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HCM
KHOA KT XY DNG BM A C NN MNG
1. Mc ch v ngha mn hc
2. Ni dung mn hc: Gm 6 chng
3. Hnh thc nh gi mn hc: Thi trc nghim,
90
4. Ti liu tham kho
NI DUNG MN HC
Lc dnh C: C 10 (kN / m 2 )
Da vo cng nn n qu t th nghim nn n.
t rt yu: qu 25 (kN / m 2 )
t yu: qu 50 (kN / m 2 )
1.2 c im ca t yu
- t ct mn bo ha nc, t ct ri
- t hu c v than bn
- t ln t (ln st)
- t trng n
1.3 Tnh cht ca t yu
1.3.1 Tnh bin dng ca t
- Th nghim nn c kt (oedometer):
My nn nn c kt
ng h o
Lc tc dng
chuyn v
thng qua cc qu
cn
Mu t Dao vng
bt
Th nghim nn c kt (oedometer)
e0
p ng cong nn ln
S a tan
M
e1
1
h M2
e2
p1 p2 p
M hnh nn mu t
Quan h gia h s rng v lc tc dng
H s nn ln: m2/kN (cm2/kG).
de e2 e1 e1 e2
a a tan
dp p2 p1 p2 p1
en1 en 0,435 Cc
an1, n av
Pn Pn1 P
P = (Ptrc + Psau)/2
a
mv ao
1 e1
Tnh h s rng ng vi mi cp p lc
1.00
hn1, n
e n1, n 1 e n1 0.90
hn1
0.80
He so ron g e
en = en-1 en-1,n 0.70
0.60
h 0.50
e 1 e0 0.40
h0
0.30
en = e0 e 0.20
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Gs w (1 W ) Ap lc nen P (kG/cm 2)
e0 1
Biu quan h e-P
Ch s nn Cc
1.00
e 0.90
Cc e0.4
log p 0.80
He so ron g e
Void Ratio
0.70
en en1 0.60
0.40
en1 en e4.0
0.30
log pn log pn1 0.20
0.4 4.0
0.1 1.0 10.0
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm2 )
Pressure
er 0.90
Cs e0.4
0.80
log p
He so ron g e
Void Ratio
0.70
er ( n ) er ( n1) 0.60
0.50
log pn log pn1
0.40
e4.0
0.30
er ( n1) er ( n )
0.20
log pn log pn1 0.1
0.4
1.0
4.0
10.0
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm2 )
Pressure
NG NEN
NG N
NG NEN LAI
NG NEN LAI
NG N
p' logp'
0.90
4
0.80 1
He so ron g e
Void Ratio
0.70
A 3
2
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.1 Pc 1.0
2
10.0
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm )
Pressure
Phng php 1 xc nh Pc
1.00
0.90
2
0.80
He so ron g e
Void Ratio
0.70
1
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.1 Pc
p
c
1.0 10.0
2
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm )
Pressure
Phng php 2 xc nh Pc
-T s tin c kt OCR (overconsolidation ratio):
pc
OCR
p
pc : p lc tin c kt
p : ng sut hu hiu hin ti theo phng ng (ng
sut bn thn)
OCR = 1 : t c kt thng (NC)
OCR < 1 : t km c kt
OCR > 1 : t c kt trc (OC)
H s c kt cv
Phng php logt (Casagrandes method)
0.80
Deformation dial reading (mm)
D0
So o c bie n da ng (mm)
1.20
D50
1.60
2.00 D100
2.40
t50
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Xc nh h s c kt cv theo pp logt
D0 D100
D50
2
0,197 H 2
cv
t 50
1 H n1 H n
H
2 2
cv w a
k
1 e1
Phng php cn t (Taylors method)
14.8
D0 0,848 H 2
14.4 cv
t 90
S c bin dng [mm]
14
13.6
13.2 D90
12.8
12.4 t90 1 2
0 2x 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1,15x Cn t [ph]
Xc nh h s c kt cv theo pp cn t
Modul tng bin dng ca t E (kN/m2)
- Xc nh modul bin dng t th nghim nn c kt
1 en1 2 2
E( n1, n ) 1
an1, n 1
0 , 4 5 0 , 5 5 0 , 6 5 0 , 7 5 0 , 8 5 0 , 9 5 1 , 0 5
C t p h a s t 4 4 3 , 5 3 2
S t p h a c t 5 5 4 , 5 4 3 2 , 5 2
S t 6 6 5 , 5 5 , 5 4 , 5
Xc nh ln n nh
n
e1i e2i
S
i 1 1 e1i
hi
n
S i 1
aoi pi hi
n
i
S i 1 Ei
pi hi
Ngoi ra cn c cc cng thc tnh ln da vo
ng nn ln e-logp.
e
S h
1 e0
Cho t c kt thng
e Cc log( po p) log po
Cc h po p
S log
1 e0 po
n
Cc hi poi pi
S log
i 1 1 e0i poi
Cho t c kt trc nng (po + p pc)
e Cs log( po p) log po
Cs h po p
S log
1 eo po
Cho t c kt trc nh (po + p pc)
Cs h pc Cc h po p
S log log
1 eo po 1 eo pc
Poi : ng sut hu hiu trung bnh ban u ca lp th i
(ng sut bn thn poi = tb= p1)
pi = i : Gia tng /s thng ng ca lp th i (/s gy ln)
e0 : h s rng ng vi thi im trc khi xy dng cng
trnh, tc ng vi ng sut bn thn poi
1.3.3 Sc chng ct ca t
s = tan + c s = tan + c
Cc iu kin cn bng n nh:
< s : t trng thi n nh
= s : t trng thi cn bng gii hn
> s : khng xy ra trong t v t b ph
hoi trc khi t n ng sut .
( ( (
k k k
G G G s=c
/c s = tan + c /c s = tan /c
cm
cm m
2
) 2
)
2
)
t dnh (k t ct (k t st thun ty (k
G G G
Cc dng ca ng sc chng ct theo cc loi t
(
k s = tan + c o b
G
/c
m M
2
)
c
a
3
1
x x
Bn knh
(
1 3 1 3 1 3
cos 2 sin 2
2 2 2
1.3.4 Kh nng chu ti ca t yu
* Theo QPVN (TCXD 45-70, 45-78) : khu vc bin
dng do l b/4
c
Pgh (0,25b h cot g ) h
cot g / 2
0,25 cot g
Pgh b
1 h
c
cot g / 2 cot g / 2 cot g / 2
R m ( A b B h * D c)
tc (45-70)
m1m2
RII ( A b B h * D c) (45-78)
k tc
4.3.2.2 Phng php tnh da trn gi thuyt cn bng
gii hn im
* Theo Prandtl , = 0
1 sin tan
Pgh ( h c cot g ) e c cot g
1 sin
* Theo Terzaghi
- Mng bng: Pgh = 0,5 N b + Nq h + Nc c
- Mng trn, bk R: Pgh = 0,6 N R + Nq h + 1,3 Nc c
- Mng vung cnh b: Pgh = 0,4 N b + Nq h + 1,3 Nc c
N , Nq , Nc : cc h s ph thuc vo
4.2.3 Cc phng php th nghim xc nh sc chng
ct ca t
My ct trc tip
Tht di ng
T
Tht c nh
s = tan + c
c
(kN/m2)
Quan h lc ct v p lc thng ng
n n n
n i i i i
tan i 1 i 1 i 1
2
n
n
n i i
2
i 1 i 1
n n n n
i i
2
i i i
c i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1
2
n
n
n i i
2
i 1 i 1
- Xc nh gi tr c v bng hm LINEST trong
Excel
tan=LINEST(1:3,1:3,1)
=DEGREES(ATAN(tan))
c=IF ((1/3)*(( 1+2+3)-
tan(1+2+3))>0,(1/3)*((1+2+3)-
tan(1+2+3)),0)
Chuyn kt qu thp phn ca sang gi tr
Pht => =((-INT())*60
+ pht =>
=CONCATENATE(ROUND(,0),o,ROUND(pht,0
),)
100
80
Lc cat (kPa) 60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ap lc thang ng (kPa)
d
b
4 c Bm to
1 p lc
34
2 3 bung
a
S th nghim nn ba trc
- Van 1: dng thot nc khi c kt v n c ni vi ng
y mu.
- Van 2: c cc tc dng sau:
+ Dng cp nc t bnh nc vo bung.
+ Dng to o lc bung v kha gi p lc bung khi thc
hin cng ngh bm nhi bng bm quay tay
+ Trong giai on c kt, th nc trong mu thot ra, lm mu
co li. T lng nc trong bung gim, v khi nc s t
ng du chy xung, qua ng b, ri ng a qua van 2 vo bung.
+ ng a c tc dng gn vo van 34 cp nc lm bo ha
nc trong cc van 3, van 4 v ng di y b mu, ng ni vi
cap (m ca mu)
- Van 3, van 4:
+ 2 van ny c ng li trong giai an c kt
+ Khi tin hnh giai an ct 3 trc, ta s m 2 van 3 v 4, ng
thi kha van s 3 li.
+ Van 3 : o p lc nc l rng pha trn mu
+ Van 4 : o c p lc nc l rng pha di mu.
+ Hai van ny gp chung thnh p lc nc l rng van 34. T
ni ra u dy in tr o p lc nc l rng (trung bnh)
ca mu trong qu trnh ct 3 trc khng cho thot nc
* Th nghim UU
70
Th nghim UU thc hin
60
vi thi gian nhanh, khong
10-15 pht. lch ng sut
= 1 3 tng nhanh v 40
mu t khng kp thot 30
nc, khng o p lc nc
20
l rng uf nn kt qu ch
biu th theo ng sut tng. 10
Th nghim UU thch hp 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
cho loi t st bo ha
nc v sc chng ct ca Bin dng %
t ph thuc vo cu cn u
Biu quan h ng sut
nh.
lch v bin dng
60
ng sut ct ( 1- 3)/2 kPa
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Bin dng %
30
25
20
15
kPa
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Bin dng %
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480
o o
1 3 tg 45 2 c tg 45
2
2 2
1 3 a b
o o
a tg 45
2
b 2 c tg 45
2 2
b
2 artg a 90 o c
2 a
n n n n n n n
n 1 3 1 3 3 1 3 1 3
2
a 1 1 1
2
b 1 1 1 1
2
n
n n
n
n 3
2
n 3
2
3
1
3
1 1 1
* Th nghim nn n (Unconfined Compression Test)
qu
qc
cu
A
: ng sut bn thn ca t nn ti im ang xt
A : din tch mi xuyn (10 cm2)
* Th nghim xuyn (ng) tiu chun SPT
(Standard Penetration Test)
t ri
Gc ma st
N (SPT) Trng thi
trong
<4 Rt ri < 300
4 10 Ri 300 350
11 30 Cht va 350 400
31 50 Cht 400 450
> 50 Rt cht > 450
t dnh
Sc chu nn n qu
N (SPT) Trng thi
(bar-kG/cm2)
<2 Rt mm (nho) < 0,2
24 Mm (do nho) 0,2 0,5
58 Rn va (do mm) 0,5 1
9 15 Rn (do cng) 12
16 30 Rt rn (na cng) 24
> 30 Cng >4
> 50 Rt cng
* Th nghim ct cnh ch thp (Shear Vane Test)
d d 2 2
M xoay d h d
2 4 3
- Sc chng ct khng thot nc:
2 M xoay
s u cu
d
d h 1
2
3h
Bi tp chng 1
CHNG 2: TRNG THI TI HN
2.1 Cc tnh cht trong th nghim nn 3 trc
h
thay i theo ti trng nn nh sau :
V
1
Vo
A A0
h
1
h0
x x
Bn knh
(
1 3 1 3 1 3
cos 2 sin 2
2 2 2
- Khi vng trn tng ng c xy dng vi cc ng
sut hu hiu:
lch ng sut: q = 1 3
Bt bin ng sut: s = 1/2 (1 + 3 )
t = 1/2 (1 - 3 )
- Khi vng trn tng ng c xy dng vi cc ng
sut tng:
ng sut tng: 1 = 1 + u
3 = 3 + u
lch ng sut: q = q
Bt bin ng sut: s = s + u
t = t
2.3 L trnh ng sut (ng ng sut) stress path
trong th nghim nn 3 trc
2.3.1 L trnh ng sut trong h trc (1/3 ), 3
ESP : ng
ng sut c hiu
(effective stress
path)
TSP : ng
ng sut tng
(total stress path)
2.3.2 L trnh ng sut trong h trc t/s( t/s)
'
S L
C
1 ' ' ' '
( 1 3 ) 3
' ' q
1 sin ' M f ( 1 3)
sin ' 2 p '
1 '
1 ' '
1 sin ' f ( 2 '
3)
( 1 3 )
' 1 1
3
2
1 sin ' '
3 ( '
1)
1
1 sin ' 3 (1 sin '1 sin ' ) 1' 6 sin '
M
2(1 sin ' ) ' (1 sin ' 2 2 sin ' ) '
3 sin '
1
'
1 1
1 sin '
3M
sin '
6M
- Theo l trnh ko: 3 > 1 do gi nguyn 3 gim 1
3' 1'
sin ' '
3 1'
q 2q
p' p'
3 3 q 6 sin '
sin ' q p'
2q q q 3 sin '
p' p' 2 p '
3 3 3
3 sin '
3M *
sin '
6M *
- Theo l trnh nn: 1 > 3 do gi nguyn 1 gim 3
iu kin cn bng Mohr-Coulomb l:
2 q
p' q p' 1' 3'
sin '
3 3
sin ' '
2 q
p' q p' 2c' cot g ' 1 3' 2c' cot g '
3 3
6 sin '
q ( p'2c' cot g ' ) M ( p'2c' cot g ' )
3 sin '
PT CSL ca t dnh: q = M (p+ 2ccotg)
- ngha ca ng CSL: Dng nh gi s n nh
ca 1 im trong t nn da vo ng l trnh ng sut
khi ly mu t em v phng xc nh cc ng sut 1 &
3 . Nu nhng im SU, SD nm di ng CSL th mu
t n nh trong nn, ngc li im s b ph hoi .
2.4 L thuyt trng thi gii hn
2.4.1 t vn :
2.4.2 L thuyt trng thi gii hn
2.4.3 ng trng thi gii hn (CSL) v cc ng
ng sut khi cht ti trn nn t st c kt thng
(NC) trong cc h trc p/ q ; p/ v v Ln p/v
- Phng trnh ng ng sut ti hn ( CSL)
H 2.10a, h trc q/p: qf = M pf
H 2.10c, h trc v/Lnp: v f ln p 'f
: gi tr th tch ring v trn ng CSL ti p = 1kN/m2
L
CS
v
q' Mp' M exp( )
(v = 1 + e), (vc = 1 + ec : do), (vf = 1 + ef : ph hoi)
v: th tch ring)
L trnh cc ng ng sut (TN CU) trong h ta p/ q/ v
L trnh cc ng ng sut (TN CD)
trong h ta p/ q/ v
2.4.4 Cc mt gii hn khng b ko, mt Hvoslev v
mt Roscoe
q/ qe
M
S 1
Mt Hvorslev
Mt Roscoe
T H
1
1 3 Mt khng chu ko
g
C p/ pe
O
3=0
v
N NCL n g n n : v = N - Lnp
1
CSL
1 n g n : v = v
k
vk 1
SL
Ln p
= dc ng nn
= dc ng n (h ta Lnp/v) = cs/2,3
- Mt gii hn khng b ko (OT): q = 3 p l mt
gii hn v t khng b ko
- Mt Hvoslev (TS): q = H p + (M H) exp[(-V)/]
l mt ng vi mu t c cng h s rng vi mt
Roscoe nhng h s OCR > 2,5 (t c kt trc)
- Phng trnh ng Hvorlev c dng:
V
N v
q' g exp hp'
e
T
SS: n g t r n g t h i t i h n
S N N : n g c k t t h n g
N V V T T : M t g i i h n k h n g
T b k o
T T S S : M t H v o r s l e v
v S S N N : M t R o s c o e
v S
N
T
ng sut cc hn
n h
ng sut
O
+V
Ct cht
N (tng)
Co ngt
(gim) Ct ri
-V
CHNG 3: CC DNG M HNH NN
3.1 M hnh nn bin dng cc b (cho t yu)
3.1.1 M hnh nn 1 thng s: Cz
N N
h = Df
h = Df
s
M hnh nn 1 thng s
Cz = f (z,F,t)
2a b P
C z C 0 1 P
F 0
Theo Vesic: Cz
E0
b 1 02
Theo Terzaghi:
b 0,3m
2
- i vi t ri C z C z 0,3m
2b
- i vi t dnh C z C z 0,3m
0,3m
b
Vi Cz 0.3m l h s nn khi th nghim bn nn hin
trng (Cz = P/S, bn nn c ng knh = 0,3m)
P
k Cz
S
0 P P
S
S
P(x) = Cx Cx
H
Px = H/F F
- Nu F > 50 m2 2(a b) P
C x 0,7 C0 1
Cx = 0,7 Cz
F P0
- Nu F 50 m2
3.1.3 M hnh nn 3 thng s: Cz ,Cx v C
N
M
C
J
H M
J: moment qun
tnh ca mng
S
- Nu F > 50 m2
2a 3b P
Cx = 0,7 Cz C C0 1
F P0
- Nu F 50 m2
3.2 Cc m hnh lu bin
3.2.1 nh ngha: L cc m hnh din t s tng
quan gia ng sut (hoc lc Q) v bin dng
(hoc l)
(Q) (Q)
deo trt
an hoi an hoi
0 (l) 0 (l)
(Q) (Q) (Q) g ti en
a n
eot
an - deo a n -d
Vat the deo cng c
Prandtl c
Saint - Vernant
E,K E,K
=
M hnh n hi
Phng trnh trng thi:
=E
hay Q = E l
b) M hnh nht (ng nhn = Dash pot): L m hnh
xt n tnh nht ca vt liu, c xt n thi gian.
.
=
0 ddt
M hnh nht
Phng trnh trng thi:
d
dt
c) M hnh do (ngm trt): L m hnh xt n tnh
do ca vt liu
Q(
0 = K
M hnh nht
QK (trt, chy)
Q<K (l = 0)
3.2.3 Cc m hnh n - nht tuyn tnh
a) M hnh Kelvin: Da trn th nghim n hi, th
nghim nht xy ra ng thi (mc song song, i = const;
i = f(t) )
E
M hnh Kelvin
= E + E
= E =
E
b) M hnh Maxwell: Dng nghin cu s chng
ng sut (M hnh mc ni tip, i = const; i = f(t).)
= E =
= E + E
M hnh Maxwell
3.2.4 Cc m hnh n - do
a) Mc ni tip
Q( E
Lc: QK
QE
Q = QE = QK
Chuyn v: K
q = l = qE + qK
E0
E1 E2
E K
K
M hnh n-nht-do
3.3 Cc dng m hnh lu bin khc tnh ton nn mng
E1
E E2
Taylor XDDD - CN C - TL
(t TP.HCM v BSCL)
Mt s m hnh lu bin
CHNG 4: MNG SU
4.1 Khi nim v mng cc
- Mng cc: Mng su i c c
- i cc:
- H cc:
4.2 Phn loi mng cc
H cc
4.2.1 Theo vt liu cc
D
L
on u cc
Mi thp
Hp ni cc Mi hn
NI CC
A-A
A A Hnh 3.6 Cu to chi
tit cc v ni cc
230x130x10
320 10
hh=8mm 11
0 35
0
250x250x8
35
9
334x180x8
10
320
11
180
350x350x8
9
8x350x180
THEP HOP AU COC TL : 1/10 3-3 CHI TIET BAN THEP AU COC
(CHIEU CAO NG HAN h=10mm) TY LE 1/10
200x200x12
12
50 58 COC CBT-1 300x300x10 COC CBT-2
12
58
Li thep 6
50
HAN CHUM AU
418
1
20
3
MC 2-2
TL: 1/10
CHI TIET MUI COC
TL: 1/10
6 18
2 218 4 3 li thep han 6a50 loai B
1
1 li thep han 6a50
loai A
120 3 218
1
12 6a100 12 11 12
6a50 6a200 6a100 6a50
120 3 218
6
14 11 13 12 14
6a50 6a100 6a200 6a100 6a50
Qs
Qp
2H Df 0,7 hmin
hmin tan 450
2 b
i v mi c i v mi c i v mi c
c n m c t a c n g m
trong trong
t m m trong t c n g h o c
* Cc khoan nhi, cc barrette, cc ng nhi btng
Qa = (Ru Ab + Ran Aa)
Ru : cng tnh ton ca b tng
Ru = R/4,5; Ru 6 MPa: khi btng di nc, bn
Ru = R/4; Ru 7MPa: khi btng trong h khoan kh
R : mc thit k ca b tng
Ran : cng tnh ton cho php ca ct thp
< 28mm, Ran = Rc/1,5; Ran 220 MPa.
- Theo iu kin t nn:
+ Theo ch tiu c hc
Qs Qp As f s Ap q p
Qa
FS s FS p FS s FS p
Qu Qs Qp As f s Ap q p
Qa
FS FS FS
FSs : h s an ton cho thnh phn ma st bn; 1,5 2,0
FSp h s an ton cho sc chng di mi cc; 2,0 3,0
FS : h s an ton chung, chn 2 3
Thnh phn chu ti do ma st xung quanh cc Qs
fs = ca + h tana
= ca + Ks v tana
ca , a = c, : cc ng, p btng ct thp
ca , a = 0,7[c, ] : cc thp (bng 3.28/213).
Ks = K0 = 1 - sin (t)
Ks = 1,4 K0 (khi t nn b nn cht do ng cc)
Ks K s (1 sin ) OCR
1
Thnh phn sc chu mi ca t di mi cc Qp
* Phng php Terzaghi:
qp = 1,3 c Nc + h Nq + 0,6 rp N (rp: b/knh cc trn)
qp = 1,3 c Nc + h Nq + 0,4 d N (d: cnh cc)
Nc , Nq , N : h s sc chu ti, xc nh theo Terzaghi,
bng 3.5/174. Df = v
* Phng php Meyerhof:
qp = c Nc + q Nq
Nc, Nq : xc nh t biu 3.28/178
* TCXD 205-1998:
qp = c Nc + v Nq + d N
+ Theo ch tiu vt l
Qa = km (Rp Ap + u fsi li) (21-86)
km = 0,7 : cc chu nn; km = 0,4 : cc chu nn
Qtc = mR qp Ap + u mf fsi li (205-1998)
N : S SPT
: S SPT trung bnh trong khong 1d di mi cc v 4d
trn mi cc. Nu > 60, khi tnh ton ly = 60; nu >50
th trong cng thc ly = 50.
N Nc : gi tr trung bnh SPT trong lp t ri.
Ns : gi tr trung bnh SPT trong lp t dnh.
Ap : din tch tit din mi cc
Lc : Chiu di cc nm trong lp t ri (m).
Ls : Chiu di cc nm trong lp t dnh (m).
: Chu vi tit din cc (m).
Wp : Hiu s gia trng lng cc v trng lng t b cc
thay th
+ Theo th nghim CPT
Qu = qp Ap + fs As
qp: cng chu mi cc hn ca t mi cc c xc nh
q p kc qc
sc khng xuyn trung bnh ly trong khong 3d
qc
N
pha trn v 3d pha di mi cc
fs : Cng ma st gia t v cc c suy t sc
khng mi chiu su tng ng qci
f si
i
n
N tt
N Qtt
= 1,2 1,6
Pc Pc
=> b tr cc khong (3 6)d, cu to i c mp i
cch mp cc ngoi 100 150mm.
5. Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc (lc tc dng ln cc)
N tt
M tty x max M ttx y max
Pmax
n i
x 2
i y 2
Pmax Pc (Qa)
M x tt Pmin Pn
P( x , y ) N
tt
i
M tt
x yi
y
Pmin 0
n i
x 2
i y 2
- Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc lm vic trong nhm.
H s nhm :
(n1 1) n2 (n2 1) n1
1
90 n n
1 2
d
arctg [deg]
s
n1 : s hng cc
n2 : s cc trong 1 hng
d : ng knh hoc cnh cc
s : khong cch gia cc cc
Pnh = nc Pc > Ntt + Q
6. Kim tra ng sut di mi cc (mng khi qui c)
Fqu = Lqu Bqu
= [(L - 2x) + 2 lc tan] [(B - 2y) + 2 lc tan]
max/ min
N tc
qu
tc
M
x
M tc
y
Fqu Wx Wy
tb
N tc
qu
Fqu
m 1m 2
tb R II (Ab qu Bh * Dc II )
k tc
max 1,2 RII min 0
7. Kim tra ln ca mng cc
p gl tb h
k p gl
z
gl
n n
e1i e2i
S S
i 1
i
i 1 1 e1i
hi
n n
i
S
i 1
aoi pi hi S i 1 Eoi
pi hi
S Sgh = 8 cm
7. Kim tra chuyn v ngang ca cc
- Tnh ton cc chu ti trng ngang
- Kim tra chuyn v ngang cho php
H Png (Png : sc chu ti ngang ca cc
ng EJ
Png 3
[T]
1000 l 0
10. Xc nh ni lc v b tr ct thp
- Tnh moment: dm conxn, ngm ti mp ct, lc
tc dng ln dm l phn lc u cc.
Mg Mg
Fa
Ra h0 0,9 Ra h0
11. Mt s vn thi cng cc
- Tnh mc cu vn chuyn v thi cng cc
0,293L
- Nu cc ng th chn ba ng E 25 Pc
Qq
5
E
- Thc t chn my p ti trng gp 2 ln Ptt ca cc.
- Tnh chi thit k, etk 2 mm
k m n Ap Q h Q 0,2q
e tk
1 Qq
PS PS n Ap
k m
k: h/s ng nht vt liu = 0,7; m: h/s k lm vic =
0,91; PS : sc chu ti cc n theo k t nn; Ap:
din tch tit din ngang cc; q: trng lng cc; Q:
trng lng ba (thng chn = 11,25Q); h: chiu cao
ri ba; n: h s = 15 kG/cm2 cho cc BTCT, = 10
kG/cm2 cho cc g khng m.
- chi thc t l ln trung bnh ca 10 nht ba
cui cng.
4.5 Cc chu ti trng ngang
(Theo TCXDVN 205-1998)
H0 M0
y
y (kN/m2)
z z
z H0=1 z z
l l
l
S tc ng ca moment v ti ngang ln cc
- p lc tnh ton z [T/m2]:
K 0 M0 H0
z z e y 0 A1 B1 2 C1 3 D1
bd bd bd Eb I bd Eb I
- Moment un Mz [Tm]:
H0
M z Eb Iy0 A3 bd Eb I 0 B3 M 0 C3
2
D3
bd
bd
- Lc ct Qz [T]
Qz Eb Iy0 A4 Eb I 0 B4 bd M 0 C4 H 0 D4
3
bd
2
bd
ze : chiu su tnh i, ze = bd z bd 5
Kbc
le : chiu di cc trong t tnh i, le = bd l Eb I
bd : h s bin dng, bc : chiu rng qui c ca cc, d
0,8 m => bc = d + 1 m; d < 0,8 m => bc = 1,5d + 0,5 m
(TCXD 205-1998)
- Chuyn v ngang HH , HM , MH , MM do cc
ng lc n v
1 1
HH 3 A0 MM C0
bd Eb I bd Eb I
1
MH HM 2 B0
bd Eb I
A0 , B0 , C0 , D0 tra bng 4.2/250
- Moment un v lc ct ca cc ti z = 0 (mt t)
H0 = H
M0 = M + H l0
- Chuyn v ngang y0 v gc xoay 0 ti z = 0 (mt t)
y0 = H0 HH +M0 HM
0 = H0 MH +M0 MM
- Chuyn v ngang ca cc cao trnh t lc hay y
i
Hl03 Ml02
n y0 0 l0
3E b I 2 E b I
- Gc xoay ca cc cao trnh t lc hay y i
Hl02 Ml0
0
2 Eb I Eb I
* n nh nn xung quanh cc
12
z
y
4
cos I
vtg I cI
,
M p Mv
2
nM p M v
v : ng sut hu hiu theo phng ng ti su z
I : trng lng ring tnh ton ca t
cI , I : lc dnh v gc ma st trong tnh ton ca t
: h s = 0,6 cho cc nhi v cc ng, = 0,3 cho cc cc
cn li
1 : h s = 1 cho mi trng hp; tr ct chn t,
chn nc = 0,7
2 : hs xt n t l nh hng ca phn ti trng
thng xuyn trong tng ti
Mp : moment do ti thng xuyn
Mv : moment do ti tm thi
n = 2,5, tr:
n = 4 cho mng bng
n = cng trnh quan trng, le < 2,5 ly n = 4; le > 2,5 ly
n = 2,5
4.6 Ma st m
4.6.1 Hin tng ma st m
N
- Khi t nn ln
xung ko cc ln Vng t
theo s to ra lc gy ra ma z fs < 0
ma st m tc dng st m
ln cc.
- Lc ma st m fs > 0
ny c chiu i
xung lm tng lc fs > 0
tc dng ln cc v
lm gim kh nng Qp
chu ti ca cc.
Hin tng ma st m
4.6.2 Cc nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng ma st m
- p ph ti ln nn t sau khi ng cc
- Cht ph ti ln nn nh khi s dng mng cc
- Cc i qu lp t yu l than bn m t nn cn
trong giai on ln (tc ln ca nn t ln hn
tc ln ca cc)
- Khai thc hoc h mc nc ngm.
4.6.3 Tnh ton ma st m
- Tnh ton ln ca t nn
n n
e1i e2i n
i
S S
i 1
i
i 1 1 e1i
hi S
i 1 Ei
pi hi
Df
h pgl
b
h
b
bt1 z2
Xc nh h * K 1:
bt1+ z2 Rtc(Df + h) RII (Df + h)
bt1 = Df + h
z2 : /s do ti trng ngoi ti y lp m
z2 = k0 pgl = k0 (p - Df)
k0 = f (l/b, z/b)
m1m2
RII [ Abz B( D f h ) Dc]
*
ktc
bz : b rng mng tnh i
bz N tc
- Mng bng
2 l
b z Fz a a 2
- Mng ch nht
a = (l-b)/2 Fz N tc
2
* K 2: S = Sm + St Sgh
l/b = 1
5
R1: Cng ca lp
4 m
l/b = 2 R2: Cng ca t
3 bn di lp m
l/b = 00
2
1 K
0.5 1 1.5
Biu xc nh h
Xc nh b :
Tnh b rng y lp m vt liu ri vi gi thit gc
truyn ng sut nn trong nn t l = 30 350.
b = b + 2 h tan300
Mt s vn thi cng lp m ct
- o b ht lp t yu
- Dng loi ct ht to, trung, hm lng cht bn 3%
- Ri tng lp dy 20 30cm, ti nc va m
(Wopt) v m.
- C th thay ct bng cc loi t tt khc: ct pha st
ln si, si .
5.2 Cc vt liu ri (cc , cc si, cc ct)
cc
As
Ac D
Cu to cc
vt liu ri
5.2.3 Cc c ch ph hoi ca cc vt liu ri:
a. Pha hoai phnh ra hai ben b. Pha hoai cat c. Pha hoai trt
Ma sat
mat ben
Khi coc rat dai chong Khi coc ngan chong Khi coc ngan chong
len nen at cng len nen at tot len nen at yeu
2 trt
Gc ma st tb ca hn hp t-cc cu: lc dnh khng
thot nc ca t
1
tb s: gc ma st trong
tg ( s as tg s )
ca vt liu ri
Lc dnh tb ca hn hp t-cc tb: gc ma st trong
ca t hn hp
ctb (1 as ) cu ctb: lc dnh ca t
hn hp
5.3 Cc t trn xi mng / t trn vi
m1m2
p gh RII ( A b B D f * D c)
ktc
1 1
h
8
2
Cv 1 e1 k k
Ut 1 e 4
Tv
Tv 2 t Cv
2 h a w ao w
Uv
2
Tv
Khi Uv < 60% => 4 100
Khi Uv > 60% => Tv = 1,781 0,933 log(100-Uv)
5.5 Ging ct gia ti trc
- Thch hp cho ct c kch thc bn y ln: mng bng,
bng giao nhau, mng b, nn ng, p,
- Dng cho nn: ct nh - bi bo ha nc, t dnh bo
ha nc, bn, than bn,
- u im:
+ Tng nhanh qu trnh c kt ca t nn
+ Tng kh nng chu ti ca t nn
+ Nn c ln trc do thot nc & gia ti
+ Gim mc bin dng & bin dng khng ng u
ca t nn
+ Tng kh nng chng trt khi ct chu ti ngang
- Nhc im:
+ Ch s dng hiu qu cho ct ti trng trung bnh v
chiu dy lp t yu khng ln
+ Thi gian thi cng (gia ti) lu
+ Khng hiu qu cho t nn c k < 10-8 cm/s
Cu to ca ging ct
Gm 3 b phn chnh: h thng ging ct, lp m & ph ti
Phn p Lp m
GIA TI TRC
h=2H
Ging ct z
kz
L=2R 2R Hng
kr
2r thm nc
kz
Tnh ton ging ct
Chiu dy lp m ct
hm = S + (30 50) cm, chn hm 0,5 m
S: ln n nh ca nn t yu
Xc nh ng knh d v khong cch gia cc ging L
kr (1 e1 ) cr t
cr Tr => Ur
a w 4 R2
Uv,r : c kt tng hp
H = lg : chiu di ging ct (chiu dy vng thot nc)
R = L/2 : bn knh nh hng
L : khong cch qui i gia cc ging ct
L = 1,13 S (s hnh vung)
L = 1,05 S (s tam gic u)
S : khong cch thc gia cc ging ct
r : bn knh ging ct
cv : h s c kt theo phng ng
cr : h s c kt theo phng bn knh (phng ngang)
a : h s nn ln
w : trng lng ring ca nc
- Li gii ca Barron (1948)
8 Tr
U r 1 exp
F ( n)
n 2
3 n 1 2
F ( n) 2 Ln(n)
n 1 4n 2
R L S
n
r 2 r 2r
- Tnh ln theo thi gian St:
St = U S
- Xem nn khng thay i:
e1 e2
S h
1 e1
n
S i 1
a p h
n
S
i 1 E
p h
Cho t c kt thng (OCR = 1)
n
Cc hi poi pi
S log
i 1 1 e0 i poi
Cho t c kt trc nng (OCR > 1, po + p pc )
Cs h po p
S log
1 eo po
Cho t c kt trc nh (OCR > 1, po + p pc)
Cs h pc Cc h po p
S log log
1 eo po 1 eo pc
- Xem t nn c thay i:
* Theo Evgene
e0 e p d c2
S ( 2)H
1 eo L
e0 : h s rng ban u ca t
ep : h s rng khi c ti trng ngoi
dc : ng knh ging ct
L : khong cch cc trc ca ging ct
H : chiu dy lp t c ging ct
* Theo GSTS Hong Vn Tn
1 n 1 2
1 e1g 1 e1 d c2
S (1 2)H
1 n 1 L
2
1 e2 g 1 e2
n = R/r
e1g , e2g : h s rng ca ging ct trc v sau khi
nn, kinh nghim ly e1g = 0,65, e2g = 0,55
e1 , e2 : h s rng ca t trc v sau khi nn,
ly e1 = e2 .
Theo kinh nghim th c, tng t 1,5 2 ln sau
mi ln gia ti, hoc c th xc nh gn ng
c*, * = [1+(1-Uv) (1-Ur)] c,
dw=(a+b)/2 dw=2(a+b)/
Qui i bc thm
Li gii Hansbo (1979) cho bc thm, bn nha thm:
8 Tr Cr t kh
U r 1 exp Tr 2 Cr
F De a0 w
L : chiu dy lp t yu
Z : khong cch t mt t n ch kt thc thot nc
qw : kh nng thot nc khi gradient thy lc bng 1
5.7 Bm ht chn khng
Thoat nc phng ng
Bm ht chn
khng
5.7.2 S lt v qu trnh thi cng
- Trn b mt lp t cn gia c t vo mt lp ct dy
t 5-6 m thm nc v to b mt bng phng.
- Tin hnh thi cng h thng thot nc theo phng
thng ng nh ging ct, cc bn nha, bc thm.
- Lp t h thng thot nc theo phng ngang bng h
thng ng lc v ng dn nc hoc kh ra ngoi.
- Xung quanh din tch gia c o nhng rnh nh, su n
lp t kn kh (st, bn).
- Mt lp vi bng hn hp Polyethylen c ph trn b
mt ca din tch v mp ca vi c gi cht rnh xung
quanh bng vic chn vo rnh mt dung dch Bentonite
Plyacrolyte
- Bn ngoi din tch lp t h thng my ht chn khng
c th ht c c khng kh v nc.
- Tin hnh ht chn khng, trong qu trnh ht khng
c khng kh r r vo trong lp vi.
5.8 C trm
Chiu di c : lc = 4 5 m, ng knh dc = 6 10 cm.
Tnh ton c trm nh cc tit din nh.
Chn lc , dc ; thng chn lc = 4 5 m, dc = 6 8 cm.
Xc nh sc chu ti ca c:
- Theo vt liu:
Pvl = 0,6 fc Rn
fc : din tch tit din ngang 1c
Rn : cng chu nn dc trc ca c
- Theo t nn: A f A q
Qa
s s p p
FS s FS p
Qtc = mR fc Rp + u mf fi li
Qa = Qtc /1,4
Qa = km (Rp fc + u mf fi li) ; km = 0,7
H s mR , mf ly nh cc BTCT
ca = 2/3 c ; a = 2/3
=> Chn Pc = min (Qa); Pc 0,4 T
Tnh s lng c N Q
n
Pc
n
n0 Thng chn mt 16 cy/m2, 25
F cy/m2, 36 cy/m2, 49 cy/m2.
Cc phn cn li tnh tng t cc BTCT
* Phn tnh ln th mng khi qui c ch 2/3 lc .
Bi tp
CHNG 6: T C CT
6.1 Khi nim
- Gia cng t yu bng cc ct liu khc tt hn
gia cng kh nng chu ko ca t, tng n
nh v gim bin dng ca cng trnh.
- Nhng vt liu tng hp polyme, cc si thp, si
thy tinh c t vo t to thnh t c
ct. Ty theo loi ct gia cng m nn c th chu
ko, chu nn, chu ct hoc chu un - ct.
- Thanh gia cng di mng trn nn t yu.
- Tng t yu c ct.
- n nh trt ca sn dc v nn ng, , p
p cao bng vi a k thut (Geotextiles)
6.2. Thanh gia cng trong nn t yu
6.2.1 Nguyn l lm vic:
- Khi nn khng c thanh gia cng: Khi nn t n
pgh th nn t hnh thnh mt trt v y phn t
xung quanh mng tri ln.
N
pgh
D>2/3B
Mt trt
pgh
T T
B
D<2/3B
B D<2/3B
Vng I Vng II
A
z
q0
Df
x
s(q0)
F1
S1
F2
z X0
Phn t t di mng bng khng c thanh gia cng
B
qR Df
x
F3 s(qR)
S2
F4 T(N=1)
z X0
t f y
FS ( B ) ( LDR)
T( N )
H s an ton chng tut ca thanh gia cng
- Lc gi thanh gia cng trong khi t do lc ma
st gia t v thanh
FB 2 tan a [lc php tuyn]
L0
qR
FB 2 tan a ( LDR)[ A3 Bq 0 ( L0 X 0 )( z D f )]
q0
FB
FS ( P )
T( N )
ln ca nn khi c thanh gia cng
B q (1 ) r
2
S
ES
B : b rng mng
q : p lc di y mng
: h s poisson
Es : moun n hi ca t nn
r : h s hnh dng mng (=2)
6.3. Tng chn gia cng bng vi a k thut
+ =
H
Mt trt Renkine
45o+/2
Pa1=KaH Pa2=Kaq Pa1+ Pa2
Tng c vi a k thut
Sv: khong cch gia cc lp vi bng chiu dy ca lp t
Le: chiu di neo gi cn thit ca vi Le 1m
LR: chiu di lp vi nm trc mt trt
Lo: chiu di on vi ghp chng Lo 1m
Tng chiu di: L= Le + LR + Lo + Sv
Chiu di thit k L = Le + LR
6.3.3 Tnh khong cch v cc chiu di lp vi
SV Pa
SV T
FS OT
M chong lat
M gay lat
- Kim tra chng trt
FS S
M chong truot
M gay truot
- Kim tra sc chu ti ca nn t di chn tng
P Pult
Pult = 0,5 N B + Nq h + Nc c
P: p lc do trng lng khi t v ti trng ngoi
tc dng ln nn.
6.4. n nh mi taluy nn p cao (ng, , p)
trn t yu c gia cng vi a k thut
b=0,1R c
i
R y2 y1
H
T2
a
T1(vi)
i Ni
wi
n nh mi taluy
FS
M chong truot
M gay truot
n n
(N i tg c li ) R Ti yi
FS i 1
n
i 1
(W sin ) R
i 1
i i
i vi t dnh 0
n n
Wi: trng lng ca t
c L R T
i i i yi
trong lng th trt
FS i 1 i 1
n Xi: cnh tay n ca lc Wi
W X
i 1
i i
Li: chiu di cung trt
Bi tp