Title

Gas Turbine And How to increase the Efficiency

Acknowledgement :
I want to say to proff. Dr : Hasanien kalil Thank you For make A
opportunity to communicate with us , And develop the student
to be able to select a problem and study it and write a report and
find a solution for the problem
And all thanks for you Dr : Hasanien , for your time you are
spend to teach us and make us Better in technical skills .

II
Contents
Title ......................................................................................................................................................... II
Acknowledgement : ................................................................................................................................ II
Table of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... III
Abstract : ........................................................................................................................................... - 4 -
Introduction: ....................................................................................................................................... - 4 -
History: ................................................................................................................................................ - 5 -
Theory Of Operation ........................................................................................................................... - 8 -
How to Increase The Net work . ......................................................................................................... - 9 -
Intercooling . ................................................................................................................................... - 9 -
Reheating ...................................................................................................................................... - 10 -
Regeneration................................................................................................................................. - 11 -
Combined ...................................................................................................................................... - 13 -
applications: ...................................................................................................................................... - 14 -
ADVANTAGES .................................................................................................................................... - 14 -
DISADVANTAGES............................................................................................................................... - 15 -
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... - 15 -
References ........................................................................................................................................ - 16 -

Table of Figures
Figure 1 :Hero's engine (aeolipile) ...................................................................................................... - 5 -
Figure 2 :Sketch of John Barber's gas turbine, from his patent .......................................................... - 7 -
Figure 3 ; modern gas turbine ............................................................................................................. - 7 -
Figure 4 ; Gas turbine cycle with intercooling .................................................................................. - 10 -
Figure 5; gas turbine with Reheating cycle ....................................................................................... - 11 -
Figure 6 ; T-S diagram for Regeneration cycle .................................................................................. - 12 -
Figure 7; Regeneration gas turbine................................................................................................... - 12 -
Figure 8; T-S diagram for Combined cycle ........................................................................................ - 13 -
Figure 9; combined cycle .................................................................................................................. - 13 -

III
Abstract :

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal

combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a
downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber or area, called
a combustor, in between.
The basic operation of the gas turbine is similar to that of the steam power
plant except that the working fluid is air instead of water.

Introduction:

Fresh atmospheric air flows through a compressor that brings it to higher

pressure. Energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it
so the combustion generates a high-temperature flow. This high-
temperature high-pressure gas enters a turbine, where it expands down to
the exhaust pressure, producing a shaft work output in the process. The
turbine shaft work is used to drive the compressor and other devices such
as an electric generator that may be coupled to the shaft. The energy that is
not used for shaft work comes out in the exhaust gases, so these have either
a high temperature or a high velocity. The purpose of the gas turbine
determines the design so that the most desirable energy form is
maximized. Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical
generators, pumps, gas compressors and tanks.

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History:
Hero's engine (aeolipile). Apparently, Hero's steam engine was taken
to be no more than a toy, and thus its full potential not realized for
centuries.

Figure 1 :Hero's engine (aeolipile)

( 1000 )The "Trotting Horse Lamp" (Chinese: ) was used by

the Chinese at lantern fairs as early as the Northern Song dynasty.
When the lamp is lit, the heated airflow rises and drives an impeller
with horse-riding figures attached on it, whose shadows are then
projected onto the outer screen of the lantern.

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 (1500) The Chimney Jack was drawn by Leonardo da Vinci: Hot air
from a fire rises through a single-stage axial turbine rotor mounted in
the exhaust duct of the fireplace and turning the roasting spit by
gear-chain connection.

(1629)Jets of steam rotated an impulse turbine that then drove a

working stamping mill by means of a bevel gear, developed
by Giovanni Branca.

(1861) British patent no. 1633 was granted to Marc Antoine Francois
Mennons for a "Caloric engine". The patent shows that it was a gas
turbine and the drawings show it applied to a locomotive.[5] Also
named in the patent was Nicolas de Telescheff (otherwise Nicholas A.
Teleshov), a Russian aviation pioneer

1903: A Norwegian, gidius Elling, built the first gas turbine that
was able to produce more power than needed to run its own
components, which was considered an achievement in a time when
knowledge about aerodynamics was limited. Using rotary
compressors and turbines it produced 11 hp

1937 The first Power Jets engine runs, and impresses Henry
Tizard such that he secures government funding for its further
development

1939: First 4 MW utility power generation gas turbine from BBC

Brown, Boveri & Cie. for an emergency power station in Neuchtel,
Switzerland

1946 National Gas Turbine Establishment formed from Power Jets

and the RAE turbine division bring together Whittle and Hayne
Constant's work. In Beznau, Switzerland the first commercial
reheated/recuperated unit generating 27 MW was commissioned

1963 Pratt and Whitney introduce the GG4/FT4 which is the first
commercial aeroderivative gas turbine.

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 2011 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries tests the first >60% efficiency gas
turbine (the M501J) at its Takasago, Hygo, works.

Figure 2 :Sketch of John Barber's gas turbine, from his patent

Figure 3 ; modern gas turbine

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Theory Of Operation

Gas turbine engines derive their power from burning fuel in a

combustion chamber

and using the fast flowing combustion gases to drive a turbine in

much the same

way as the high pressure steam drives a steam turbine. A simple gas
turbine is

comprised of three main sections a compressor, a combustor, and a

power turbine.

The gas-turbine operates on the principle of the Brayton cycle, where

compressed

air is mixed with fuel, and burned under constant pressure

conditions. The resulting

hot gas is allowed to expand through a turbine to perform work.

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How to Increase The Net work .

gas turbine

intercooling Reheating Regeneration Combined

Intercooling .

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 Figure 4 ; Gas turbine cycle with intercooling

Reheating

Reheating is applied in a gas turbine in such a way that it increases the

turbine work without increasing the compressor work or melting the
turbine materials. When a gas turbine plant has a high pressure and low
pressure turbine a reheater can be applied successfully. Reheating can
improve the efficiency up to 3 % . A reheater is generally is a combustor
which reheat the flow between the high and low pressure turbines.

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 Figure 5; gas turbine with Reheating cycle

Regeneration

Regeneration process involves the installation of a heat exchanger in the

gas turbine cycle. The heat-exchanger is also known as the recuperator.
This heat exchanger is used to extract the heat from the exhaust gas . This
exhaust gas is used to heat the compressed air. This compressed and pre-
heated air then enters the combustors. When the heat exchanger is well
designed , the effectiveness is high and pressure drops are minimal. And
when these heat exchangers are used an improvement in the efficiency is
noticed. Regenerated Gas turbines can improve the efficiency more than
5 % . Regenerated Gas Turbine work even more effectively in the improved
part load applications.

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Figure 6 ; T-S diagram for Regeneration cycle

Figure 7; Regeneration gas turbine

- 12 -
Combined
Combined gas and steam (COGAS) is the name given to marine compound
power plants comprising gas and steam turbines, the latter being driven by
steam generated using the heat from the exhaust of the gas turbines. In this
way, some of the otherwise lost energy can be reclaimed and the specific
fuel consumption of the plant can be decreased. Large (land-based) electric
power plants built using this combined cycle can reach conversion
efficiencies of over 60%.

Figure 8; T-S diagram for Combined cycle

Figure 9; combined cycle

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applications:

Aircraft

Power plants

Standby equipment

Boat and ship propulsion

Gas pipeline compressor drives

Railroad (have been used but are not common)

Automotive (extensive experimentation in the past)

Heavy mobile equipment (experimentation)

ADVANTAGES

Modem gas turbines have a number of significant advantages over other types of
power plants, including:

Capability to produce large amounts of power, currently up to 250 MW

High power to weight ratio, making them especially suitable for

applications (such as offshore) where weight must be minimized

Ability to use a wide range of liquid and gaseous fuels

Ability to start rapidly, which is important for backup power generation

Relatively simple and compact design with few and simple auxiliary
systems

High availability and reliability and ability to minimize outage time by

quick replacement of the gas turbine in case of major failure

Remote operation capability with minimal operational manpower

requirements

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DISADVANTAGES

The turbine engine has a few drawbacks, which have prevented

its widespread use in automotive applications

Turbine engines have high manufacturing costs - Because of the

complicated design, manufacturing is expensive

A turbine engine changes speed slowly - A gas turbine is slow to

respond, relative to a reciprocating engine, to changes in
throttle request

A gas turbine is less suitable for low-power applications - At

partial throttle conditions, the efficiency of the gas turbine
decreases

A turbine requires intercoolers, regenerators and / or reheating

to reach efficiencies comparable to current gasoline engines;
this adds significant cost and complexity to a turbine engine

Conclusion

Capability to produce large amounts of power

There are Four type to increase efficiency
Most are used the gas turbine aircraft ,power station
Ability to use a wide range of liquid and gaseous fuels.
A gas turbine is less suitable for low-power applications
Turbine engines have high manufacturing costs

- 15 -
References
"History of Chrysler Corporation Gas Turbine Vehicles" published by
the Engineering Section 1979
"Chrysler Corp., Exner Concept Cars 1940 to 1961" undated,
retrieved on 2008-05-11.
Bladon Jets And Jaguar Land Rover Win Funding For Gas Turbine
Electric Vehicle Project Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback
Machine.
"Gas Turbines For Autos". Popular Science. 146 (8): 121. May 1946.
Retrieved 2016-03-13.
"Gas Turbine Auto". Popular Mechanics. 101 (3): 90. March 1954.
Retrieved 2016-03-13.
"Turbo Plymouth Threatens Future of Standard". Popular
Science. 165 (1): 102. July 1954. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
"Chrysler turbine engines and cars". Allpar.com. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
"Italy's Turbo Car Hits 175 m.p.h". Popular Mechanics. 165 (1): 120.
July 1954. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
Linden, Lawrence H.; Kumar, Subramanyam; Samuelson, Paul R.
(December 1977). Issues in Federally Supported Research on Advanced
Automotive Power Systems. Division of Policy Research and Analysis,
National Science Foundation. p. 49. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
Linden, page 53.
Verrelli, L. D.; Andary, C. J. (May 1972). "Exhaust Emission Analysis of
the Williams Research Gas Turbine AMC Hornet". National Technical
Information Service. PB218687. Retrieved 2016-03-13.

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