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Value system
Introduction :
Definition :
According to Haralambos " Values are beliefs that something is good and desirable ".
Edward Stranger defines the values as "Constellation of likes, dislikes, viewpoints, inner
inclinations, rational judgements, prejudices and association patterns that determines
views of the world ".
R K Mukerjee [A pioneer Indian sociologist who initiated the study of social values ]
"Values are socially approved desires and goals that are internalised through the
process of conditioning, learning, or socialisation and that become subjective
preferences, standards and aspirations ".
Meaning :
Values have major influences on persons behaviour and attitude and serves as broad
guidelines in all situations.
In other words, Generally value has been taken to mean moral ideas, general
conceptions or orientations towards the world or sometimes simply interests, attitudes,
preferences, needs, sentiments and dispositions.
Characteristics of Values :
5) Values are partly genetical and partly acquired through experience and interaction.
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7) Values are strengthened after taking into account different consequences.
8) Value which is chosen is practiced and then sustained and applied at different stages
of one's life.
10) Values may change over a period of time due to drastic incidents and experiences.
Types of Values :
Example :
2) Personal Values :
These are essential principle in which we build our life and guide us to
relate with other people.
Example :
Some people regard family as their most important values and structure
their lives so that they can spent more time with their family .Other people
might value success instead and give less time to their family in order to
achieve their goals.
a) Egocentric Value :
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Which is directed to satisfy one's ego.
b) Socio-centric Value :
c) Existentialist Value :
d) Conformist Value :
e) Supernatural Value :
f) Tribalistic Value :
g) Deontic value :
h) Utilitarian value :
i) Consequentiality Value :
3)Family Values :
In the family system the interest of each member of the family is protected
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through law of interest.
Example :
Parents do not see any personal benefit when they give something to the
children. The children has to recognize the contribution made by the
parents building their life and they do not only pass on the same benefits to
their own children but also to take care of their own children but also to
take care of their parents when they grow old
4) Professional Values :
5) Individual Values :
These are the values which are related with the develop of human
personality or Individual norms of recognition and protection of the human
personality such as honesty, loyalty and honour.
a) Practical value
b) Moralistic Values
c) Core Values
d) Social Values
e) Civic Values
f) Aesthetic Values
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6) Collective Values :
7) Intrinsic Values :
These are the values which are related with goals of life. They are
sometimes known as ultimate and transaction values. They determine the
schemata of Human Rights and duties and of human virtues. In the
hierarchy of values, they occupy the highest place and superior to all other
values of life.
Sources of Values :
1) Family Values :
The family and family heritage excert a greatest influence on the value of a
person many traditions and beliefs transcends from generation to
generation.A child brought up in such a family background will not escape
The traditional influence of the family.
2) Parents :
Mother is the first teacher and home is the first school which imbibe the
child with the moral characters. Parents are there first two install the ideas
of good or bad right or wrong in the minds of budding childs.
3) Teacher :
Good values like sincerity, discipline, truth ,positiveness ,equality are the
morals, the students at their young age learn from there teachers. A good
teacher is a guide and philosopher to his students.
4) Peer groups :
Besides classmates and close friends a person has to lead his life with the
company of many as he grows up they may be the colleagues ,playmates
,friends at clubs ,organisations or maybe the neighbours or persons having
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common habits and ideologies any individual cannot totally escape from
influence of these to any extent and of any kind.
5) Friends :
6) Institutions :
The different societies will have different moral standards due to the
culture and tradition they follow .The moral values of the individuals will be
influenced by the colour Moral standards of the society in which he brought
up and lives.
8)Religion :
9) Political system :
10) Environment :
The physical environment of different areas on the earth also influence the
values and attitudes of the people.
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Depending upon the educational and cultural Heights religious of an
individual the accepted leaders influence the values and attitudes of the
followers .Thus Abraham Lincoln ,Gandhiji and Ambedkar may influence
some while film heroes and heroines me influence others and religioun
leaders philosophers sports personalities may influence yet another and so
on.
MORAL STANDARDS :
2) Moral standards are based on good and beneficial reasoning and not on
authority and common in contrast to this law or concerned with what is
legally right or wrong .Moral standards are the norms about the nature of
actions believed to be morally right and wrong as well as the values placed
on them .Moral norms are generally expressed as rules of our actions.
For example :
Be truthful ,Do not lie, Be kind to poor, It is wrong to kill innocent people.
3) Moral standards are learned from childhood, from family, friends and
various external influences through Institutions ,schools ,mass media
,newspaper ,music Association etc. As the child grows he or she tries to
evaluate and revise these moral standards and adopt new standards which
are more reasonable.
For ex :
Often people make judgements about right or wrong ,or good or bad and
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make remarks as 'This is right ' ' That us Bad ','He is wrong 'the manager is
partial 'etc.
For example :
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2)Moral standards are self regulatory :
For example :
Even if India had a governing standard for cold drinks and the pesticide
contents met the permissible standards, moral standard dictate that if the
level of pesticide is bad for health the manufacturer must correct it and
stop marketing the product till it makes the correct formulated.
3) Moral standards are not guided by the self interest or other non-moral
standards :
Those who uphold their moral standards do not hesitate to sacrifice their
self-interests and other non-moral values. For example, Gopichand the
veteran badminton player rejected the advertisement contract for the
promotion of cold drinks of a multinational company. The loss of huge
income never lured him to sacrifice his morality .
For example :
In the case of Magi noodles, If the first reporter, has done so only to
safeguard the competitor of nestle company, it violates moral standards.
Moral standards demands the impartial consideration.
For example :
If the legendary sports person, who felt guilty for having accepted the
sponsorship of cold -drink with objectionable level of pesticide, he will
uphold the moral standard once again.
The fact that one will be benefitted from a lie while others will be harmed is
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irrelevant to whether lying is morally wrong.
For example :
EHICS :
introduction :
The term ethics is derived from the Greek word Ethikos meaning conduct,
custom or habit ,ethics is regarded as the science of morality which deals
with moral conduct, judgement, habit, character, rules or principles.
Definition :
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Meaning :
Nature of Ethics :
The term moral originated from Latin word 'mos' meaning 'custom ' is an
accepted standard which defines what is good and what is wrong. The
cardinal principle of ethics is to be respect the established moral principles
and values in society so as to protect the interests of others. The moral
principles guide the individual behaviour and conduct.
For example :
Not telling lies, Not stealing, Not harming the disabled, Helping the poor,
Not wasting the time, Doing the duty honestly, Not cheating others, Not
damaging the public property, Being kind and helping the aged one's etc.
Our acts and behavior are reflection of our ethics. The behaviour are based
on one's feelings, which in turn depends on moral judgements.
For example :
Which act I'd moral? Morality depends upon the feelings of the person and
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his moral judgements which influences his reaction or behaviour. This
ethical behaviour is our feelings if satisfaction or dissatisfaction about the
decisions we take.
Example :
Moral judgments depends upon their feelings and their satisfaction about
their moral principles and value system.
6) Ethics is concerned with morality and fairness of the decision and it's
consequences :
Examples :
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of black money, providing free admissions in a private college only to their
own caste students etc. Are the unethical practices .
7) Ethics deals with morality, but not quite the same as morality :
Ethics are neither laws nor instruments parallel to laws of the land. Ethics
makes for a complementary logic that aids law in balancing equity, fairness
and justice. Law may prevail over ethics in the course of judgements.
The conduct of the persons are voluntary, not forced or co-erced by other
which may differ from individual to individual and depending upon the
circumstances . Ethics is basically dealing with moral judgment regarding
Voluntory human conduct.
For instance injuring or even killing a person who has attempted to kill us
not considered a moral offence, but a cold blooded murder is considered to
be the highest kind of moral and legal crime.
For example :
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12) Ethics is a Normative Science :
The pure science alone does not tell us what we ought to do, at the most
they provide explanations for what humans are like. But ethics provides
reason for how humans ought to act. Further Just something is
scientifically and technically possible, it may not be ethical to do it.
For example :
Removing the female foetus; getting test tube babies; cloning technology;
using atomic energy for destruction of the enemy countries; using chemical
weapons in war.. Etc all are becoming possible with development in
science and technology. But ethically accepted?
Provides ethical rules and principles upon which the policies plans and
programmes of the business are formulated.
3) Guidance to managers :
4) Ethical decisions :
6) Accuracy
7) Objectivity
8) Impartiality
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9) Fairness
1) Holistic view of ethics involves a basic underlying concept of the unity and integral wholeness of all
people.
2) Holistic approach in management is based on spiritual principal of Unity , Oneness or Advaita concept .
3) Under this principle of Unity the universe is an undivided whole where each and every particle is
connected with every other particle Thuss entire humanity is one.
4) Such an integrated human personality is self developed . Manager and worker can assure best and
Competent management of enterprise involving collective works and efforts.
6) This is the ideal of Indian Ethos 'Atmano mokshartham Jagat Hitaya cha [For gaining perfection in
individual life as well as for the Welfare of the world] .
7) This is the message for all managers and workers given by the Indian Ethos for management .
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