be positive or negative.
1
K mv 2 0 ]
2
Now kinetic energy at any position
Gravitational Potential Energy So the work done in pulling the hanging portion on the table.
It is the usual form of potential energy and this is the energy

0
associated with the state of separation F12 F21 0 y2 mg L2
between two bodies that interact via m1 m2 W
L/n
mgy dy mg
2 L / n

2n 2
gravitational force.
r
MgL
For two particles of masses m1 Fig. 6.23 W [As m = M/L]
and m2 separated by a distance r 2n 2
Alternative method :
G m 1m 2
Gravitational potential energy U If point mass m is pulled
r
through a height h then work
(1) If a body of mass m at height h relative to surface of earth done W = mgh L/2n
then
Similarly for a chain we Centre of mass
mgh can consider its centre of mass
Gravitational potential energy U at the middle point of the
h
1 hanging part i.e. at a height of
R Fig. 6.26
L/(2n) from the lower end and
Where R = radius of earth, g = acceleration due to gravity at M
the surface of the earth. mass of the hanging part of chain
n
(2) If h << R then above formula reduces to U = mgh. So work done to raise the centre of mass of the chain on the
(3) If V is the gravitational potential at a point, the potential table is given by
energy of a particle of mass m at that point will be M L
W g [As W = mgh]
U = mV n 2n
(4) Energy height graph : When a body projected vertically MgL

or W
upward from the ground level with some initial velocity then it 2n 2
possess kinetic energy but its initial potential energy is zero.
Velocity of Chain While Leaving the Table
As the body moves upward its potential energy increases due
to increase in height but kinetic energy decreases (due to decrease in
velocity). At maximum height its kinetic energy becomes zero and (L/n)
potential energy maximum but through out the complete motion,
total energy remains constant as shown in the figure. L
Energy
U Fig. 6.27
Taking surface of table as a reference level (zero potential
K energy)
Height Potential energy of chain when 1/nth length hanging from the
Work Done in Pulling the
Fig.Chain
6.24 Against Gravity MgL
edge
A chain of length L and mass M is held on a frictionless table 2n 2
with (1/n)th of its length hanging over the edge. MgL
Potential energy of chain when it leaves the table
M 2
Let m mass per Kinetic energy of chain = loss in potential energy
L
unit length of the chain and y is L/n 1 MgL MgL
Mv 2
the length of the chain hanging 2 2 2n 2
over the edge. So the mass of the 1 MgL 1
Mv 2 1 2
chain of length y will be ym and 2 2 n
the force acting on it due to
Fig. 6.25
gravity will be mgy. 1
Velocity of chain v gL 1 2
The work done in pulling the dy length of the chain on the n
table. Law of Conservation of Energy
dW = F( dy) [As y is decreasing] (1) Law of conservation of energy
i.e. dW = mgy ( dy)
For a body or an isolated system by work-energy theorem we Practical units : Kilowatt (KW), Mega watt (MW) and Horse
power (hp)
have K 2 K 1 F. d r (i)
Relations between different units :
But according to definition of potential energy in a
1Watt 1 Joule / sec 10 7 erg / sec
conservative field U 2 U1 F. d r (ii)
1hp 746 Watt
So from equation (i) and (ii) we have
K 2 K1 (U 2 U1 ) 1 MW 10 6 Watt
or K 2 U 2 K1 U1
1 KW 10 3 Watt
i.e. K + U = constant.
1
For an isolated system or body in presence of conservative (3) If work done by the two bodies is same then power
forces, the sum of kinetic and potential energies at any point remains time
constant throughout the motion. It does not depend upon time. This i.e. the body which perform the given work in lesser time
is known as the law of conservation of mechanical energy. possess more power and vice-versa.
(K U) E 0 (4) As power = work/time, any unit of power multiplied by a
[As E is constant in a conservative field] unit of time gives unit of work (or energy) and not power, i.e.
K U 0 Kilowatt-hour or watt-day are units of work or energy.
i.e. if the kinetic energy of the body increases its potential energy J
1 KWh 10 3 (60 60 sec ) 3 .6 10 6 Joule
will decrease by an equal amount and vice-versa. sec
(2) Law of conservation of total energy : If some non-
(5) The slope of work time curve gives the instantaneous
conservative force like friction is also acting on the particle, the
power. As P = dW/dt = tan
mechanical energy is no more constant. It changes by the amount
equal to work done by the frictional force. Work
(K U) E W f

[where W f is the work done against friction]
The lost energy is transformed into heat and the heat energy
developed is exactly equal to loss in mechanical energy. Time
We can, therefore, write E + Q = 0 Fig. 6.28
(6) Area under power-time curve gives the work done as
[where Q is the heat produced] dW
This shows that if the forces are conservative and non- P
dt
conservative both, it is not the mechanical energy which is
conserved, but it is the total energy, may be heat, light, sound or
mechanical etc., which is conserved.
W
P dt
In other words : Energy may be transformed from one kind to W = Area under P-t curve
another but it cannot be created or destroyed. The total energy in an isolated Position and Velocity of an Automobile w.r.t Time
system remain constant". This is the law of conservation of energy. An automobile of mass m accelerates, starting from rest, while
Power the engine supplies constant power P, its position and velocity
changes w.r.t time.
Power of a body is defined as the rate at which the body can
do the work. (1) Velocity : As Fv = P = constant
dv mdv
W W i.e. m vP As F dt
Average power (Pav. ) dt
t t

v dv m dt
P
dW F. d s or
Instantaneous power (Pinst. ) [As dW F. ds ]
dt dt
v2 P
ds By integrating both sides we get t C1
Pinst F. v [As v ] 2 m
dt
As initially the body is at rest i.e. v = 0 at t = 0, so C1 0
i.e. power is equal to the scalar product of force with velocity.
1/2
2 Pt
Important Points v
m
(1) Dimension : [P] [F][v] [MLT 2 ][LT 1 ] 1/2
2 Pt
(2) Position : From the above expression v
[P] [ML2 T 3 ] m
1/2
(2) Units : Watt or Joule/sec [S.I.] ds 2 Pt ds
or As v dt
Erg/sec [C.G.S.]
dt m
1/2
2 Pt F
i.e.
ds

m dt
By integrating both sides we get v1 v2

u1 u2
1/2
m1 m2 m1 m2
2P 2 3/2 m1mm
1 2m2
s . t C2 Fext
m 3
t
Now as at t = 0, s = 0, so C 2 0 t
1/2 Before collision During collision After collision
8P
s t3/2
9m Fig. 6.29
(2) Momentum and energy conservation in collision
Collision (i) Momentum conservation : In a collision, the effect of
Collision is an isolated event in which a strong force acts external forces such as gravity or friction are not taken into account
between two or more bodies for a short time as a result of which the as due to small duration of collision (t) average impulsive force
responsible for collision is much larger than external force acting on
energy and momentum of the interacting particle change.
the system and since this impulsive force is 'Internal' therefore the
In collision particles may or may not come in real touch e.g. in total momentum of system always remains conserved.
collision between two billiard balls or a ball and bat, there is physical (ii) Energy conservation : In a collision 'total energy' is also
contact while in collision of alpha particle by a nucleus (i.e. always conserved. Here total energy includes all forms of energy
Rutherford scattering experiment) there is no physical contact. such as mechanical energy, internal energy, excitation energy,
(1) Stages of collision : There are three distinct identifiable radiant energy or even mass energy.
stages in collision, namely, before, during and after. In the before and These laws are the fundamental laws of physics and applicable
after stage the interaction forces are zero. Between these two stages, for any type of collision but this is not true for conservation of
the interaction forces are very large and often the dominating forces kinetic energy.
governing the motion of bodies. The magnitude of the interacting
(3) Types of collision : (i) On the basis of conservation of
force is often unknown, therefore, Newtons second law cannot be
kinetic energy.
used, the law of conservation of momentum is useful in relating the
initial and final velocities.
Perfectly elastic collision Inelastic collision Perfectly inelastic collision

If in a collision, kinetic energy after collision is If in a collision kinetic energy after If in a collision two bodies stick together
equal to kinetic energy before collision, the collision is not equal to kinetic energy or move with same velocity after the
collision is said to be perfectly elastic. before collision, the collision is said to collision, the collision is said to be
inelastic. perfectly inelastic.
Coefficient of restitution e = 1 Coefficient of restitution 0 < e < 1 Coefficient of restitution e = 0
Here kinetic energy appears in other forms. The term 'perfectly inelastic' does not
In some cases (KE)final < (KE)initial such as when necessarily mean that all the initial
(KE)final = (KE)initial initial KE is converted into internal energy kinetic energy is lost, it implies that the
of the product (as heat, elastic or loss in kinetic energy is as large as it can
excitation) while in other cases (KE)final > be. (Consistent with momentum
(KE)initial such as when internal energy conservation).
stored in the colliding particles is released
Examples : (1) Collision between atomic particles Examples : (1) Collision between two billiard Example : Collision between a bullet and
(2) Bouncing of ball with same velocity after the balls. a block of wood into which it is fired.
collision with earth. (2) Collision between two automobile on a When the bullet remains embedded in
road. the block.
In fact all majority of collision belong to
this category.
(ii) On the basis of the direction of colliding bodies
Head on or one dimensional collision Oblique collision
In a collision if the motion of colliding particles before and after the If two particle collision is glancing i.e. such that their directions of
collision is along the same line, the collision is said to be head on or one motion after collision are not along the initial line of motion, the
dimensional. collision is called oblique.
If in oblique collision the particles before and after collision are
in same plane, the collision is called 2-dimensional otherwise 3-
dimensional.
Impact parameter b is zero for this type of collision. Impact parameter b lies between 0 and (r1 r2 ) i.e.
v1
u1 u2 v1 v2 m1
m1 m2 m1 m2
u1
m1 b
m2 u2
Before collision After collision

0 < b < (r1 r2 ) where r1 and r2 are radii of colliding bodies.
Example : collision of two gliders on an air track. Example : Collision of billiard balls.
Perfectly elastic head on collision v 2 v1

e
Let two bodies of masses m 1 and m 2 moving with initial u1 u 2
velocities u1 and u 2 in the same direction and they collide such that or v 2 v1 e(u1 u 2 )
after collision their final velocities are v1 and v 2 respectively.
For perfectly elastic collision, e = 1
u1 u2 v1 v2
m1 m2 m1 m2 v 2 v1 u1 u 2 [As shown in eq. (vi)]
For perfectly inelastic collision, e = 0

Fig. 6.30 v 2 v1 0 or v 2 v 1
According to law of conservation of momentum It means that two body stick together and move with same
m1u1 m 2 u 2 m1v1 m 2 v 2 (i) velocity.
For inelastic collision, 0 < e < 1

m1 (u1 v1 ) m 2 (v 2 u 2 ) (ii)
v 2 v1 e(u1 u 2 )
According to law of conservation of kinetic energy
1 1 1 1 In short we can say that e is the degree of elasticity of collision
m 1 u12 m 2 u 22 m 1 v 12 m 2 v 22 (iii)
2 2 2 2 and it is dimensionless quantity.
m1 (u12 v12 ) m 2 (v 22 u 22 ) (iv) Further from equation (v) we get
Dividing equation (iv) by equation (ii) v 2 v1 u1 u 2
v1 u1 v 2 u 2 (v) Substituting this value of v 2 in equation (i) and rearranging

u1 u 2 v 2 v1 (vi)
m m2 2m 2 u 2
we get, v 1 1 u1
(vii)
Relative velocity of separation is equal to relative velocity of 1
m m 2 m 1 m2
approach.
Similarly we get,
Note : The ratio of relative velocity of separation
m m1 2m1u1
and relative velocity of approach is defined as coefficient of v 2 2 u2
(viii)
1
m m 2 m 1 m2
restitution.
(1) Special cases of head on elastic collision
(i) If projectile and target are of same mass i.e. m1 = m2
m m2 2m 2 m m1 2m1u1
Since v1 1 u1
u2 and v 2 2 u2

1
m m 2 m 1 m2 m1 m 2 m 1 m2
Substituting m1 m 2 we get
v1 u2 and v2 u1
It means when two bodies of equal masses undergo head on elastic collision, their velocities get interchanged.
Example : Collision of two billiard balls
Sub case : u2 0 i.e. target is at rest
10 kg 10 kg 10 kg 10 kg
v1 0 and v2 u1
u1 = 50m/s u2 = 20m/s v1 = 20 m/s v2 = 50 m/s
(ii) If massive projectile collides with a light target i.e. m1 >> m2

m m2 2 m 2u 2 m m1 2m1u1
Since v1 1 u1
and v 2 2 u2

m1 m 2 m1 m 2 m1 m 2 m1 m 2
Substituting m 2 0 , we get
v1 u1 and v2 2u1 u2
Example : Collision of a truck with a cyclist
u1 = 120 km/hr
m1 = 103 kg m2 = 60 kg
u2 = 10 km/hr
Before collision
v1 = 120 km/hr
v2 = 230 km/hr Sub case : u2 0 i.e. target is at rest
v1 = u1 and v2 = 2u1
After collision
(iii) If light projectile collides with a very heavy target i.e. m1 << m2
m m2 2m 2u 2 m m1 2m1u1
Since v1 1 u1
and v 2 2 u2

1
m m 2 m 1 m2 m1 m 2 m 1 m2
Substituting m1 0 , we get
v1 u1 2u2 and v2 u2
Example : Collision of a ball with a massive wall.
Sub case : u2 0 i.e. target is at rest

u2 = 2 m/s v2 = 2 m/s
v1 = u1 and v2 = 0
u1 = 30 m/s v1 = 26 m/s
i.e. the ball rebounds with same speed in opposite
m1 = 50gm direction when it collide with stationary and very
massive wall.
m2 = 100 kg
(2) Kinetic energy transfer during head on elastic collision Fractional decrease in kinetic energy
1 1
Kinetic energy of projectile before collision Ki m1u12 m (u 2 v 12 ) 2
2 K 2 1 1 v
1 1
(i)
K 1 u1
1 m 1 u 12
Kinetic energy of projectile after collision K f m 1 v 12 2
2
We can substitute the value of v1 from the equation
Kinetic energy transferred from projectile to target K =
decrease in kinetic energy in projectile m m2 2m 2 u 2
v 1 1 u1

1 1 1
K m 1 u 12 m 1 v 12 m 1 (u 12 v 12 ) 1
m m 2 m 1 m2
2 2 2
m m2 m m1 2m 1 u 1
If the target is at rest i.e. u2 = 0 then v1 1 u1
v 2 2 u2

m1 m 2 1
m m 2 m 1 m2
2
K m m2
From equation (i) 1 1
(ii) u1 u2=0 v1 v2
K m1 m 2 m1 m2 m1 m2
K 4m1m 2 Before collision After collision

or (iii)
K (m 1 m 2 ) 2
Fig. 6.31
K 4m1m 2
or (iv) 2m 1 u 1
K (m 1 m 2 ) 2 4 m 1 m 2 v2
m1 m 2
Note : Greater the difference in
2u 1
masses, lesser will be transfer of kinetic energy As u 2 0 and
1 m 2 / m1
and vice versa
Transfer of kinetic energy will be maximum m2

Assuming n
when the difference in masses is minimum m1
i.e. m1 m 2 0 or m 1 m 2 then
2u 1
K v2
1 100 % 1n
K
2nm 1 u 1
So the transfer of kinetic energy in head on elastic (ii) Momentum of target : P2 m 2 v 2
1n
collision (when target is at rest) is maximum when the masses of
particles are equal i.e. mass ratio is 1 and the transfer of kinetic
2u 1
energy is 100%. As m 2 m 1 n and v 2 1 n

If m 2 n m 1 then from equation (iii) we get
K 2m 1 u 1

4n P2
K (1 n)2 1 (1 / n)
Kinetic energy retained by the projectile (iii) Kinetic energy of target :

K
1 kinetic energy transferred by projectile 1 1 2u 1
2
2 m 1 u 12 n
K Retained K2 m 2 v 22 n m 1
2 2 1 n (1 n) 2
K m m 2 m m 2
1 1 1 2
1 2
4 (K 1 )n 1 2
K Retained m 1 m 2 m 1 m 2 As K 1 2 m 1 u 1
(1 n) 2 4 n
(3) Velocity, momentum and kinetic energy of stationary target (iv) Relation between masses for maximum velocity,
after head on elastic collision momentum and kinetic energy
(i) Velocity of target : We know
Velocity For v 2 to be maximum n must be minimum

2u1 Target should be very
v2 m2
1n i.e. n 0 m 2 m1 light.
m1
Momentum For P2 to be maximum, (1/n) must be minimum or n must

2m1u1 be maximum. Target should be massive.
P2
(1 1 / n) m2
i.e. n m 2 m1
m1
Kinetic energy For K 2 to be maximum (1 n)2 must be minimum.

4 K1 n Target and projectile
K2
(1 n)2 4 n i.e. 1 n 0 n 1
m2
m 2 m1 should be of equal mass.
m1
Perfectly Elastic Oblique Collision v 2 v1 e(u1 u 2 )

Let two bodies moving as shown in figure. v 2 v1 e(u1 u 2 ) (i)
By law of conservation of momentum
From the law of conservation of linear momentum
v1
m 1 u1 m 2 u 2 m 1 v 1 m 2 v 2 (ii)
m1
u1
By solving (i) and (ii) we get
m1
m2
u2 m em 2 (1 e ) m 2
v 1 1 u1
m m
u2

Before collision After collision m1 m 2 1 2
m2
v2
(1 e ) m 1 m 2 e m1
Fig. 6.32 Similarly v 2 u 1 u2

m1 m 2 m1 m 2
Along x-axis, m 1u1 m 2 u 2 m 1v1 cos m 2 v 2 cos ...(i)
By substituting e = 1, we get the value of v1 and v 2 for
Along y-axis, 0 m 1 v1 sin m 2 v 2 sin ...(ii)
perfectly elastic head on collision.
By law of conservation of kinetic energy (2) Ratio of velocities after inelastic collision : A sphere of
mass m moving with velocity u hits inelastically with another
1 1 1 1 stationary sphere of same mass.
m 1 u 12 m 2 u 22 m 1 v 12 m 2 v 22 ...(iii)
2 2 2 2
u1 = u u2 = 0 v1 v2
In case of oblique collision it becomes difficult to solve m m m m
problem unless some experimental data is provided, as in these
situations more unknown variables are involved than equations Before collision After collision
formed.
Fig. 6.33
Special condition : If m 1 m 2 and u 2 0 substituting v 2 v1 v 2 v1
e
these values in equation (i), (ii) and (iii) we get u1 u 2 u0
u1 v1 cos v 2 cos ...(iv) v 2 v1 eu (i)
0 v1 sin v 2 sin ...(v) By conservation of momentum :

Momentum before collision = Momentum after collision
and u12 v12 v 22 (vi)
mu mv 1 mv 2
Squaring (iv) and (v) and adding we get
v1 v 2 u (ii)
u12 v12 v 22 2v1 v 2 cos( ) (vii)
u
Solving equation (i) and (ii) we get v 1 (1 e )
Using (vi) and (vii) we get cos( ) 0 2
u
/2 and v 2 (1 e )
2
i.e. after perfectly elastic oblique collision of two bodies of equal
v1 1 e
masses (if the second body is at rest), the scattering angle
v2 1 e
would be 90 o .
(3) Loss in kinetic energy
Head on Inelastic Collision
Loss in K.E. (K) = Total initial kinetic energy
(1) Velocity after collision : Let two bodies A and B collide
inelastically and coefficient of restitution is e. Total final kinetic energy
Where 1 1 1 1
= m 1 u 12 m 2 u 22 m 1 v 12 m 2 v 22
v v 1 Relative velocity of separation 2 2 2 2
e 2
u1 u 2 Relative velocity of approach
Substituting the value of v1 and v 2 from the above 2h0
[1 2e 2 e 2 ......] [As h1 e 2 h0 ; h2 e 4 h0 ]
expressions g
1 m 1m 2 2h0
Loss (K) = (1 e 2 ) (u1 u 2 )2 [1 2e (1 e e 2 e 3 ......)]
2 m1 m 2
g
By substituting e = 1 we get K = 0 i.e. for perfectly elastic 2h 0 1 2h0 1 e

1 2e
collision, loss of kinetic energy will be zero or kinetic energy remains g 1 e g 1 e
same before and after the collision.
1 e 2h0
T
Rebounding of Ball After Collision With Ground 1 e g
If a ball is dropped from a height h on a horizontal floor, then Perfectly Inelastic Collision
it strikes with the floor with a speed.
In such types of collisions, the bodies move independently before
v 0 2gh0 [From v 2 u 2 2 gh] collision but after collision as a one single body.
(1) When the colliding bodies are moving in the same
and it rebounds from the floor with a speed
direction
By the law of conservation of momentum
m 1 u1 m 2 u 2 (m 1 m 2 )v comb
h0
h1 h2 m 1u1 m 2 u 2
v comb
v0 v1 v2 m1 m 2
t0 t1 t2 vcomb
u1 u2
Fig. 6.34 m1 m2 m1 m2
velocity after collision Before collision After collision

v 1 e v 0 e 2gh0 Ase
velocity before collision
Fig. 6.35
v2 Loss in kinetic energy
(1) First height of rebound : h1 1 e 2 h 0 1 1 1
2g K m 1 u 12 m 2 u 22 (m 1 m 2 )v comb
2
2 2 2
h1 = e2h0
1 m1m 2
(2) Height of the ball after nth rebound : Obviously, the K (u 1 u 2 ) 2
2 m 1 m 2

velocity of ball after nth rebound will be
[By substituting the value of vcomb]
vn e nv0
(2) When the colliding bodies are moving in the opposite
Therefore the height after nth rebound will be direction
v n2 By the law of conservation of momentum
hn e 2n h0
2g m 1u1 m 2 (u 2 ) (m 1 m 2 )v comb
hn e h0 2n
(Taking left to right as positive)
(3) Total distance travelled by the ball before it stops m 1u1 m 2 u 2
bouncing v comb
m1 m 2
H h0 2h1 2h2 2h3 ... h0 2e 2h0 2e 4 h0 2e 6 h0 ...
u1 u2
H h0 [1 2e 2 (1 e 2 e 4 e 6 ....)] m1 m2
1 Before collision
h0 1 2e 2
1 e2 Fig. 3.36
1 when m 1 u1 m 2 u 2 then v comb 0 (positive)
As 1 e e ....
2 4

1e2
i.e. the combined body will move along the direction of motion
1 e 2 of mass m 1 .
H h0 2
1 e
when m 1 u1 m 2 u 2 then v comb 0 (negative)
(4) Total time taken by the ball to stop bouncing
i.e. the combined body will move in a direction opposite to the
2h0 2h1 2h2
T t0 2t1 2t2 2t3 .. 2 2 .. motion of mass m 1 .
g g g
(3) Loss in kinetic energy (4) Angle of string from the vertical
K = Initial kinetic energy Final kinetic energy From the expression of velocity of bullet
(m M ) 2 gh u m 2 2
1 1 1 u we can get h
m 1 u 12 m 2 u 22 (m 1 m 2 ) v comb
2

2 2 2 m 2 g m M
2

1 m 1m 2
(u1 u 2 )2 Lh h u2 m
2 m1 m 2 From the figure cos 1 1
L L 2 gL m M
Collision Between Bullet and Vertically 1 mu
2
Suspended Block or cos 1 1

2 gL m M

A bullet of mass m is fired horizontally with velocity u in block
of mass M suspended by vertical thread.
After the collision bullet gets embedded in block. Let the
combined system raised upto height h and the string makes an angle
with the vertical.
(1) Velocity of system
Let v be the velocity of the system (block + bullet) just after The area under the force-displacement graph is equal to the
the collision. work done.
Work done by gravitation or electric force does not depend

L on the path followed. It depends on the initial and final positions
Lh
of the body. Such forces are called conservative. When a body
M returns to the starting point under the action of conservative
m u h
M force, the net work done is zero that is dW 0 .
Fig. 3.37
Work done against friction depends on the path followed.
Momentumbullet + Momentumblock = Momentumbullet and block system Viscosity and friction are not conservative forces. For non
mu 0 (m M )v conservative forces, the work done on a closed path is not zero.
v
mu
(m M )
(i)
That is dW 0 .
(2) Velocity of bullet : Due to energy which remains in the
Work done is path independent only for a conservative field.
bullet-block system, just after the collision, the system (bullet + Work done depends on the frame of reference.
block) rises upto height h. Work done by a centripetal force is always zero.
By the conservation of mechanical energy Energy is a promise of work to be done in future. It is the
1 stored ability to do work.
(m M )v 2 (m M )gh v 2 gh
2
Energy of a body is equal to the work done by the body and it
Now substituting this value in the equation (i) we get has nothing to do with the time taken to perform the work. On the
mu other hand, the power of the body depends on the time in which
2 gh
mM the work is done.
(m M ) 2 gh
When work is done on a body, its kinetic or potential energy
u increases.
m When the work is done by the body, its potential or kinetic
(3) Loss in kinetic energy : We know that the formula for loss energy decreases.
of kinetic energy in perfectly inelastic collision According to the work energy theorem, the work done is
1 m 1m 2 equal to the change in energy. That is W E .
K (u1 u 2 )2 (When the bodies are moving
2 m1 m 2 Work energy theorem is particularly useful in calculation of
in same direction.) minimum stopping force or minimum stopping distance. If a body
is brought to a halt, the work done to do so is equal to the kinetic
1 mM
K u2 energy lost.
2mM
Potential energy of a system increases when a conservative
[As u1 u , u 2 0 , m 1 m and m 2 M ] force does work on it.
The kinetic energy of a body is always positive. K

1
m 2 (a 2 y 2 ) where m = mass, = angular frequency, a=
When the momentum of a body increases by a factor n, then 2
its kinetic energy is increased by factor n2. amplitude, y = displacement.
If the speed of a vehicle is made n times, then its stopping Potential energy of a particle executing SHM is given by :
2
distance becomes n times. 1
U m 2y 2 .
The total energy (including mass energy) of the universe 2
remains constant. Total energy of a particle executing SHM is given by :
One form of energy can be changed into other form 1
E K U m 2a 2 .
according to the law of conservation of energy. That is amount of 2
energy lost of one form should be equal to energy or energies
1
produced of other forms. Energy density associated with a wave 2 a 2 where
2
Kinetic energy can change into potential energy and vice =density of medium, = angular frequency, a = amplitude of
versa.
the of the wave.
When a body falls, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
Energy associated with a photon :
Pendulum oscillates due to conversion of kinetic energy into
potential energy and vice versa. Same is true for the oscillations of
E h hc / , where h = plancks constant, = frequency of the
mass attached to the spring. light wave, c = velocity of light, = wave length.
Conservation laws can be used to describe the behaviour of a Mass and energy are interconvertible. That is mass can be
mechanical system even when the exact nature of the forces converted into energy and energy can be converted into mass.
involved is not known. A mass m (in kg) is equivalent to energy (in J) which is equal
Although the exact nature of the nuclear forces is not known, to mc2 where c = speed of light.
yet we can solve problems regarding the nuclear forces with the A stout spring has a large value of force constant, while for a
help of the conservation laws. delicate spring, the value of spring constant is low.
Violation of the laws of conservation indicates that the event The term energy is different from power. Whereas energy
cannot take place. refers to the capacity to perform the work, power determines the
The gravitational potential energy of a mass m at a height h rate of performing the work. Thus, in determining power, time
taken to perform the work is significant but it is of no importance
mgh
above the surface of the earth (radius R) is given by U . for measuring energy of a body.
1 h/R
Collision is the phenomenon in which two bodies exert
When h << R, we find U=mgh. mutual force on each other.
1
Electrostatic energy in capacitor - U CV 2 , where C is The collision generally occurs for very small interval of time.
2
Physical contact between the colliding bodies is not essential
capacitance, V = potential difference between the plates.
for the collision.
Electric potential energy of a test charge q0 at a place where The mutual forces between the colliding bodies are action
electric potential is V, is given by : UP=q0V.
and reaction pair. In accordance with the Newtons third law of
Electric potential energy between two charges (q1 and q2) motion, they are equal and opposite to each other.
1 q1q 2 The collision is said to be elastic when the kinetic energy is
separated by a distance r is given by U . Here 0 is
4 0 r conserved.
2
permittivity of vacuum and 1 / 4 0 9 10 Nm C In the elastic collisions the forces involved are conservative.
9 2
.
Magnetic energy stored in an inductor In the elastic collisions, the kinetic or mechanical energy is
not converted into any other form of energy.
1 2
U LI , where L = inductance, I = current. Elastic collisions produce no sound or heat.
2
Energy gained by a body of mass m, specific heat C, when its There is no difference between the elastic and perfectly
elastic collisions.
temperature changes by is given by : Q mC .
In the elastic collisions, the relative velocity before collision
The Potential energy associated with a spring of constant k
is equal to the relative velocity after the collision. That is
when extended or compressed by distance x is given by
1 u1 u 2 v 2 v1 where u1 and u 2 are initial velocities and v1
U kx 2 .
2 and v 2 are the velocities of the colliding bodies after the collision.
Kinetic energy of a particle executing SHM is given by : This is called Newton's law of impact.
The collision is said to be inelastic when the kinetic energy is
not conserved. Power dissipated by a conservative force (gravitation,

In the perfectly inelastic collision, the colliding bodies stick electric force etc.) does not depend on the path followed. It
together. That is the relative velocity of the bodies after the depends on the initial and final positions of the body. That is
collision is zero.
In an elastic collision of two equal masses, their kinetic dP 0 .
energies are exchanged. Power dissipated against friction depends on the path
If a body of mass m moving with velocity v, collides elastically
with a rigid wall, then the change in the momentum of the body is
followed. That is dP 0 .
2mv. Power is also measured in horse power (hp). It is the fps unit
of power. 1 hp = 746 W.
v v
e 2 1 is called coefficient of restitution. Its value is 1
u1 u 2 An engine pulls a train of mass m with constant velocity. If
for elastic collisions. It is less than 1 for inelastic collisions and the rails are on a plane surface and there is no friction, the power
zero for perfectly inelastic collision. dissipated by the engine is zero.
During collision, velocity of the colliding bodies changes. In the above case if the coefficient of friction for the rail is
, the power of the engine is P mgv .
Linear momentum is conserved in all types of collisions.
Perfectly elastic collision is a rare physical phenomenon. In the above case if the engine pulls on a smooth track on an
Collisions between two ivory or steel or glass balls are nearly inclined plane (inclination ), then its power P (mg sin ) v .
elastic. In the above case if the engine pulls upwards on a rough
The force of interaction in an inelastic collision is non- inclined plane having coefficient of friction , then power of the
conservative in nature. engine is
In inelastic collision, the kinetic energy is converted into P ( cos sin )mg v .
heat energy, sound energy, light energy etc.
If the engine pulls down on the inclined plane then power of
In head on collisions, the colliding bodies move along the the engine is
same straight line before and after collision.
P ( cos sin )mg v .
Head on collisions are also called one dimensional collisions.
In the oblique collisions the colliding bodies move at certain
angles before and/or after the collisions.
The oblique collisions are two dimensional collisions.
When a heavy body collides head-on elastically with a lighter
body, then the lighter body begins to move with a velocity nearly
double the velocity of the heavier body.
When a light body collides with a heavy body, the lighter
body returns almost with the same speed.
If a light and a heavy body have equal momenta, then lighter
body has greater kinetic energy.
Suppose, a body is dropped form a height h0 and it strikes the
ground with velocity v0. After the (inelastic) collision let it rise to a
height h1. If v1 be the velocity with which the body rebounds, then
1/2 1/2
v1 2 gh1 h
e 1
v0 2 gh0 h0
If after n collisions with the ground, the velocity is vn and the
height to which it rises be hn, then
1/ 2
vn hn
en
v0 h0

P F . v F v cos where v is the velocity of the body

and is the angle between F and v .
Area under the F v graph is equal to the power dissipated.
7. A body of mass m kg is lifted by a man to a height of one metre
in 30 sec. Another man lifts the same mass to the same height
in 60 sec. The work done by them are in the ratio
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
Work Done by Constant Force
8. A force F (5i 3 j) newton is applied over a particle which
1. A body of mass m is moving in a circle of radius r with a
displaces it from its origin to the point r (2i 1j) metres.
mv 2 The work done on the particle is
constant speed v. The force on the body is and is
r
[MP PMT 1995; RPET 2003]
directed towards the centre. What is the work done by this
force in moving the body over half the circumference of the (a) 7 joules (b) + 13 joules
circle [NCERT 1977]
(c) + 7 joules (d) + 11 joules
mv 2 9. A force acts on a 30 gm particle in such a way that the position
(a) (b) Zero
r 2 of the particle as a function of time is given by
mv 2 r 2 x 3 t 4 t 2 t 3 , where x is in metres and t is in seconds. The
(c) (d) work done during the first 4 seconds is
r2 mv 2
2. If the unit of force and length each be increased by four times, [CBSE PMT 1998]
then the unit of energy is increased by [CPMT 1987] (a) 5.28 J (b) 450 mJ
(a) 16 times (b) 8 times
(c) 490 mJ (d) 530 mJ
(c) 2 times (d) 4 times
10. A body of mass 10 kg is dropped to the ground from a height of
3. A man pushes a wall and fails to displace it. He does 10 metres. The work done by the gravitational force is
[CPMT 1992]
(g 9.8 m / sec2 ) [SCRA 1994]
(a) Negative work
(a) 490 Joules (b) + 490 Joules
(b) Positive but not maximum work
(c) No work at all (c) 980 Joules (d) + 980 Joules
(d) Maximum work 11. Which of the following is a scalar quantity [AFMC 1998]
4. The same retarding force is applied to stop a train. The train (a) Displacement (b) Electric field
stops after 80 m. If the speed is doubled, then the distance will
be [CPMT 1984]
(c) Acceleration (d) Work
(a) The same (b) Doubled 12. The work done in pulling up a block of wood weighing 2 kN for
a length of 10m on a smooth plane inclined at an angle of 15
(c) Halved (d) Four times
with the horizontal is [AFMC 1999; Pb PMT 2003]
5. A body moves a distance of 10 m along a straight line under
the action of a force of 5 N. If the work done is 25 joules, the (a) 4.36 kJ (b) 5.17 kJ
angle which the force makes with the direction of motion of (c) 8.91 kJ (d) 9.82 kJ
the body is
[NCERT 1980; JIPMER 1997; CBSE PMT 1999; 13. A force F 5i 6j 4 k acting on a body, produces a

BHU 2000; RPMT 2000; Orissa JEE 2002] displacement s 6 i 5k . Work done by the force is
(a) 0 (b) 30 [KCET 1999]
(c) 60 (d) 90
(a) 18 units (b) 15 units
6. You lift a heavy book from the floor of the room and keep it in
the book-shelf having a height 2 m. In this process you take 5 (c) 12 units (d) 10 units
seconds. The work done by you will depend upon 14. A force of 5 N acts on a 15 kg body initially at rest. The work
[MP PET 1993] done by the force during the first second of motion of the body
(a) Mass of the book and time taken is [JIPMER 1999]
(b) Weight of the book and height of the book-shelf 5

(a) 5 J (b) J
(c) Height of the book-shelf and time taken 6
(d) Mass of the book, height of the book-shelf and time taken (c) 6 J (d) 75 J
15. A force of 5 N, making an angle with the horizontal, acting

on an object displaces it by 0 . 4 m along the horizontal

direction. If the object gains kinetic energy of 1J, the 24. A particle moves from position r1 3i 2j 6 k to position
horizontal component of the force is
[EAMCET (Engg.) 2000] r2 14 i 13 j 9 k under the action of force 4i j 3k N .
(a) 1.5 N (b) 2.5 N The work done will be [Pb. PMT 2002,03]
(c) 3.5 N (d) 4.5 N (a) 100 J (b) 50 J

(c) 200 J (d) 75 J
16. The work done against gravity in taking 10 kg mass at 1m
height in 1sec will be [RPMT 2000] 25.
A force (F) 3i cj 2k acting on a particle causes a

(a) 49 J (b) 98 J displacement: (s ) 4i 2j 3k in its own direction. If the
(c) 196 J (d) None of these work done is 6 J , then the value of ' c ' is [CBSE PMT 2002]

17. The energy which an e acquires when accelerated through a (a) 0 (b) 1
potential difference of 1 volt is called [UPSEAT 2000] (c) 6 (d) 12
(a) 1 Joule (b) 1 Electron volt 26. In an explosion a body breaks up into two pieces of unequal
(c) 1 Erg (d) 1 Watt. masses. In this [MP PET 2002]
18. A body of mass 6kg is under a force which causes displacement (a) Both parts will have numerically equal momentum
t2 (b) Lighter part will have more momentum
in it given by S metres where t is time. The work done by (c) Heavier part will have more momentum
4
the force in 2 seconds is (d) Both parts will have equal kinetic energy
[EAMCET 2001] 27. Which of the following is a unit of energy [AFMC 2002]
(a) 12 J (b) 9 J (a) Unit (b) Watt

(c) Horse Power (d) None
(c) 6 J (d) 3 J
28. If force and displacement of particle in direction of force are
19. A body of mass 10kg at rest is acted upon simultaneously by
doubled. Work would be [AFMC 2002]
two forces 4 N and 3N at right angles to each other. The
(a) Double (b) 4 times
kinetic energy of the body at the end of 10 sec is
[Kerala (Engg.) 2001]
1
(c) Half (d) times
4
(a) 100 J (b) 300 J
29. A body of mass 5 kg is placed at the origin, and can move only
(c) 50 J (d) 125 J
on the x-axis. A force of 10 N is acting on it in a direction
20. A cylinder of mass 10kg is sliding on a plane with an initial
making an angle of 60 o with the x-axis and displaces it along
velocity of 10m/s. If coefficient of friction between surface and
the x-axis by 4 metres. The work done by the force is
cylinder is 0.5, then before stopping it will describe
(a) 2.5 J (b) 7.25 J
[Pb. PMT 2001]
(c) 40 J (d) 20 J
(a) 12.5 m (b) 5 m
(c) 7.5 m (d) 10 m 30. A force F (5i 4 j) N acts on a body and produces a
21. A force of (3 i 4 j) Newton acts on a body and displaces it by displacement S (6i 5 j 3k ) m. The work done will be
[CPMT 2003]
(3 i 4j)m. The work done by the force is [AIIMS 2001]
(a) 10 J (b) 20 J
(a) 10 J (b) 12 J (c) 30 J (d) 40 J
(c) 16 J (d) 25 J 31. A uniform chain of length 2m is kept on a table such that a
22. A 50kg man with 20kg load on his head climbs up 20 steps of length of 60cm hangs freely from the edge of the table. The
0.25m height each. The work done in climbing is total mass of the chain is 4kg. What is the work done in pulling
the entire chain on the table [AIEEE 2004]
[JIPMER 2002]
(a) 7.2 J (b) 3.6 J
(a) 5 J (b) 350 J
(c) 120 J (d) 1200 J
(c) 100 J (d) 3430 J
32. A particle is acted upon by a force of constant magnitude
23. A force F 6i 2j 3k acts on a particle and produces a which is always perpendicular to the velocity of the particle,
the motion of the particle takes place in a plane. It follows
displacement of s 2i 3 j x k . If the work done is zero, that [AIEEE 2004]
the value of x is [Kerala PMT 2002] (a) Its velocity is constant
(a) 2 (b) 1/2 (b) Its acceleration is constant
(c) 6 (d) 2 (c) Its kinetic energy is constant
(d) It moves in a straight line
33. A ball of mass m moves with speed v and strikes a wall having Work Done by Variable Force
infinite mass and it returns with same speed then the work
done by the ball on the wall is [BCECE 2004] 1. A particle moves under the effect of a force F = Cx from x = 0 to
(a) Zero (b) mv J x x 1 . The work done in the process is
[CPMT 1982; DCE 2002;Orissa JEE 2005]
(c) m/v.J (d) v/m J
1
(a) Cx 12 (b) Cx 12
34. A force F (5i 3j 2k )N is applied over a particle which 2

displaces it from its origin to the point r (2i j)m . The (c) Cx1 (d) Zero
work done on the particle in joules is [AIEEE 2004] 2. A cord is used to lower vertically a block of mass M by a
(a) 7 (b) +7 g
distance d with constant downward acceleration . Work
(c) +10 (d) +13 4
done by the cord on the block is [CPMT 1972]
35. The kinetic energy acquired by a body of mass m is travelling
some distance s, starting from rest under the actions of a d d
(a) Mg (b) 3 Mg
constant force, is directly proportional to 4 4
[Pb. PET 2000] d
(c) 3 Mg (d) Mgd
0 4
(a) m (b) m
3. Two springs have their force constant as k1 and k 2 (k1 k 2 ) .
(c) m 2 (d) m
When they are stretched by the same force [EAMCET 1981]

36. If a force F 4i 5j causes a displacement s 3i 6k , (a) No work is done in case of both the springs
work done is [Pb. PET 2002] (b) Equal work is done in case of both the springs
(a) 4 6 unit (c) More work is done in case of second spring
(b) 6 3 unit
(d) More work is done in case of first spring
(c) 5 6 unit (d) 4 3 unit 4. A spring of force constant 10 N/m has an initial stretch 0.20 m.
37. A man starts walking from a point on the surface of earth In changing the stretch to 0.25 m, the increase in potential
(assumed smooth) and reaches diagonally opposite point. energy is about [CPMT 1977]
What is the work done by him [DCE 2004] (a) 0.1 joule (b) 0.2 joule
(a) Zero (b) Positive (c) 0.3 joule (d) 0.5 joule
(c) Negative (d) Nothing can be said 5. The potential energy of a certain spring when stretched
through a distance S is 10 joule. The amount of work (in joule)
38. It is easier to draw up a wooden block along an inclined plane
that must be done on this spring to stretch it through an
than to haul it vertically, principally because
additional distance S will be
[CPMT 1977; JIPMER 1997]
[MNR 1991; CPMT 2002; UPSEAT 2000; Pb. PET 2004]
(a) The friction is reduced (a) 30 (b) 40
(b) The mass becomes smaller (c) 10 (d) 20
(c) Only a part of the weight has to be overcome 6. Two springs of spring constants 1500 N/m and 3000 N/m
(d) g becomes smaller respectively are stretched with the same force. They will have
potential energy in the ratio
39. Two bodies of masses 1 kg and 5 kg are dropped gently from
[MP PMT/PET 1998; Pb. PMT 2002]
the top of a tower. At a point 20 cm from the ground, both the
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 1 : 4
bodies will have the same [SCRA 1998]
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2
(a) Momentum (b) Kinetic energy
7. A spring 40 mm long is stretched by the application of a force.
(c) Velocity (d) Total energy If 10 N force required to stretch the spring through 1 mm, then
40. Due to a force of (6i 2j)N the displacement of a body is work done in stretching the spring through 40 mm is [
(a) 84 J (b) 68 J
(3i j)m , then the work done is [Orissa JEE 2005]
(c) 23 J (d) 8 J
(a) 16 J (b) 12 J
8. A position dependent force F 7 2 x 3 x 2 newton acts on
(c) 8 J (d) Zero
a small body of mass 2 kg and displaces it from x 0 to
41. A ball is released from the top of a tower. The ratio of work x 5 m . The work done in joules is [CBSE PMT 1994]
done by force of gravity in first, second and third second of
(a) 70 (b) 270
the motion of the ball is [Kerala PET 2005]
(c) 35 (d) 135
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 4 : 9
(c) 1 : 3 : 5 (d) 1 : 5 : 3
9. A body of mass 3 kg is under a force, which causes a 17. A mass of 0.5kg moving with a speed of 1.5 m/s on a horizontal
t3 smooth surface, collides with a nearly weightless spring of
displacement in it is given by S (in m). Find the work force constant k 50 N / m . The maximum compression of
3
done by the force in first 2 seconds [BHU 1998] the spring would be [CBSE PMT 2004]
(a) 2 J (b) 3.8 J (a) 0.15 m (b) 0.12 m

(c) 1.5 m (d) 0.5 m
(c) 5.2 J (d) 24 J
18. A particle moves in a straight line with retardation
10. The force constant of a wire is k and that of another wire is proportional to its displacement. Its loss of kinetic energy for
2k . When both the wires are stretched through same any displacement x is proportional to [AIEEE 2004]
distance, then the work done [MH CET 2000]
(a) x 2 (b) e x
(a) W2 2W12 (b) W2 2W1 (c) x (d) log e x
(c) W2 W1 (d) W2 0.5W1 19. A spring with spring constant k when stretched through 1 cm,
the potential energy is U. If it is stretched by 4 cm. The
11. A body of mass 0.1 kg moving with a velocity of 10 m/s hits a potential energy will be [Orissa PMT 2004]
spring (fixed at the other end) of force constant 1000 N/m and
(a) 4U (b) 8U
comes to rest after compressing the spring. The compression
of the spring is [MP PMT 2001] (c) 16 U (d) 2U
20. A spring with spring constant k is extended from
(a) 0.01 m (b) 0.1 m
x 0 to x x 1 . The work done will be [Orissa PMT 2004]
(c) 0.2 m (d) 0.5 m 1 2
(a) kx12 (b) k x1
12. When a 1.0kg mass hangs attached to a spring of length 50 cm, 2
the spring stretches by 2 cm. The mass is pulled down until the (c) 2kx12 (d) 2kx 1
length of the spring becomes 60 cm. What is the amount of
elastic energy stored in the spring in this condition, if g = 10 21. If a long spring is stretched by 0.02 m, its potential energy is U.
m/s2 [MP PET 2001] If the spring is stretched by 0.1 m, then its potential energy
will be
(a) 1.5 Joule (b) 2.0 Joule
[MP PMT 2002; CBSE PMT 2003; UPSEAT 2004]
(c) 2.5 Joule (d) 3.0 Joule U
(a) (b) U
13. A spring of force constant 800 N/m has an extension of 5cm. 5
The work done in extending it from 5cm to 15 cm is (c) 5U (d) 25U
[AIEEE 2002] 22. Natural length of a spring is 60 cm, and its spring constant is
(a) 16 J (b) 8 J 4000 N/m. A mass of 20 kg is hung from it. The extension
produced in the spring is, (Take g 9.8 m / s 2 ) [DCE 2004]
(c) 32 J (d) 24 J
(a) 4.9 cm (b) 0.49 cm
14. When a spring is stretched by 2 cm, it stores 100 J of energy. If
it is stretched further by 2 cm, the stored energy will be (c) 9.4 cm (d) 0.94 cm
increased by [Orissa JEE 2002] 23. The spring extends by x on loading, then energy stored by the
spring is :
(a) 100 J (b) 200 J
(if T is the tension in spring and k is spring constant)
(c) 300 J (d) 400 J
[Pb. PMT 2003]
15. A spring when stretched by 2 mm its potential energy 2 2
T T
becomes 4 J. If it is stretched by 10 mm, its potential energy is (a) (b)
equal to [BCECE 2003]
2k 2k 2
(a) 4 J (b) 54 J 2k 2T 2
(c) 2
(d)
T k
(c) 415 J (d) None
24. The potential energy of a body is given by, U
16. A spring of spring constant 5 103 N/m is stretched initially by = A Bx (Where x is the displacement). The magnitude of
2
5cm from the unstretched position. Then the work required to force acting on the particle is [BHU 2002]
stretch it further by another 5 cm is
(a) Constant
[AIEEE 2003] (b) Proportional to x
(a) 6.25 N-m (b) 12.50 N-m
(c) Proportional to x 2
(c) 18.75 N-m (d) 25.00 N-m (d) Inversely proportional to x
25. The potential energy between two atoms in a molecule is (a) Only kinetic energy increases
a b (b) Only potential energy increases
given by U( x ) 12 6 ; where a and b are positive
x x
(c) Both kinetic and potential energies may increase
constants and x is the distance between the atoms. The atom
is in stable equilibrium when [CBSE PMT 1995] (d) Sum of kinetic and potential energies remains constant
8. The bob of a simple pendulum (mass m and length l) dropped
11 a a
(a) x 6 (b) x 6 from a horizontal position strikes a block of the same mass
5b 2b
elastically placed on a horizontal frictionless table. The K.E. of
2a the block will be
(c) x 0 (d) x 6
b (a) 2 mgl (b) mgl/2
26. Which one of the following is not a conservative force (c) mgl (d) 0
[Kerala PMT 2005] 9. From a stationary tank of mass 125000 pound a small shell of
(a) Gravitational force mass 25 pound is fired with a muzzle velocity of 1000 ft/sec.
(b) Electrostatic force between two charges The tank recoils with a velocity of [NCERT 1973]
(c) Magnetic force between two magnetic dipoles (a) 0.1 ft/sec (b) 0.2 ft/sec
(d) Frictional force (c) 0.4 ft/sec (d) 0.8 ft/sec
Conservation of Energy and Momentum 10. A bomb of 12 kg explodes into two pieces of masses 4 kg and 8
kg. The velocity of 8kg mass is 6 m/sec. The kinetic energy of
1. Two bodies of masses m1 and m 2 have equal kinetic energies. the other mass is
If p1 and p2 are their respective momentum, then ratio [MNR 1985; CPMT 1991; Manipal MEE 1995;
Pb. PET 2004]
p1 : p2 is equal to [MP PMT 1985; CPMT 1990]
(a) 48 J (b) 32 J
(a) m1 : m 2 (b) m 2 : m1
(c) 24 J (d) 288 J
(c) m1 : m 2 (d) m12 : m 22 th
11. A rifle bullet loses 1/20 of its velocity in passing through a
2. Work done in raising a box depends on plank. The least number of such planks required just to stop
(a) How fast it is raised the bullet is [EAMCET 1987; AFMC 2004]
(b) The strength of the man (a) 5 (b) 10

(c) The height by which it is raised (c) 11 (d) 20
(d) None of the above 12. A body of mass 2 kg is thrown up vertically with K.E. of 490
3. A light and a heavy body have equal momenta. Which one has
joules. If the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m / s 2 , then the
greater K.E
height at which the K.E. of the body becomes half its original
[MP PMT 1985; CPMT 1985; Kerala PMT 2004] value is given by [EAMCET 1986]
(a) The light body (b) The heavy body
(a) 50 m (b) 12.5 m
(c) The K.E. are equal (d) Data is incomplete
(c) 25 m (d) 10 m
4. A body at rest may have
(a) Energy (b) Momentum 13. Two masses of 1 gm and 4 gm are moving with equal kinetic
energies. The ratio of the magnitudes of their linear momenta
(c) Speed (d) Velocity
is
5. The kinetic energy possessed by a body of mass m moving
[AIIMS 1987; NCERT 1983; MP PMT 1993; IIT 1980; RPET 1996;
1
with a velocity v is equal to mv 2 , provided CBSE PMT 1997; Orissa JEE 2003; KCET 1999; DCE 2004]
2
(a) The body moves with velocities comparable to that of (a) 4 : 1 (b) 2 :1
light (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 16
(b) The body moves with velocities negligible compared to 14. If the K.E. of a body is increased by 300%, its momentum will
the speed of light increase by [JIPMER 1978; AFMC 1993;
(c) The body moves with velocities greater than that of light
RPET 1999; CBSE PMT 2002]
(d) None of the above statement is correcst
(a) 100% (b) 150%
6. If the momentum of a body is increased n times, its kinetic
energy increases (c) 300 % (d) 175%
(a) n times (b) 2n times 15. A light and a heavy body have equal kinetic energy. Which
(c) n times (d) n 2 times one has a greater momentum ?
[NCERT 1974; CPMT 1997; DPMT 2001]
7. When work is done on a body by an external force, its
(a) The light body
(b) The heavy body 24. Tripling the speed of the motor car multiplies the distance
(c) Both have equal momentum needed for stopping it by [NCERT 1978]
(d) It is not possible to say anything without additional (a) 3 (b) 6
information (c) 9 (d) Some other number
16. If the linear momentum is increased by 50%, the kinetic
25. If the kinetic energy of a body increases by 0.1%, the percent
energy will increase by
increase of its momentum will be [MP PMT 1994]
[CPMT 1983; MP PMT 1994; MP PET 1996, 99; UPSEAT 2001]
(a) 50% (b) 100% (a) 0.05% (b) 0.1%
(c) 125% (d) 25% (c) 1.0% (d) 10%
17. A free body of mass 8 kg is travelling at 2 meter per second in a 26. If velocity of a body is twice of previous velocity, then kinetic
straight line. At a certain instant, the body splits into two energy will become [AFMC 1996]
equal parts due to internal explosion which releases 16 joules 1
of energy. Neither part leaves the original line of motion (a) 2 times (b) times
2
finally [NCERT 1979]
(a) Both parts continue to move in the same direction as that (c) 4 times (d) 1 times
of the original body 27. Two bodies A and B having masses in the ratio of 3 : 1 possess
(b) One part comes to rest and the other moves in the same the same kinetic energy. The ratio of their linear momenta is
direction as that of the original body then [Haryana CEE 1996]
(c) One part comes to rest and the other moves in the (a) 3 : 1 (b) 9 : 1
direction opposite to that of the original body
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 3 :1
(d) One part moves in the same direction and the other in
the direction opposite to that of the original body 28. In which case does the potential energy decrease
[MP PET 1996]
18. If the K.E. of a particle is doubled, then its momentum will
[EAMCET 1979; CPMT 2003: Kerala PMT 2005] (a) On compressing a spring
(a) Remain unchanged (b) Be doubled (b) On stretching a spring
(c) On moving a body against gravitational force
(c) Be quadrupled (d) Increase 2 times
(d) On the rising of an air bubble in water
19. If the stone is thrown up vertically and return to ground, its
potential energy is maximum [EAMCET 1979] 29. A sphere of mass m, moving with velocity V, enters a hanging
bag of sand and stops. If the mass of the bag is M and it is
(a) During the upward journey
raised by height h, then the velocity of the sphere was
(b) At the maximum height
M m M
(c) During the return journey (a) 2 gh (b) 2 gh
m m
(d) At the bottom
20. A body of mass 2 kg is projected vertically upwards with a m m
(c) 2 gh (d) 2 gh
1 M m M
velocity of 2 m sec . The K.E. of the body just before striking
the ground is [EAMCET 1980]
30. Two bodies of masses m and 2m have same momentum. Their
respective kinetic energies E1 and E 2 are in the ratio
(a) 2 J (b) 1 J
(c) 4 J (d) 8 J [MP PET 1997; KCET 2004]
21. The energy stored in wound watch spring is (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
[EAMCET 1982] (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 4
(a) K.E. (b) P.E.
31. If a lighter body (mass M1 and velocity V1 ) and a heavier
(c) Heat energy (d) Chemical energy
body (mass M 2 and velocity V2 ) have the same kinetic
22. Two bodies of different masses m1 and m 2 have equal
energy, then [MP PMT 1997]
momenta. Their kinetic energies E1 and E2 are in the ratio
(a) M 2 V2 M1V1 (b) M 2 V2 M1V1
[EAMCET 1990]
(c) M 2 V1 M1V2 (d) M 2 V2 M1V1
(a) m1 : m 2 (b) m1 : m 2
32. A frictionless track ABCDE ends in a circular loop of radius R. A
(c) m 2 : m1 (d) m12 : m 22 body slides down the track from point A which is at a height h
= 5 cm. Maximum value of R for the body to successfully
23. A car travelling at a speed of 30 km/hour is brought to a halt in
complete the loop is [MP PMT/PET 1998]
8 m by applying brakes. If the same car is travelling at 60
km/hour, it can be brought to a halt with the same braking (a) 5 cm
force in [NCERT 1976] 15 A D
(b) cm
(a) 8 m (b) 16 m 4
h 2R C
(c) 24 m (d) 32 m
E
B
10 40. A 4 kg mass and a 1 kg mass are moving with equal kinetic
(c) cm energies. The ratio of the magnitudes of their linear momenta
3
is [CBSE PMT 1993; Orissa JEE 2003]
(d) 2 cm
33. The force constant of a weightless spring is 16 N/m. A body of (a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1
mass 1.0 kg suspended from it is pulled down through 5 cm (c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
and then released. The maximum kinetic energy of the system 41. Two identical cylindrical vessels with their bases at same level
(spring + body) will be [MP PET 1999; DPMT 2000]
each contains a liquid of density . The height of the liquid in
(a) 2 10 2 J (b) 4 10 2 J one vessel is h1 and that in the other vessel is h2 . The area of
either base is A. The work done by gravity in equalizing the
(c) 8 10 2 J (d) 16 10 2 J levels when the two vessels are connected, is
34. Two bodies with kinetic energies in the ratio of 4 : 1 are [SCRA 1996]
moving with equal linear momentum. The ratio of their (a) (h1 h2 )g (b) (h1 h2 )gA
masses is [CBSE PMT 1999]
1 1
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1 (c) (h1 h2 )2 gA (d) (h1 h2 )2 gA
2 4
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
42. If the increase in the kinetic energy of a body is 22%, then the
35. If the kinetic energy of a body becomes four times of its initial increase in the momentum will be
value, then new momentum will
[RPET 1996; DPMT 2000]
[AIIMS 1998; AIIMS 2002;
(a) 22% (b) 44%
KCET 2000; J & K CET 2004]
(c) 10% (d) 300%
(a) Becomes twice its initial value
43. If a body of mass 200 g falls from a height 200 m and its total
(b) Become three times its initial value P.E. is converted into K.E. at the point of contact of the body
with earth surface, then what is the decrease in P.E. of the
(c) Become four times its initial value
body at the contact (g 10 m / s 2 ) [AFMC 1997]
(d) Remains constant
(a) 200 J (b) 400 J
36. A bullet is fired from a rifle. If the rifle recoils freely, then the
kinetic energy of the rifle is (c) 600 J (d) 900 J
[AIIMS 1998; JIPMER 2001; UPSEAT 2000] 44. If momentum is increased by 20%, then K.E. increases by
(a) Less than that of the bullet [AFMC 1997; MP PMT 2004]
(b) More than that of the bullet (a) 44% (b) 55%
(c) 66% (d) 77%
(c) Same as that of the bullet
45. The kinetic energy of a body of mass 2 kg and momentum of 2
(d) Equal or less than that of the bullet
Ns is [AFMC 1998; DPMT 2000]
37. If the water falls from a dam into a turbine wheel 19.6 m
(a) 1 J (b) 2 J
below, then the velocity of water at the turbine is
(c) 3 J (d) 4 J
(g 9.8 m / s 2 ) [AIIMS 1998]
46. The decrease in the potential energy of a ball of mass 20 kg
(a) 9.8 m/s (b) 19.6 m/s which falls from a height of 50 cm is [AIIMS 1997]
(c) 39.2 m/s (d) 98.0 m/s (a) 968 J (b) 98 J
38. Two bodies of masses 2m and m have their K.E. in the ratio 8 : (c) 1980 J (d) None of these
1, then their ratio of momenta is [EAMCET (Engg.) 1995]
47. An object of 1 kg mass has a momentum of 10 kg m/sec then
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 the kinetic energy of the object will be [RPMT 1999]
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 8 : 1 (a) 100 J (b) 50 J
39. A bomb of 12 kg divides in two parts whose ratio of masses is 1 (c) 1000 J (d) 200 J
: 3. If kinetic energy of smaller part is 216 J, then momentum 48. A ball is released from certain height. It loses 50% of its kinetic
of bigger part in kg-m/sec will be [RPET 1997] energy on striking the ground. It will attain a height again
(a) 36 (b) 72 equal to [RPMT 2000]
(c) 108 (d) Data is incomplete (a) One fourth the initial height
(b) Half the initial height
(c) Three fourth initial height
(d) None of these
49. A 0.5 kg ball is thrown up with an initial speed 14 m/s and (c) 1.92 J (d) 2.92 J
reaches a maximum height of 8.0m. How much energy is 58. Two masses of 1kg and 16kg are moving with equal K.E. The
dissipated by air drag acting on the ball during the ascent ratio of magnitude of the linear momentum is [
[AMU (Med.) 2000]
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 4
(a) 19 . 6 Joule (b) 4.9 Joule
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 :1
(c) 10 Joule (d) 9.8 Joule
59. A machine which is 75 percent efficient, uses 12 joules of
50. An ice cream has a marked value of 700 kcal. How many
energy in lifting up a 1 kg mass through a certain distance.
kilowatt- hour of energy will it deliver to the body as it is
The mass is then allowed to fall through that distance. The
digested [AMU (Med.) 2000]
velocity at the end of its fall is (in ms 1 ) [Kerala PMT 2002]
(a) 0.81 kWh (b) 0.90 kWh
(c) 1.11kWh (d) 0.71 kWh (a) 24 (b) 32
51. What is the velocity of the bob of a simple pendulum at its (c) 18 (d) 9
mean position, if it is able to rise to vertical height of 10 cm 60. Two bodies moving towards each other collide and move away
(Take g 9.8 m / s 2 ) [BHU 2000] in opposite directions. There is some rise in temperature of
bodies because a part of the kinetic energy is converted into
(a) 0.6 m/s (a) Heat energy (b) Electrical energy
(b) 1.4 m/s (c) Nuclear energy (d) Mechanical energy
(c) 1.8 m/s 61. A particle of mass m at rest is acted upon by a force F for a
(d) 2.2 m/s time t. Its Kinetic energy after an interval t is
[Kerala PET 2002]
52. A particle of mass 'm' and charge 'q' is accelerated through a
potential difference of 'V' volt. Its energy is [UPSEAT 2001] F2t2 F2t2
(a) (b)
(a) qV (b) mq V m 2m
q q F2t2 Ft
(c) V (d) (c) (d)
m mV 3m 2m
53. A running man has half the kinetic energy of that of a boy of 62. The potential energy of a weight less spring compressed by a
half of his mass. The man speeds up by 1m/s so as to have distance a is proportional to [MP PET 2003]
same K.E. as that of the boy. The original speed of the man will
(a) a (b) a 2
be [Pb. PMT 2001]
(c) a 2 (d) a 0
(a) 2m/s (b) ( 2 1) m / s
63. Two identical blocks A and B, each of mass 'm' resting on
1 1 smooth floor are connected by a light spring of natural length
(c) m /s (d) m/s
( 2 1) 2 L and spring constant K, with the spring at its natural length.
54. The mass of two substances are 4gm and 9 gm respectively. If A third identical block 'C' (mass m) moving with a speed v
along the line joining A and B collides with A. the maximum
their kinetic energies are same, then the ratio of their
compression in the spring is [EAMCET 2003]
momenta will be [CPMT 2001]
(a) 4 : 9 (b) 9 : 4 m v
(a) v (b) m
(c) 3 : 2 (d) 2 : 3 2k 2k
55. If the momentum of a body is increased by 100%, then the
percentage increase in the kinetic energy is mv mv
(c) (d)
[BHU 1999; Pb. PMT 1999; CPMT 2000; k 2k
CBSE PMT 2001; BCECE 2004] 64. Two bodies of masses m and 4 m are moving with equal K.E.
(a) 150% (b) 200% The ratio of their linear momentums is
(c) 225% (d) 300% [Orissa JEE 2003; AIIMS 1999]
56. If a body looses half of its velocity on penetrating 3 cm in a (a) 4 : 1 (b) 1 : 1

wooden block, then how much will it penetrate more before (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 4
coming to rest [AIEEE 2002; DCE 2002] 65. A stationary particle explodes into two particles of a masses
(a) 1 cm (b) 2 cm m1 and m2 which move in opposite directions with velocities
(c) 3 cm (d) 4 cm v1 and v 2 . The ratio of their kinetic energies E1 / E 2 is
57. A bomb of mass 9kg explodes into 2 pieces of mass 3kg and 6kg. [CBSE PMT 2003]
The velocity of mass 3kg is 1.6 m/s, the K.E. of mass 6kg is (a) m[AIEEE
1 / m2
2002] (b) 1
(a) 3.84 J (b) 9.6 J
(c) m1v 2 / m 2v1 (d) m 2 / m1 74. An object of mass 3m splits into three equal fragments. Two
66. The kinetic energy of a body of mass 3 kg and momentum 2 Ns fragments have velocities vj and vi . The velocity of the third
is [MP PET 2004] fragment is [UPSEAT 2004]
(a) 1 J (b)
2
J (a) v(j i ) (b) v(i j)
3
v(i j)
3 (c) v(i j) (d)
(c) J (d) 4 J 2
2
67. A bomb of mass 3.0 Kg explodes in air into two pieces of 75. A bomb is kept stationary at a point. It suddenly explodes into
masses 2.0 kg and 1.0 kg. The smaller mass goes at a speed of two fragments of masses 1 g and 3 g . The total K.E. of the
80 m/s.The total energy imparted to the two fragments is fragments is 6 . 4 10 4 J . What is the K.E. of the smaller
[AIIMS 2004] fragment [DCE 2004]
(a) 1.07 kJ (b) 2.14 kJ
(a) 2 . 5 10 4 J (b) 3 .5 10 4 J
(c) 2.4 kJ (d) 4.8 kJ
(c) 4 . 8 10 4 J (d) 5 .2 10 4 J
68. A bullet moving with a speed of 100 ms 1 can just penetrate
two planks of equal thickness. Then the number of such 76. Which among the following, is a form of energy [DCE 2004]
planks penetrated by the same bullet when the speed is (a) Light (b) Pressure
doubled will be [KCET 2004]
(c) Momentum (d) Power
(a) 4 (b) 8
77. A body is moving with a velocity v, breaks up into two equal
(c) 6 (d) 10 parts. One of the part retraces back with velocity v. Then the
69. A particle of mass m 1 is moving with a velocity v1 and velocity of the other part is [DCE 2004]
another particle of mass m 2 is moving with a velocity v 2 . (a) v in forward direction (b) 3v in forward direction
Both of them have the same momentum but their different (c) v in backward direction (d) 3v in backward direction
kinetic energies are E1 and E 2 respectively. If m 1 m 2 then
78. If a shell fired from a cannon, explodes in mid air, then
[CBSE PMT 2004]
[Pb. PET 2004]
E1 m
(a) E1 E 2 (b) 1 (a) Its total kinetic energy increases
E2 m2
(b) Its total momentum increases
(c) E1 E 2 (d) E1 E 2
(c) Its total momentum decreases
70. A ball of mass 2kg and another of mass 4kg are dropped
together from a 60 feet tall building. After a fall of 30 feet each (d) None of these
towards earth, their respective kinetic energies will be in the 79. A particle of mass m moving with velocity V0 strikes a simple
ratio of [CBSE PMT 2004]
pendulum of mass m and sticks to it. The maximum height
(a) 2 :1 (b) 1 : 4 attained by the pendulum will be [RPET 2002]
V02
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 2 (a) h (b) V0 g
8g
71. Four particles given, have same momentum which has
maximum kinetic energy [Orissa PMT 2004] V0 V02
(c) 2 (d)
(a) Proton (b) Electron g 4g
(c) Deutron (d) -particles 80. Masses of two substances are 1 g and 9 g respectively. If their
72. A body moving with velocity v has momentum and kinetic kinetic energies are same, then the ratio of their momentum
energy numerically equal. What is the value of v will be [BHU 2004]
[Pb. PMT 2002; J&K CET 2004] (a) 1 : 9 (b) 9 : 1

(c) 3 : 1 (d) 1 : 3
(a) 2m/s (b) 2m / s
81. A body of mass 5 kg is moving with a momentum of 10 kg-m/s.
(c) 1m/s (d) 0.2 m / s A force of 0.2 N acts on it in the direction of motion of the
body for 10 seconds. The increase in its kinetic energy is
73. If a man increase his speed by 2 m/s , his K.E. is doubled, the
[MP PET 1999]
original speed of the man is [Pb. PET 2002]
(a) 2.8 Joule (b) 3.2 Joule
(a) (1 2 2 ) m / s (b) 4 m/s (c) 3.8 Joule (d) 4.4 Joule
82. If the momentum of a body increases by 0.01%, its kinetic
(c) (2 2 2 ) m / s (d) (2 2 ) m / s
energy will increase by [MP PET 2001]
(a) 0.01% (b) 0.02% (c) 250 3 N to left

(c) 0.04% (d) 0.08%
(d) 250 N to left
83. 1 a.m.u. is equivalent to [UPSEAT 2001]
(a) 1 . 6 10 12 Joule (b) 1 . 6 10 19 Joule Power

10 19
(c) 1.5 10 Joule (d) 1 . 5 10 Joule 1. If a force F is applied on a body and it moves with a velocity v,
84. A block of mass m initially at rest is dropped from a height h the power will be
on to a spring of force constant k. the maximum compression [CPMT 1985, 97; DCE 1999; UPSEAT 2004]
in the spring is x then [BCECE 2005] (a) F v (b) F /v
1 2 (c) F /v 2
(d) F v 2
(a) mgh kx h
2 2. A body of mass m accelerates uniformly from rest to v1 in
1 2 time t1 . As a function of time t, the instantaneous power
(b) mg (h x ) kx
2 delivered to the body is [AIEEE 2004]
1 mv 1 t mv 12 t
(c) mgh k (x h)
2
(a) (b)
2 t1 t1
1 mv 1 t 2 mv 12 t
(d) mg (h x ) k (x h) 2 (c) (d)
2 t1 t 12
85. A spherical ball of mass 20 kg is stationary at the top of a hill
3. A man is riding on a cycle with velocity 7.2 km/hr up a hill
of height 100 m. It slides down a smooth surface to the ground,
having a slope 1 in 20. The total mass of the man and cycle is
then climbs up another hill of height 30 m and finally slides
100 kg. The power of the man is
down to a horizontal base at a height of 20 m above the
ground. The velocity attained by the ball is (a) 200 W (b) 175 W
[AIEEE 2005]
(c) 125 W (d) 98 W
4. A 12 HP motor has to be operated 8 hours/day. How much will
(a) 10 m/s (b) 10 30 m/s it cost at the rate of 50 paisa/kWh in 10 days
(c) 40 m/s (d) 20 m/s (a) Rs. 350/- (b) Rs. 358/-
86. The block of mass M moving on the frictionless horizontal (c) Rs. 375/- (d) Rs. 397/-
surface collides with the spring of spring constant K and 5. A motor boat is travelling with a speed of 3.0 m/sec. If the
compresses it by length L. The maximum momentum of the force on it due to water flow is 500 N, the power of the boat is
block after collision is [AIEEE 2005] (a) 150 kW (b) 15 kW
(a) Zero (c) 1.5 kW (d) 150 W
ML 2 6. An electric motor exerts a force of 40 N on a cable and pulls it
(b) by a distance of 30 m in one minute. The power supplied by
K
M the motor (in Watts) is [EAMCET 1984]
(c) MK L (a) 20 (b) 200
(c) 2 (d) 10
KL 2
(d) 7. An electric motor creates a tension of 4500 newton in a
2M hoisting cable and reels it in at the rate of 2 m/sec. What is the
87. A bomb of mass 30 kg at rest explodes into two pieces of power of electric motor [MNR 1984]
masses 18 kg and 12 kg . The velocity of 18 kg mass is (a) 15 kW (b) 9 kW
6 ms 1 . The kinetic energy of the other mass is (c) 225 W (d) 9000 HP
[CBSE PMT 2005] 8. A weight lifter lifts 300 kg from the ground to a height of 2
meter in 3 second. The average power generated by him is
(a) 256 J (b) 486 J
[CPMT 1989; JIPMER 2001,02]
(c) 524 J (d) 324 J
(a) 5880 watt (b) 4410 watt
88. A mass of 100g strikes the wall with speed 5m/s at an angle as
shown in figure and it rebounds with the same speed. If the (c) 2205 watt (d) 1960 watt
contact time is 2 10 3 sec , what is the force applied on the 9. Power of a water pump is 2 kW. If g 10 m / sec2 , the amount
mass by the wall [Orissa JEE 2005] of water it can raise in one minute to a height of 10 m is [
(a) 2000 litre (b) 1000 litre
(a) 250 3 N to right
60 (c) 100 litre (d) 1200 litre
(b) 250 N to right
60
100 g
10. An engine develops 10 kW of power. How much time will it (c) 5 kW (d) 2.5 kW
take to lift a mass of 200 kg to a height of 40 m. 19. A 60 kg man runs up a staircase in 12 seconds while a 50 kg
(g 10 m / sec2 ) [CPMT 1992] man runs up the same staircase in 11, seconds, the ratio of the
rate of doing their work is [AMU (Engg.) 2001]
(a) 4 sec (b) 5 sec
(a) 6 : 5 (b) 12 : 11
(c) 8 sec (d) 10 sec
(c) 11 : 10 (d) 10 : 11
11. A car of mass m is driven with acceleration a along a
straight level road against a constant external resistive force 20. A pump motor is used to deliver water at a certain rate from a
R. When the velocity of the car is V, the rate at which the given pipe. To obtain twice as much water from the same pipe
engine of the car is doing work will be in the same time, power of the motor has to be increased to
[MP PMT/PET 1998; JIPMER 2000] (a) 16 times (b) 4 times
(a) RV (b) maV (c) 8 times (d) 2 times
21. What average horsepower is developed by an 80 kg man while
(c) (R ma )V (d) (ma R)V
climbing in 10 s a flight of stairs that rises 6 m vertically
12. The average power required to lift a 100 kg mass through a
(a) 0.63 HP (b) 1.26 HP
height of 50 metres in approximately 50 seconds would be
(c) 1.8 HP (d) 2.1 HP
[SCRA 1994; MH CET 2000]
22. A car of mass 1000 kg accelerates uniformly from rest to a
(a) 50 J/s (b) 5000 J/s
velocity of 54 km/hour in 5s. The average power of the engine
(c) 100 J/s (d) 980 J/s during this period in watts is (neglect friction)
13. From a waterfall, water is falling down at the rate of 100 kg/s [Kerala PET 2002]
on the blades of turbine. If the height of the fall is 100 m, then (a) 2000 W (b) 22500 W
the power delivered to the turbine is approximately equal to[KCET 1994; BHU 1997; MP PET 2000]
(c) 5000 W (d) 2250 W
(a) 100 kW (b) 10 kW
23. A quarter horse power motor runs at a speed of 600 r.p.m.
(c) 1 kW (d) 1000 kW Assuming 40% efficiency the work done by the motor in one
14. The power of a pump, which can pump 200kg of water to a rotation will be [Kerala PET 2002]
height of 200m in 10sec is (g 10 m / s 2 ) [CBSE PMT 2000] (a) 7.46 J (b) 7400 J
(a) 40 kW (b) 80 kW (c) 7.46 ergs (d) 74.6 J
(c) 400 kW (d) 960 kW 24. An engine pumps up 100 kg of water through a height of 10 m
in 5 s. Given that the efficiency of the engine is 60% . If
15. A 10 H.P. motor pumps out water from a well of depth 20m and
fills a water tank of volume 22380 litres at a height of 10m from g 10 ms 2 , the power of the engine is [DPMT 2004]
the ground. the running time of the motor to fill the empty (a) 3.3kW (b) 0 . 33 kW
water tank is (g 10 ms 2 ) (c) 0 . 033 kW (d) 33 kW
[EAMCET (Engg.) 2000]
25. A force of 2i 3 j 4 k N acts on a body for 4 second,
(a) 5 minutes (b) 10 minutes
produces a displacement of (3i 4 j 5k )m. The power used
(c) 15 minutes (d) 20 minutes
is [Pb. PET 2001; CBSE PMT 2001]
16. A car of mass 1250 kg is moving at 30m/s. Its engine delivers 30
kW while resistive force due to surface is 750N. What max (a) 9.5 W (b) 7.5 W
acceleration can be given in the car (c) 6.5 W (d) 4.5 W
[RPET 2000] 26. The power of pump, which can pump 200 kg of water to a
1 1 height of 50 m in 10 sec, will be [DPMT 2003]
(a) m / s2 (b) m / s2
3 4 (a) 10 10 3 watt (b) 20 10 3 watt
1 1
(c) m / s2 (d) m / s2 (c) 4 10 3 watt (d) 60 10 3 watt
5 6
17. A force applied by an engine of a train of mass 2 .05 10 6 kg 27. From an automatic gun a man fires 360 bullet per minute with
a speed of 360 km/hour. If each weighs 20 g, the power of the
changes its velocity from 5m / s to 25 m / s in 5 minutes.
gun is [Pb. PET 2003]
The power of the engine is [EAMCET 2001]
(a) 600 W (b) 300 W
(a) 1 . 025 MW (b) 2 . 05 MW
(c) 5 MW (d) 6 MW (c) 150 W (d) 75 W
18. A truck of mass 30,000kg moves up an inclined plane of slope 1 28. An engine pump is used to pump a liquid of density
in 100 at a speed of 30 kmph. The power of the truck is (given continuously through a pipe of cross-sectional area A. If the
g 10 ms 1 ) [Kerala (Engg.) 2001] speed of flow of the liquid in the pipe is v, then the rate at
which kinetic energy is being imparted to the liquid is
(a) 25 kW (b) 10 kW
1 1 6. Two perfectly elastic particles P and Q of equal mass travelling

(a) A v 3 (b) A v 2
2 2 along the line joining them with velocities 15 m/sec and 10
m/sec. After collision, their velocities respectively (in m/sec)
1 will be
(c) A v (d) A v [CPMT 1988; MP PMT 1994]
2
(a) 0, 25 (b) 5, 20
29. If the heart pushes 1 cc of blood in one second under pressure
(c) 10, 15 (d) 20, 5
20000 N/m2 the power of heart is [J&K CET 2005]
7. A cannon ball is fired with a velocity 200 m/sec at an angle of
(a) 0.02 W (b) 400 W 60 with the horizontal. At the highest point of its flight it
(c) 5 1010 W (d) 0.2 W explodes into 3 equal fragments, one going vertically upwards
30. A man does a given amount of work in 10 sec. Another man with a velocity 100 m/sec, the second one falling vertically
does the same amount of work in 20 sec. The ratio of the downwards with a velocity 100 m/sec. The third fragment will
output power of first man to the second man is be moving with a velocity
[J&K CET 2005] [NCERT 1983; AFMC 1997]
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (a) 100 m/s in the horizontal direction
(c) 2/1 (d) None of these (b) 300 m/s in the horizontal direction
(c) 300 m/s in a direction making an angle of 60 with the
Elastic and Inelastic Collision horizontal
1. The coefficient of restitution e for a perfectly elastic collision (d) 200 m/s in a direction making an angle of 60 with the
is [CBSE PMT 1988] horizontal
8. A lead ball strikes a wall and falls down, a tennis ball having
(a) 1 (b) 0
the same mass and velocity strikes the wall and bounces back.
(c) (d) 1 Check the correct statement
2. The principle of conservation of linear momentum can be (a) The momentum of the lead ball is greater than that of the
strictly applied during a collision between two particles tennis ball
provided the time of impact is (b) The lead ball suffers a greater change in momentum
compared with the tennis ball
(a) Extremely small
(c) The tennis ball suffers a greater change in momentum as
(b) Moderately small compared with the lead ball
(c) Extremely large (d) Both suffer an equal change in momentum
(d) Depends on a particular case 9. When two bodies collide elastically, then
[CPMT 1974; MP PMT 2001; RPET 2000; Kerala PET 2005]
3. A shell initially at rest explodes into two pieces of equal mass,
(a) Kinetic energy of the system alone is conserved
then the two pieces will
(b) Only momentum is conserved
[CPMT 1982; EAMCET 1988; Orissa PMT 2004]
(c) Both energy and momentum are conserved
(a) Be at rest
(d) Neither energy nor momentum is conserved
(b) Move with different velocities in different directions
10. Two balls at same temperature collide. What is conserved
(c) Move with the same velocity in opposite directions
[NCERT 1974; CPMT 1983; DCE 2004]
(d) Move with the same velocity in same direction
(a) Temperature (b) Velocity
4. A sphere of mass m moving with a constant velocity u hits
(c) Kinetic energy (d) Momentum
another stationary sphere of the same mass. If e is the
coefficient of restitution, then the ratio of the velocity of two 11. A body of mass 5 kg explodes at rest into three fragments with
spheres after collision will be [RPMT 1996; BHU 1997] masses in the ratio 1 : 1 : 3. The fragments with equal masses
fly in mutually perpendicular directions with speeds of 21 m/s.
1e 1e
(a) (b) The velocity of the heaviest fragment will be
1e 1e
[CBSE PMT 1991]
e 1 e 1 2 (a) 11.5 m/s (b) 14.0 m/s
(c) (d) t
e 1 e 1 (c) 7.0 m/s (d) 9.89 m/s
5. Two solid rubber balls A and B having masses 200 and 400 gm 12. A heavy steel ball of mass greater than 1 kg moving with a
respectively are moving in opposite directions with velocity of
speed of 2 m sec1 collides head on with a stationary ping-
A equal to 0.3 m/s. After collision the two balls come to rest,
then the velocity of B is [CPMT 1978, 86, 88] pong ball of mass less than 0.1 gm. The collision is elastic.
After the collision the ping-pong ball moves approximately
(a) 0.15 m/sec (b) 1.5 m/sec
with speed [EAMCET 1982]
(c) 0.15 m/sec (d) None of the above
(a) 2 m sec1 (b) 4 m sec1 20. A particle of mass m moving with horizontal speed 6 m/sec as
shown in figure. If m M then for one dimensional elastic
(c) 2 10 4 m sec1 (d) 2 10 3 m sec1 collision, the speed of lighter particle after collision will be
13. A body of mass M collides against a wall with a velocity v and u1 = 6 m/s u2 = 4 m/s
m M
retraces its path with the same speed. The change in
momentum is (take initial direction of velocity as positive) (a) 2m/sec in original direction
[EAMCET 1982] (b) 2 m/sec opposite to the original direction
(a) Zero (b) 2Mv (c) 4 m/sec opposite to the original direction
(c) Mv (d) 2 Mv (d) 4 m/sec in original direction
14. A gun fires a bullet of mass 50 gm with a velocity of 21. A shell of mass m moving with velocity v suddenly breaks into
30 m sec1 . Because of this the gun is pushed back with a 2 pieces. The part having mass m/4 remains stationary. The
velocity of the other shell will be [CPMT 1999]
velocity of 1 m sec1 . The mass of the gun is (a) v (b) 2v
[EAMCET 1989; AIIMS 2001] 3 4
(c) v (d) v
(a) 15 kg (b) 30 kg 4 3
(c) 1.5 kg (d) 20 kg 22. Two equal masses m1 and m 2 moving along the same
15. In an elastic collision of two particles the following is straight line with velocities + 3 m/s and 5 m/s respectively
conserved [MP PET 1994; DPMT 2001] collide elastically. Their velocities after the collision will be
(a) Momentum of each particle respectively [CBSE PMT 1994, 98; AIIMS 2000]
(b) Speed of each particle (a) + 4 m/s for both (b) 3 m/s and +5 m/s
(c) Kinetic energy of each particle (c) 4 m/s and + 4 m/s (d) 5 m/s and + 3 m/s
(d) Total kinetic energy of both the particles 23. A rubber ball is dropped from a height of 5 m on a planet
where the acceleration due to gravity is not known. On
16. A 238 U nucleus decays by emitting an alpha particle of speed bouncing, it rises to 1.8 m. The ball loses its velocity on
v ms 1 . The recoil speed of the residual nucleus is (in ms 1 )[CBSE PMT 1995;
bouncing by a factor of
AIEEE 2003] [CBSE PMT 1998]
(a) 16/25 (b) 2/5
(a) 4v / 234 (b) v / 4
(c) 3/5 (d) 9/25
(c) 4v / 238 (d) 4v / 238
24. A metal ball falls from a height of 32 metre on a steel plate. If
17. A smooth sphere of mass M moving with velocity u directly
the coefficient of restitution is 0.5, to what height will the ball
collides elastically with another sphere of mass m at rest. After
rise after second bounce [EAMCET 1994]
collision their final velocities are V and v respectively. The
value of v is [MP PET 1995] (a) 2 m (b) 4 m
2uM 2um (c) 8 m (d) 16 m
(a) (b)
m M 25. At high altitude, a body explodes at rest into two equal
2u 2u fragments with one fragment receiving horizontal velocity of
(c) (d) 10 m/s. Time taken by the two radius vectors connecting point
m M
1 1 of explosion to fragments to make 90 is
M m
18. A body of mass m having an initial velocity v, makes head on [EAMCET (Engg.) 1995; DPMT 2000]
collision with a stationary body of mass M. After the collision, (a) 10 s (b) 4 s
the body of mass m comes to rest and only the body having
(c) 2 s (d) 1 s
mass M moves. This will happen only when
[MP PMT 1995] 26. A ball of mass 10 kg is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s. It
(a) m M (b) m M strikes another ball of mass 5 kg which is moving in the same
direction with a velocity of 4 m/s. If the collision is elastic,
1
(c) mM (d) m M their velocities after the collision will be, respectively
2
[CMEET Bihar 1995]
19. A particle of mass m moving with a velocity V makes a head (a) 6 m/s, 12 m/s (b) 12 m/s, 6 m/s
on elastic collision with another particle of same mass initially
at rest. The velocity of the first particle after the collision will (c) 12 m/s, 10 m/s (d) 12 m/s, 25 m/s
be 27. A body of mass 2 kg collides with a wall with speed 100 m/s
[MP PMT 1997; MP PET 2001; UPSEAT 2001] and rebounds with same speed. If the time of contact was 1/50
second, the force exerted on the wall is [CPMT 1993]
(a) V (b) V

(c) 2V (d) Zero (a) 8 N (b) 2 10 4 N
(c) 4 N (d) 10 4 N
28. A body falls on a surface of coefficient of restitution 0.6 from a 36. A space craft of mass M is moving with velocity V and
height of 1 m. Then the body rebounds to a height of suddenly explodes into two pieces. A part of it of mass m
[CPMT 1993; Pb. PET 2001] becomes at rest, then the velocity of other part will be
(a) 0.6 m (b) 0.4 m [RPMT 1999]
(c) 1 m (d) 0.36 m (a)

MV
(b)
MV
M m M m
29. A ball is dropped from a height h. If the coefficient of
restitution be e, then to what height will it rise after jumping mV (M m )V
twice from the ground [RPMT 1996; Pb. PET 2001] (c) (d)
M m m
(a) eh/2 (b) 2eh 37. A ball hits a vertical wall horizontally at 10m/s bounces back
(c) eh (d) e 4 h at 10 m/s [JIPMER 1999]
30. A ball of weight 0.1 kg coming with speed 30 m/s strikes with a (a) There is no acceleration because 10 m 10 m 0
bat and returns in opposite direction with speed 40 m/s, then s s
the impulse is (Taking final velocity as positive) (b) There may be an acceleration because its initial direction
[AFMC 1997] is horizontal
(a) 0 . 1 (40 ) 0 . 1 (30 ) (b) 0 .1 (40 ) 0 . 1 (30 ) (c) There is an acceleration because there is a momentum
change
(c) 0 .1 (40 ) 0 .1 (30 ) (d) 0 . 1 (40 ) 0 . 1 (20 )
(d) Even though there is no change in momentum there is a
31. A billiard ball moving with a speed of 5 m/s collides with an change in direction. Hence it has an acceleration
identical ball originally at rest. If the first ball stops after
collision, then the second ball will move forward with a speed 38. A bullet of mass 50 gram is fired from a 5 kg gun with a velocity
of [SCRA 1998] of 1km/s. the speed of recoil of the gun is
[JIPMER 1999]
(a) 10 ms 1 (b) 5 ms 1
(a) 5m / s (b) 1 m / s
(c) 2.5 ms 1 (d) 1.0 ms 1
(c) 0.5 m / s (d) 10 m / s
32. If two balls each of mass 0.06 kg moving in opposite directions
with speed 4 m/s collide and rebound with the same speed, 39. A body falling from a height of 10m rebounds from hard floor.
then the impulse imparted to each ball due to other is If it loses
[AFMC20% energy in the impact, then coefficient of
1998,2001]
restitution is [AIIMS 2000]
(a) 0.48 kg-m/s (b) 0.24 kg-m/s
(a) 0.89 (b) 0.56
(c) 0.81 kg-m/s (d) Zero
(c) 0.23 (d) 0.18
33. A ball of mass m falls vertically to the ground from a height h1
and rebound to a height h2 . The change in momentum of the 40. A body of mass m 1 moving with a velocity 3 ms1 collides with
ball on striking the ground is [AMU (Engg.) 1999] another body at rest of mass m 2 . After collision the velocities
of the two bodies are 2 ms1 and 5ms1 respectively along the
(a) mg (h1 h2 ) (b) m ( 2 gh1 2 gh2 )
direction of motion of m 1 The ratio m1 / m 2 is
(c) m 2 g(h1 h2 ) (d) m 2 g (h1 h2 ) [EAMCET (Engg.) 2000]
34. A body of mass 50 kg is projected vertically upwards with 5

(a) (b) 5
velocity of 100 m/sec. 5 seconds after this body breaks into 20 12
kg and 30 kg. If 20 kg piece travels upwards with 150 m/sec,
1 12
then the velocity of other block will be [RPMT 1999] (c) (d)
5 5
(a) 15 m/sec downwards (b) 15 m/sec upwards
41. 100 g of a iron ball having velocity 10 m/s collides with a wall
(c) 51 m/sec downwards (d) 51 m/sec upwards
at an angle 30 o and rebounds with the same angle. If the
35. A steel ball of radius 2 cm is at rest on a frictionless surface. period of contact between the ball and wall is 0.1 second, then
Another ball of radius 4cm moving at a velocity of 81 cm/sec the force experienced by the ball is
collides elastically with first ball. After collision the smaller
[DPMT 2000]
ball moves with speed of [RPMT 1999]
(a) 100N (b) 10 N
(a) 81 cm/sec (b) 63 cm/sec
(c) 0.1 N (d) 1.0 N
(c) 144 cm/sec (d) None of these
42. Two bodies having same mass 40 kg are moving in opposite
directions, one with a velocity of 10 m / s and the other with
7m / s. If they collide and move as one body, the velocity of (a) 2.5 m/s (b) 5 m/s
the combination is [Pb. PMT 2000] (c) 7.5 m/s (d) 10 m/s
(a) 10 m / s (b) 7m / s 48. A ball of mass m moving with velocity V, makes a head on
elastic collision with a ball of the same mass moving with
(c) 3m / s (d) 1.5 m / s velocity 2V towards it. Taking direction of V as positive
43. A body at rest breaks up into 3 parts. If 2 parts having equal velocities of the two balls after collision are [MP PMT 2002]
masses fly off perpendicularly each after with a velocity of (a) V and 2 V (b) 2 V and V
12m/s, then the velocity of the third part which has 3 times
(c) V and 2 V (d) 2 V and V
mass of each part is [UPSEAT 2001]
49. A body of mass M 1 collides elastically with another mass M 2
(a) 4 2 m / s at an angle of 45 o from each body
at rest. There is maximum transfer of energy when
(b) 24 2 m / s at an angle of 135 o from each body [Orissa JEE 2002; DCE 2001, 02]
(a) M1 M 2
(c) 6 2 m / s at 135 o from each body
(b) M1 M 2
(d) 4 2 m / s at 135 o from each body
(c) M1 M 2
44. A particle falls from a height h upon a fixed horizontal plane
(d) Same for all values of M 1 and M 2
and rebounds. If e is the coefficient of restitution, the total
distance travelled before rebounding has stopped is 50. A body of mass 2kg makes an elastic collision with another
[EAMCET 2001] body at rest and continues to move in the original direction
with one fourth of its original speed. The mass of the second
1 e2 1e2 body which collides with the first body is [Kerala PET 2002]
(a) h
(b) h

1e 1 e
2 2
(a) 2 kg (b) 1.2 kg
(c) 3 kg (d) 1.5 kg
h 1 e 2
h 1 e 2

(c) (d) 51. In the elastic collision of objects [RPET 2003]
2 1 e 2
2 1 e 2
(a) Only momentum remains constant
45. The bob A of a simple pendulum is released when the string (b) Only K.E. remains constant
makes an angle of 45 o with the vertical. It hits another bob B (c) Both remains constant
of the same material and same mass kept at rest on the table. (d) None of these
If the collision is elastic [Kerala (Engg.) 2001]
52. Two particles having position vectors r1 (3i 5 j) metres and
O
r2 (5i 3 j) metres are moving with velocities
o
45
v1 (4i 3 j) m / s and v 2 ( i 7 j) m / s. If they collide
after 2 seconds, the value of ' ' is [EAMCET 2003]
A (a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 8
B
53. A neutron makes a head-on elastic collision with a stationary
(a) Both A and B rise to the same height deuteron. The fractional energy loss of the neutron in the
(b) Both A and B come to rest at B collision is [AIIMS 2003]
(c) Both A and B move with the same velocity of A (a) 16/81 (b) 8/9
(d) A comes to rest and B moves with the velocity of A (c) 8/27 (d) 2/3
54. A body of mass m is at rest. Another body of same mass
46. A big ball of mass M, moving with velocity u strikes a small
moving with velocity V makes head on elastic collision with
ball of mass m, which is at rest. Finally small ball obtains
the first body. After collision the first body starts to move
velocity u and big ball v. Then what is the value of v [RPET 2001]
with velocity [Orissa PMT 2004]
M m m (a) V (b) 2V
(a) u (b) u
M m M m (c) Remain at rest (d) No predictable
2m M 55. A body of mass M moves with velocity v and collides elastically
(c) u (d) u
M m M m with a another body of mass m (M>>m) at rest then the
velocity of body of mass m is [BCECE 2004]
47. A body of mass 5 kg moving with a velocity 10m/s collides with
(a) v (b) 2v
another body of the mass 20 kg at, rest and comes to rest. The
velocity of the second body due to collision is (c) v/2 (d) Zero
[Pb. PMT 1999; KCET 2001]

56. Four smooth steel balls of equal mass at rest are free to move 1
along a straight line without friction. The first ball is given a (b) of its initial kinetic energy
9
velocity of 0.4 m/s. It collides head on with the second
8
elastically, the second one similarly with the third and so on. (c) of its initial kinetic energy
The velocity of the last ball is [UPSEAT 2004] 9
(a) 0.4 m / s (b) 0 .2m / s 1
(d) of its initial kinetic energy
(c) 0 .1m / s (d) 0.05 m / s 4
57. A space craft of mass 'M' and moving with velocity 'v' 63. The quantities remaining constant in a collision are [
suddenly breaks in two pieces of same mass m. After the (a) Momentum, kinetic energy and temperature
explosion one of the mass 'm' becomes stationary. What is the (b) Momentum and kinetic energy but not temperature
velocity of the other part of craft [DCE 2003] (c) Momentum and temperature but not kinetic energy
Mv (d) Momentum but neither kinetic energy nor temperature
(a) (b) v
M m
64. An inelastic ball is dropped from a height of 100 m. Due to
Mv M m earth, 20% of its energy is lost. To what height the ball will rise
(c) (d) v
m m (a) 80 m (b) 40 m
58. Two masses m A and m B moving with velocities v A and (c) 60 m (d) 20 m
v B in opposite directions collide elastically. After that the 65. A ball is projected vertically down with an initial velocity from
a height of 20 m onto a horizontal floor. During the impact it
masses m A and m B move with velocity v B and loses 50% of its energy and rebounds to the same height. The
v A respectively. The ratio (m A / m B ) is initial velocity of its projection is
[RPMT 2003, AFMC 2002] [EAMCET (Engg.) 2000]
vA vB (a) 20 ms 1 (b) 15 ms 1
(a) 1 (b)
vA vB
(c) 10 ms 1 (d) 5 ms 1
(c) (m A m B ) / m A (d) v A / v B
66. A tennis ball is released from height h above ground level. If
59. A ball is allowed to fall from a height of 10 m. If there is 40% the ball makes inelastic collision with the ground, to what
loss of energy due to impact, then after one impact ball will go height will it rise after third collision [RPET 2002]
up to [CPMT 1985]
(a) 10 m (b) 8 m
(a) he 6 (b) e 2 h
(c) 4 m (d) 6 m (c) e 3 h (d) None of these

60. Which of the following statements is true [NCERT 1984] 67. A mass 'm' moves with a velocity 'v' and collides inelastically
(a) In elastic collisions, the momentum is conserved but not with another identical mass. After collision the Ist mass moves
in inelastic collisions v
with velocity in a direction perpendicular to the initial
(b) Both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved in 3
elastic as well as inelastic collisions direction of motion. Find the speed of the 2nd mass after
(c) Total kinetic energy is not conserved but momentum is collision [AIEEE 2005]
conserved in inelastic collisions
2
(d) Total kinetic energy is conserved in elastic collisions but (a) v v
momentum is not conserved in elastic collisions 3
3
v At rest
61. A tennis ball dropped from a height of 2 m rebounds only 1.5 v m m
(b)
m after hitting the ground. What fraction of its energy is lost 3
in the impact before collision After collision
(c) v
1 1
(a) (b)
4 2 (d) 3v
1 1 68. A sphere collides with another sphere of identical mass. After
(c) (d) collision, the two spheres move. The collision is inelastic.
3 8
Then the angle between the directions of the two spheres is
62. A body of mass m moving with velocity v makes a head-on
collision with another body of mass 2 m which is initially at (a) 90 (b) 0
rest. The loss of kinetic energy of the colliding body (mass m) (c) 45 (d) Different from 90
is [MP PMT 1996]
1 Perfectly Inelastic Collision
(a) of its initial kinetic energy
2 1. A particle of mass m moving eastward with a speed v collides
with another particle of the same mass moving northward
with the same speed v. The two particles coalesce on collision.
The new particle of mass 2m will move in the north-easterly [NCERT 1977; RPMT 1999]
direction with a velocity [NCERT 1980; (a) v (b) 2v
CPMT 1991; MP PET 1999; DPMT 1999, 2005] (c) Zero (d) v/2
(a) v/2 (b) 2v 10. In the above question, if another body is at rest, then velocity
of the compound body after collision is
(c) v/ 2 (d) v
(a) v/2 (b) 2v
2. The coefficient of restitution e for a perfectly inelastic
(c) v (d) Zero
collision is [DPMT 1988]
11. A bag (mass M) hangs by a long thread and a bullet (mass m)
(a) 1 (b) 0
comes horizontally with velocity v and gets caught in the bag.
(c) (d) 1 Then for the combined (bag + bullet) system
3. When two bodies stick together after collision, the collision is [CPMT 1989; Kerala PMT 2002]
said to be mvM
(a) Partially elastic (b) Total elastic (a) Momentum is
M m
(c) Total inelastic (d) None of the above
mv 2
4. A bullet of mass a and velocity b is fired into a large block of (b) Kinetic energy is
2
mass c. The final velocity of the system is
mv (M m )
[AFMC 1981, 94, 2000; NCERT 1971; MNR 1998] (c) Momentum is
M
c a
(a) b (b) b m 2v 2
ab ac (d) Kinetic energy is
2(M m )
ab ac
(c) .a (d) b 12. A 50 g bullet moving with velocity 10 m/s strikes a block of
c a
mass 950 g at rest and gets embedded in it. The loss in kinetic
5. A mass of 10 gm moving with a velocity of 100 cm/s strikes a energy will be [MP PET 1994]
pendulum bob of mass 10 gm. The two masses stick together.
(a) 100% (b) 95%
The maximum height reached by the system now is
(c) 5% (d) 50%
(g 10 m / s 2 ) [MP PET 1993]
13. Two putty balls of equal mass moving with equal velocity in
(a) Zero (b) 5 cm mutually perpendicular directions, stick together after
(c) 2.5 cm (d) 1.25 cm collision. If the balls were initially moving with a velocity of
6. A completely inelastic collision is one in which the two 45 2 ms 1 each, the velocity of their combined mass after
colliding particles collision is [Haryana CEE 1996; BVP 2003]
(a) Are separated after collision
(a) 45 2 ms 1 (b) 45 ms 1
(b) Remain together after collision
(c) Split into small fragments flying in all directions (c) 90 ms 1 (d) 22 .5 2 ms 1
(d) None of the above 14. A particle of mass m moving with velocity v strikes a
7. A bullet hits and gets embedded in a solid block resting on a stationary particle of mass 2m and sticks to it. The speed of
horizontal frictionless table. What is conserved ? the system will be
[NCERT 1973; CPMT 1970; AFMC 1996; BHU 2001] [MP PMT/PET 1998; AIIMS 1999; JIPMER 2001, 02]
(a) Momentum and kinetic energy (a) v / 2 (b) 2v
(b) Kinetic energy alone (c) v/3 (d) 3v
(c) Momentum alone 15. A moving body of mass m and velocity 3 km/h collides with a
(d) Neither momentum nor kinetic energy rest body of mass 2m and sticks to it. Now the combined mass
8. A body of mass 2 kg moving with a velocity of 3 m/sec collides starts to move. What will be the combined velocity
head on with a body of mass 1 kg moving in opposite [CBSE PMT 1996; JIPMER 2001, 02]
direction with a velocity of 4 m/sec. After collision, two bodies (a) 3 km/h (b) 2 km/h
stick together and move with a common velocity which in (c) 1 km/h (d) 4 km/h
m/sec is equal to 16. If a skater of weight 3 kg has initial speed 32 m/s and second
[NCERT 1984; MNR 1995, 98; UPSEAT 2000] one of weight 4 kg has 5 m/s. After collision, they have speed
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/3 (couple) 5 m/s. Then the loss in K.E. is
(c) 2/3 (d) 3/4 [CPMT 1996]
9. A body of mass m moving with a constant velocity v hits (a) 48 J (b) 96 J
another body of the same mass moving with the same velocity (c) Zero (d) None of these
v but in the opposite direction and sticks to it. The velocity of 17. A ball is dropped from height 10 m. Ball is embedded in sand 1
the compound body after collision is m and stops, then [AFMC 1996]
(a) Only momentum remains conserved (a) Increases

(b) Only kinetic energy remains conserved (b) Decreases but does not become zero
(c) Both momentum and K.E. are conserved (c) Remains same
(d) Neither K.E. nor momentum is conserved (d) Become zero
18. A metal ball of mass 2 kg moving with a velocity of 36 km/h
26. A bullet of mass m moving with velocity v strikes a block of
has an head on collision with a stationary ball of mass 3 kg. If
mass M at rest and gets embedded into it. The kinetic energy
after the collision, the two balls move together, the loss in
of the composite block will be [MP PET 2002]
kinetic energy due to collision is
[CBSE PMT 1997; AIIMS 2001] 1 m 1 M
(a) mv 2 (b) mv 2
(a) 40 J (b) 60 J 2 (m M ) 2 (m M )
(c) 100 J (d) 140 J 1 (M m ) 1 m
(c) mv 2 (d) Mv 2
19. A body of mass 2kg is moving with velocity 10 m/s towards 2 M 2 (m M )
east. Another body of same mass and same velocity moving
27. In an inelastic collision, what is conserved [DCE 2004]
towards north collides with former and coalsces and moves
towards north-east. Its velocity is (a) Kinetic energy (b) Momentum
[CPMT 1997; JIPMER 2000] (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
(a) 10 m/s (b) 5 m/s 28. Two bodies of masses 0.1 kg and 0.4 kg move towards each
other with the velocities 1 m/s and 0.1 m/s respectively, After
(c) 2.5 m/s (d) 5 2 m / s
collision they stick together. In 10 sec the combined mass
20. Which of the following is not a perfectly inelastic collision travels [Pb. PET 2003]
[BHU 1998; JIPMER 2001, 02; BHU 2005] (a) 120 m (b) 0.12 m
(a) Striking of two glass balls (c) 12 m (d) 1.2 m
(b) A bullet striking a bag of sand 29. A body of mass 4 kg moving with velocity 12 m/s collides with
another body of mass 6 kg at rest. If two bodies stick together
(c) An electron captured by a proton
after collision, then the loss of kinetic energy of system is
(d) A man jumping onto a moving cart
(a) Zero (b) 288 J
21. A mass of 20 kg moving with a speed of 10m/s collides with (c) 172.8 J (d) 144 J
another stationary mass of 5kg . As a result of the collision, 30. Which of the following is not an example of perfectly inelastic
the two masses stick together. The kinetic energy of the collision [AFMC 2005]
composite mass will be [MP PMT 2000]
(a) A bullet fired into a block if bullet gets embedded into
(a) 600 Joule (b) 800 Joule block
(c) 1000 Joule (d) 1200 Joule (b) Capture of electrons by an atom
(c) A man jumping on to a moving boat
22. A neutron having mass of 1 .67 10 27 kg and moving at
(d) A ball bearing striking another ball bearing
10 8 m / s collides with a deutron at rest and sticks to it. If the
mass of the deutron is 3 .34 10 27 kg then the speed of the
combination is [CBSE PMT 2000]
(a) 2.56 10 3 m / s (b) 2.98 10 5 m / s
(c) 3.33 10 7 m / s (d) 5.01 10 9 m / s 1. A ball hits the floor and rebounds after inelastic collision. In
23. The quantity that is not conserved in an inelastic collision is this case [IIT 1986]
[Pb. PMT 2000] (a) The momentum of the ball just after the collision is the
same as that just before the collision
(a) Momentum (b) Kinetic energy
(b) The mechanical energy of the ball remains the same in
(c) Total energy (d) All of these
the collision
24. A body of mass 40kg having velocity 4 m/s collides with
(c) The total momentum of the ball and the earth is
another body of mass 60kg having velocity 2 m/s. If the
conserved
collision is inelastic, then loss in kinetic energy will be
(d) The total energy of the ball and the earth is conserved
[Pb. PMT 2001]
2. A uniform chain of length L and mass M is lying on a smooth
(a) 440 J (b) 392 J
table and one third of its length is hanging vertically down
(c) 48 J (d) 144 J over the edge of the table. If g is acceleration due to gravity,
25. A body of mass m 1 is moving with a velocity V. It collides with the work required to pull the hanging part on to the table is[IIT 1985; MN
another stationary body of mass m 2 . They get embedded. At MP PMT 1994, 97, 2000; JIPMER 2000]
the point of collision, the velocity of the system (a) MgL

[DCE 1999, 2001] (b) MgL/3
(c) MgL/9 (d) MgL/18 9. A particle free to move along the x-axis has potential energy
3. If W1 ,W2 and W3 represent the work done in moving a given by U(x ) k[1 exp( x )2 ] for x , where k is
particle from A to B along three different paths 1, 2 and 3 a positive constant of appropriate dimensions. Then
respectively (as shown) in the gravitational field of a point [IIT-JEE 1999; UPSEAT 2003]
mass m, find the correct relation between W1 ,W2 and W3 (a) At[IIT-JEE
point away from2003]
Screening the origin, the particle is in unstable
equilibrium
B
(b) For any finite non-zero value of x, there is a force
(a) W1 W2 W3 m directed away from the origin
(b) W1 W2 W3 1 2 (c) If its total mechanical energy is k/2, it has its minimum
3 kinetic energy at the origin
(c) W1 W2 W3
(d) For small displacements from x = 0, the motion is simple
(d) W2 W1 W3 harmonic
A
4. A particle of mass m is moving in a horizontal circle of radius r 10. The kinetic energy acquired by a mass m in travelling a
certain distance d starting from rest under the action of a
under a centripetal force equal to K / r 2 , where K is a
constant force is directly proportional to [CBSE PMT 1994]
constant. The total energy of the particle is [IIT 1977]
(a) m (b) Independent of m
K K
(a) (b)
2r 2r (c) 1 / m (d) m
K K 11. An open knife edge of mass 'm' is dropped from a height 'h' on
(c) (d) a wooden floor. If the blade penetrates upto the depth 'd' into
r r
the wood, the average resistance offered by the wood to the
5. The displacement x of a particle moving in one dimension knife edge is [BHU 2002]
under the action of a constant force is related to the time t by
h
the equation t x 3 , where x is in meters and t is in (a) mg (b) mg 1
d
seconds. The work done by the force in the first 6 seconds is
2
[IIT 1979] h h
(c) mg 1 (d) mg 1
(a) 9 J (b) 6 J d d
(c) 0 J (d) 3 J 12. Consider the following two statements
6. A force F K(y i x j) (where K is a positive constant) acts 1. Linear momentum of a system of particles is zero
on a particle moving in the xy-plane. Starting from the origin, 2. Kinetic energy of a system of particles is zero
the particle is taken along the positive x-axis to the point (a, 0) Then [AIEEE 2003]
and then parallel to the y-axis to the point (a, a). The total (a) 1 implies 2 and 2 implies 1
work done by the force F on the particles is (b) 1 does not imply 2 and 2 does not imply 1
[IIT 1998] (c) 1 implies 2 but 2 does not imply 1
(a) 2Ka 2
(b) 2Ka 2 (d) 1 does not imply 2 but 2 implies 1
13. A body is moved along a straight line by a machine delivering
(c) Ka 2 (d) Ka 2 constant power. The distance moved by the body in time t is
7. If g is the acceleration due to gravity on the earth's surface, proportional to
the gain in the potential energy of an object of mass m raised [IIT 1984; BHU 1984, 95; MP PET 1996; JIPMER 2000;
from the surface of earth to a height equal to the radius of the AMU (Med.) 1999]
earth R, is [IIT 1983] (a) t1 / 2 (b) t 3 / 4
1 (c) t 3 / 2 (d) t 2
(a) mgR (b) 2 mgR
2 14. A shell is fired from a cannon with velocity v m/sec at an angle
1 with the horizontal direction. At the highest point in its
(c) mgR (d) mgR
4 path it explodes into two pieces of equal mass. One of the
8. A lorry and a car moving with the same K.E. are brought to pieces retraces its path to the cannon and the speed in m/sec
rest by applying the same retarding force, then of the other piece immediately after the explosion is
[IIT 1984; RPET 1999, 2001; UPSEAT 2002]
[IIT 1973; MP PMT 2003]
(a) 3v cos (b) 2v cos
(a) Lorry will come to rest in a shorter distance
(b) Car will come to rest in a shorter distance 3 3
(c) v cos (d) v cos
2 2
(c) Both come to rest in a same distance
15. A vessel at rest explodes into three pieces. Two pieces having
(d) None of the above
equal masses fly off perpendicular to one another with the
same velocity 30 meter per second. The third piece has three
times mass of each of other piece. The magnitude and (n 1)L

direction of the velocity of the third piece will be (a) The last block starts moving at t
v
[AMU (Engg.) 1999]
n(n 1)L
(b) The last block starts moving at t
(a) 10 2 m / second and 135 from either 2v
(c) The centre of mass of the system will have a final speed v
(b) 10 2 m / second and 45 from either
(d) The centre of mass of the system will have a final speed
10 v
(c) m / second and 135 from either
2 n
10
(d) m / second and 45 from either
2
16. Two particles of masses m 1 and m 2 in projectile motion have

velocities v1 and v 2 respectively at time t = 0. They collide at
1. A batsman hits a sixer and the ball touches the ground outside
time t 0 . Their velocities become v 1 ' and v 2 ' at time 2t 0
the cricket ground. Which of the following graph describes
while still moving in air. The value of
the variation of the cricket ball's vertical velocity v with time
| (m 1 v1 ' m 2 v 2 ' ) (m 1 v1 m 2 v 2 ) | is between the time t1 as it hits the bat and time t2 when it
[IIT-JEE Screening 2001] touches the ground [AMU (Med.) 2001]
(a) Zero (b) (m1 m 2 )gt0
1
(c) 2(m1 m 2 )gt0 (d) (m 1 m 2 )gt0 Velocity
Velocity
2 (a) (b)
t t
t1 t2 t1 t2
17. Consider elastic collision of a particle of mass m moving with a
velocity u with another particle of the same mass at rest. After
the collision the projectile and the struck particle move in
directions making angles 1 and 2 respectively with the
Velocity
Velocity
initial direction of motion. The sum of the angles. 1 2 , is (c) [UPSEAT 2004] t2 (d) t2
t1 t t
t1
(a) 45 (b) 90
(c) 135 (d) 180
2. The relationship between force and position is shown in the
18. A body of mass m moving with velocity v collides head on with figure given (in one dimensional case). The work done by the
another body of mass 2m which is initially at rest. The ratio of force in displacing a body from x = 1 cm to x = 5 cm is
K.E. of colliding body before and after collision will be [Roorkee 1982]
[CPMT 1976]
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 20
(a) 20 ergs
Force (dyne)
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 9 : 1 10
(b) 60 ergs 0
19. A particle P moving with speed v undergoes a head -on elastic 1 2 3 4 5 6
(c) 70 ergs 10
collision with another particle Q of identical mass but at rest. x (cm)
(d) 700 ergs 20
After the collision [Roorkee 2000]
v 3. The pointer reading v/s load graph for a spring balance is as

(a) Both P and Q move forward with speed given in the figure. The spring constant is
2
v 30
(b) Both P and Q move forward with speed
2 (a) 0.1 kg/cm 20
Ext.(cm)
(c) P comes to rest and Q moves forward with speed v (b) 5 kg/cm 10
v (c) 0.3 kg/cm 0

(d) P and Q move in opposite directions with speed 1 2 3 4
2 (d) 1 kg/cm Load (kg)
20. A set of n identical cubical blocks lies at rest parallel to each 4. A force-time graph for a linear motion is shown in figure
other along a line on a smooth horizontal surface. The where the segments are circular. The linear momentum
separation between the near surfaces of any two adjacent gained between zero and 8 second is [CPMT 1989]
blocks is L. The block at one end is given a speed v towards the
next one at time t 0 . All collisions are completely inelastic,
+2
Force (newtons)
then [IIT 1995]

Time (second)
2 4 6 8
2
(a) 0 m/s F(N)
(b) 20 2 m / s
10
(c) 20 3 m / s x (m)
(a) 2 newton second (b) Zero newton second
0 4 8 12
(d) 40 m / s
(c) 4 newton second (d) 6 newton second
5. Adjacent figure shows the force-displacement graph of a 10. The relation between the displacement X of an object
produced by the application of the variable force F is
moving body, the work done in displacing body from x 0 to
represented by a graph shown in the figure. If the object
x 35 m is equal to [BHU 1997]
undergoes a displacement from X 0.5 m to X 2.5 m the
15
work done will be approximately equal to [CPMT 1986]
Force (N)
(a) 50 J 10 18
16
(b) 25 J 5 14
(c) 287.5 J
F (Newton)
12
(a) 16 J 10
(d) 200 J 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Displacement (m) (b) 32 J
8
6. A 10kg mass moves along x-axis. Its acceleration as a function of 6
its position is shown in the figure. What is the total work done on (c) 1.6 J 4
the mass by the force as the mass moves from x 0 to (d) 8 J

2
0
x 8 cm [AMU (Med.) 2000] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X (metre)
11. A particle is dropped from a height h. A constant horizontal
(a) 8 10 2 joules
20 velocity is given to the particle. Taking g to be constant every
a (cm/sec2)
15 where, kinetic energy E of the particle w. r. t. time t is correctly

(b) 16 10 2 joules
10 shown in
5
(c) 4 10 4 joules
E E
0 2 4 6 8 x (cm)
(d) 1 .6 10 3 joules (a) (b)
7. A toy car of mass 5 kg moves up a ramp under the influence of
force F plotted against displacement x. The maximum height
attained is given by t
t
E E
x=0 x = 11 m (c) (d)

(a) y max 20 m 100
F
80
(b) ymax 15 m 60
t t
40
(c) y max 11 m 12. The adjoining diagram shows the velocity versus time plot for
20
a particle. The work done by the force on the particle is
(d) y max 5m 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x positive from
(a) A to B v B C
8. The graph between the resistive force F acting on a body and
the distance covered by the body is shown in the figure. The (b) B to C
mass of the body is 25 kg and initial velocity is 2 m/s. When the (c) C to D D E
distance covered by the body is 4m, its kinetic energy would (d) D to E
be A
t
13. A particle which is constrained to move along the x-axis, is
20 subjected to a force in the same direction which varies with the
F (Newton)
(a) 50 J distance x of the particle from the origin as

(b) 40 J 10
F(x ) kx ax 3 . Here k and a are positive constants. For
(c) 20 J x 0 , the functional from of the potential energy U (x ) of the
0 1 2 3 4 x (m)
(d) 10 J particle is [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2002]
9. A particle of mass 0.1 kg is subjected to a force which varies U(x) U(x)

with distance as shown in fig. If it starts its journey from rest
at x 0 , its velocity at x 12 m is [AIIMS 1995]
(a) (b)
x x
U(x) U(x)
(c) (d) 17. Which of the following graphs is correct between kinetic
energy (E), potential energy (U) and height (h) from the
x x ground of the particle
14. A force F acting on an object varies with distance x as shown
here. The force is in newton and x in metre. The work done by
U E
Energy
Energy
the force in moving the object from x 0 to x 6 m is [CBSE PMT 2005]
U
F(N) (a) E (b)
(a) 4.5 J 3 Height Height
(b) 13.5 J 2
1
(c) 9.0 J x(m)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(d) 18.0 J U E
Energy
Energy
(c) (d)
15. The potential energy of a system is represented in the first
E U
figure. the force acting on the system will be represented by
U(x) Height 1 Height
18. The graph between E and is ( E =kinetic energy and p =
p
momentum)
E E
a x
(a) (b)
F(x) F(x)
1/p 1/p
a a
(a) (b) E E
x x
(c) (d)
1/p 1/p
F(x) F(x) 19. The force acting on a body moving along x-axis varies with the
position of the particle as shown in the fig.
a
(c) (d) F
x a x
x1 x2
16. A particle, initially at rest on a frictionless horizontal surface, x
is acted upon by a horizontal force which is constant in size
The body is in stable equilibrium at
and direction. A graph is plotted between the work done (W)
on the particle, against the speed of the particle, (v). If there (a) x x1 (b) x x2
are no other horizontal forces acting on the particle the graph
would look like (c) both x 1 and x 2 (d) neither x 1 nor x 2
20. The potential energy of a particle varies with distance x as
W W shown in the graph.
(a) (b) U(x)
B
D
V V A
C x
W W
The force acting on the particle is zero at
(c) (d)
V V
(a) C (b) B 3 mu
(d)
(c) B and C (d) A and D 4T
21. Figure shows the F-x graph. Where F is the force applied and x 25. A body moves from rest with a constant acceleration. Which
is the distance covered one of the following graphs represents the variation of its
F kinetic energy K with the distance travelled x ?
10
K K
5
0 x
1 2 3 4
5 (a) (b)
O x O x
10
by the body along a straight line path. Given that F is in newton
and x in metre, what is the work done ? K K
(a) 10 J (b) 20 J (c) (d)

(c) 30 J (d) 40 J
22. The force required to stretch a spring varies with the distance O x O x
as shown in the figure. If the experiment is performed with 26. The diagrams represent the potential energy U of a function of
the above spring of half length, the line OA will the inter-atomic distance r. Which diagram corresponds to
(a) Shift towards F-axis F stable molecules found in nature.
A U U
(b) Shift towards X-axis
(c) Remain as it is
(d) Become double in length (a) (b)
O x
23. The graph between E and v is r r
E E U U
(c) (d)
(a) (b)
r r
v v
E E 27. The relationship between the force F and position x of a body

is as shown in figure. The work done in displacing the body
from x = 1 m to x = 5 m will be [KCET 2005]
(c) (d)
F(N)
v v 10
(a) 30 J
24. A particle of mass m moving with a velocity u makes an elastic 5
one dimensional collision with a stationary particle of mass m (b) 15 J
0 x(m)
establishing a contact with it for extremely small time T. Their (c) 25 J 1 2 3 4 5 6
T 5
force of contact increases from zero to F0 linearly in time , (d) 20 J
4 10
T 28. A particle is placed at the origin and a force F kx is acting
remains constant for a further time and decreases linearly
2 on it (where k is positive constant). If U(0) 0 , the graph of
from F0 to zero in further time

T
as shown. The magnitude U(x ) versus x will be (where U is the potential energy
4 function) [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2004]
possessed by F0 is U(x) U(x)
mu
(a) (a) x (b) x
T F
2mu F0
(b)
T
U(x) U(x)
4 mu
(c)
3T O
t (c) x (d) x
T/4 3T/4 T
9. Assertion : Comets move around the sun in elliptical

orbits. The gravitational force on the comet
due to sun is not normal to the comets
velocity but the work done by the gravitational
force over every complete orbit of the comet is
zero.
Reason : Gravitational force is a non conservative force.
Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option 10. Assertion : The rate of change of total momentum of a
out of the options given below: many particle system is proportional to the
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct sum of the internal forces of the system.
explanation of the assertion.
Reason : Internal forces can change the kinetic energy
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
but not the momentum of the system.
explanation of the assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. 11. Assertion : Water at the foot of the water fall is always at
(d) If the assertion and reason both are false. different temperature from that at the top.
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true. Reason : The potential energy of water at the top is
1. Assertion : A person working on a horizontal road with a converted into heat energy during falling.
load on his head does no work. 12. Assertion : The power of a pump which raises 100 kg of
Reason : No work is said to be done, if directions of water in 10sec to a height of 100 m is 10 KW.
force and displacement of load are Reason : The practical unit of power is horse power.
perpendicular to each other. 13. Assertion : According to law of conservation of
2. Assertion : The work done during a round trip is always mechanical energy change in potential energy
zero. is equal and opposite to the change in kinetic
Reason : No force is required to move a body in its energy.
round trip. Reason : Mechanical energy is not a conserved quantity.
3. Assertion : Work done by friction on a body sliding down 14. Assertion : When the force retards the motion of a body,
an inclined plane is positive. the work done is zero.
Reason : Work done is greater than zero, if angle Reason : Work done depends on angle between force
between force and displacement is acute or and displacement.
both are in same direction. 15. Assertion : In an elastic collision of two bodies, the
4. Assertion : When a gas is allowed to expand, work done by momentum and energy of each body is
gas is positive. conserved.
Reason : Force due to gaseous pressure and Reason : If two bodies stick to each other, after
displacement (of piston) are in the same colliding, the collision is said to be perfectly
direction. elastic.
16. Assertion : A body cannot have energy without having
5. Assertion : A light body and heavy body have same
momentum but it can have momentum
momentum. Then they also have same kinetic
without having energy.
energy.
Reason : Momentum and energy have same dimensions.
Reason : Kinetic energy does not depend on mass of the
body. 17. Assertion : Power developed in circular motion is always
zero.
6. Assertion : The instantaneous power of an agent is
measured as the dot product of instantaneous Reason : Work done in case of circular motion is zero.
velocity and the force acting on it at that 18. Assertion : A kinetic energy of a body is quadrupled, when
instant. its velocity is doubled.
Reason : The unit of instantaneous power is watt. Reason : Kinetic energy is proportional to square of
velocity.
7. Assertion : The change in kinetic energy of a particle is
equal to the work done on it by the net force. 19. Assertion : A quick collision between two bodies is more
violent than slow collision, even when initial
Reason : Change in kinetic energy of particle is equal to and final velocities are identical.
the work done only in case of a system of one
Reason : The rate of change of momentum determine
particle.
that force is small or large.
8. Assertion : A spring has potential energy, both when it is
compressed or stretched. 20. Assertion : Work done by or against gravitational force in
moving a body from one point to another is
Reason : In compressing or stretching, work is done on independent of the actual path followed
the spring against the restoring force. between the two points.
Reason : Gravitational forces are conservative forces. 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 d 5 c
21. Assertion : Wire through which current flows gets heated. 6 b 7 b 8 c 9 a 10 d
Reason : When current is drawn from a cell, chemical 11 d 12 b 13 d 14 b 15 b

energy is converted into heat energy. 16 b 17 b 18 d 19 d 20 d
21 d 22 d 23 d 24 a 25 c
22. Assertion : Graph between potential energy of a spring
versus the extension or compression of the 26 a 27 d 28 b 29 d 30 a
spring is a straight line. 31 b 32 c 33 a 34 b 35 a
Reason : Potential energy of a stretched or compressed 36 d 37 a 38 c 39 c 40 a

spring, proportional to square of extension or 41 c
compression.
Work Done by Variable Force
23. Assertion : Heavy water is used as moderator in nuclear
reactor.
1 b 2 c 3 c 4 a 5 a
Reason : Water cool down the fast neutron. 6 c 7 d 8 d 9 d 10 b
24. Assertion : Mass and energy are not conserved separately, 11 b 12 c 13 b 14 c 15 d
but are conserved as a single entity called 16 c 17 a 18 a 19 c 20 b
mass-energy. 21 d 22 a 23 a 24 b 25 d
Reason : Mass and energy conservation can be obtained 26 d
by Einstein equation for energy.
Conservation of Energy and Momentum
25. Assertion : If two protons are brought near one another,
the potential energy of the system will
1 c 2 c 3 a 4 a 5 b
increase.
6 d 7 c 8 c 9 b 10 d
Reason : The charge on the proton is 1.6 10 19 C . 11 c 12 b 13 c 14 a 15 b
16 c 17 b 18 d 19 b 20 c
26. Assertion : In case of bullet fired from gun, the ratio of
kinetic energy of gun and bullet is equal to 21 b 22 c 23 d 24 c 25 a
ratio of mass of bullet and gun. 26 c 27 d 28 d 29 a 30 b
Reason : In firing, momentum is conserved. 31 d 32 d 33 a 34 d 35 a

36 a 37 b 38 c 39 a 40 c
27. Assertion : Power of machine gun is determined by both,
41 d 42 c 43 b 44 a 45 a
the number of bullet fired per second and
kinetic energy of bullets. 46 b 47 b 48 b 49 d 50 a
51 b 52 a 53 c 54 d 55 d
Reason : Power of any machine is defined as work done
(by it) per unit time. 56 a 57 c 58 b 59 c 60 a
61 b 62 b 63 a 64 c 65 d
28. Assertion : A work done in moving a body over a closed
66 b 67 d 68 b 69 a 70 c
loop is zero for every force in nature.
71 b 72 a 73 c 74 c 75 c
Reason : Work done does not depend on nature of force.
76 a 77 b 78 a 79 a 80 d
29. Assertion : Mountain roads rarely go straight up the slope. 81 d 82 b 83 c 84 b 85 c
Reason : Slope of mountains are large therefore more 86 c 87 b 88 c
chances of vehicle to slip from roads.
Power
30. Assertion : Soft steel can be made red hot by continued
hammering on it, but hard steel cannot. 1 a 2 d 3 d 4 b 5 c
Reason : Energy transfer in case of soft iron is large as 6 a 7 b 8 d 9 d 10 c
in hard steel. 11 c 12 d 13 a 14 a 15 c
16 c 17 b 18 a 19 c 20 c
21 a 22 b 23 a 24 a 25 a
26 a 27 a 28 a 29 a 30 c
Elastic and Inelastic collision

Work Done by Constant Force 1 a 2 a 3 c 4 a 5 c
6 c 7 b 8 c 9 c 10 d
11 d 12 b 13 d 14 c 15 d
16 a 17 c 18 c 19 d 20 a
21 d 22 d 23 b 24 a 25 c
26 a 27 b 28 d 29 d 30 b
31 b 32 a 33 b 34 a 35 c
36 a 37 c 38 d 39 a 40 b
41 b 42 d 43 d 44 a 45 d
46 a 47 a 48 d 49 c 50 b
51 c 52 d 53 b 54 a 55 b
56 a 57 a 58 a 59 d 60 c
61 a 62 c 63 d 64 a 65 a
66 a 67 a 68 d
Perfectly Inelastic Collision

1 c 2 b 3 c 4 b 5 d
6 b 7 c 8 c 9 c 10 a
11 d 12 b 13 b 14 c 15 c
16 d 17 a 18 b 19 d 20 a
21 b 22 c 23 b 24 c 25 b
26 a 27 b 28 d 29 c 30 d
Critical Thinking Questions

1 c 2 d 3 b 4 b 5 c
6 c 7 a 8 c 9 d 10 b
11 c 12 d 13 c 14 a 15 a
16 c 17 b 18 d 19 c 20 bd
Graphical Questions
1 c 2 a 3 a 4 b 5 c
6 a 7 c 8 d 9 d 10 a
11 a 12 a 13 d 14 b 15 c
16 d 17 a 18 c 19 b 20 c
21 a 22 a 23 a 24 c 25 c
26 a 27 b 28 a
Assertion and Reason

1 a 2 d 3 e 4 a 5 d
6 b 7 c 8 a 9 c 10 e
11 a 12 b 13 c 14 e 15 d
16 d 17 e 18 a 19 a 20 a
21 c 22 e 23 c 24 a 25 b
26 a 27 a 28 d 29 a 30 a
17. (b)
t2 t
18. (d) s ds dt
4 2
md 2 s 6 d 2 t 2
F ma 2 3N
dt 2 dt 4
Work Done by Constant Force Now
2
1. (b) Work done by centripetal force is always zero, because W

2
F ds
2
3
t 3 t2
dt
2 2

3

(2) (0) 3 J
2 2
force and instantaneous displacement are always

0 0 2 0 4
perpendicular.
19. (d) Net force on body 4 2 3 2 5 N
W F.s Fs cos Fs cos(90 ) 0
a F / m 5 / 10 1 / 2 m/s 2
2. (a) Work = Force Displacement (length)
1 1
If unit of force and length be increased by four times Kinetic energy = mv 2 m (at)2 125 J
then the unit of energy will increase by 16 times. 2 2
3. (c) No displacement is there. u2 10 10
20. (d) s 10 m
4. (d) Stopping distance S u 2 . If the speed is doubled then 2 g 2 0 .5 10
the stopping distance will be four times.
21. (d) W F.s (3i 4 j).(3i 4 j) 9 16 25 J
W 25 1
5. (c) W Fs cos cos 60 22. (d) Total mass = (50 + 20) = 70 kg
Fs 50 2
Total height = 20 0.25 = 5m
6. (b) Work done = Force displacement
Work done = mgh = 70 9.8 5 = 3430 J
= Weight of the book Height of the book shelf
7. (b) Work done does not depend on time. 23. (d) W F.s (6i 2j 3k ).( 2i 3 j x k ) 0
12 6 3 x 0 x 2
8. (c) W F.s (5i 3 j).( 2i j) = 10 3 = 7 J
24. (a) W F.(r2 r1 ) (4i j 3 k )(11i 11 j 15 k )
dx
9. (a) v 3 8 t 3t 2
dt W 44 11 45 100 Joule
v0 3 m / s and v4 19 m/s 25. (c) W (3i cj 2k ).(4i 2j 3k ) 6 J
1 W 12 2c 6 6 c 6
W m (v 42 v02 ) (According to work energy theorem)
2 26. (a) Both part will have numerically equal momentum and
1 lighter part will have more velocity.
0 .03 (19 2 3 2 ) 5 . 28 J
2 27. (d) Watt and Horsepower are the unit of power
10. (d) As the body moves in the direction of force therefore 28. (b) Work = Force Displacement
work done by gravitational force will be positive. If force and displacement both are doubled then work
W Fs mgh 10 9 .8 10 980 J would be four times.
s 29. (d) W FS cos 10 4 cos 60 20 Joule
11. (d)
12. (b) W mg sin s 30. (a) W F.s (5i 4 j).(6i 5 j 3k ) 30 20 10 J
m
2 10 3 sin 15 10 mg sin 31. (b) Fraction of length of the chain hanging from the table
5.17 kJ 1 60 cm 3 10
n
n 200 cm 10 3
Work done in pulling the chain on the table
13. (d) W F.s (5i 6 j 4 k ).(6i 5k ) 30 20 10 units
mgL
W
1 1 2n 2
14. (b) W Fs F at 2 from s ut at 2 L/n
2 2 4 10 2
3 .6 J
1 F F 2 t 2 25 (1)2 25 5 2 (10 /3)2
W F t2 J
2 m 2m 2 15 30 6 32. (c) When a force of constant magnitude which is
15. (b) Work done on the body = K.E. gained by the body perpendicular to the velocity of particle acts on a
particle, work done is zero and hence change in kinetic
1 1
Fs cos 1 F cos 2 .5 N energy is zero.
s 0 .4
16. (b) Work done mgh 10 9.8 1 98 J
33. (a) The ball rebounds with the same speed. So change in it's 1 2
Kinetic energy will be zero i.e. work done by the ball on 5. (a) k S 10 J (given in the problem)
2
the wall is zero.
34. (b) W F.r (5i 3 j 2k ).( 2i j) 10 3 7 J

1
2
1

k (2 S )2 (S )2 3 k S 2 = 3 10 = 30 J
2
35. (a) K.E. acquired by the body = work done on the body F2 U k
6. (c) U 1 2 (if force are same)
1 2k U2 k1
K . E. mv 2 Fs i.e. it does not depend upon the mass of
2 U1 3000 2
the body although velocity depends upon the mass
U 2 1500 1
1
v2 [If F and s are constant] F 10
m 7. (d) Here k 10 4 N / m
x 1 10 3
36. (d) W F.s (4i 5 j 0 k ).(3i 0 j 6 k ) 4 3 units 1 2 1
W k x 10 4 (40 10 3 )2 8 J
37. (a) As surface is smooth so work done against friction is zero. 2 2
Also the displacement and force of gravity are 5 5
perpendicular so work done against gravity is zero.
38. (c) Opposing force in vertical pulling = mg
8. (d) W

0

Fdx (7 2 x 3 x 2 ) dx = [7 x x 2 x 3 ]50
0
But opposing force on an inclined plane is mg sin, which = 35 25 + 125 = 135 J
is less than mg.
t3
39. (c) Velocity of fall is independent of the mass of the falling body. 9. (d) S dS t 2 dt
3
40. (a) Work done F.s
d 2S d 2 t3
a 2 2 t m /s 2
(6i 2j) (3i j) 6 3 2 1 18 2 16 J dt 2
dt 3
41. (c) When the ball is released from the top of tower then ratio 2 2
of distances covered by the ball in first, second and third Now work done by the force W F.dS ma .dS
second 0 0

2 2
hI : hII : hIII 1 : 3 : 5 : [because hn (2n 1)] 3 4 2
3 2t t dt 6 t 3 dt =
2
t 0 = 24 J
2
Ratio of work done mgh I : mgh II : mgh III = 1:3:5 0 0
1 2
10. (b) W kx
Work Done by Variable Force 2
If both wires are stretched through same distance then
x1 x1
x2
x1 W k . As k 2 2k1 so W2 2W1
1
1. (b) W F.dx Cx dx C Cx 12
0 0 2 0 2 1 1 m 0 .1
11. (b) mv 2 k x 2 x v 10 0 .1 m
2. (c) When the block moves vertically downward with 2 2 k 1000
g T 12. (c) Force constant of a spring
acceleration then tension in the cord
4 F mg 1 10
k k 500 N /m
g 3 x x 2 10 2
T M g Mg
4 4 Increment in the length = 60 50 = 10 cm
d
Work done by the cord = F.s Fs cos 1 2 1
U k x 500 (10 10 2 )2 2 .5 J
2 2
3 Mg d
= Td cos(180 ) d 3 Mg 1 1
4 4 13. (b) W k (x 22 x12 ) 800 (15 2 5 2 ) 10 4 8 J
2 2
F2
3. (c) W 1 2
2k 14. (c) 100 kx (given)
2
1
If both springs are stretched by same force then W 1 1
k W k (x 22 x 12 ) k [(2 x )2 x 2 ]
2 2
As k1 k 2 therefore W1 W2
1
i.e. more work is done in case of second spring. 3 k x 2 3 100 300 J
2
1 1
4. (a) P.E. k (x 22 x12 ) 10 [(0 .25 )2 (0 .20 )2 ]
2 2 1 2
15. (d) U kx if x becomes 5 times then energy will become
5 0.45 0.05 0.1 J 2
25 times i.e. 4 25 100 J
1 1 7. (c)
16. (c) W k (x 22 x 12 ) 5 10 3 (10 2 5 2 ) 10 4
2 2 8. (c) P.E. of bob at point A = mgl
18 .75 J This amount of energy will be converted into kinetic
energy
17. (a) The kinetic energy of mass is converted into potential
energy of a spring K.E. of bob at point B = mgl
1 1 mv2
0 . 5 (1 .5)
2 m A
mv 2 k x 2 x 0 . 15 m
2 2 k 50
18. (a) This condition is applicable for simple harmonic motion.
As particle moves from mean position to extreme m
m
position its potential energy increases according to B
1 and as the collision between bob and block (of same
expression U k x 2 and accordingly kinetic energy
2 mass) is elastic so after collision bob will come to rest and
decreases. total Kinetic energy will be transferred to block. So
1 2 kinetic energy of block = mgl
19. (c) Potential energy U kx
2 9. (b) According to conservation of momentum
Momentum of tank = Momentum of shell
U x [if k = constant]
2
If elongation made 4 times then potential energy will 125000 vtank = 25 1000 vtank = 0.2 ft/sec.
become 16 times. 10. (d) As the initial momentum of bomb was zero, therefore
20. (b) after explosion two parts should possess numerically
2 2
equal momentum
U2 x 2

0 .1
21. (d) U x 2 25 U 2 25 U
U1 x 1 0 .02
vA
4kg 8kg
vB
22. (a) If x is the extension produced in spring. A B

F mg 20 9.8 i.e. m A v A m B v B 4 v A 8 6 v A 12 m/s
F kx x = 4.9 cm
k k 4000
1
F2 T 2 Kinetic energy of other mass A, = m A v 2A
23. (a) U 2
2k 2k
1
dU = 4 (12 )2 = 288 J.
24. (b) U A Bx 2 F 2 Bx F x 2
dx
11. (c) Let the thickness of one plank is s
dU
25. (d) Condition for stable equilibrium F 0 if bullet enters with velocity u then it leaves with velocity
dx
d a b u 19
6 0 12 ax 13 6 bx 7 0 v u u

dx x 20 20 19
12
x u v= u
20
12 a 6 b 2a 2a from v 2 u 2 2 as
7 x6 x 6
x 13 x b b 2 s
19 400 u2
26. (d) Friction is a non-conservative force. u u 2 2 as
20 39 2as
Conservation of Energy and Momentum Now if the n planks are arranged just to stop the bullet
then again from v 2 u 2 2as
P1 m1 0 u 2 2 ans
1. (c) P 2mE P m (if E const.) u v=0
P2 m2
u2 400
2. (c) Work in raising a box n
2as 39
= (weight of the box) (height by which it is raised)
n 10 .25 ns
P2 1
3. (a) E if P = constant then E As the planks are more than 10 so we can consider n = 11
2m m
4. (a) Body at rest may possess potential energy. 12. (b) Let h is that height at which the kinetic energy of the
5. (b) Due to theory of relativity. body becomes half its original value i.e. half of its kinetic
energy will convert into potential energy
P2
6. (d) E E P2 490 490
2m mgh = 2 9 .8 h h 12 .5m.
2 2
i.e. if P is increased n times then E will increase n2 times.
13. (c) P 2mE . If E are same then P m P2

22. (c) E if bodies possess equal linear momenta then
2m
P1 m1 1 1
1 E m
P2 m2 4 2 E i.e. 1 2
m E2 m1
14. (a) Let initial kinetic energy, E1 E
23. (d) s u 2 i.e. if speed becomes double then stopping
Final kinetic energy, E2 E 300 % of E = 4E distance will become four times i.e. 8 4 32 m
24. (c) s u 2 i.e. if speed becomes three times then distance
P2 E2 4E
As P E 2 P2 2P1 needed for stopping will be nine times.
P1 E1 E
25. (a) P 2 mE P E
P2 P1 100 % of P1
1
i.e. Momentum will increase by 100%. Percentage increase in P (percentage increase in E)
2
15. (b) P 2mE if E are equal then P m =
1
(0 . 1 %) 0 . 05 %
i.e. heavier body will possess greater momentum. 2
1
16. (c) Let P1 P , P2 P1 50 % of P1 = P1
P1 3 P1
26. (c) Kinetic energy = mv 2 K.E. v2
2
2 2
If velocity is doubled then kinetic energy will become
2 2
E 2 P2 3 P /2 9 four times.
E P2 1
E1 P1

P
1 4 P1 m1
27. (d) P 2mE (if E = constant)
E2 2.25 E E1 1.25 E1 P2 m2
E2 E1 125 % of E1
P1

3
P2 1
i.e. kinetic energy will increase by 125%.
17. (b) 28. (d) In compression or extension of a spring work is done
2m/s v1 v2 against restoring force.
8kg 4kg 4kg
In moving a body against gravity work is done against
Before explosion After explosion gravitational force of attraction.
As the body splits into two equal parts due to internal It means in all three cases potential energy of the system
explosion therefore momentum of system remains increases.
conserved i.e. 8 2 4v1 4v 2 v1 v 2 4 (i) But when the bubble rises in the direction of upthrust
force then system works so the potential energy of the
By the law of conservation of energy system decreases.
Initial kinetic energy + Energy released due to explosion 29. (a)
= Final kinetic energy of the system

m h
1 1 1 V
8 (2)2 16 4 v12 4 v 22 m M
2 2 2
By the conservation of linear momentum
v12 v 22 16 (ii)
Initial momentum of sphere
By solving eq. (i) and (ii) we get v1 4 and v 2 0 = Final momentum of system
mV (m M )v sys. (i)
i.e. one part comes to rest and other moves in the same
direction as that of original body. If the system rises up to height h then by the
conservation of energy
18. (d) P 2 mE P E 1
(m M )v sys.
2
(m M )gh (ii)
i.e. if kinetic energy of a particle is doubled the its 2
momentum will becomes 2 times. v sys. 2 gh
19. (b) Potential energy = mgh Substituting this value in equation (i)
Potential energy is maximum when h is maximum m M

V 2 gh
m
20. (c) If particle is projected vertically upward with velocity of
2m/s then it returns with the same velocity. P2 1
30. (b) E . If momentum are same then E
1 1 2m m
So its kinetic energy mv 2 2 (2) 2 4 J
2 2 E1 m 2 2m 2

21. (b) E2 m1 m 1
31. (d) P 2 mE . If kinetic energy are equal then P m As (h1/2) and (h2/2) are heights of initial centre of gravity
of liquid in two vessels., the initial potential energy of the
i.e., heavier body posses large momentum system
As M 1 M 2 therefore M 1 V1 M 2 V2
h1 h (h 2 h22 )
U i (h1 A )g (h2 A ) 2 gA 1 ...(i)
5 2 2 2
32. (d) Condition for vertical looping h r 5 cm r = 2 cm
2 When vessels are connected the height of centre of
33. (a) Max. K.E. of the system = Max. P.E. of the system gravity of liquid in each vessel will be h/2,
1 2 1 (h1 h 2 )
k x = (16 ) (5 10 2 )2 2 10 2 J i.e. ( [as h (h1 h2 )/2]
2 2 4
p2 1 Final potential energy of the system
34. (d) E m (If momentum are constant)
2m E (h h 2 ) h h2
UF 1 A g 1
m1 E 1 2 4
2
m2 E1 4 (h h2 )2
A g 1 (ii)
35. (a) P 2mE P E i.e. if kinetic energy becomes 4
four time then new momentum will become twice. Work done by gravity
2
P 1 1
36. (a) E . If P = constant then E W Ui U f gA[2(h12 h22 ) (h1 h2 )2 ]
2m m 4
i.e. kinetic energy of heavier body will be less. As the mass 1
of gun is more than bullet therefore it possess less kinetic gA(h1 ~ h 2 )2
4
energy.
37. (b) Potential energy of water = kinetic energy at turbine 42. (c) P 2mE . If m is constant then
1 P2 E2 1 .22 E P
mgh mv 2 v 2 gh 2 9.8 19 .6 19 .6 m/s 2 1 .22 1 .1
2 P1 E1 E P1
p1 m 1 E1 2 8 4 P2 1.1P1 P2 P1 0.1P1 P1 10 % of P1
38. (c) p 2mE
p2 m 2 E2 1 1 1 So the momentum will increase by 10%
39. (a) The bomb of mass 12kg divides into two masses 43. (b) U mgh 0 .2 10 200 = 400 J
m1 and m2 then m1 m 2 12 (i) Gain in K.E. = decrease in P.E. = 400 J.
m1 1 P2
and (ii) 44. (a) E . If m is constant then E P 2
m2 3 2m
2
by solving we get m1 3kg and m 2 9kg E 2 P2
2

1 .2 P
1 .44
1 E1 P1
P
Kinetic energy of smaller part = m 1v12 216 J
2 E 2 1.44 E1 E1 0.44 E1
216 2
v12 v1 12 m/s E2 E1 44 % of E1
3
i.e. the kinetic energy will increase by 44%
So its momentum = m1v1 3 12 36 kg-m/s
P2 (2)2
As both parts possess same momentum therefore 45. (a) E 1J
2m 2 2
momentum of each part is 36 kg-m/s
46. (b) U mgh 20 9.8 0.5 98 J
P m1 4
40. (c) P 2mE . If E are const. then 1 =2 P 2 (10 )2
P2 m2 1 47. (b) E 50 J
2m 2 1
41. (d) 48. (b) Because 50% loss in kinetic energy will affect its potential
energy and due to this ball will attain only half of the
initial height.
h1 h2 h h 49. (d) If there is no air drag then maximum height
If h is the common height when they are connected, by u 2 14 14

H 10 m
conservation of mass 2 g 2 9 .8
A1 h1 A 2 h2 h( A1 A 2 ) But due to air drag ball reaches up to height 8m only. So

loss in energy
h (h1 h2 )/2 [as A1 A 2 A given] mg (10 8) 0.5 9.8 2 9.8 J
4200 v 2 gh 2 10 0.9 18 m/s.

50. (a) 1 kcal 10 3 Calorie 4200 J k Wh
3 .6 10 6
60. (a)
700 4200
700 k cal k Wh 0 .81 k Wh
3 .6 10 6 P 2 (Ft)2 F 2t 2
61. (b) Kinetic energy E [As P = F t]
51. (b) v 2 gh 2 9.8 0.1 1.96 1.4 m / s 2m 2m 2m
52. (a) 1
62. (b) Potential energy of spring = Kx 2
53. (c) Let m = mass of boy, M = mass of man 2
v = velocity of boy, V = velocity of man
PE x 2 PE a 2
1 1 1 2 63. (a)
MV 2 2 mv ..(i) v
2 2
1 1 C A B
M (V 1) 2 1 mv 2 ..(ii)
2 2 m m m
M 1
Putting m and solving V
2 2 1 Initial momentum of the system (block C) = mv
P1 m1 4 2 After striking with A, the block C comes to rest and now
54. (d) P 2mE
P2 m2 9 3 both block A and B moves with velocity V, when
2
compression in spring is maximum.
2
P2 P 2P
55. (d) E E 2 E1 2 E1 By the law of conservation of linear momentum
2m P1 P
v
E 2 4 E E 3 E E 300 % of E mv = (m + m) V V
2
56. (a) For first condition
By the law of conservation of energy
Initial velocity = u, Final velocity = u/2, s = 3 cm
2
K.E. of block C = K.E. of system + P.E. of system
u 3u 2
From v u 2 as u 2 2 as a
2 2
1 1 1
2 8s mv 2 (2m ) V 2 k x 2
2 2 2
Second condition
2
Initial velocity = u/2, Final velocity = 0 1 1 v 1
mv 2 (2m ) k x 2
u2 2 2 2 2
From v 2 u 2 2ax 0 2 ax
4 1
kx2 mv 2
u2 u 2 8s 2
x s / 3 1 cm
4 2 a 4 2 3u 2
m
m1 m2 x v
57. (c) v1=1.6 m/s v2 2k
9kg At rest 3kg 6kg
P1 m1 m 1
Before explosion After explosion 64. (c) P 2mE P m
As the bomb initially was at rest therefore P2 m2 4m 2
Initial momentum of bomb = 0 P2 1 E m
Final momentum of system = m1v1 m 2v 2 65. (d) E E 1 2
2m m E2 m1
As there is no external force
P2 4 2
m1v1 m 2v 2 0 3 1.6 6 v 2 0 66. (b) E J
2m 2 3 3
velocity of 6 kg mass v2 0.8 m/s (numerically)
67. (d) Both fragment will possess the equal linear momentum
1 1
Its kinetic energy m 2v 22 6 (0 . 8 )2 1 .92 J m1v1 m 2v2 1 80 2 v2 v2 40 m./s
2 2
1 1
P1 1 1 Total energy of system m 1 v 12 m 2 v 22
58. (b) P 2mE . P m 2 2
P2 16 4
1 1
59. (c) Potential energy of a body = 75% of 12 J = 1 (80 )2 2 (40 )2
2 2
9 = 4800 J = 4.8 kJ
mgh = 9 J h 0 .9 m
1 10
68. (b)
Now when this mass allow to fall then it acquire velocity
u=100 m/s v=0
2s

Final momentum of system = m V mv i mvj (ii)
By the law of conservation of linear momentum

m V mv i mvj 0 V v(i j)
75. (c) v1 v2
1g 3g
Let the thickness of each plank is s. If the initial speed of
E1 E2
bullet is 100 m/s then it stops by covering a distance 2s
As the momentum of both fragments are equal therefore
By applying v 2 u 2 2 as 0 u 2 2as
E1 m 3
2 i.e. E1 3E 2 (i)
u2 E2 m1 1
s s u 2 [If retardation is constant]
2a
According to problem E1 E 2 6.4 10 4 J (i)
If the speed of the bullet is double then bullet will cover
By solving equation (i) and (ii) we get
four times distance before coming to rest
E1 4.8 10 4 J and E2 1.6 10 4 J
i.e. s 2 4(s1 ) 4(2s) s 2 8 s
76. (a)
So number of planks required = 8 77. (b)
v v1= v v2
P 2
1 m m/2 m/2
69. (a) E if P = constant then E
2m m Before explosion After explosion
According to problem m 1 m 2 E1 E 2 Let the initial mass of body = m
Initial linear momentum = mv (i)
1 When it breaks into equal masses then one of the
70. (c) Kinetic energy mv 2
2 fragment retrace back with same velocity
As both balls are falling through same height therefore m m
Final linear momentum = (v) (v 2 ) (ii)
they possess same velocity. 2 2
but KE m (If v = constant) By the conservation of linear momentum
KE 1 mv mv 2
m1 2 1 mv v 2 3v

KE 2 m2 4 2
2 2
i.e. other fragment moves with velocity 3v in forward
P2 1 direction
71. (b) E E (If P = constant)
2m m 78. (a)
i.e. the lightest particle will possess maximum kinetic 79. (a)
energy and in the given option mass of electron is
minimum. 2m
1 V0 h
72. (a) P E mv mv 2 v 2 m/s m m
2 v
Initial momentum of particle = mV0
1
73. (c) Initial kinetic energy E mv 2 (i)
2 Final momentum of system (particle + pendulum) = 2mv
1
Final kinetic energy 2 E m (v 2) 2 (ii)
2 V0
mV0 2mv Initial velocity of system v =
2
by solving equation (i) and (ii) we get
2
1 1 V
v (2 2 2 ) m /s v Initial K.E. of the system = (2m )v 2 = (2m ) 0
2 2 2
74. (c) m
At rest If the system rises up to height h then P.E. = 2mgh
3m m v By the law of conservation of energy
Before explosion m 2
V 1 V V2
(2m ) 0 2mgh h 0
After explosion 2 2 8g
Initial momentum of 3m mass = 0 (i) P1 m1 1 1

80. (d)
Due to explosion this mass splits into three fragments of P2 m2 9 3
equal masses.
81. (d) Change in momentum = Force time 1

= 12 (9 ) 2 486 J
P2 P1 F t 0.2 10 2 2
P2 2 P1 2 10 12 kg-m/s 88. (c) Force = Rate of change of momentum

Initial momentum P1 mv sin i mv cos j
Increase in K.E. =
1
(P22 P12 )
1
25

(12 )2 (10 )2
2m Final momentum P2 mv sin i mv cos j
44
4 .4 J P 2mv sin
10 F
t 2 10 3
82. (b) E P 2 (if m = constant)
Substituting m = 0.1 kg, v = 5 m/s, = 60
Percentage increase in E = 2(Percentage increase in P)
= 2 0.01%=0.02% Force on the ball F 250 3 N
Negative sign indicates direction of the force
83. (c) 1 amu 1.66 10 27 kg
E mc 2 1.66 10 27 (3 10 8 )2 1.5 10 10 J Power

84. (b) Change in gravitational potential energy
= Elastic potential energy stored in compressed spring 1. (a)

mg (h x )
1 2
kx
2. (d) P F.v ma at ma 2 t [as u = 0]
2 2
v mv 2 t
85. (c) m 1 t 21
As a v1 / t1
t1 t1
v km 5
3. (d) v 7 . 2 7 .2 2 m /s R
100 m h 18
30 m 20 m F
Slope is given 1 in 20
Ball starts from the top of a hill which is 100 m high and 1
sin P
finally rolls down to a horizontal base which is 20 m
20
above the ground so from the conservation of energy mg sin mg cos
1 mg
mg (h1 h2 ) mv 2
2 When man and cycle moves up then component of
v 2 g(h1 h2 ) 2 10 (100 20 ) weight opposes it motion i.e. F mg sin
So power of the man P F v mg sin v
1600 40 m/s .
1
86. (c) When block of mass M collides with the spring its kinetic = 100 9 .8 2 98 Watt
energy gets converted into elastic potential energy of the 20
spring. 4. (b) If a motor of 12 HP works for 10 days at the rate of 8
From the law of conservation of energy hr/day then energy consumption = power time
J
1 1
Mv 2 KL2 v
K
L = 12 746 (80 60 60 ) sec
sec
2 2 M
Where v is the velocity of block by which it collides with 12 746 80 60 60 J = 2.5 109 J
spring. So, its maximum momentum paisa
Rate of energy = 50
K k Wh
P Mv M L = MK L
M i.e. 3 .6 10 6 J energy cost 0.5 Rs
After collision the block will rebound with same linear 2 .5 10 9
momentum. So 2.5 109 J energy cost = 358 Rs
2 3 .6 10 6
87. (b)
vA vB 5. (c) P = Fv 500 3 1500 W 1.5 kW
18kg 12kg
s 30
A B 6. (a) P = Fv F 40 20 W
According to law of conservation of linear momentum t 60
m A v A m B v B = 18 6 12 v B v B 9 m/s 7. (b) P = Fv 4500 2 9000 W 9 kW

Workdone mgh 300 9 .8 2
K.E. of mass 12 kg, E B
1
m B v B2 8. (d) P = 1960 W
2 Time t 3
mgh p t 2 10 3 60 mgh 80 9 .8 6 470

9. (d) P = m= 1200 kg 21. (a) p W HP 0 .63 HP
t gh 10 10 t 10 746
mass 1200 k g Work done Increase in K.E.
As volume = v 1 . 2m 3 22. (b) Power
density 10 3 k g/m 3 time time
1 1
Volume = 1.2m 3 1.2 10 3 litre 1200 litre mv 2 10 3 (15 )2
P 2 2 22500 W
mgh 200 40 10 t 5
10. (c) P 10 10 3 t 8 sec
t 10 10 3 23. (a) Motor makes 600 revolution per minute
11. (c) Force required to move with constant velocity revolution rev
n = 600 10
Power = FV minute sec
Force is required to oppose the resistive force R and also 1
Time required for one revolution sec
to accelerate the body of mass with acceleration a. 10
Power = (R ma )V Energy required for one revolution = power time
1 1 746
mgh 100 9 .8 50 = 746 J
12. (d) P = 980 J/s 4 10 40
t 50
But work done = 40% of input
m
13. (a) P gh 100 10 100 10 5 W 100 k W 40 %
746

40

746
7 . 46 J
t 40 100 40
mgh 200 10 200 24. (a) Work output of engine = mgh = 100 10 10 10 4 J
14. (a) p 40 k W
t 10 output outupt
Efficiency () = Input energy =
15. (c) Volume of water to raise = 22380 l = 22380103m3 input
mgh Vgh Vgh
P t 10 4 10 5
t t P 100 J
60 6
22380 10 3 10 3 10 10
t 15 min input energy 10 5 /6 10 5
10 746 Power = = 3 .3 k W
time 5 30
P 30 10 3
16. (c) Force produced by the engine F =103N F.s (2i 3 j 4 k ).( 3i 4 j 5 k ) 38
v 30 25. (a) P 9 .5 W
t 4 4
Forward force by engine resistive force W mgh 200 10 50
Acceleration= 26. (a) P 10 10 3 W
mass of car t t 10
1000 750 250 1 Total K.E. of fired bullet
= m /s 2 27. (a) Power of gun
1250 1250 5 time
1 1
m (v 2 u 2 ) n
mv 2
Work done
17. (b) Power 2 2
360 1
2 10 2 (100 )2 600 W
time t t 60 2
1 2 .05 10 6 [(25 ) 2 (5 2 )] 28. (a) Energy supplied to liquid per second by the pump
P
2 5 60 1 mv 2 1 Vv 2 1 l l
= = = A v 2 v
P 2.05 10 W 2.05 MW
6
2 t 2 t 2 t t
18. (a) As truck is moving on an incline plane therefore only 1 1
A v v 2 = A v 3
component of weight (mg sin ) will oppose the upward 2 2
motion workdone pressure change in volume
29. (a) Power
Power = force velocity = mg sin v time time
1 30 5 20000 1 10 6
30000 10 25 k W = 2 10 2 0.02 W
100 18 1
W 1
mgh P m t 30. (c) Power . If W is constant then P
19. (c) P 1 1 2 (As h = constant) t t
t P2 m 2 t 1
P1 t 2 20 2
P1 60 11 11 i.e.
P2 t 1 10 1
P2 50 12 10
1 Elastic and Inelastic Collision
20. (c) Power of a pump Av 3
2
To get twice amount of water from same pipe v has to be 1. (a)
made twice. So power is to be made 8 times. 2. (a)
3. (c) According to law of conservation of linear momentum

both pieces should possess equal momentum after
For lead ball Plead 0 m v m v
explosion. As their masses are equal therefore they will

possess equal speed in opposite direction. For tennis ball Ptennis m v m v 2m v
4. (a)
i.e. tennis ball suffers a greater change in momentum.
5. (c) A B
vA vB 9. (c)
0.2kg 0.4kg 10. (d)
11. (d) Y
Initial linear momentum of system = m A v A m B v B
= 0.2 0.3 + 0.4 vB 1kg 21m/s
Finally both balls come to rest

1kg X
final linear momentum = 0 3kg 21m/s
By the law of conservation of linear momenum v
0.2 0.3 + 0.4 vB = 0
Px m v x 1 21 21 kg m/s
0 .2 0 .3
vB 0 . 15 m /s Py m v y 1 21 21 kg m /s
0 .4
6. (c) For a collision between two identical perfectly elastic Resultant = Px2 Py2 21 2 kg m/s
particles of equal mass, velocities after collision get The momentum of heavier fragment should be
interchanged.
numerically equal to resultant of Px and Py .
7. (b) Y
3 v Px2 Py2 21 2 v 7 2 = 9.89 m/s
mv
u 12. (b) We know that when heavier body strikes elastically with
a lighter body then after collision lighter body will move
with double velocity that of heavier body.
X
O
i.e.the ping pong ball move with speed of 2 2 4 m/s
Momentum of ball (mass m) before explosion at the
13. (d) Change in momentum m v 2 m v1 mv mv 2mv
highest point mv i mu cos 60 i
m B v B 50 10 3 30
= m 200
1
i = 100 mi kgms 1 14. (c) mG 1 .5 k g
2 vG 1
15. (d)
Y
100m/s 16. (a) Initially 238U nucleus was at rest and after decay its part
moves in opposite direction.
V v V
4 234
100m/s particle Residual nucleus
X
O According to conservation of momentum
Let the velocity of third part after explosion is V 4v
4v 234 V = 238 0 V
After explosion momentum of system = P1 P2 P3 234
17. (c) M m M m
m m m
= 100 j 100 j Vi u1=u u2=0 v1=V v2=v
3 3 3
By comparing momentum of system before and after the
explosion m m1 2m1u1 2 Mu 2u
v 2 2 u2

m m m m1 m 2 m1 m 2 M m 1 m
100 j 100 j Vi 100 m i V 300 m/s M
3 3 3
18. (c) Velocity exchange takes place when the masses of bodies
8. (c) Change in the momentum
are equal
= Final momentum initial momentum
19. (d) In perfectly elastic head on collision of equal masses
Lead ball Tennis ball velocities gets interchanged
v
m m m m 20. (a)
v v m M
u1=6m/s u2=4m/s
To satisfy this condition, the distance of free fall AD
should be equal to the horizontal range in same interval
m m2 2m 2 u 2
v1 1 u1
of time.
m 1 m 2 m 1 m2
AD DB
Substituting m1 = 0, v1 u1 2u2 1
AD 0 10 t 2 5 t 2
v1 6 2(4 ) 2m/s 2
DB ut 10 t
i.e. the lighter particle will move in original direction with
the speed of 2 m/s. 5 t 2 10 t t 2 sec
v1 = 0
21. (d) v v2 m m2 2m 2
m m/4 3m/4 26. (a) v 1 1 u1
m m
u 2 and

1
m m 2 1 2
Before explosion After explosion
2m 1 m m2
v 2 u1 1

m m u2
According to conservation of momentum
m1 m 2 1 2
m 3m 4 on putting the values v 1 6 m / s and v 2 12 m / s

mv v 1 v2 v2 v
4 4 3
dp dv m 2v 2 2 100
27. (b) F m = 2 10 4 N
22. (d) v1=+3m/s v2=5m/s dt dt 1/50 1/50
m1 m2 28. (d) hn he 2n 1 e 21 = 1 (0 .6) 2 0 .36 m
29. (d) hn he 2n , if n = 2 then hn he 4

As m 1 m 2 therefore after elastic collision velocities of
30. (b) Impulse = change in momentum
masses get interchanged
mv 2 mv 1 = 0 .1 40 0 . 1 (30 )
i.e. velocity of mass m 1 5 m/s
31. (b) In elastic head on collision velocities gets interchanged.
and velocity of mass m 2 3 m/s 32. (a) Impulse = change in momentum = 2 mv
23. (b) If ball falls from height h1 and bounces back up to height = 2 0.06 4 0.48 kg m/s
33. (b) When ball falls vertically downward from height h1 its
h2
h 2 then e
h1 velocity v1 2gh1
and its velocity after collision v 2 2gh2

Change in momentum
h1
v1 h2 P m (v 2 v 1 ) m ( 2 gh1 2 gh2 )
v2 (because v1 and v 2 are opposite in direction)

34. (a) Velocity of 50 kg. mass after 5 sec of projection
Similarly if the velocity of ball before and after collision v u gt 100 9.8 5 51 m/s
v At this instant momentum of body is in upward direction
are v1 and v 2 respectively then e 2
v1
Pinitial 50 51 2550 kg m/s
v2 h2 1.8 9 3 After breaking 20 kg piece travels upwards with 150 m/s
So let the speed of 30 kg mass is V
v1 h1 5 25 5
Pfinal 20 150 30 V
v 3 2 By the law of conservation of momentum
i.e. fractional loss in velocity 1 2 1
v1 5 5
Pinitial Pfinal
4
1 32 2550 20 150 30 V V 15 m/s
24. (a) hn he 2n = 32 2m (here n = 2, e = 1/2)
2 16 i.e. it moves in downward direction.
25. (c) As the body at rest explodes into two equal parts, they 35. (c) Ratio in radius of steel balls = 1/2
acquire equal velocities in opposite directions according
1
to conservation of momentum. So, ratio in their masses [As M V r 3 ]
8
When the angle between the radius vectors connecting
the point of explosion to the fragments is 90, each radius Let m 1 8m and m 2 m
vector makes an angle 45 with the vertical.
8m m
u1 = 81 cm/s u2 = 0
90 45
D B
The momentum of third part will be equal and opposite

to the resultant of momentum of rest two equal parts
2m 1u1 2 8 m 81
v2 144 cm/s let V is the velocity of third part.
m1 m 2 8m m
By the conservation of linear momentum
36. (a) After explosion m mass comes at rest and let Rest
(M m ) mass moves with velocity v. 3m V m 12 2 V 4 2 m /s
44. (a)
By the law of
conservation of momentum
h
MV h1
MV (M m )v v h2 h3
(M m )
Particle falls from height h then formula for height
37. (c) As the ball bounces back with same speed so change in covered by it in nth rebound is given by
momentum = 2 mv
hn he 2n
and we know that force = rate of change of momentum
where e = coefficient of restitution, n = No. of rebound
i.e. force will act on the ball so there is an acceleration.
Total distance travelled by particle before rebounding
38. (d) According to conservation of momentum has stopped
m Bv B H h 2h1 2h2 2h3 2hn ........
m Bv B m GvG 0 v G
mG
h 2he 2 2he 4 2he 6 2he 8 .........
50 10 3 10 3 h 2h(e 2 e 4 e 6 e 8 .......)
vG 10 m /s
5
e2 2e 2 1 e2
39. (a) As 20% energy lost in collision therfore h 2h 2
h 1 2
h

1 e 1 e 1e
2

h2
mgh 2 80 % of mgh1 0 .8 45. (d) Due to the same mass of A and B as well as due to elastic
h1 collision velocities of spheres get interchanged after the
collision.
h2
but e 0 .8 0 .89 46. (a) m1=M m2=m
h1
M m
u1 u2=0 v1 v2
40. (b)
m1 m2 m1 m2 u1=u u2=0 v1=v v2=u
If target is at rest then final velocity of bodies are m m2
From the formulae v1 1 u1

m m2 2m 1 u 1 m1 m 2
v1 1 u1 (i) and v 2
(ii)
m1 m 2 m1 m 2 M m
We get v u
M m
v1 m 1 m 2 2 m
From (i) and (ii) 1 5 47. (a) Momentum conservation
v2 2m 1 5 m2
5 10 20 0 5 0 20 v v 2.5 m/s
41. (b) F = Rate of change in momentum
48. (d) Due to elastic collision of bodies having equal mass, their
2mv sin mv
velocities get interchanged.
t 30 49. (c)
1
2 10 10 sin 30 m m2
50. (b) m1 2 kg and v1 1
u
u1 1 (given)
0 .1
m1 m 2 4
F 10 N mv By solving we get m 2 1.2 kg
42. (d) By the conservation of momentum 51. (c)
40 10 (40 ) (7) 80 v v 1.5 m / s
52. (d) It is clear from figure that the displacement vector r
43. (d) Y between particles p and p is r r r 8i 8 j
1 2 2 1
y
12m/s m p1
12m/s r
m X r1
p2
3m 135
V r2
x
1
| r | (8) 2 (8) 2 8 2 ..(i) Total energy at point A mv 2 mgh
2
Now, as the particles are moving in same direction During collision loss of energy is 50% and the ball rises up
( v 1 and v 2 are ve ) , the relative velocity is given by to same height. It means it possess only potential energy
at same level.
v rel v 2 v 1 ( 4 )i 4 j 1 A v v=0
50% mv 2 mgh mgh
2
v rel ( 4 ) 2 16 ..(ii)
1 1
| r | mv 2 mgh mgh h
Now, we know | v rel | 22
t
v 2 gh 2 10 20
Substituting the values of v rel and | r | from equation v 20 m / s
(i) and (ii) and t 2 s , then on solving we get 8
66. (a) hn he 2n after third collision h3 he 6 [as n = 3]
53. (b) Fractional decrease in kinetic energy of neutron
2 67. (a) Let mass A moves with velocity v and collides
m m2 inelastically with mass B, which is at rest.
= 1 1
[As m1=1 and m2 = 2]
m1 m 2 v/ 3
2 2
1 2 1 1 8 A m
1 1 1
1 2
3 9 9
A v B
54. (a) m m
55. (b) When target is very light and at rest then after head on
At rest
elastic collision it moves with double speed of projectile m
i.e. the velocity of body of mass m will be 2v. B V
56. (a) In head on elastic collision velocity get interchanged (if According to problem mass A moves in a perpendicular
masses of particle are equal). i.e. the last ball will move direction and let the mass B moves at angle with the
with the velocity of first ball i.e 0.4 m/s horizontal with velocity v.
57. (a) By the principle of conservation of linear momentum, Initial horizontal momentum of system
Mv (before collision) = mv ....(i)
Mv mv 1 mv 2 Mv 0 (M m)v 2 v 2 Final horizontal momentum of system
M m
58. (a) Since bodies exchange their velocities, hence their (after collision) = mV cos ....(ii)
m From the conservation of horizontal linear momentum
masses are equal so that A 1 mv = mV cos v = V cos ...(iii)
mB
Initial vertical momentum of system (before collision) is
59. (d) mgh initial potential energy zero.
mg h final potential energy after rebound Final vertical momentum of system
mv
mV sin
As 40% energy lost during impact mgh'=60% of mgh 3
From the conservation of vertical linear momentum
60 60
h' h 10 6 m mv v
100 100 mV sin 0 V sin ...(iv)
3 3
60. (c)
By solving (iii) and (iv)
U mg (h h) 2 1 .5 1
61. (a) Fractional loss v2
U mgh 2 4 v2 V 2 (sin 2 cos 2 )
3
K m 1 m 2
2
2
62. (c) 1 1 m 2m 8
4v 2
V2 V
2
v.
m1 m 2 m 2m 9
K
3 3
8 68. (d) Angle will be 90 if collision is perfectly elastic
K = K i.e. loss of kinetic energy of the colliding body
9
8 Perfectly Inelastic Collision
is of its initial kinetic energy.
9
63. (d) 1. (c)
V
80
64. (a) mgh mg 100 h 80 m 2m
100
65. (a) Let ball is projected vertically downward with velocity v v
m
from height h
v
m
Initial momentum = mv
Final momentum = (m M )V
Initial momentum of the system
By conservation of momentum mv (m M )V
Pi mv i mvj
mv
Velocity of (bag + bullet) system V
| Pi | 2 mv M m
Final momentum of the system = 2mV 1

Kinetic energy = (m M ) V 2
2
2
v 1 mv 1 m 2v 2
2 mv 2mV V = (m M )
2 2 M m 2 M m
2. (b) 12. (b) mB vB

M
3. (c) 1
Initial K.E. of system = K.E. of the bullet = m B v B2
4. (b) 2
b
c a+c
V By the law of conservation of linear momentum
a m Bv B 0 m sys. v sys.
m Bv B 50 10
Initially bullet moves with velocity b and after collision v sys. 0 .5 m /s
m sys. 50 950
bullet get embedded in block and both move together
with common velocity. 1 1
m B v B2 m sys.v sys.
2
By the conservation of momentum Fractional loss in K.E. = 2 2
1
ab m B v B2
a b + 0 = (a + c) V V 2
ac
5. (d) Initially mass 10 gm moves with velocity 100 cm/s By substituting m B 50 10 3 kg, v B 10 m/s
gm m m sys. 1kg, v s 0 .5 m /s we get
Initial momentum = 10 100 = 1000
sec
95
After collision system moves with velocity v sys. then Fractional loss = Percentage loss = 95%
100
Final momentum = (10 10 ) v sys. 13. (b)
V
By applying the conservation of momentum
2m
10000 = 20 v sys. v sys. 50 cm/s v=452
If system rises upto height h then m
2
v sys. 50 50 2.5
h 1 .25 cm v=452
2g 2 1000 2
m
6. (b)
7. (c) Initial momentum

8. (c) m 1v1 m 2 v 2 (m 1 m 2 )v P m 45 2 i m 45 2 j | P | m 90
2
2 3 1 4 (2 1) v v m /s Final momentum 2 m V
3
By conservation of momentum 2m V m 90
9. (c) Initial momentum of the system = mv mv 0
V 45 m/s
As body sticks together final momentum = 2mV
By conservation of momentum 2mV 0 V = 0 14. (c) At rest
v V
10. (a) If initially second body is at rest then m 2m 3m
Initial momentum = mv Before collision After collision
Final momentum = 2mV
v
By conservation of momentum 2mV mv V Final momentum = 3 mV
2
11. (d) By the law of conservation of momentum mv 3mV
V v/3
15. (c) At rest
m v 3km/h V
M m 2m 3m

m1
m1V m2 0 (m1 m2 )v v V
m1 m 2
Initial momentum = m 3 2m 0 3m i.e. Velocity of system is less than V.
Final momentum = 3 m V 26. (a) By conservation of momentum, mv M 0 (m M )V
By the law of conservation of momentum m

Velocity of composite block V v
3 m 3 m V V 1 km/h m M
16. (d) Loss in K.E. = (initial K.E. Final K.E.) of system 1

K.E. of composite block (M m )V 2
2
1 1 1
m 1 u 12 m 2 u 22 (m 1 m 2 )V 2 2
2 2 2 1 m 2 1 m
(M m ) v mv 2
1 1 1 2 M m 2 m M
3 (32 ) 2 4 (5) 2 (3 4 ) (5) 2
2 2 2 27. (b)
= 986.5 J m1v1 m 2v 2
28. (d) Velocity of combined mass, v
17. (a) Momentum of earth-ball system remains conserved. m1 m 2
18. (b) v 36 km/h 10 m/s 0 .1 1 0 .4 0 .1
= 0 .12 m/s
By law of conservation of momentum 0 .5
2 10 (2 3) V V 4 m/s Distance travelled by combined mass

= v t 0.12 10 = 1.2 m.
1 1
Loss in K.E. 2 (10 )2 5 (4 )2 60 J
2 2 29. (c) Loss in K.E. =
m1m 2
u1 u 2 2
2(m 1 m 2 )
19. (d) Initial momentum = P mv i mvj
4 6
= (12 0) 2 = 172.8 J
| P | 2 mv 2 10
30. (d) In case of perfectly inelastic collision, the bodies stick
Final momentum = 2 m V
together after impact.
v Critical Thinking Questions
2m V 2 mv V
2
1. (c) By the conservation of momentum in the absence of
10 external force total momentum of the system (ball +
In the problem v 10 m/s (given) V 5 2 m /s
2 earth) remains constant.
20. (a) Because in perfectly inelastic collision the colliding 2. (d)
bodies stick together and move with common velocity
L/3
21. (b) m1v1 m 2v 2 (m1 m 2 )v sys.
20 10 5 0 (20 5) vsys. vsys. 8 m /s
1
K.E. of composite mass (20 5 ) (8 ) 2 800 J MgL MgL MgL
2 W (n = 3 given)
2n 2 2(3) 2 18
22. (c) According to law of conservation of momentum.
3. (b) Gravitational force is a conservative force and work done
Momentum of neutron = Momentum of combination against it is a point function i.e. does not depend on the
1.67 10 27 10 8 (1.67 10 27 3.34 10 27 ) v path.
mv 2 K 1 K
v 3.33 10 7 m/s 4. (b) Here 2 K.E. mv 2
r r 2 2r
23. (b)
r r K K
24. (c) Loss in kinetic energy U F.dr 2 dr
r r
1 m1m 2 (u1 u 2 )2 1 40 60
(4 2)2 48 J K K K
2 m1 m 2 2 40 60 Total energy E K.E. P.E.
2r r 2r
25. (b) By momentum conservation before and after collision. dx
5. (c) x (t 3)2 v 2(t 3)
dt
at t 0 ; v1 6 m / s and at t 6 sec , v 2 6 m/s h

by solving a 1 g
1 1 d
so, change in kinetic energy W mv 22 mv 12 0
2 2 h
So the resistance offered by the wood mg 1
6. (c) While moving from (0,0) to (a,0) d

Along positive x-axis, y = 0 F kxj 12. (d) Because linear momentum is vector quantity where as
i.e. force is in negative y-direction while displacement is kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.
in positive x-direction. dv P
13. (c) P Fv mav m v dt v dv
W1 0
dt m
Because force is perpendicular to displacement P v2 2P
1/2
t v (t)
1/2
Then particle moves from (a,0 ) to (a, a) along a line m 2 m

parallel to y-axis ( x a) during this F k(yi aJ ) 2P
1/2
Now s v dt t 1 / 2 dt
The first component of force, kyi will not contribute m
any work because this component is along negative x- 1/2
2t 3 / 2
2P
s st
3/2
direction (i ) while displacement is in positive y- m 3
direction (a,0) to (a,a). The second component of force i.e.
14. (a) Shell is fired with velocity v at an angle with the
kaj will perform negative work horizontal.
W2 (kaj) (aj) = (ka) (a) ka2 So its velocity at the highest point
= horizontal component of velocity = v cos
So net work done on the particle W W1 W2
So momentum of shell before explosion = mv cos
= 0 (ka2 ) ka2 Y
mgh
7. (a) Gain in potential energy U mv cos
h
1 v
R
mgR 1
If h R then U mgR X
R 2 O
1
R When it breaks into two equal pieces and one piece
kinetic energy 1 mu 2 retrace its path to the canon, then other part move with
8. (c) Stopping distance s velocity V.
retarding force 2 F Y
If lorry and car both possess same kinetic energy and m m
v cos V
retarding force is also equal then both come to rest in the 2 2
same distance.
2
9. (d) Potential energy of the particle U k (1 e x ) X
O
dU 2
Force on particle F k[e x (2 x )] So momentum of two pieces after explosion
dx
m m
(v cos ) V
x2 x4 2 2
F 2k xe 2kx 1 x 2 ......
2! By the law of conservation of momentum
For small displacement F 2kx m m
mv cos v cos V V 3v cos
F x i.e. motion is simple harmonic motion. 2 2
10. (b) Kinetic energy acquired by the body 15. (a) Let two pieces are having equal mass m and third piece
have a mass of 3m.
= Force applied on it Distance covered by the body Y
K.E. = F d
If F and d both are same then K.E. acquired by the body 30m/s m
will be same 30m/s
11. (c) Let the blade stops at depth d into the wood. m X
A 3m 135
v 2 u 2 2aS h
v
0 ( 2 gh ) 2 2(g a)d u=2gh
B
d
c
v=0
According to law of conservation of linear momentum. momentum) and combined system will take time
Since the initial momentum of the system was zero, L 2L
to reach up to block third.
therefore final momentum of the system must be zero i.e. v/2 v
the resultant of momentum of two pieces must be equal
to the momentum of third piece. We know that if two Now these three blocks will move with velocity v/3 and
particle possesses same momentum and angle in between L 3L
combined system will take time to reach
them is 90 then resultant will be given by v/3 v
upto the block fourth.
P 2 mv 2 m 30 2
L 2L 3L (n 1)L n(n 1)L
Let the velocity of mass 3m is V. So 3mV 30 m 2 So, total time ...
v v v v 2v
V 10 2 and angle 135 from either. v
and velocity of combined system having n blocks as .
(as it is clear from the figure) n
16. (c) The momentum of the two-particle system, at t = 0 is

Graphical questions
Pi m1v1 m 2v 2
Collision between the two does not affect the total 1. (c) At time t1 the velocity of ball will be maximum and it
momentum of the system. goes on decreasing with respect to time.
A constant external force (m1 m 2 )g acts on the system. At the highest point of path its velocity becomes zero,
then it increases but direction is reversed
The impulse given by this force, in time t = 0 to t 2t0 is This explanation match with graph (c).
(m1 m 2 )g 2t 0
2. (a) Work done = area between the graph and position axis
|Change in momentum in this interval W 10 1 20 1 20 1 10 1 20 erg

| m1v '1 m 2v ' 2 (m1v1 m 2v 2 )| 2(m1 m 2 )gt0 F
3. (a) Spring constant k Slope of curve
17. (b) If the masses are equal and target is at rest and after x
collision both masses moves in different direction. Then 4 1 3
angle between direction of velocity will be 90, if collision k 0 .1 k g/cm
30 30
is elastic.
4. (b) As the area above the time axis is numerically equal to
1 area below the time axis therefore net momentum gained
18. (d) K.E. of colliding body before collision mv 2
2 by body will be zero because momentum is a vector
After collision its velocity becomes quantity.
5. (c)
(m1 m 2 ) m v
v v v 15
(m1 m 2 ) 3m 3
Force (N)
10
1 1 mv 2
K.E. after collision mv ' 2 5
2 2 9
1
mv 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
K.E. before 2
Ratio of kinetic energy = 9 :1 Displacement (m)
K.E.after 1 mv 2 Work done = (Shaded area under the graph between
2 9
x = 0 to x = 35 m) 287 .5 J
19. (c)
6. (a) Work done = Area covered in between force displacement
20. (b,d)
L L L curve and displacement axis
v
= Mass Area covered in between acceleration-
displacement curve and displacement axis.
Since collision is perfectly inelastic so all the blocks will
stick together one by one and move in a form of 1
= 10 (8 10 2 20 10 2 )
combined mass. 2
L = 8 10 2 J
Time required to cover a distance L by first block
v
7. (c) Work done = Gain in potential energy
Now first and second block will stick together and move
with v/2 velocity (by applying conservation of Area under curve = mgh
1 dU
11 100 5 10 h 13. (d) F dU F dx
2 dx
h 11 m x k x 2 ax 4
U 0 ( Kx ax 3 )dx
1 1 2 4
8. (d) Initial K.E. of the body = mv 2 25 4 50 J
2 2
We get U = 0 at x = 0 and x = 2k/a
Work done against resistive force
= Area between F-x graph and also U = negative for x 2k /a .
1 So F = 0 at x = 0
= 4 20 40 J
2
i.e. slope of U x graph is zero at x = 0.
Final K.E. = Initial K.E. Work done against resistive force
14. (b) Work done = Area enclosed by F x graph
= 50 40 10 J
1
(3 6) 3 13 .5 J
9. (d) Area between curve and displacement axis 2
1 15. (c) As slope of problem graph is positive and constant upto
= (12 4 ) 10 = 80 J
2 certain distance and then it becomes zero.
1 dU
In this time body acquire kinetic energy = mv 2 So from F , up to distance a, F = constant
2 dx
by the law of conservation of energy (negative) and becomes zero suddenly.
1 16. (d) Work done = change in kinetic energy

mv 2 80 J
2
1
W mv 2 W v 2 graph will be parabolic in nature
1 2
0 .1 v 2 80
2
17. (a) Potential energy increases and kinetic energy decreases
v2 = 1600 when the height of the particle increases it is clear from
the graph (a).
v = 40 m/s
10. (a) Work done = Area under curve and displacement axis 18. (c) P 2mE it is clear that P E
= Area of trapezium
So the graph between P and E will be straight line.
1
= (sum of two parallel lines) distance between them 1
2 but graph between and E will be hyperbola
P
1
= (10 4 ) (2 .5 0 .5) 19. (b) When particle moves away from the origin then at
2
position x x 1 force is zero and at x x 1 , force is
1
= 14 2 = 14 J positive (repulsive in nature) so particle moves further
2 and does not return back to original position.
As the area actually is not trapezium so work done will be
i.e. the equilibrium is not stable.
more than 14 J i.e. approximately 16 J
Similarly at position x x 2 force is zero and at x x 2 ,
11. (a) As particle is projected with some velocity therefore its
force is negative (attractive in nature)
initial kinetic energy will not be zero.
So particle return back to original position i.e. the
As it moves downward under gravity then its velocity
equilibrium is stable.
increases with time K.E. v2 t2 (As v t)
dU
So the graph between kinetic energy and time will be 20. (c) F it is clear that slope of U x curve is zero at
dx
parabolic in nature.
point B and C. F = 0 for point B and C
12. (a) From the graph it is clear that force is acting on the
21. (a) Work done = area under curve and displacement axis
particle in the region AB and due to this force kinetic
energy (velocity) of the particle increases. So the work = 1 10 1 10 1 10 10 J
done by the force is positive.
22. (a) When the length of spring is halved, its spring constant
1. (a) The work done, W F.s Fs cos , when a person walk
1 1 1
will becomes double. (because k k ) on a horizontal road with load on his head then 90 .
x L L
Slope of force displacement graph gives the spring Hence W Fs cos 90 0
constant (k) of spring. Thus no work is done by the person.
If k becomes double then slope of the graph increases i.e. 2. (d) In a round trip work done is zero only when the force is
graph shifts towards force-axis. conservative in nature.
1 Force is always required to move a body in a conservative
23. (a) Kinetic energy E mv 2 E v 2
2 or non-conservative field
graph will be parabola symmetric to E-axis.
3. (e) When a body slides down on inclined plane,
24. (c) Change in momentum = Impulse
work done by friction is negative because it opposes the
= Area under force-time graph motion ( = 180 between force and displacement)
mv Area of trapezium
If 90 then W =positive because W F.s. cos
1 T 4. (a) Since the gaseous pressure and the displacement (of
mv T F0
2 2
piston) are in the same direction. Therefore 0
3T 4 mu
mv F0 F0 Work done = Fs cos Fs Positive
4 3T
Thus during expansion work done by gas is positive.
25. (c) When body moves under action of constant force then
kinetic energy acquired by the body K.E. = F S 5. (d) When two bodies have same momentum then lighter
KE S (If F = constant) P2
body possess more kinetic energy because E
So the graph will be straight line. 2m
26. (a) When the distance between atoms is large then 1

E when P = constant
interatomic force is very weak. When they come closer, m
force of attraction increases and at a particular distance
force becomes zero. When they are further brought 6. (b) P F.v and unit of power is Watt.
closer force becomes repulsive in nature. 7. (c) Change in kinetic energy = work done by net force.
This can be explained by slope of U x curve shown in This relationship is valid for particle as well as system of
graph (a). particles.
27. (b) Work done = area under F-x graph 8. (a) The work done on the spring against the restoring force
= area of rectangle ABCD + area of rectangle LCEF is stored as potential energy in both conditions when it is
+ area of rectangle GFIH + area of triangle IJK compressed or stretched.
A B J 9. (c) The gravitational force on the comet due to the sun is a

10
F(N) E conservative force. Since the work done by a
5 conservative force over a closed path is always zero
F I K
0 (irrespective of the nature of path), the work done by the
D C 3 4 5 6
5 1 2 x(m) gravitational forces over every complete orbit of the
G H
comet is zero.
10
10. (e) Rate of change of momentum is proportional to external
(2 1) (10 0) (3 2)(5 0) (4 3)(5 0) forces acting on the system. The total momentum of
whole system remain constant when no external force is
1
(5 4 )(10 0) 15 J acted upon it.
2
Internal forces can change the kinetic energy of the
x2 system.
28. (a) U Fdx kx dx k 11. (a) When the water is at the top of the fall it has potential
2
energy mgh (where m is the mass of the water and h is the
This is the equation of parabola symmetric to U axis in height of the fall). On falling, this potential energy is
negative direction converted into kinetic energy, which further converted
into heat energy and so temperature of water increases.
Assertion and Reason 12. (b) The power of the pump is the work done by it per sec.
work mgh 100 10 100 it can be observed that if mass is conserved then only
Power energy is conserved and vice versa. Thus, both cannot be
time t 10
treated separately.
10 4 W 10 kW
25. (b) If two protons are brought near one another, work has to
Also 1 Horse power (hp) =746 W. be done against electrostatic force because same charge
13. (c) For conservative forces the sum of kinetic and potential repel each other. This work done is stored as potential
energies at any point remains constant throughout the energy in the system.
motion. This is known as law of conservation of
mechanical energy. According to this law, P2 1
26. (a) E . In firing momentum is conserved E
Kinetic energy + Potential energy = constant 2m m
or, K U 0 or, K U Egun m bullet
So
14. (e) When the force retards the motion, the work done is Ebullet m gun
negative.
Work done depends on the angle between force and 27. (a) K.E. of one bullet = k K.E. of n bullet = nk
displacement W Fs cos According to law of conservation of energy, the kinetic
15. (d) In an elastic collision both the momentum and kinetic energy of bullets be equal to the work done by machine
energy remains conserved. But this rule is not for gun per sec.
individual bodies, but for the system of bodies before and 28. (d) Work done in the motion of a body over a closed loop is
after the collision. While collision in which there occurs zero only when the body is moving under the action of
some loss of kinetic energy is called inelastic collision. conservative forces (like gravitational or electrostatic
Collision in daily life are generally inelastic. The collision forces). i.e. work done depends upon the nature of force.
is said to be perfectly inelastic, if two bodies stick to each
other. 29. (a) If roads of the mountain were to go straight up, the slope
16. (d) A body can have energy without having momentum if it would have been large, the frictional force mg cos
possess potential energy but if body possess momentum would be small. Due to small friction, wheels of vehicle
then it must posses kinetic energy. Momentum and would slip. Also for going up a large slope, a greater
energy have different dimensions. power shall be required.
17. (e) Work done and power developed is zero in uniform 30. (a) The rise in temperature of the soft steel is an example of
circular motion only. transferring energy into a system by work and having it
1 appear as an increase in the internal energy of the
18. (a) K mv 2 K v 2 system. This works well for the soft steel because it is
2
soft. This softness results in a deformation of the steel
If velocity is doubled then K.E. will be quadrupled.
under blow of the hammer. Thus the point of application
19. (a) In a quick collision, time t is small. As F t constant, of the force is displaced by the hammer and positive
therefore, force involved is large, i.e. collision is more work is done on the steel. With the hard steel, less
violent in comparison to slow collision. deformation occur, thus, there is less displacement of
20. (a) From, definition, work done in moving a body against a point of application of the force and less work done on
conservative force is independent of the path followed. the steel. The soft steel is therefore better in absorbing
21. (c) When we supply current through the cell, chemical energy from the hammer by means
reactions takes place, so chemical energy of cell is of work and its temperature rises more rapidly.
converted into electrical energy. If a large amount of
current is drawn from wire for a long time only then wire
get heated.
1 2
22. (e) Potential energy U k x i.e. U x 2
2
This is a equation of parabola, so graph between U and x
is a parabola, not straight line.
23. (c) When two bodies of same mass undergo an elastic
collision, their velocities get interchanged after collision.
Water and heavy water are hydrogenic materials
containing protons having approximately the same mass
as that of a neutron. When fast moving neutrons collide
with protons, the neutrons come to rest and protons
move with the velocity of that of neutrons.
24. (a) From Einstein equation E mc 2

1. How much work does a pulling force of 40 N do on the 20 kg 9. The energy required to accelerate a car from 10 m/s to 20 m/s
box in pulling it 8 m across the floor at a constant speed. The is how many times the energy required to accelerate the car
pulling force is directed at 60 above the horizontal from rest to 10 m/s
(a) 160 J (b) 277 J (a) Equal (b) 4 times
(c) 784 J (d) None of the above
(c) 2 times (d) 3 times
2. A horizontal force of 5 N is required to maintain a velocity of 2
m/s for a block of 10 kg mass sliding over a rough surface. The 10. A body of mass 2 kg slides down a curved track which is
work done by this force in one minute is quadrant of a circle of radius 1 metre. All the surfaces are
frictionless. If the body starts from rest, its speed at the
(a) 600 J (b) 60 J bottom of the track is
(c) 6 J (d) 6000 J 1m
3. Work done in time t on a body of mass m which is accelerated

from rest to a speed v in time t1 as a function of time t is given (a) 4.43 m/sec
by (b) 2 m/sec 1m
1 v v 2 (c) 0.5 m/sec

(a) m t2 (b) m t
2 t1 t1 (d) 19.6 m/sec
2 11. The kinetic energy of a body decreases by 36%. The decrease
1 mv 2 1 v2 2
(c) t (d) m t in its momentum is
2 t 1 2 t12
(a) 36% (b) 20%
4. What is the shape of the graph between the speed and kinetic
energy of a body (c) 8% (d) 6%
(a) Straight line (b) Hyperbola 12. A bomb of mass 3m kg explodes into two pieces of mass m kg
and 2m kg. If the velocity of m kg mass is 16 m/s, the total
(c) Parabola (d) Exponential
kinetic energy released in the explosion is
5. When a body moves with some friction on a surface
(a) 192 mJ (b) 96 mJ
(a) It loses kinetic energy but momentum is constant
(b) It loses kinetic energy but gains potential energy (c) 384 mJ (d) 768 mJ
(c) Kinetic energy and momentum both decrease 13. Which one of the following statement does not hold good
(d) Mechanical energy is conserved when two balls of masses m1 and m 2 undergo elastic
6. A bullet of mass m moving with velocity v strikes a suspended collision
wooden block of mass M. If the block rises to a height h, the (a) When m 1 m 2 and m 2 at rest, there will be maximum
initial velocity of the block will be
transfer of momentum
M m
(a) 2 gh (b) 2 gh (b) When m 1 m 2 and m 2 at rest, after collision the ball
m
of mass m 2 moves with four times the velocity of m1
m M m
(c) 2 gh (d) 2 gh
M m M (c) When m1 m 2 and m 2 at rest, there will be maximum
7. There will be decrease in potential energy of the system, if transfer of K.E.
work is done upon the system by (d) When collision is oblique and m 2 at rest with m1 m 2 ,
(a) Any conservative or non-conservative force after collision the balls move in opposite directions
(b) A non-conservative force
14. A neutron travelling with a velocity v and K.E. E collides
(c) A conservative force perfectly elastically head on with the nucleus of an atom of
(d) None of the above mass number A at rest. The fraction of total energy retained
8. The slope of kinetic energy displacement curve of a particle in by neutron is
motion is 2 2
A 1 A 1
(a) Equal to the acceleration of the particle (a) (b)
(b) Inversely proportional to the acceleration A 1 A 1
(c) Directly proportional to the acceleration A 1
2
A 1
2
(d) None of the above (c) (d)

A A
15. A body of mass m1 moving with uniform velocity of 40 m/s 17. A wooden block of mass M rests on a horizontal surface. A
bullet of mass m moving in the horizontal direction strikes
collides with another mass m 2 at rest and then the two
and gets embedded in it. The combined system covers a
together begin to move with uniform velocity of 30 m/s. The distance x on the surface. If the coefficient of friction between
m
ratio of their masses 1 is wood and the surface is , the speed of the bullet at the time
m2 of striking the block is (where m is mass of the bullet)
(a) 0.75 (b) 1.33 2 Mg 2 mg
(a) (b)
(c) 3.0 (d) 4.0 m Mx
16. Six identical balls are lined in a straight groove made on a M m 2 mx
horizontal frictionless surface as shown. Two similar balls (c) 2 gx (d)
m M m
each moving with a velocity v collide elastically with the row
of 6 balls from left. What will happen 18. A ball moving with speed v hits another identical ball at rest.
The two balls stick together after collision. If specific heat of
the material of the balls is S, the temperature rise resulting

v from the collision is [Roorkee 1999]
v2 v2
(a) (b)
8S 4S
v2 v2
(c) (d)
2S S
(a) One ball from the right rolls out with a speed 2v and the 19. A bag of sand of mass M is suspended by a string. A bullet of
remaining balls will remain at rest mass m is fired at it with velocity v and gets embedded into it.
The loss of kinetic energy in this process is
(b) Two balls from the right roll out with speed v each and
1 1 1
the remaining balls will remain stationary (a) mv 2 (b) mv 2
2 2 M m
(c) All the six balls in the row will roll out with speed v/6
each and the two colliding balls will come to rest 1 M 1 M
(c) mv 2 (d) mv 2
(d) The colliding balls will come to rest and no ball rolls out
2 m 2 M m
from right
(SET -6)

1. (a) W F.s 40 8 cos 60 160 J P2 E2 64 E
0 .8 P2 0.8 P
P1 E1 100 E
2. (a) W F s F v t 5 2 60 600 J
P2 80 % of the original value.
1 1 2
3. (d) Work done = F s ma at 2 from s ut 2 at i.e. decrease in momentum is 20%.
2
12. (a)
2 vA vB
1 1 v 2 v m 2m
W= ma 2 t 2 m t
As a
2 2 t1 t1 A B
By the conservation of momentum, m A v A m B v B
1
4. (c) Kinetic energy k mv 2 k v 2
2 m 16 2m v B v B 8 m/s
It means the graph between the speed and kinetic energy
1 1
will parabola Kinetic energy of system = m Av 2A m Bv B2
2 2
5. (c) Friction is a non-conservative external force to the
system, it decreases momentum and kinetic energy both.
1 1
m (16 )2 (2m ) 8 2 192 m J
2 2
6. (a) Initial K.E. of block when bullet strikes to it
13. (b,d) When m 1 m 2 and m 2 at rest, after collision the ball
1
(m M )V 2 of mass m 2 moves with double the velocity of u1 . So
2
option (b) is incorrect.
Due to this K.E. block will rise to a height h.
When collision is oblique and m 2 at rest with m 1 m 2 ,
Its potential energy = (m M )gh.
after collision the ball moves in perpendicular direction.
By the law of conservation of energy So option (d) is also incorrect.
1 14. (a) m2 = A
(m M ) V 2 (m M )gh V 2 gh m1 = 1
2
7. (c) Neutron Nucleus at rest
1 m m2
2 2
8. (c) E mv 2 . Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get k
1 A
2 1
k retained 1 m m 2 A
1
dE 1 dv dv dt a
m 2v mv mv ma 15. (c)
dx 2 dx dt dx v 40m/s 30m/s
m1 m2 m1+m2
9. (d) Kinetic energy for first condition
At rest
1
2
1

= m v 22 v12 m 20 2 10 2 = 150 mJ
2 Initial momentum of the system = m1 40 m 2 0
K.E. for second condition =

1
2

m 10 2 0 2 50 mJ
Final momentum of the system = (m1 m 2 ) 30

(K. E.)I 150 m
3 m1 40 m 2 0 (m1 m 2 ) 30
(K. E.)II 50 m
m1
1 40 m1 30 m1 30 m 2 10 m 1 30 m 2 = 3
10. (a) By conservation of energy, mgh mv 2 m2
2
16. (b) Momentum and kinetic energy is conserved only in this
v 2 gh 2 9.8 1 19 .6 4.43 m/s case.
11. (b) P 2 mE P E
17. (c)
In given problem K.E. becomes 64% of the original value. v
V
M
m
x
1 v2
2m s t mv 2 t
4 8s
Let speed of the bullet = v
19. (d)
Speed of the system after the collision = V
By conservation of momentum mv (m M )V
mv
V m v M
V
M m
So the initial K.E. acquired by the system m+M
At rest
2 1
1 1 mv 1 m 2v 2 Initial kinetic energy of bullet = mv 2
(M m ) V 2 (m M ) = 2
2 2 M m 2 (m M )
This kinetic energy goes against friction work done by After inelastic collision system moves with velocity V
friction = R x (m M )g x By the conservation of momentum
By the law of conservation of energy mv
mv 0 (m M ) V V
1 m v 2 2
m M
2 mM
(m M )g x v 2 2 gx
2 (m M ) m 1
Kinetic energy of system = (m M ) V 2
M m 2
v 2 gx
m 1 mv
2
At rest = (m M )
18. (a) v V 2 m M
m m 2m
2
1 1 mv
Before collision After collision Loss of kinetic energy = mv 2 (m M )
2 2 m M
1 M
Final momentum = 2mV = mv 2
2 m M
By the conservation of momentum, mv 2mV
v
V
2
***
2
K.E. of the system after the collision =
1
2m v
2 2
1 1 1
loss in K.E. mv 2 mv 2 mv 2
2 4 4
This loss in K.E. will increase the temperature

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Electrostatics 253

pictures these terms generate in our minds. W (F 1 F 2 F 3 .... F n ).( r 2 r 1 )

When cos maximum 1 i.e. 0 o F

Under three condition, work done becomes zero W Fs cos 0

(1) If the force is perpendicular to the displacement [ F s ]

(iii) In case of motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field as force

(2) If there is no displacement [s = 0]

(3) If there is no force acting on the body [F = 0]

Example: Motion of an isolated body in free space.

i.e. the gravitational force is conservative in nature. 1 Joule = 10 7 erg

(iii) Electrical energy

Mechanical electrical Light Electrical Chemical electrical

Dynamo Photoelectric A Primary

Chemical heat Sound Electrical Heat electrical

Heat Mechanical Electrical Mechanical Electrical Heat

Engine Motor Heater

Electrical Sound Electrical Chemical Electrical Light

Speaker Voltameter Bulb

Kinetic Energy (ii) Moving vehicle possesses kinetic energy.

s As m and v .v are always positive, kinetic energy is always

From v 2 u 2 2 as But this formula is valid only for (v << c) If v is comparable to c

dW F.d s F ds This is work energy theorem, it states that work done by a

(6) Relation of kinetic energy with linear momentum: As 1 1 p2

Stopping of Vehicle by Retarding Force t

Fig. 6.18 (ii) If vehicle possess same kinetic momentum

Stable Unstable Neutral

be in unstable equilibrium. neutral equilibrium.

Elastic Potential Energy F

or F k x (i) This work done is stored as the potential energy in the

Table : 6.2 Work done for spring

Natural Compressed 0 x 1/2 kx2

Natural Elongated 0 x 1/2 kx2

Elongated Natural x 0 1/2 kx2

Compressed Natural x 0 1/2 kx2

(3) Energy graph for a spring : If the mass attached with 1 1

It is the energy associated with state of separation between

It is the usual form of potential energy and this is the energy

(4) Energy height graph : When a body projected vertically MgL

By integrating both sides we get v1 v2

Perfectly elastic collision Inelastic collision Perfectly inelastic collision

Before collision After collision

0 < b < (r1 r2 ) where r1 and r2 are radii of colliding bodies.

Perfectly elastic head on collision v 2 v1

For perfectly inelastic collision, e = 0

For inelastic collision, 0 < e < 1

m1 (u12 v12 ) m 2 (v 22 u 22 ) (iv) Further from equation (v) we get

Dividing equation (iv) by equation (ii) v 2 v1 u1 u 2

v1 u1 v 2 u 2 (v) Substituting this value of v 2 in equation (i) and rearranging

(ii) If massive projectile collides with a light target i.e. m1 >> m2

v2 = 230 km/hr Sub case : u2 0 i.e. target is at rest

Sub case : u2 0 i.e. target is at rest

K 4m1m 2 Before collision After collision

Transfer of kinetic energy will be maximum m2

Kinetic energy retained by the projectile (iii) Kinetic energy of target :

(i) Velocity of target : We know

Velocity For v 2 to be maximum n must be minimum

Momentum For P2 to be maximum, (1/n) must be minimum or n must

Kinetic energy For K 2 to be maximum (1 n)2 must be minimum.

Perfectly Elastic Oblique Collision v 2 v1 e(u1 u 2 )

u1 v1 cos v 2 cos ...(iv) v 2 v1 eu (i)

0 v1 sin v 2 sin ...(v) By conservation of momentum :

By substituting e = 1 we get K = 0 i.e. for perfectly elastic 2h 0 1 2h0 1 e

velocity after collision Before collision After collision

Suspended Block or cos 1 1