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TRIGONOMETRY
Lingkaran Satuan
y
a) sin = PP
OP = 1 =
y,
b) cos = OP = x = x, dan
OP 1
y
c) tan = PP = x , dengan catatan x 0
OP
Nilai Perbandingan Trigonometri untuk Sudut 0
a) sin 0 = Y = 0
b) cos 0 = 1, dan
P(1,0)
c) tan 0 = sin 0 = 0 = 0 0 1 x
cos 0 1
Values of Trigonometric function
In degree () 0 30 45 60 90
Sine 0 0.5 1/2 3/2 1
Y A
P(x,y)
y (tentang)
0 x (sebelah) x
II I
sin, positif semua positif
cosec, positif
0 X
III IV
tan, positif cos, positif
cot, positif sec, positif
Perbandingan Sudut di Semua Kuadran
x
sin (1800 + ) = sin sin (3600 ) = sin
cos (1800 + ) = cos cos (3600 ) = cos
tan (1800 + ) = tan tan (3600 ) = tan
B 1
4
C
5
4
D
5
E 1
Unit Circle
What you just played with is the Unit Circle.
It is a circle with a radius of 1 with its center at
0.
Because the radius is 1, we can directly measure
sine, cosine and tangent.
And now you know why
trigonometry is also about circles!
Radians
The angle made when the
radius is wrapped round
the circle.
1 Radian is about 57.2958
degrees
Degrees and Radians
Let us see why 1 Radian is equal
to 57.2958... degrees:
In a half circle there are
radians, which is also 180
So: radians =180
So: 1 radian =180/
= 57.2958...
To go from radians to degrees:
multiply by 180, divide by
To go from degrees to radians:
multiply by , divide by 180
Degrees and Radians
Angles can be in Degrees or Radians. Here are
some examples:
Angle Degrees Radians
Right Angle 90 /2
__ Straight Angle 180
Full Rotation 360 2
Repeating Pattern
Because the angle is rotating around and around the circle the
Sine, Cosine and Tangent functions repeat once every full
rotation
When we want to calculate the function for an angle larger
than a full rotation of 360 (2 radians) we subtract as many
full rotations as needed to bring it back below 360
(2 radians):
Example: what is the cosine of 370?
370 is greater than 360 so let us subtract 360
370 360 = 10
cos(370) = cos(10) = 0.985 (to 3 decimal places)
Repeating Pattern
And when the angle is less than zero, just add full rotations.
Example: what is the sine of 3 radians?
3 is less than 0 so let us add 2 radians
3 + 2 = 3 + 6.283... = 3.283... Radians
sin(3) = sin(3.283...) = 0.141 (to 3 decimal places)
Trigonometric Identities
The Trigonometric Identities are equations that are true for
Right Angled Triangles
Sine, Cosine and Tangent
When we divide Sine by Cosine we get:
sin() Opposite/Hypotenuse Opposite
tan()
cos() Adjacent/Hypotenuse Adjacent
sin()
tan()= [our first Trigonometric Identity]
cos()
cos()
cot()=
sin()
Trigonometric Identities
Pythagoras Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem says that, in a right triangle, the square of a
plus the square of b is equal to the square of c:
a2 + b 2 = c 2
Dividing through by c2 gives
a2/c2 + b2/c2 = c2/c2
This can be simplified to:
(a/c)2 + (b/c)2 = 1
Now, a/c is Opposite / Hypotenuse, which is sin()
and b/c is Adjacent / Hypotenuse, which is cos()
So (a/c)2 + (b/c)2 = 1 can also be written:
sin2 + cos2 = 1
Note:
sin2 means to find the sine of , then square the result, and
sin 2 means to square , then do the sine function
Trigonometric Identities
Pythagoras Theorem
a2 + b2 = c2
Dividing through by b2 gives
a2/b2 + b2/b2 = c2/b2
This can be simplified to:
(a/b)2 + 1 = (c/b)2
Now, a/b is Opposite / adjacent, which is tan()
and c/b is Hypotenuse/ adjacent, which is sec()
So (a/b)2 + 1= (c/b)2 can also be written:
tan2 + 1 = sec2
Trigonometric Identities
Pythagoras Theorem
a2 + b2 = c2
Dividing through by a2 gives
a2/a2 + b2/a2 = c2/a2
This can be simplified to:
1 + (b/a)2 = (c/a)2
Now, b/a is Adjacent / Opposite, which is cot()
and c/a is Hypotenuse/ Opposite, which is cosec()
So 1+ (b/a)2 = (c/a)2 can also be written:
1 + cot2 = cosec2
sin2 + cos2 = 1
1 cos2 = sin2
1 sin2 = cos2
tan2 + 1 = sec2
sec2 - tan2 = 1
sec2 - 1 = tan2
cot2 + 1 = cosec2
cosec2 - cot2 = 1
cosec2 - 1 = cot2
28
Identiti-identiti trigonometri:
h=? opp h
tan 60
2
3 adj 53
60
3 h
53 ft
1
1 53
h 53 3 92 ft
Application: Height
32
120 ft
h = 74.98 ft
36
Application: Height
68
An observer on top of a hill
measures an angle of
depression of 68 when
looking at a truck parked in
h=?
the valley below.
If the truck is 55 ft from the
base of the hill, how high is
the hill?
55 ft
h = 136.1 ft
37
Applications of Trigonometry
(a) 1 sin
2
(b) 1 + 1 (c) (1 tan 2 x ) cos x
1 sin 1 sin x 1 sin x
3. Let and be two angles in quadrant III and IV respectively such that
4 8
sin and cos . Find the values of the following:
5 17
(a) sin( ) (b) sin( ) (c) cos( ) (d) cos( )
(e) tan( ) (f) tan( )
Exercise 4:
1. Prove that:
1. Let and be two angles in quadrant III and IV respectively such that
4 8
sin and cos . Find the values of the following:
5 17
(a) sin( )
(b) sin( )
(c) cos( )
(d) cos( )
(e) tan( )
(f) tan( )
Exercise 5:
1. Prove that: