A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Array

Reconfiguration Methods
Paula S. Vicente, Eduardo M. Vicente, Enio R. Ribeiro
Universidade Federal de Itajub - UNIFEI
Itajub - MG, Brasil
E-mails: paulasantos@unifei.edu.br, eduardomoreira@unifei.edu.br, enio.k@unifei.edu.br

Abstract - Shading causes significant reduction in energy produces great results, since each PV module operates at its
production in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The negative effects maximum power point. The high cost, due to the use of multiple
caused by shadowing can be reduced through different techniques, inverters, is a disadvantage of this method [3].
among them, the reconfiguration of PV array electrical
connections, stands out. This paper presents an overview of the Reconfiguration of electrical connections: recent studies ([4]
main techniques used to perform the photovoltaic array to [31]) show systems where PV modules are rearranged in real
reconfiguration, as well as the key features of each method. time, so that the PV system can produce the highest amount of
energy.
Keywords Photovoltaic System, Shading, Reconfiguration
System The reconfiguration of the PV array electrical connections is
made with a switching circuit, usually. Several methods are used
I. INTRODUCTION to determine the optimal placement of modules, but in all
presented papers ([4] to [31]) it can be observed that through the
The generation of electricity is made, nowadays, almost
reorganization of the PV array electrical connections it is
exclusively from hydropower, thermal and nuclear power. With
possible to recover some of the energy that would be wasted in
the increase in energy demand and concern for the environment,
an array with static connections.
it is necessary to use alternative and clean sources for the
electricity generation. In recent years, different technologies
were developed, where the generation of electricity can be made
from tidal, geothermal, heliothermic, wind, photovoltaic (PV) II. PV ARRAY TOPOLOGIES
and others sources. There are different ways to interconnect the modules in a PV
Among the most widespread alternative energy sources it is array, and each type of arrangement has specific applications
possible to mention the photovoltaic systems. PV energy depend and features. The two basic topologies are illustrated in Fig. 1:
particularly on sunlight, and the generation of electricity Series-Parallel (SP): The modules are connected in series
produces no type of residue, being considered a clean way of and the resulting rows are associated in parallel;
energy production. In addition, the reduction of transmission and
distribution losses and the possibility of reverting the surplus Total-Cross-Tied (TCT): The modules are connected in
electricity to the power utility, increase its use in domestic and parallel and these arrangements are associated in series;
commercial applications.
The efficiency of photovoltaic systems are significantly
influenced by weather conditions. Shading is a common
phenomenon, which results in some unwanted effects, such as:
appearance of hot spots, modification of modules operating
point and power losses [1].
In the literature, different proposals to reduce the negative
effects caused by partial shading are mentioned. Among them: Fig. 1. Basic topologies configurations.

Bypass diodes: are connected in antiparallel with the PV
modules preventing them, when shaded, of conducting reverse
currents and to function as load to the others. Besides requiring
a large number of diodes, in this type of arrangement, the
produced energy is not completely exploited, since the
shadowed modules are removed from the array [2].
System with Micro-inverters: each module in the PV array is
connected to an inverter with an MPPT system. This option
The authors would like to thank CAPES, CNPq and FAPEMIG for the
financial support at this work.
When PV modules are associated, even in SP, TCT or in any
other topology, the system may be influenced by some
drawbacks, mostly when the modules have different
characteristics and distinct operating points. These differences
can arise from any irradiance inequality, caused by shading, and
thus the system may produce a small amount of energy.
In a partially shaded PV array, the system power output may
be less than the sum of the individual output power of all

978-1-4673-7554-2/15/$31.00 2015 IEEE 208

modules. The shading of a single module results in a decrease in
the arrangement current output and, therefore, the PV array
power is reduced.
A reconfigurable PV array was first proposed in 1990 by
Salameh et al ([4] e [5]). Years later, Auttawaitkul et al proposed
in [6] a reconfiguration system to optimize the operation of an
electric car. Since then, reconfiguration systems have been widely
studied and become an interesting alternative for energy recovery
in shaded systems.
Next sections presents some characteristics of the developed
reconfiguration systems for TCT and SP topologies, and
adjustable arrangements.
A. Reconfiguration system for TCT topology
In TCT topology, the most widely used method is the
irradiance equalization, which seeks the equally distribution of
shaded modules. The objective is that the sum of the irradiance
for each row of the PV array is the same, or as similar as
possible, as shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Irradiance equalization example [14].
To equalize the irradiance, some papers ([7] to [14]) suggest
that the PV array may be composed of a fixed and a dynamic
part. The fixed part is divided into subsets where the modules
are connected in parallel. When shading is identified in a
particular row of the fixed array, the modules of the dynamic
part are connected in parallel with the fixed array, in order to
compensate the wasted energy. Fig. 3 shows an example of
irradiance equalization, where the fixed and dynamic parts of the
reconfiguration system can be identified.
Fig. 3. Irradiance equalization system: dinamic and fixed array [10].
209
In [7] and [8], the proposed methodology of irradiance
equalization is evaluated by PV cells association. Through
experimental tests, the performance of two algorithms (Bubble
Method / Model Prediction Method), that determine the
activation of the array switches, is compared. This
reconfiguration method results in a different number of cells in
the rows of the array, which can produce an asymmetrical
arrangement.
A similar proposal is presented in [9], where a searching
algorithm identifies and sorts the rows of the static array that are
most affected by shading. After system classification, the
modules of the dynamic part are connected to the static array to
balance the shading losses.
In the aforementioned studies ([7], [8] and [9]), the
identification of the shaded rows is made from the voltage
analysis of each subset of the static array. In contrast, the
proposal presented in [10] uses the short-circuit current as the
main parameter, since it is directly influenced by irradiance.
Another way to evaluate the condition of the PV modules is
shown in [11], where the PV panel image processing identifies
shading. The image analysis can also allow the definition of
shading displacement.
In [12] El-Dein et al define two mathematical parameters:
IMI (Irradiance Level Mismatch Index) and YIQ (Existence
Variable). Both are used to calculate and establish the most
balanced condition of irradiance equalization, i.e. the average
value of the irradiance in each matrix row is equal or similar to
the others.
The operating principle of the reconfiguration systems made
of a fixed and a dynamic part is essentially the same. The
difference between the proposals are the implemented
algorithms. In [13], for example, the control algorithm is built
with Fuzzy Logic and has proven its effectiveness through
experimental tests.
The results of ([7] to [13]) are satisfactory, however, the
main disadvantage is the high amount of switches and the
complexity of the switching matrices. Aiming at simplifying and
reducing the amount of connections, the matrix proposed by
Velasco et al [14] is constructed based only on interest settings,
thus the mobility of the dynamic part is limited. In this work, to
preserve the switches lifetime (electromechanical relays), the
algorithm calculus are executed several times in a given time
interval. This is done to ensure that the reconfiguration occurs
only after the verification of the shading condition, avoiding
unnecessary reconfigurations.
The reconfiguration systems based on the mixture of the
elements of a dynamic set with a static array ([7] to [14]),
showed good results when compared with fully static panels. It
is evident that, the rearrangement of the cells/modules of the
dynamic array, contributes to the irradiance equalization, which
improves the overall performance. However, when the number
of elements affected by shading exceeds the number of dynamic
matrix components, or when the adaptive bank is shaded, the
system performance is severely compromised.
Greater versatility and mobility is achieved in systems where
all PV array modules can be rearranged. This concept is
presented in [15], [16] e [17]. The DES (Dynamic Electrical
Scheme) proposed in [15] is fully dynamic and allows different
types of connection between PV modules. The proposed
architecture allows the implementation of . !/ !
different configurations, where n is the number of modules of
the PV array. To ensure compatibility with a frequency inverter,
the control algorithm includes limitations as minimum and
maximum number of rows allowed in the association. Fig. 4
illustrates the switching matrix and the resulting arrangement for
the proposed system.
obtained through measurements or estimated as proposed by
[19], where Bastidas-Rodriguez et al suggest a method for
evaluating PV modules parameters. From the estimated data, the
settings of interest (redundant configurations removed) are
analyzed to determine the one which provides the best result.
The reconfiguration system proposed in [20] identifies the
condition of the PV module by analyzing the current and voltage
levels of each module. In this paper, Patnaik et al establishes a
threshold of 15% to enable the PV array reconfiguration, i.e.,
recombination occurs only when more than 15% of the PV
modules are shaded. When shading is below this threshold,
reconfiguration does not produce significant results.
Fully shaded modules are removed from the association,
since its contribution is considered negligible, and the remaining
modules are grouped in an SP arrangement. Fig. 6 illustrates the
reorganization of the PV modules in a 4x4 array.

(a) (b)
Fig. 4. (a) Switching matrix and (b) resulting arrangement for the
reconfiguration system proposed by [15].
(a) (b)
In fully dynamic arrays, the arrangements generated by Fig. 6. 4x4 array before and after system reconfiguration [20].
permutation between modules, are often redundant. To reduce
the number of arrangements and consider only the settings of An expansion of the strategy proposed in [20] is presented in
interest, Storey et al [16] use the COI (Configurations of [21], where the PV modules are classified into three different
Interest) parameter, which determines the amount of settings irradiance (G) levels: bright (600 < G < 800 W/m), gray (400 <
that effectively produce different results. In this work, to G < 600 W/m) and dark (G < 400 W/m).
implement the irradiance equalization method, the array can
have its dimension modified. However, the optimization
algorithm ensures that all rows have the same number of
modules. Fig. 5 illustrates the rearrangement process of the
shaded modules in a 4x4 matrix.

(a) (b)

(a) (b)
Fig. 5. Rearrangement of shaded modules: (a) before; (b) after system
reconfiguration [16].

B. Reconfiguration system for SP topology

In PV arrays with SP topology, the reconfiguration process
is based on the shaded modules grouping. Modules with similar
irradiance levels must be connected in series and the resulting
(c) (d)
rows are connected in parallel. This avoids the shaded modules
to limit the power output of unshaded modules [18]. Fig. 7. 4x4 SP array tests (a) Fixed-State; (b) Bi-State; (c) Tri-State; (d)
Comparison of the system power ouput for the three methodologies
For the reconfiguration process, it is necessary to identify the [21].
condition of all PV array modules. This information can be

210
 In [21] the behavior of a shaded PV array is compared in
three different situations:
Fixed-State - PV array connections remains fixed;
Bi-State Reconfigurable Array - reconfiguration method-
logy where the dark modules are removed and the gray and
bright modules are kept;
Tri-State Reconfigurable Array - the dark modules are
removed. The gray and bright modules are maintained and
reconfigured, in order to group the modules with similar
irradiance levels.
Fig. 7 illustrates the behavior of the PV array in these three
situations, as well as comparing the power output of each array.
As can be seen from the tests, the Tri-State Reconfigurable
Array methodology shows the best results.
The removal of modules affected by shading can produce
asymmetric arrangements as shown in Fig. 6 (b). In these
situations there is an unbalance between the voltage levels of the
associated columns. An alternative to solve this problem is the
use of static converters.
A flexible reconfiguration system FSM (Flexible Switch
Matrix) is presented in [22]. Under standard operating
conditions, when all modules are illuminated, the system
operates with a central inverter. When shading occurs, shaded
modules are removed from the PV array and the other modules
are rearranged. If there are insufficient modules to build a
symmetric association, a DC / DC converter can be connected to
the faulty row to modify its voltage level. Fig. 8 illustrates the
proposed method.
(a) (b)
Fig. 8. FSM System: (a) standard operating conditions; (b) two shaded
modules [22].
Another approach, which uses static converters, is presented
in [23]. The OS-DPVA (Optimized Dynamic String
Photovoltaic Array) system aims to create several subgroups
with similar power levels. These groups are connected to DC /
DC converters and are then connected in parallel (see Fig. 9).
Due to the unpredictable behavior of shading profiles, the
number of associated modules in each group may be different.
This means that the converters must be designed for a wide range
of input voltages.
211
Fig. 9. OS-DPVA System.
In [23] it is noted that from all the PV modules
reconfiguration possibilities, only a small fraction of them is
electrically useful. However, even after system optimization, the
number of required switches is relatively high.
The reconfiguration systems for SP arrangements, presented
in ([20] to [23]), have in common the elimination of fully shaded
modules from the association. This procedure can often cause
problems, such as the arrangement asymmetry, which can be
solved using power converters. The efficacy of this type of
strategy has been proven in [22] and [23]; however, the high cost
and complexity of the control algorithms prevent its practical
implementation.
In TCT arrays, it is usual to find systems where the
reconfiguration is made with the aid of an extra set of modules.
The PV array consists of a fixed and a dynamic part ([7] to [14]).
A similar proposal is presented in [25] for an SP array, where it
is recommended that, when shading occurs, extra modules
should be connected to the PV array.
(a) (b)
Fig. 10. Adaptive SP array: (a) before; (b) after system reconfiguration [25].
In this study [25], the PV array has bypass diodes in
antiparallel with each module, consequently, when shading
occurs, the shaded modules are removed from the array and,
therefore, there is an unbalance in the voltage of the attained
rows. The extra modules are connected to compensate the
removed modules. Fig. 10 illustrates the method proposed in
[25], where the dynamic part of the matrix is rearranged to
balance the shading of the first PV array column.
 A different approach for the reconfiguration of SP
arrangements is the reorganization of all modules of the PV
array. In the following proposals ([26] and [27]) no module is
removed or added to the PV array. This way, the matrices do not
have symmetry problems, as in ([20] to [25]).
In [26], dos Santos et al proposes an Automatic
Reconfiguration System (ARS) for a partially shaded PV array.
The proposed methodology is based on the RST (Rough Sets
Theory). The RST allows the creation of logical rules that define
the most appropriate configuration for the PV array, based on
the information of each PV module (shaded and unshaded). The
effectiveness of the proposal is evaluated through computer
simulations and it can be seen that the rearrangement of the PV
array electrical connections enables it to retrieve a considerable
energy amount that would be wasted in a static array.
A similar work is presented in [27] and [28] where Dio Dio
et al build a reconfiguration system prototype for a 3x2 PV
array. The reconfiguration methodology is based on the
grouping of shaded modules in the same series row of the PV
array. In [27] the system is built with an FPGA, which
implements the control algorithm and perform the
reconfiguration of the electromechanical switches. In [28] the
control system is implemented in the Arduino Mega 2560
microprocessor. Fig. 11 illustrates the block diagram of the
proposed system.
Fig. 11. Block diagram of the reconfiguration system proposed by [27].
C. Reconfiguration in Adjustable Arrangements
In the systems presented in the previous sections, PV
modules are interconnected in an SP or TCT arrangement. There
are different cases where the best option is to connect the PV
modules in a more flexible way. In these conditions, the
reconfiguration process may produce different PV array
structures, according to the shading profile.
The study developed by Salameh et al [5] presents a motor
pump that operates with an EARC (Electrical Array
Reconfiguration Controller) system. Under shading conditions,
the array can be connected in three different ways, according to
the irradiance level:
1 - Low irradiance: series connection between modules (Fig.
12 (a));
212
2 - Average irradiance: series-parallel connection between
modules (Fig. 12 (b));
3 - High irradiance: parallel connection between modules
(Fig. 12 (c)).
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 12. Configurations: (a) series; (b) series-parallel; (c) parallel [5].
An equivalent idea is presented in [29], where Candela et al
modifies the connections between the PV modules in order to
identify the most appropriate connection for each shading
profile. In this paper, the restrictions in the levels of current and
voltage are not taken into account, which provides greater
flexibility of connections. Fig. 13 illustrates the most appropriate
connections when shading occurs in three and four PV modules.
(a) (b)
Fig. 13. Ideal configuration: (a) three shaded modules; (b) four shaded
modules [29].
In this reconfiguration method it is essential to establish
voltage and current thresholds, since the compatibility with the
system load must be maintained.
The work presented in [30] proposes a reconfiguration
system where the limits required by the inverter connected to the
array are firstly set. The reconfiguration process seeks the
optimization of the PV array connections through the output
power measurement, in different connecting patterns. The
configuration that presents the highest output power is chosen.
The proposed methodology has its results evaluated in two
systems (3kW and 90 kW).
Since the topology of the PV array can be modified
depending on the shading profile, there is a high amount of
different possible connections. In [31] the control algorithm
changes the symmetry of the PV array regarding the number of
rows and columns.
The definition of the ideal configuration takes into account
possible load restrictions, which assists to define the number of
series (voltage setting) or parallel (current setting) modules. In
this work, experimental tests are carried out. Conditions that
require loads with constant voltage or current, as well as constant
resistance loads, are evaluated. In all conditions, the system
performance has been improved.
 III. DISCUSSION
This paper presented the main methods that can perform the
reconfiguration of shaded PV array connections. In this work,
the arrays reconfiguration proposals of TCT and SP topologies
as well as adaptable arrangements have been addressed.
In all presented studies, the effectiveness of the proposals
could be verified through simulation and experimental tests.
However, it is important to highlight that, in many cases, the
complexity of the control algorithms and system costs can be a
limiting factor in this type of application.
It is clear that, in terms of power generation, the
reconfigurable PV array has a great advantage over the array
with static connections. This issue has influenced the
development of several reconfiguration methodologies.
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