CHAPTER 12

Branching Pipeline Systems.

12.1 In Fig. 12-1, find the flows for the following data: L x = 200 m, D 1 = 300 mm, e 1 /D 1 = 0.0002, z, = 700 m,
Pi = 7 atm; L 2 = 300 m, D 2 = 350 mm, e 2 /D 2 = 0.00015, z 2 = 400 m, p 2 = 2 atm; L 3 = 400 m, D 3 = 400 mm,
e 3 /D 3 = 0.0001, z 3 = 100 m, p 3 = 3 atm. The fluid is water with v = 0.113 x 105 m2/s.
f We first calculate H u H 2 , and H 3 . Thus, H x = z x + (7)(patm)/y = 700 + (7)(101325)/9806 = 772.3 m,
H 2 = Z2 + (2)(patm)/y = 400 + (2)(101 325)/9806 = 420.7 m, H 3 = z 3 + (3)(patm)/y = 100 + (3)(101325)/9806 =
131.0 m. Now estimate H, = 380 m. We will hence use the continuity equation for test purposes. We can then
say that (772.3 - 380) = (l/g)/i(200/0.300)(V?/2), (420.7 - 380) = (l/g)/2(300/0.350)(Fl/2), (380 - 131.0) =
(l/^)^(400/0.400)(V'l/2). Estimating f x = 0.014, f 2 = 0.013, and/3 = 0.012, we can compute velocities and the
flows q t . We get
Vi = 28.72 m/s q x = (TT/4)(0.3002)(28.72) = 2.03 m3/s
V 2 = 8.465 m/s q 2 = (^/4)(0.3502)(8.465) = 0.814 m3/s
V 3 = 20.18 m/s q 3 = (JT/4)(0.4002)(20. 18) = 2.536 m3/s
We see that (q t + q 2 ) > q 3 . As a second estimate, we increase H } and use more accurate friction factors. Using
the preceding velocities, we now find a second set of friction factors: (N R \ = (28.72)(0.300)/(0.0113 x 10~4) =
7.625 x 106, fi = 0.014; (N R ) 2 = (8.465)(0.350)/(0.0113 x 10~4) = 2.622 x 106, f 2 = 0.0134; (N R ) 3 =
(20.18)(0.400)/(0.0113 x 10-4) = 7.143 x 106, f 3 = 0.012. Suppose we next choose H } to be 400 m. Thus, we still
use the continuity equation. We get the following results: Vi = 27.98 m/s, q x = 1.977 m3/s; V 2 = 5.95 m/s,
q 2 = 0.5721 m3/s; V 3 = 20.97 m/s, q 3 = 2.635 m3/s.
Note that (q 3 + q 2 ) < q 3 . We now interpolate to get the final result. That is, Hj = 380 m gave us a value
(qi + q 2 ) q 3 = 0.308, while Hj = 400 m gave us a value (qi + q 2 ) q 3 0.0859. Hence we choose a final Hj to
be Hj = 380 + [0.308/(0.308 + 0.0859)](400 - 380) = 396 m. For this we get q x = 1.988 m3/s = 1988 L/s, q 2 =
0.6249 m3/s = 624.9 L/s, q 3 = 2.616 m3/s = 2616 L/s. We come very close to satisfying the continuity equation so
the above are the desired flows.

12.2 The three-cistern system of Fig. 12-2 contains water at 5 C, compute the three volumetric flows, given:
L, = 2000 m, L 2 = 2300 m, L 3 = 2500 m; D, = 1 m, D 2 = 0.60 m, D 3 = 1.20 m; e,/D, = 0.00015, e2/D2 = 0.001,
e 3 /D 3 = 0.002.
I We assume initially a junction head h, = z, + (p,/y) = 80 m. Using h f f(L/d)(v 2 /2g) for each branch we
get:
(120 80) =/,(2000/l)(uf/2g) (100 "n =/2(2300/0.60)(u!/2g) (80 - 28) =/3(2500/1.20)(u|/2g)

302
 BRANCHING PIPELINE SYSTEMS 0 303
Guessing/, = 0.013, f 2 = 0.020, /3 = 0.023, we obtain
v, = 5.494 m/s Q, = (;r/4)(lI 2)(5.494) = 4.315 m3/s
v 2 = 2.262 m/s Q 2 = (yr/4)(0.60)2(2.262) = 0.6396 m3/s
v 3 = 4.6136 m/s Q 3 = (JT/4)(1.2)2(4.6136) = 5.218 m3/s
Checking with the continuity equation,
G. +<22 = 4.955 |
A = (Q, + Q 2) - G3-0.2629
Q 3 = 5.2179 J
we decrease hj to 76 m. Then
(120 - 76) = 0.013(nr)(t/?/25g) u, = 5.7613 m/s G, = 4.5249 m3/s
(100 - 76) = 0.020(2300/0.6)(u|/2g) v2 = 2.4779 m/s G2 = 0.7006 m3/s
(76 - 28) = 0.023(2500/1.20)(u3/2g) u3 = 4.4326 m/s g3 = 5.0132 m3/s
G, + Q2 = 5.2261
A = 0.213 m/s
Q3 = 5.013J
Interpolation now yields:
hj = 80 - [0.2629/(0.213 + 0.2629)](4) = 77.7903 m
t/, = 5.643 m/s Gi = 4.432 m3/s
u2 = 2.3837 m/s Q 2 = 0.674 m3/s
u3 = 4.5145 m/s G3 = 5.106 m3/s
Checking:
GI + Q2 = 4.432 + 0.674 = 5.106 q3 = 5.106 O.K.

Therefore, Q, = 4.39 m3/s, Q 2 = 0.661 m3/s, Q 3 = 5.048 m3/s.

Fig. 12-2

The system of Fig. 12-3(a) holds water at 60 F. Data are: p = 50 psig; z, = 700 ft, L, = 2000 ft, D, = 3 ft,
(e/D), = 0.001; z2 = 650 ft, L 2 = 2500 ft D 2 = 3.5 ft, (e/D)2 = 0.002; z3 = 100 ft, L 3 = 2200 ft, D 3 = 4 ft,
(e/D) 3 = 0.002. Determine the three pipe flows.
I The heads for the free surfaces are h, = 700 ft, h 2 = 650 ft, h 3 = 100 + (50)(144)/62.4 = 215.4 ft. Initially we
take hj to be 450 ft. Applying h f =f(L/d)(v 2 /2g),

(700 450) =/,(2000/3)(u2/2g) (650 - 450) =/2(2500/3.5)(v^/2g)

(450 - 215.4) =/3(2200/4)(u]/2g)
Guessing/, = 0.02, f 2 = 0.023, f 3 = 0.023, we solve for the velocities and flows:
u, = 34.75 ft/s Gi = 245 cfs v 2 = 28.0 ft/s Q 2 = 269.4 cfs
v 3 = 34.56 ft/s O, = 434.3 cfs
304 a CHAPTER 12
Checking continuity: Q, + Q 2 = 245 + 269.4 = 514 cfs, Q 3 = 434.3 cfs; A = 79.7 cfe. We increase hj to 475 ft.

(700 - 475) = (0.02)(2000/3)(v?/2g) (650 - 475) = (0.023)(2500/3.5)t;!/2g

(475 - 215.4) = (0.023)(2200/4)(u|/2g)

from which

v, =32.% ft/s Q, = 233 cfs u2 = 26.19ft/s Q 2 = 252 cfs u3 = 36.35 ft/s 03 = 456 cfs

Check continuity again: Q t + Q 2 = 485, Q 3 = 456 ft3/s; A = 29.0 cfs. Extrapolating A to zero [Fig. 12-3(6)], we
get hj = 487 ft:

(700 - 487) = (0.02)(2000/3)(uf/2g) (650 - 487) = (0.023)(2500/3.5)(ul/2g)

(487 - 215.4) = (0.023)(2200/4)(ui/2g)

u, = 32.07 ft/s Q t = 226.7 cfs v 2 = 25.27 ft/s Q 2 = 243.2 cfe

v 3 = 37.185 ft/s <2, = 467.3 cfs

Check continuity: Q, + Q 2 = 469.9, Q 3 = 467.3 ft3/s; close enough. Therefore, Q t = 227 cfs, Q2 = 243 cfe,
Q 3 = 467 cfe.

Fig. 12-3

12.4 In Fig. 12-4, valve F is partly closed, creating a head loss of 3.60 ft when the flow through the valve is 0.646 mgd
(1.00 cfe). What is the length of 10-in pipe to reservoir A1

I Q = 1.318ACR 0 ^ 054 1.00 = 1.318[(^)Oi)2/4](80)[(i)/4]063(sofl)054

s DB = 0.001414 ft/ft

(h L ) DB = (0.001414)(1000) + 3.60 = 5.01 ft

If Eljr = 0, the grade line elevation at B = 20 - 5.01 = 14.99 ft.

s BE = (14.99 - 0)/5000 = 0.002998 ft/ft
QBE = 1.318[(^)(||)2/4](120)[0)/4]O63(0.002998)054 = 2.25 ft3/s

QAB = QBE ~ QOB = 2.25 - 1.00 = 1.25 ft3/s

1.25 = 1.318[(^r)(^)2/4](100)[(^)/4]o<i3(^Jl)OS4
s AB = 0.003436 ft/ft = (h f ) AB /L AB 0.003436 = (20 - 15 - 2)/L AB L AB = 873 ft
 BRANCHING PIPELINE SYSTEMS 0 305

12.5 For the constant elevations of the water surfaces shown in Fig. 12-5a, what flows will occur?

f Because the elevation of the hydraulic grade line at C cannot be computed (all flows unknown), the problem
will be solved by successive trials. A convenient assumption is to choose the elevation of the hydraulic grade
line at C at 190.0 ft. By so assuming, flow to or from reservoir B will be zero, reducing the number of
calculations thereby. With this assumption,
Q = 1.318ACfls54 s A C = (212.0 - 190.0)/8000 = 0.002750 ft/ft
Q A B = 1.318[(jr)(ff)2/4](100)[(ff)/4] (0.002750)54 = 11.1 ft3/s
s CD = (190.0 - 100.0)/4000 = 0.02250 ft/ft
Q CD = 1.318t(^r)(ii)2/4](100)[Oi)/4]0 (0.02250)54 = 5.57 ft3/s (away from C)
Examination of these values of flow indicates that the grade line at C must be higher, thereby reducing the flow
from A and increasing the flow to D as well as adding flow to B. In an endeavor to straddle the correct
elevation at C, assume a value of 200.0 ft. Thus, for elevation at C = 200.0 ft,
s AC = (212.0 - 200.0)/8000 = 0.001500 ft/ft
Q A B = 1.318[(jr)(fi)2/4](100)[(f|)/4] (0.001500)54 = 7.99 ft3/s
s CD = (200.0 -100.0)/4000 = 0.02500 ft/ft
Q CD = 1.318[(jr)(jl)2/4](100)[G)/4](0.02500)54 = 5.90 ft3/s (away from C)
s CB = (200.0 - 190.0)/4000 = 0.002500 ft/ft
Q CB = 1.318[(^)(i|)2/4](120)[(ii)/4](0.002500)54 = 4.35 ft3/s (away from C)
The flow away from C is 5.90 + 4.35, or 10.25 ft3/s compared with the flow to C of 7.90 ft3/s. Using Fig. 12-56 to
obtain a guide regarding a reasonable third assumption, connect plotted points R and S. The line so drawn
intersects the (Q to Qaway) zero abscissa at approximately Q to 8.8 ft3/s. Inasmuch as the values plotted do not
vary linearly, use a flow to C slightly larger, say 9.2 ft 3/s. For Q = 9.2 ft3/s to C (i.e., Q AB = 9.2 ft3/s),
9.2= 1.318[(^)(^)2/4](100)[(ft)/4]s0 54, sAC = 0.001948 ft/ft; (h f ) AC = (0.001948)(8000) = 15.6 ft. Then, the
hydraulic grade line at C will be 212.0 15.6 = 196.4 ft.
s CD = (196.4 - 100.0)/4000 = 0.02410 ft/ft
QCD = 1.318[(jr)Gi)2/4](100)[(ii)/4]0.0241054 = 5.78 ft3/s (away from C)
s CB = (196.4 - 190.0)/4000 = 0.001600 ft/ft
QCB = 1.318[(jr)GI)2/4](120)[({)/4]10.00160054 = 3.42ft3/s (away from C)
The flow away from C is 5.78 + 3.42, or 9.20 ft3/s compared with the flow to C of 9.2 ft3/s; hence these values of
QAC, QCD, and QCB must be O.K.

12.6 Three pipes connect three reservoirs as shown in Fig. 12-6 at these surface elevations: z x 20 m, z 2 = 100 m, and
z3 = 40 m. The pipe data are

pipe L, m d, m c, mm c/d

1 100 8 0.24 0.003

2 150 6 0.12 0.002
3 80 4 0.20 0.005
306 a CHAPTER 12

(b)

The fluid is water, p = 1000 kg/m3, and v = 1.02 x 10 6 m2/s. Find the resulting flow in each pipe, neglecting
minor losses.

f As a first guess, take hj equal to the middle reservoir height, z 3 = hj = 40 m. This saves one calculation
(Q 3 = 0) and enables us to get the lay of the land:

reservoir hj, m Zt ~ hj, m f, Vmls Q m3/h L,ld,

1 40 -20 0.0267 -3.43 -62.1 1250

2 40 60 0.0241 4.42 45.0 2500
3 40 0 0 0 2000
E Q =-17.1

Since the sum of the flow rates toward the junction is negative, we guessed hj too high. Reduce hj to 30 m and
repeat:

reservoir hj,m z, hj, m f, V m/s Qi, m3/h

1 30 -10 0.0269 -2.42 -43.7

2 30 70 0.0241 4.78 48.6
3 30 10 0.0317 1.76 8.0
E <2 = 12.9

This is positive E Q, and so we can linearly interpolate to get an accurate guess: hj ~ 34.3 m. Make one final

reservoir hj,m St Vm/s Q m3/h

i 34.3 -14.3 0.0268 -2.90 -52.4

2 34.3 65.7 0.0241 4.63 47.1
3 34.3 5.7 0.0321 1.32 6.0
EQ 0.7

This is close enough; hence we calculate that the flow rate is 52.4 m3/h toward reservoir 3, balanced by
47.1 m3/h away from reservoir 1 and 6.0 m3/h away from reservoir 3.
One further iteration with this problem would give h, = 34.53 m, resulting in Q x = 52.8, Q 2 = 47.0, and
Q 3 = 5.8 m3/h, so that E Q = 0 to three-place accuracy.

(3)
(1 ) Fig. 12-6
7

BRANCHING PIPELINE SYSTEMS 0 307

12.7 For the three-reservoir system of Fig. 12-7, z, = 29 m, L, = 80 m, z2 = 129 m, L 2 = 150 m, z3 = 69 m, and
L 3 = 110 m. All pipes are 250-mm-diameter concrete with roughness height 0.5 mm. Compute the flow rates for
water at 20 C.
f h f = (f)(L/d)(v 2 /2g). Guess h a = 69 m: (h f ), = z, - h a = 29 - 69 = -40 m, e/d = 0.5/250 = 0.00200 (for all
pipes), N R = dv/v. Try u, = 10 m/s: (A/*), = (0.250)(10)/(1.02 x 10~ 6) = 2.45 x 106. From Fig. A-5,/, = 0.0235.
40 = 0.0235[80/0.250]{u?/[(2)(9.807)]} u, = 10.21 m/s
(A/IJ)I = (0.250)(10.21)/(1.02 X 10~6) = 2.50 X 106 / = 0.0235 (O.K.)
0! = A,u, = [(JT)(0.250)2/4](10.21) = 0.5012 m3/s (away from a)
(h f ) 2 = z2 - h a = 129 - 69 = 60 m

Try v 2 = 10 m/s:
(Ar)2 = (0.250)(10)/(1.02 x 10 6) = 2.45 x 106 f 2 = 0.0235
60 = 0.0235[150/0.250]{ul/[(2)(9.807)]} v 2 = 9.136 m/s
(N R ) 2 = (0.250)(9.136)/(1.02 x 106) = 2.24 x 106 / = 0.0235 (O.K.)
02 = [(?r)(0.250)2/4](9.136) = 0.4485 m3/s (toward a)
(h f ) 3 = z 3 h a = 69 69 = 0 m

Hence, 03 = 0; 0too 0f roma = 0.4485 0.5012 = 0.0527 m3/s. Hence h a must be a little lower. Try
h a = 68.5 m: (h f \ = z, h a = 29 68.5 = 39.5 m. Try v 3 = 10 m/s:
(N r ), = (0.250)(10)/(1.02 x 10-6) = 2.45 x 106 /, = 0.0235
39.5 = (0.0235) [80/0.250] {u?/[(2)(9.807)]} ux = 10.15 m/s
(YR)I = (0.250)(10.15)/(1.02 x 10-6) = 2.49 x 106 /,=0.0235 (O.K.)
0, = [(JT)(0.250)2/4](10.15) = 0.4982 m3/s (away from a)
(h f ) 2 = z2 h a = 129 68.5 = 60.5 m

Try v 2 = 10 m/s:
(N r ) 2 = (0.250)(10)/(1.02 x 10-6) = 2.45 x 106 f 2 = 0.0235
60.5 = 0.0235[150/0.250] { u2/ [(2)(9.807)]} v 2 = 9.174 m/s
(N)2 = (0.250)(9.174)/(1.02 x lO 6) = 2.25 x 106 / = 0.0235 (O.K.)
02 = [(JT)(0.250)2/4](9. 174) = 0.4503 m3/s (toward a)
(h f ) 3 = z3 h a = 69 68.5 = 0.5 m

Try v 3 = 1 m/s:
(N r ) 3 = (0.250)(1)/(1.02 X 10-6) = 2.45 x 105 / = 0.0244
0.5 = 0.0244[110/0.250]{U3/[(2)(9. 807)]} v 3 = 0.9558 m/s
(N r ) 3 = (0.250)(0.9558)/(1.02 x 10-6) = 2.34 x 105 / = 0.0244 (O.K.)
03 = [(JT)(0.250)2/4](0.9558) = 0.0469 m3/s (toward a)
0.0 - 0 from a = (0.4503 + 0.0469) - 0.4982 = -0.001 m3/s
Hence, 0, = 0.498 m3/s from a, and 02 = 0.450 m3/s and 03 = 0.047 m3/s toward a.

Fig. 12-7
308 a CHAPTER 12
12.8 The three pipes in Fig. 12-8 are cast iron: <i, = 7 in, L, = 2000 ft; d 2 5 in, L 2 = 1000 ft; d 3 = 8 in, L3 = 1500 ft.
Compute the flow rates for water at 68 F.
f h f = (f)(L/d)(v 2 /2g). Guess h } = 48 ft: {h f ) x = z, - hj = 18 - 48 = -30 m, (e/d), = 0.00085/() = 0.00146,
N R = dv/v. Try v, = 5 ft/s: {N R ) X = (/)(5)/(1.02 x 10"5) = 2.86 X 10s. From Fig. A-5, / = 0.0225.
30 = 0.0225[2000/(/)]{u5/[(2)(32.2)]} U, = 5.004ft/s (value of/, O.K.)
Qi = A,u, = [(jr)(i^)2/4](5.004) = 1.337 ft3/s (away from 7)
(Ml = 22 - hj = 98 - 48 = 50 ft
Try v 2 = l ft/s:
(N R ) 2 = (tk)(7)/(l-02 x 10 5) = 2.86 x 10s
(e/d)2 = 0.00085/(f2) = 0.00204 / = 0.024
50 = 0.024[1000/(^)]{ul/[(2)(32.2)]} v 2 = 7.477 ft/s
(AfR ) 2 = (^)(7.477)/(1.02xl0-5) = 3.05 x10s / = 0.024 (O.K.)
G2 = [(^)(^)2/4](7.477) = 1.020ft3/s (toward/) (h f ) 3 = z3 - hj = 48 - 48 = 0ft
Hence, Q3 = 0; Q toJ Q tromJ = 1.020 1.337 = 0.317 ft3/s. Hence h, must be a little lower. Try hj = 47.35ft:
(h f \ = z, - /, = 18 - 47.35 = -29.35 m. Try u, = 5 ft/s:
(N R ) X = (Z)(5)/(1.02 x 10~5) = 2.86 X 105 / = 0.0225
29.35 = 0.0225[2000/(/)]{v?/[(2)(32.2)]} u,= 4.950 ft/s (value of / O.K.)
Q i = f(2r)(T ^)2/4](4.950) = 1.323 ft3/s (away from /)
(h f ) 2 = z2 - hj = 98 - 47.35 = 50.65 ft
Try v 2 = 7.5 ft/s:
(/V)2 = (^)(7.5)/(1.02xl0'5) = 3.06 x10s / = 0.024
50.65 = 0.024[1000/(/)]{U2/[(2)(32.2)]} u2 = 7.525 ft/s (value of / O.K.)
Gi = [(^)(A)2/4](7.525) = 1.026 ft3/s (toward /)
(Ar)3 = z3 - hj = 48 - 47.35 = 0.65 ft
Try t3 = 1 ft/s:

(N R ) 3 = (/)(1)/(1.02 x 10-5) = 6.54 x 104

(e/d)3 = 0.00085/(/) = 0.00128 / = 0.024
0.65 = 0.024[1500/(/)]{t>!/[(2)(32.2)]} v 3 = 0.8804 ft/s
(A/)3 = (/)(0.8804)/(1.02xl0-5) = 5.75X10 / = 0.024 (O.K.)
Q3 = [(Jt)(n)2/4](0.8804) = 0.307 ft3/s (toward /)
<2,o/ - <2f,m/ = (1 026 + 0.307) - 1.323 = 0.010 ft3/s
Hence, Q x = 1.323 ft3/s from /, and Q 2 = 1.026 ft3/s and Q 3 = 0.307 ft3/s toward /.

12.9 In Fig. 12-9 find the discharges for water at 20 C with the following pipe data and reservoir elevations:
L, = 3000 m, >, = 1 m, eJD x = 0.0002; L 2 = 600 m, D 2 = 0.45 m, e 2 /D 2 = 0.002; L3 = 1000 m, D3 = 0.6 m,
e3/D3 = 0.001; z, = 30 m, z2 = 18 m, z3 = 9 m.
f Assume z, + P/ /y = 23 m. Then 7 =/(3fe)(V?/2g), / = 0.014, V, = 1.75 m/s, , = 1.380 m3/s; 5 =
/(600/0.45)(V2/2g), / = 0.024, V2 = 1.75 m/s, G = 0.278 m3/s; 14 =/(1000/0.60)(V|/2g), / = 0.020, V 3 =
2
 BRANCHING PIPELINE SYSTEMS 0 309

2.87 m/s, Q 3 = 0.811 m3/s; so that the inflow is greater than the outflow by 1.380 - 0.278 - 0.811 = 0.291 m3/s.
Assume z, + p,/y = 24.6m. Then 5.4 =/,(3fa)(V?/2g), /, = 0.015, V, = 1.534 m/s, Q, = 1.205 m3/s;
6.6 =/2(600/0.45)(V|/2g), f 2 = 0.024, V 2 = 2.011 m/s, Q 2 = 0.320 m3/s; 15.6 = /3(1000/0.60)(Y|/2g),
f 3 = 0.020, V 3 = 3.029 m/s, Q 3 0.856 m3/s. The inflow is still greater by 0.029 m3/s. By extrapolating linearly,
Zj + PJIY = 24.8 m, G, = 1.183, Q2 = 0.325, G3 = 0.862m3/s.

12.10 Prepare a computer program to balance the flows in a system of N reservoirs connected by a common junction.
Use the data of Prob. 12.9 to check out the program.
I 10 REM B: N reservoirs with a common junction
20 DEFINT I,N: DEF FNQ<D1,D2,D3,DH)=D1*DH*LOG(D2+D3/DH)
30 READ N,6,KV1S,II: DATA 3,9.806,1.007E-6,15
40 LPRINT: LPRINT"N,G,KVIS,1I = ;Nj G;KVIS;11
50 ZMA=-1OOO!: ZMI=10OO?
60 FOR' 1 = 1 TO N: READ L(I),D(I),EP(I),2(I)
70 LPR INT"L,D,EP,Z = ";L(I) ; D (I) ; EP (I);Z(I)
BO NEXT I
90 DATA 3000.,1.,.0002,30.,600.,.45,.0009,18.,1000.,.6,.0006,9.
100 FOR 1=1 TO N: C=SQR<G*D(I)/L(I>): El(I>=-.9650001*D<I>~2*C
110 E2(I)=EP(I)/(3.7D(I>): E3(I) = 1.784*KVIS/(D (I) tC) FOR EQ. <5.8.15)
120 IF Z(I)>ZMA THEN ZMA=Z<I> ELEV. OF HIGHEST RESERVOIR
130 IF Z(IXZMI THEN ZMI = Z(I) ELEV. OF LOWEST RESERVOIR
140 NEXT I
150 FOR 11=1 TO 15: HJUN=.5*(ZMA+ZMI): S=0! START BISECTION METHOD
160 FOR 1=1 TO N :HF=Z(I)-HJUN: HFS=SQR(ABS<HF))
170 Q(I)=FNQ(E1<I),E2(I),E3(I),HFS)*SGN(HF>
180 S=S+Q(I) : PRINT"HF,Q,S=M;HF|Q(I)|S
190 NEXT I
200 IF S>0 THEN ZMI=HJUN ELSE ZMA=HJUN
210 NEXT II
220 LPRINTELEVATION OF JUNCTION IS ;HJUN
230 LPRINT"PIPE DISCHARGES ARE (POSITIVE INTO THE JUNCTION)"
240 FOR 1=1 TO N: LPRINT"Q(;I;")="j: LPRINT USING" *.# ";Q(I);
250 NEXT I: LPRINT
N,G,KVIS,11= 3 9.806001 1.007E-06 15
L,D,EP,Z= 3000 1 .0002 30
L,D,EP,Z= 600 .45 .0009 18
L,D,EP,Z= 1000 .6 .0006 9
ELEVATION OF JUNCTION IS 24.8801
PIPE DISCHARGES ARE (POSITIVE INTO THE JUNCTION)
Q( 1 )= 1.198 Q( 2 )= -0.329 Q( 3 )= -0.869

12.11 Calculate the three volumetric flows in Fig. 12-10.

I (6/0)^ = 1/200 = 0.0050 (6/0), = 1/200 = 0.0050 (6/0)^ = 3/300 = 0.0100
A, = 0.032 /, = 0.032 /c, =0.038 h, = (J)(L/D)(v 2 /2g) = (f)(L/D 5 )(8Q 2 /gx 2 )
2S hj = 0.032[1000/(0.200)5]{8Gi,/[(9.807)(jr)2]} = 8265Qi,
25 - hj = 0.032[300/(0.200)5]{8GL/[(9.807)(jr)2]} = 2480QL
hj 15 = 0.038[600/(0.300)5]{8Gy [(9.807)(zr)2]} = 775.5Q^
Try hj = 19 m:
28-19 = 8265Gi, <2^ = 0.03300 m3/s 25 - 19 = 2480Q2, Q, = 0.04919 m3/s
19 15 = 775.50a QCJ = 0.07182 m3/s
Gtoz - Qfrom, = 0.03300 + 0.04919 - 0.07182 = 0.01037 m3/s
310 D CHAPTER 12

Tryfc, = 20m:
28 - 20 = 8265Qi, Q A ] = 0.03111 m3/s 25-20 = 248061/ Q BJ = 0.04490 m3/s
20 15 = 775.56c/ 6c = 0.08030 m3/s
, / - 6from/ = 0.03111 + 0.04490 - 0.08030 = -0.00429 m3/s
6 0
Try h j = 19.7 m:
28 19.7 = 826561/ 6A/ = 0.03169 m3/s 25-19.7 = 248061, Q BJ = 0.04623 m3/s
19.7 - 15 = 775.50c, (2c = 0.07785 m3/s
6to, - 6from, = 0.03169 + 0.04623 - 0.07785 = 0.00007 m3/s
Hence, 6c = 77.8 L/s from 7, and 6A, = 31.7 L/s and 6B, = 46.2 L/s toward /.

Fig. 12-10

12.12 Calculate the five volumetric flows in Fig. 12-11.

I h f = (f ) (L / D ) ( v 2 / 2 g ) = ( f ) (L / D 5 ) (8 Q 2 / g n 2 )
h j - 78 = 0.025[600/(0.600)5]{86l/[(9.807)(nr)2]} = 15.94561
hj-88 = 0.030[600/(0.450)5]{86l/[(9.807)(/r)2]} = 80.62461
h , h j = 0.030[900/(0.450)5]{86,,/[(9.807)(/r)2]} = 120.9461
98 - h , = 0.030[300/(0.450)5] (86l/[(9.807)(/r)2]} = 40.31261
88 - , = 0.030[300/(0.450)5] {86l/[(9.807)(/r)2]} = 40.31261
Try h j = 82 m:
82 - 78=15.94561 Q A = 0.5009 m3/s 82-88 = 80.62461 6B = -0.2728 m3/s
h , - 82 = (120.94)(0.5009 - 0.2728)2 h , = 88.29 m
98-88.29 = 40.31261 6c = 0.4908 m3/s
3
88 - 88.29 = 40.31261 6D = -0.0848 m /s

If the above values are correct, 6/, (0.5009 0.2728 = 0.2281 m /s) must equal Q c + Q D (0.4908 0.0848 =
3

0.4060 m /s). Since they are not equal, try h j = 83 m and note that 6/, < Q C + Q D -
3

83 - 78=15.94561 Q A = 0.5600 m3/s 83-88 = 80.62461 Q B = ~ 0.2490 m3/s

, h j 83 = (120.94)(0.5600 0.2490)2 h; = 94.70 m
98 - 94.70 = 40.31261 Q c = 0.2861 m3/s
3
- 94.70 = 40.31261
88 6z> = -0.4077 m /s
If these values are correct, 6/, (0.5600 0.2490 = 0.3110 m /s) must equal Q c + 6D
3

(0.2861 0.4077 = 0.1216 m /s). Since this time, 6/, > Q c + Q D , the correct value of h j must be between
3

82 m and 83 m. Try h , = 82.24 m:

82.24 - 78 = 15.94561 Q A = 0.5157 m3/s 82.24 - 88 = 80.62461 Q = -0.2673 m3/s
h j - 82.24 = (120.94)(0.5157 - 0.2673)2 h , = 89.70 m
98 - 89.70 = 40.31261 Q c = 0.4538 m3/s
88 - 89.70 = 40.31261 Q D = -0.2054 m3/s
If these values are correct, 6/, (0.5157 0.2673 = 0.2484 m3/s) must equal Q c + 6D
 BRANCHING PIPELINE SYSTEMS D 311

(0.4538 0.2054 = 0.2484 m /s). Since they are in fact equal, the correct values must be Q A = 516 L/s,
3

Q B = 267 L/s, Q J J = 248 L/s, Q c = 454 L/s, and Q u = 205 L/s.

Fig. 12-11

12.13 In Fig. 12-12, pipe 1 is 36-in smooth concrete, 5000 ft long; pipe 2 is 24-in cast iron, 1500 ft long; and pipe 3 is
18-in cast iron, 4000 ft long. The elevations of water surfaces in reservoirs A and B are 300 ft and 250 ft,
respectively, and discharge Q , is 50 ft /s. Find the elevation of the surface of reservoir C.
3

f h f = (f ) ( L / d ) ( v 2 / 2 g ) ( e / d ) , = 0.001/(8) = 0.000333 N R = d v / v
= GiM, = 50/[(jr)(f)2/4] = 7.074 ft/s
(AW, = (I)(7.074)/(1.05 x 105) = 2.02 x 106
From Fig. A-5,/, = 0.0157. ( h f ) , = 0.0157[5000/(f|)]{7.0742/[(2)(32.2)]} = 20.33 ft, h , = 300 - 20.33 = 279.67 ft,
( h f ) = 279.67 250 = 29.67 ft. Assume/ = 0.0162:
2 2

29.67 = 0.0162[1500/(ij)]{uf/[(2)(32.2)]} v 2 = 12.54 ft/s

(AWz = (fi)(12.54)/(1.05 x 105) = 2.39 x 10 6

( e / d ) 2 = 0.00085/(n) = 0.000425 f 2 = 0.0162 (O.K.)

Q 2 = A 2 V2 = [(^r)(fi)2/4](12.54) = 39.40 ft3/s Q 3 = 50 - 39.40 = 10.6 ft3/s
v 3 = 10.6/[(JT)(I)2/4] = 5.998 ft/s (N R ) 3 = (j)(5.998)/(1.05 x 10"5) = 8.57 x 10 5

( e / d ) 3 = 0.00085/Of) = 0.000567 f 3 = 0.0177

(h f ) 3 = 0.0177[4000/(Y)]{5.9982/[(2)(32.2)]} = 26.37 ft
zc = 279.67 - 26.37 = 253.30 ft

Fig. 12-12

12.14 In Prob. 12.13, suppose that the surface elevations of reservoirs A and C are 300 ft and 225 ft, respectively, and
discharge Q 2 is 20cfs into B \ other data are unchanged. Find the surface elevation of reservoir B .
I h f = (f ) (L / d ) ( v 2 / 2 g ) v 2 = Q 2 / A 2 = 20/[(jr)(ff) /4] = 6.366 ft/s N R = d v / v
2

(AW = (fi)(6.366)/(1.05 x 105) = 1.21 x 10

2
6

( e / d ) 2 = 0.000425 (from Prob. 12.13)

312 0 CHAPTER 12

From Fig. A-5,/ = 0.0168. (h f ) 2 = 0.0168[1500/(i)]{6.3662/[(2)(32.2)]} = 7.93 ft.

2

G,-03 = 20 (1)
(2 )
(h f ) , + (h f ) 3 = 300 - 225 = 75 ft
We need to find an h f in line 1 or 3 such that both Eqs. (1) and (2) are satisfied. Try (h f ) 3 = 64 ft and
/3 = 0.0175:
64 = 0.0175[4000/(i)]{u!/[(2)(32.2)]} v 3 = 9.398 ft/s
( N R ) 3 = j(9.398)/(1.05 x 10-5) = 1.34 x 106
(e/d)3 = 0.000567 (from Prob. 12.13)
/3 = 0.0175 (O.K.) Q 3 = A3U3 = [(*0(T)74](9.398) = 16.61 ft3/s
Q t - 16.61=20 g,= 36.61 ft3/s
v. = 36.61/[(jr)(f)2/4] = 5.179 ft/s (A/*), = (f|)(5.179)/(1.05 x 10 5) = 1.48 x 10 6

(e/d), = 0.000333 (from Prob. 12.13) /, = 0.0158

(hf), = 0.0158[5000/(ff)]{5.1792/[(2)(32.2)]} = 10.97 ft
zBB = ZA~ ( h f ) , ~ ( h f ) 2 = 300 - 10.97 - 7.93 = 281.1 ft

12.15 Given, in Prob. 12.14, that discharge Q 2 is 20 cfs o u t o f reservoir B , find the elevation of the surface of B .
I As in Prob. 12.14, (h f ) 2 = 7.93 ft, but Eq. (1 ) becomes
Q 3 - Q , = 20 (1)
Equation (2) is the same as in Prob. 12.14; that is,
(h f ) , + (h f ) 3 = 300-225 = 75 ft (2)
We need to find an h f in line 1 or 3 such that both Eqs. (1 ) and (2) are satisfied. Try (h f ) 3 = 77 ft and
/3 = 0.0175:

77 = 0.0175[4000/(if)]{u|/[(2)(32.2)]} u = 10.31 ft/s 3

( N R ) 3 = (||)(10.31)/(1.05 x 105) = 1.47 x 10 6

( e / d ) 3 = 0.000567 (from Prob. 12.13)

/3 = 0.0175 (O.K.)
Q3 = A3V3 = t(jr)(if)2/4](10.31) = 18.22 ft3/s 18.22 - Q , = 20
Q , = -1.78 ft3/s (i.e., flow is into reservoir A )
v , = 1.78/[(jr)(f)2/4] = 0.2518 ft/s
(N r ), = (f|)(0.2518)/(1.05 X lO'5) = 7.19 X 10 4

(e/d), = 0.000333 (from Prob. 12.13) /, = 0.0208

(h f ) , = 0.0208(5000/ (ff)] (0.25182/[(2)(32.2)]} = 0.03 ft
z B = z A + (h f ) , + (h f ) 2 = 300 + 0.03 + 7.93 = 308 ft

12.16 In Fig. 12-12, assume that 1, 2, and 3 represent 900 m of 60-cm, 300 m of 45-cm, and 1200 m of 40-cm,
respectively, of new welded steel pipe. The surface elevations of A , B , and C are 32 m, 20 m, and 2 m,
respectively. Estimate the water flows in all pipes.
I (e/d), =0.000046/(0.60) =0.0000767 (e/d) = 0.000046/(0.45) = 0.0001022
2

(e/d) = 0.000046/(0.40) = 0.0001150

3

Assuming complete turbulence (high Reynolds numbers), friction factors for these values of (e/d) will be
/, = 0.0115, f 2 = 0.0122, and/3 = 0.0126.
h f = (f ) (L / d ) ( v 2 / 2 g ) = (f ) ( L / d s ) (S Q 2 l g n 2 )
(h f ) , = 0.0115[900/(0.60)5]{8Q7[(9.807)(n:)2]} = 11.00Q?
(h f ) 2 = 0.0122[300/(0.45)5]{8Gi/[(9.807)(^)2]} = 16.39Q2
(h f ) 3 = 0.0126[1200/(0.40)5]{8G|/[(9.807)(jr)2]} = 122.0Q 3
2

32 ll-OOgf = Ay
(1)
 BRANCHING PIPELINE SYSTEMS 7 313

h j - 16.39(^ = 20 or 20-16.39(31 = ^ (2)

h , - 122.0Q l = 2 (3)
r
2I = 22 + 23 2i + 2z = 2s
(4)
Assume no flow in pipe 2, in which case h 3 = 20 m. 32 - 11.00Q? = 20, Q \ = 1.091; 20 - 122.0(31 = 2,
(31 = 0.1475. Since Q , > Q 3 , flow must be into reservoir B , and hj > 20 m. By trial and error, h j = 23.5 m.
32 - ll.OOQf = 23.5, Q , = 0.879 m /s; 23.5 -16.39(31 = 20, Q 2 = 0.462 m /s; 23.5 - 122.0(31 = 2, Q 3 =
3 3

0.420 m /s. Check Eq. (4): 0.879 = 0.462 + 0.420,0.879 = 0.882 (close enough). Check the Reynolds numbers
3

for normal temperature:

N R = d v / v u, = 0.879/[(jr)(0.60)74] = 3.109 m/s
(N*)i = (0.60)(3.109)/(1.02 x 10 6) = 1.83 x 10 6

v 2 = 0.462/ [(JT)(0.45)74] = 2.905 m/s

(N r ) 2 = (0.45)(2.905)/(1.02 x 106) = 1.28 x 10 6

v 3 = 0.420/[(JT)(0.40)74] = 3.342 m/s

( N R ) t = (0.40)(3.342)/(l. 02 x 10~6) = 1.31 X 10 6

From Fig. A-5, / = 0.0135 approximately for all pipes; hence, the above flows should be multiplied by
(0.012/0.0135), giving (3, = (0.012/0.0135)(0.879) = 0.781 m /s, Q 2 = (0.012/0.0135)(0.462) = 0.411 m /s,
3 3

Q 3 = (0.012/0.0135)(0.420) = 0.373 m /s. Further refinement of these approximations is not justified.

3

12.17 Suppose that, in Fig. 12-12, pipe 1 is 1500 ft of 12-in new cast iron, pipe 2 is 800 ft of 6-in wrought iron, and pipe
3 is 1200 ft of 8-in wrought iron. The water surface of reservoir B is 20 ft below that of A , while junction J is
40 ft below the surface of A . When the pressure head at J is 30 ft, find the flow in each pipe.
f ( h f } \ = 40 30 = 10 ft (h f ) 2 = (40 20) 30 = 10 ft h f = (f ) ( L / d ) (v 2 / 2 g )
Assume /, = 0.019:
10 = 0.019[1500/(]f)]{i>7[(2)(32.2)]} u, = 4.754 ft/s N R = d v / v
( N r ) , = (ii)(4.754)/(1.05 x 10~5) = 4.53 x 10s (e / d ), = 0.00085/({f) = 0.00085
From Fig. A-5,/, = 0.0198. Try/, = 0.0198:
10 = 0.0198[1500/(])]{t;7[(2)(32.2)]} u, = 4.657 ft/s
(Yr), = (ii)(4.657)/(1.05 x 10-5) = 4.44 x 10 5 /,=0.0198 (O.K.)
(3, = A,u, = [(zr)(]i)74](4.657) = 3.658 ft3/s
Assume/= 0.015:
10 = 0.015[800/(n)] (ul/[(2)(32.2)]} v 2 = 5.180 ft/s
( N r ) 2 = (n)(5.180)/(1.05 x 10-5) = 2.47 x 10 5 ( e / d ) 2 = 0.00015/(^) = 0.00030 / = 0.0175
Try/ = 0.0175:
2

10 = 0.0175[800/()]{u|/[(2)(32.2)]} v 2 = 4.796 ft/s

( N r ) 2 = (^)(4.796)/(1.05 X 10-5) = 2.28 x 10 5 / = 0.0175 (O.K.)
Q 2 = [(zr)(^)74](4.796) = 0.942 ft3/s Q 3 = 0, - Q 2 = 3.658 - 0.942 = 2.716 ft3/s

12.18 In the reservoir system of Fig. 12-13, z A = 210 ft, z = 240 ft, z c = 130 ft, z D = 150 ft, B D = 3000 ft of 4-in cast
iron pipe, A D = 2000 ft of 1-in steel pipe, and D C = 500 ft of 6-in cast iron pipe. Using/ = 0.025 and neglecting
minor losses, determine the flow in each pipe.
t h f - (f ) ( L / d ) ( v 2 / 2 g ) . Let p n / y = -15 ft:
(hf)AD = 210 - 150 - (-15) = 0.025[2000/(/)]{U3 /[(2)(32.2)]} D VAD = 2.837 ft/s
(h f ) BD = 240 - 150 - (-15) = 0.025[3000/(/)]{t8D/[(2)(32.2)]} v BD = 5.482 ft/s
( h f ) C D = 130 - 150 - (-15) = 0.025[500/()]{U;W[(2)(32.2)]} V C D = 3.589 ft/s (away from D)
If these velocities are correct, Q A D + Q B D must equal Q C D : Q A D + Q BD = [(7r)(ra)74](2.837) +
[(zr)(^)74](5.482) = 0.4939 ft /s, Q C D = [(7r)(n)2/4](3.589) = 0.7047 ft /s. Since they are unequal, try
3 3
314 0 CHAPTER 12

PD/Y = I? ft:
( h f ) A D = 210 - 150 - (-17) = 0.025[2000/(i)]{wiD/[(2)(32.2)]} v A D = 2.875 ft/s
( h f ) B D = 240 - 150 - (-17) = 0.025[3000/(d)]{ugD/[(2)(32.2)]} v B D = 5.534 ft/s
( h f ) c o = 130 - 150 - (-17) = 0.025[500/(^)]{u|D/[(2)(32.2)]} v C D = 2.789 ft/s (away from D )
Q AD + Q BD = [(^)(ik)2/4](2.875) + [(n )(fj)2/4](5.534) = 0.4986 ft3/s
Q CD = [(^)(i5)2/4](2.789) = 0.5476 ft3/s
Q AD + Q B D is still not equal to Q C D \ try P D I Y = 17.4 ft:
(h f ) A D = 210 - 150 - (-17.5) = 0.025[2000/(fi)]{u3D/[(2)(32.2)]} v A D = 2.884ft/s
(h f ) B D = 240 - 150 - (-17.5) = 0.025[3000/(ri)]{ugD/[(2)(32.2)]} v B D = 5.547 ft/s
(h f ) C D = 130 - 150 - (-17.5) = 0.025[500/()){t^o/[(2)(32.2)]} v C D = 2.538 ft/s (away from D )
Q AD + Q B D = [(jr)(i)2/4](2.884) + [(*)()2/4](5.547) = 0.4998 ft3/s
Q c o = [(^r)(^)2/4](2.538) = 0.4983 ft3/s
Since Q A D + Q B D is close enough to Q C D , take
Q AD = [(^)(s)2/4](2.884) = 0.015 ft3/s (toward D)
Q B D = [(JT)(^)2/4](5.547) = 0.483 ft3/s (toward D )
Q CD 0.498 ft3/s (away from D)

Fig. 12-13

12.19 Three reservoirs A, B , and C whose water-surface elevations are z A = 60 ft, z B = 50 ft, and zc = 32 ft, are
interconnected by a pipe system with a common junction D , z D = 35 ft. The pipes are as follows: from A to
junction, L = 800 ft, d = 3 in; from B to junction, L = 500 ft, d . = 10 in; from C to junction, L = 1000 f t , d = 4 in.
Assume / = 0.02 for all pipes and neglect minor losses and velocity heads. Determine whether the flow is into or
out of reservoir B .
f Assume no flow between B and D .
h f = (f ) (L / d ) ( v 2 l 2 g ) (h f ) A = 0.02[800/()]{u2 /[(2)(32.2)]} = 0.9938u2
(h f ) c = 0.02[1000/()]{v|/[(2)(32.2)]} = 0.9317t>2c
AA VA = A c v c [{n){-hyi4}{v A ) = [(^)(TI) /4](U )
2
c

v A = 1 . 7 7 8 v c (h f ) A l (h f ) c = 0.9938uy0.9317u| = (0.9938)(1.778vc)2/0.9317w2c = 3.372

Hence, (h f ) A = [3.372/(3.372 +1)](60 - 32) = 21.60ft, and z D = 60 - 21.60 = 38.40 ft. Since our no-flow
assumption makes D too high (by 3.40 ft) relative to B , the flow must be out of B into D .