11/21/2017

NaturalorFreeConvection

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_
continue=126&v=rj8dvmvBWC4

Forcedvs.Natural

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 11/21/2017

Free
convection

Pertinent Dimensionless Parameters

Grashof Number:

g (Ts T ) L3
GrL = Buoyancy force/viscous force
2

g (Ts T ) L3
Rayleigh Number: RaL GrL Pr

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Vertical Plates
Free Convection Boundary Layer Development on a Heated Plate:

Ascending flow with the maximum velocity occurring in the boundary layer
and zero velocity at both the surface and outer edge.

Thefluidclosetotheplateis
_________thefluidbeyondit.
a) Lessdensethan T T ? s

b) Moredensethan
c) Asdenseas

Form of the x-Momentum Equation for Laminar Flow

Net Momentum Fluxes Buoyancy Force Viscous Force

( Inertia Forces)

Temperature dependence requires that solution for

u(x,y) be obtained concurrently with solution of the
boundary layer energy equation for T (x,y).

The solutions are said to be coupled.

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Similarity Solution
Based on existence of a similarity variable, through
which the x-momentum equation may be transformed from
a partial differential equation with two independent
variables ( x and y) to an ordinary differential equation
expressed exclusively in terms of .

1/ 4
y Grx

x 4
Solve resulting equation numerically

Numerical integration of the equations yields the following results for

f and T :

5 for Pr 0.6

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Nusselt Numbers (Nux and NuL)

For the flat vertical plate
1/ 4
hx Gr
Nu x x f (Pr)
k 4
0.75 Pr1/ 2
f (Pr)

0.609 1.221 Pr1/ 2 1.238 Pr
1/ 4

L
1 4
h hdx Nu L Nu L
L0 3

Transition to Turbulence

Amplification of disturbances
depends on relative magnitudes
of buoyancy and viscous forces.

Transition occurs at a critical

Rayleigh Number.

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Empirical Heat Transfer Correlations for vertical plate

Laminar Flow

0.670 Ra1L/ 4
Nu L 0.68
9
4/9

1 0.492 / Pr 16

All Conditions:
2

0 . 387 Ra 1L/ 6
Nu 0 . 825

L
1 0 . 492 Pr
9 / 16 8 / 27

Asquarealuminumplate5mmthickand200mmonasideis
heatedwhileverticallysuspendedinquiescentairat40oC.
Determinetheaverageheattransfercoefficientbytwomethods:
usingresultsfromthesimilaritysolutionandusingresultsfroman
empiricalcorrelation.

Plan:
a) Lookuppropertiesatthefilmtemperature
b) CalculateRaL
c) FindappropriatesimilaritysolutionforNuL
d) Calculateh
e) FindappropriatecorrelationforNu
f) Calculateh

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Horizontal Plates
Buoyancy force is normal, instead of parallel, to the plate.
Flow and heat transfer depend on whether the plate is heated or cooled and
whether it is facing upward or downward.
Hot Surface Facing Upward or Cold Surface Facing Downward

T s T Ts T
Nu L 0.54 Ra1L/ 4 10 RaL 107
4

Nu L 0.15Ra1L/ 3 107 RaL 1010

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Hot Surface Facing Downward or Cold Surface Facing Upward

Nu L 0.27 Ra1L/ 4 105 RaL 1010

Why do these flow conditions yield smaller heat

transfer rates than those for a heated upper surface
or cooled lower surface?

Anelectricalheaterintheformofahorizontaldiskof
400mmdiameterisusedtoheatthebottomofatank
filledwithengineoilatatemperatureof5oC.Findthe
powerrequiredtomaintaintheheatersurfaceat
70oC.

Plan:
a) Lookupproperties
b) Stategoverningequations(s)
c) Calculatecharacteristiclength
d) FindRayleighnumber
e) Findappropriatecorrelation
f) Findh,thenq

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Anelectricalheaterintheformofahorizontaldiskof
400mmdiameterisusedtoheatthebottomofatank
filledwithengineoilatatemperatureof5oC.Findthe
powerrequiredtomaintaintheheatersurfaceat
70oC.

Anelectricalheaterintheformofahorizontaldiskof
400mmdiameterisusedtoheatthebottomofatank
filledwithengineoilatatemperatureof5oC.Findthe
powerrequiredtomaintaintheheatersurfaceat
70oC.

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2
0.387 RaL6
1

Nu L 0.825

1

8
0.492 16 27
Pr
9

Nu L 0.54 RaL4
1

1
Nu L 0.15 Ra L3

Nu L 0.27 Ra L4
1
2
0.387 RaD6
1

Nu D 0.6

Nu D 2
0.589 RaD4
1
9

1 0.Pr559 16
8
27

1 0.469
Pr
9
16

4
9

Masstransferfreeconvection
Heatandmasstransferanalogymaybeinvokedifthetemperaturedependentdensityvariationsarenegligible
comparedtothedensityvariationsassociatedwithspeciesconcentrationgradients

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 11/21/2017

Apoloshirtissoakedwithwater.Itis
hunguptodryat40degC indry,still
air.Thepolowatermix(highheat
capacity)canbeassumedconstantat
25degC andis1mlong.Whatisthe
dryingrate(perwidth)ofthepolo?

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 11/21/2017

Apoloshirtissoakedwithwater.
Itishunguptodryat40degC in
dry,stillair.Thepolowatermix
(highheatcapacity)canbe
assumedconstantat25degC and
is1mlong.Whatisthedrying
rate(perwidth)ofthepolo?

Apoloshirtissoakedwithwater.Itis
hunguptodryat40degC indry,still
air.Thepolowatermix(highheat
capacity)canbeassumedconstantat
25degC andis1mlong.Whatisthe
dryingrate(perwidth)ofthepolo?

13
 11/21/2017

Apoloshirtissoakedwithwater.Itis
hunguptodryat40degC indry,still
air.Thepolowatermix(highheat
capacity)canbeassumedconstantat
25degC andis1mlong.Whatisthe
dryingrate(perwidth)ofthepolo?

Apoloshirtissoakedwithwater.Itis
hunguptodryat40degC indry,still
air.Thepolowatermix(highheat
capacity)canbeassumedconstantat
25degC andis1mlong.Whatisthe
dryingrate(perwidth)ofthepolo?

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