Unit - II

(6 Marks )

1. Write short notes on Planing phenomenon

If a craft has to move at a speed higher than this sort of limiting speed for displacement craft, then it must
necessarily be supported by a upward force due to flow of water underneath the body, or a lift force. So, if there
is a upward lift force, then the weight is supported by this lift force plus remaining part due to buoyancy. The
vessel will lift itself from the still water condition, or the volume of displacement, the volume of water
displaced will reduce, so the buoyancy you will get will be (volume of water displaced * p * g) plus the lift
force generated due to hydrodynamic action, which will be equal to weight.

So, the balance of vertical forces will be attained due to generation of lift force which will reduce the buoyancy
force, or lift up vessel from its still water condition, so, in this, this phenomenon is called planing phenomenon-
the vessel will start planing. So, this does not happen at one stroke, it is a slow process- when the displacement,
volume of displacement slowly reduce vessel will slowly rise and then ultimately a stage will come when most
of the weight is being supported by lift.

Generally, when about half the lift, half the weight supported by lift is called a fully planing boat; half the
weight, or slightly more than half the weight is supported by dynamic lift, this condition is called fully planing
condition. So, between this completely displacement mode and fully planing condition we have a range of speed
in which the vessels plains somewhat and it is supported somewhat by buoyancy, that is called the semi
displacement or semi planing phenomena.

(NOTE: Draw the figure)

2. Write short notes on ITTC 1957 frictional resistance formulation

Schroenherr, after lot of experimentation, found fit for resistance for 2-D flow

This was accepted by ATTC (American Towing Tank Conference) and was called 1947 ATTC line.

Hughes, meanwhile was also trying to do a lot of experiments and collect other data and came up with a
formulation for the 2-D frictional resistance coefficient

This was closer to the observation and this was modified by the ITTC to get
3. Hover crafts:

Hovercraft have a skirt around in the bottom of the vehicle, which is enclosed, which is inflatable, which is
made of inflatable material. It can be injected with air when inflation takes place and the vessel can rise
itself due to the inflation of this thing, it just provides a lift, static lift, it has not lifted from the ground if it
was in water this will provide the so-called buoyancy chamber- and in normal condition the buoyancy given
by this will be equal to weight of the vessel. Now, enclose this chamber, this skirt that have is all around in a
rectangular fashion, inside there is an empty chamber, push pressurized air in this chamber, if pressure,
push pressurized in this chamber, then the vehicle will now lift and of course, the air will ultimately escape
from the sides, as it keep pressing air, air will keep on escaping, but all the same since, escape route is
limited, it will have exert a pressure upwards and the vehicle will rise.
4. Catamarans:

A boat with generally identical parallel hulls separated by a distance and connected by a common platform
known as deck. The two hulls combined also often have a smaller hydrodynamic resistance than comparable
monohulls, requiring less propulsive power from either sails or motors. The catamaran's wider stance on the
water can reduce both heeling and wave-induced motion, as compared with a monohull. Catamarans range
in size from small sailing or rowing vessels to large naval ships and car ferries. A catamaran essentially
contains three elements.

The hulls, which are principally intended to provide buoyancy and to house the propulsion machinery.
The connecting structure, sometimes called the bridging structure between the hulls, provides the transverse
strength of the craft.
The superstructure is fitted above the hulls and the bridging structure containing the passenger
accommodation and space deck.

5. Surface effect ships:

A Surface Effect Ship (SES) is a watercraft that has both an air cushion, like a hovercraft, and twin hulls,
like a catamaran. When the air cushion is in use, a small portion of the twin hulls remain in the water. This
is another type of vehicle where it does not have this buoyancy chambers, but it have skirts, just rubber
skirts on all sides, at the bottom, and if press air, then the skirt will prevent free movement of air, the skirt
cannot, the vehicle cannot lift out of water because that buoyancy is not available anymore and the air will
escape from the bottom of the skirt through water. So, this is called a surface effect ship.
 7. Fishing vessels:

A fishing vessel is a commercial designed to operate fishing trawls. Trawling is a method of fishing that
involves actively dragging or pulling a trawl through the water behind one or more trawlers. General
equipments used in the fishing vessels are Deck equipment, Fish detection equipment, Fishing gear.Warp
winches with capstans are installed at deck of the vessels. Handling of the catch is supported by sorting
devices and washing machines. Loading and unloading operations have a dramatic effect on stability. When
a heavy load is lifted clear of the water it has the same effect on the vessels center of gravity as if the
weight were actually at the head of the boom. All such operations should proceed with extreme caution.

Types of fishing trawlers:

Outrigger trawlers.
Beam trawlers.
Pair trawlers.
Side trawlers.
Stern trawlers.

(10 marks)
1. Explain in detail Savitsky method for finding resistance of planning crafts with neat
Sketches
T = Thrust

DF = Drag force

= Trim angle

lP = Center of pressure from Transom

lm = Mean wetted length

= l k + lc

lk = Wetted length of keel

lc = Wetted length of chine

CF = Friction coeff. (ITTC)

Savitsky Equations

The equation of CL0 is the lift coefficient of a flat plate with 0 dead rise
 = Leeway angle (deg)

= Trim angle (deg)

= Dead rise angle (deg)

Cv = Coeff. Of Viscous Resistance

Example:(for understanding)
2. Explain in detail the Mercier savitsky method for finding resistance of planning crafts
in preplanning mode
General Equation

AT = Transom Area

AX = Area of midship under waterline

ie = Half angle of entrance

Regression Coefficients wiil be taken from table.

Correction is done by following method

CF = 0.075/(log10Rn 2)2 (ITTC Formula)

CF = 0.066/(log10Rn 2.03)2 (ATTC Formula)

3. Explain in detail the Series 62 method for finding resistance of planning crafts

This series 62 covers the following range of speed and hull parameters

The data represented in terms of total resistance per ton Rt/disp for a 100000 lb displacement
vess6el.
Total resistance is calculated as follows for ship having displacement of 100000 lb,
4. Explain in detail about Catamarans and foil assisted catamarans with neat sketches

CATAMARANS

A catamaran is a multihull vessel consisting of two parallel hulls of equal sizes.

It is a geometrical-stabilized craft, deriving its stability from a wide beam, rather than
from a ballasted keel as with a mono hull scale boat.

Initially catamarans were small yachts, but now they are naval ships and car ferries too.

Characteristics

1. The connecting structure, also called as the bridging structure between the hulls, provides
the transverse strength of the craft.

2. The superstructure is fitted above the hulls and the bridging structure contains the
passenger accommodation.

3. Multiply Advantages.

4. attractive layout possibilities resulting from the wide beam.

Multi hull advantage over mono hull

A large deck area.

Reduced hull resistance leading to higher speeds or lower fuel consumption.

Environment friendly.

low draft safer and more access to harbors, more anchorage possibilities.

Better maneuverability in harbor.

Increased safety levels.

Basic catamaran dimensions

 B- Overall beam of the craft

HB-depth of the bridging structure

b- Beam of each hull

SC- Hull separation (distance between two centerline of hulls)

ST -width between the inside hull surfaces

HT -height of the underside of the bridging structure

Stability
This results in excellent stability characteristics at low angles of heel. But this leads to two
problems:

1. Roll acceleration rate will become quite high, such that passenger comfort can be
affected.

2. The GZ curve usually peaks at a lower value, and can be less than the 250 recommended
by many maritime organisations.

FOIL ASSISTED CATAMARANS:

A hydrofoilcatamaran is a foils mounted catamaran under the hull. As the craft increases its
speed the hydrofoils lift the hull up and out of the water, greatly reducing wetted area, resulting
in decreased drag and increased speed.

Some multihulls use three foils; two main forward foils provide lift so that the boat "flies" while
a horizontal foil on the rudder is trimmed to drive and control altitude. On catamarans, a single
main foil can be attached between the hulls just in front of the center of gravity and at 2 degrees
of incidence, spanning the tunnel with supporting struts.
Hydrofoil catamarans are also called foilcats.
Multihull sailboats can also employ hydrofoils only to assist performance. Just
as daggerboards and rudders are foils that enhance the control of a boat, assisting hydrofoils
provide lift to the hull to reduce the wetted area without actually lifting the boat completely out
of the water.
(2 Marks)

1. Write few series names for displacement crafts

Series 60, 1954
Series 64
HSDHF (High Speed Displacement Hull Form), 1976
NPL series, 1976 (National Physical Laboratory)
NPL extended

2. Write few series names for planning crafts

Series 62 (series de Clemens), 1963
USCG systematic series of high speed planning hull

3. Write few series names for general big vessels

BSRA (British Ship Research Association)
Original 1961
Extended 1965
SSPA (Swedish State Shipbuilding Experimental Tank), Cb = 0.725 0.8
Ship Research Institute Of Japan, 1966
MARAD Systematic series, 1987
NSMB (Netherlands Ship Model Basic), 1970, Cb = 0.80 0.85

4. Define frictional resistance?

Frictional Resistance arising due to the viscosity of water, i.e. tangential stresses. Because of
viscosity & velocity gradient in the direction normal to the ship hull, there is a mass of fluid
being dragged along with a ship. Energy necessary to drag the mass of fluid is the work done by
the ship against the frictional resistance.

5. Define wave making resistance

Wave-making Resistance: It is the resistance caused by the formation of waves as the

ship passes through the water.
Wave-making Resistance belongs to the category of normal dynamic pressures. Due to
these dynamic pressures waves are generated on the surface of water and spread away
 from a ship. Waves possess energy. Thus, a ship making waves means a loss of its
energy.
In slow or medium speed ships wave-making resistance is small compared with frictional
resistance.
At high-speeds, however the wave-making resistance increases and may be 50 or 60 % of
total resistance(Rt).
6. Define residuary resistance

The sum of wavemaking resistance and eddy resistance opposing the motion of a ship
through the water;
The resistance which remains when frictional resistance is subtracted from total fluid
resistance or drag.

7. Define correlation allowance

Roughness effects are covered by the correlation allowance, Ca.

The correlation allowance is not only a roughness correction. Each model basin uses its
know-how to determine Ca.

8. Define frictional resistance coefficient

CF = RF / (1/2pSV2)
CF = Friction Resistance Coefficient
RF= Friction Resistance
p = density
S = Wetted surface Area
V = speed

9. Define residuary resistance coefficient

CR = RR / (1/2pSV2)
CF = Residuary Resistance Coefficient
RF= Residuary Resistance
p = density
S = Wetted surface Area
V = speed

10. Define total resistance coefficient

R VL V
CT f , f Re,Fr
1
2 SV 2
Lg

CT = Total Resistance Coefficient

RT= Total Resistance
p = density
S = Wetted surface Area
V = speed

11. What are outriggers

Mainly used in deep sea trolling, outriggers are a pair of long poles fitted on both sides of a boat that
holds fishing lines away from the boat.
At the edge of each outrigger is a pulley with a cord, attached to which is a quick release clip that holds
the fishing line.

12. What are stern trawlers

Stern trawlers have trawls which are deployed and retrieved from the stern. Larger stern trawlers often
have a ramp, though pelagic and small stern trawlers are often designed without a ramp.
Stern trawlers are designed to operate in most weather conditions. They can work alone
when midwater or bottom trawling, or two can work together as pair trawlers.
The superstructure is forward with an aft working deck. At the stern are gallows or a gantry for
operating otter boards. Any fish processing usually occurs in deck houses or below deck.
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