The Connection

Theme 3 /4.1
Durham, Manchester, STFC, Strathclyde

Mike Barnes
Behzad Kazemtabrizi, Tony Beddard,
Olimpo Anya-Lara, Chris Crabtree,
Alan Ruddell, Simon Hogg,
The Connection

http://www.siemens.com/press/en/presspicture/
The System: 3.2.2S, 4.1.2D, 4.1.3S, 4.1.4S, 4.1.5M, 4.1.8D Dynamics
4.1.1D Reliability/Cost Benefit
The Offshore Array The Transmission Link Storage

3.1.1D, 3.2.1S 3.3.1M, 4.1.6M 3.4.1R, 4.1.7RM

3.1.2D 3.3.2M 4.1.9RD
 1. Offshore Array Studies
- What type?
Six electrical collector designs were
developed and studied aiming to reduce
cost and complexity whilst increasing
reliability and tolerance to faults

DC string

Breakdown of losses

DC cluster
 Development of models for transient
studies
Safe Operating Area concept
Models were developed of an offshore assesses:
wind farm for control design and
FRT capabilities
dynamic performance assessment
ac and dc faults
enabler in optimised fault
200MW wind farm (100 WT) management
and a VSC-HVDC link. 1.5
AG 1

7 aggregated wind turbines

AG 2
1
AG 3 4
AG 4
0.5 AG 5
3
AGs 6-10

(PU)sv
a) AGs 11-100
2
0
0 1 2 3 4

me
(s)
Time (s)

Ti
C
Fault 690V-25kV C
Location 1
C
B
B B 1
DFIG 5
2MW C
1.5
B DFIG 5-10 C C
DFIG 11-100
10MW B 180MW B
0
690V-25kV
1 c)
DFIG 4 690V-25kV 690V-25kV
1.5
2MW C 1.4
B Fault
location 2 1 1.2
690V-25kV Fault 0.5
1
(PU) T

Location 3 0.5
e

DFIG 3
2MW
C b) 0.8
B
C
0.15PU
0 Te (PU) 0 wr
DC 200kV
690V-25kV
B 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
DFIG 2 C
wr
2MW B 25kV-100kV
HVDC-VSC

DFIG 1
690V-25kV 200MW
DC fault
System behaviour for a fault located in a turbine
C
2MW B
(that is, fault location 1)
Control strategies: design & verification
Interactions between
controllers at the turbine and
connection were investigated
using an AC star connection to
indentify limitations and to
enhance control and overall
system performance

Improved response with advanced power-

frequency controller fitted in the turbine

Detailed DFIG and VSC-HVDC models

DC transmission system and ac offshore power Improved turbine control using filtering techniques
collection used in the investigation Power-frequency controller allows improving FRT
2. Transmission Studies
Dogger Bank MMC2 MMC1
Idc2 200km DC cable Idc1
XT=15%
XT=15% PCC1
PCC2 220kV 370kV
370kV 410kV
SCR=3.5
1000MW
Vd2 Vn
Windfarm1 Is2(abc) Is1(abc) Zn
Rbreak
Vs2(abc) Yg/D D/Yg Vs1(abc)

Active and reactive power AC voltage magnitude and

control frequency control

130km DC cable

Hornsea MMC3 MMC4

Idc4 Idc4
XT=15%
XT=15% PCC4
PCC3 220kV 370kV
370kV 410kV
SCR=3.5
1000MW
Vd3 Vn
Windfarm2 Is3(abc) Is4(abc) Zn
Rbreak
Vs3(abc) Yg/D D/Yg Vs4(abc)

125km DC cable
Active and reactive power AC voltage magnitude and
control frequency control

Simulation studies include:

Wind power variations
Onshore AC fault ride-
through studies
Converter disconnection
 MMC System
Iua
+Vd/2
SM1 SM1 SM1 Selecting MMC Parameters
Number of voltage levels
SM2 SM2 SM2
Vua Arm
SM capacitance
SMn SMn SMn

Single IGBT Arm reactance

Larm

Va MMC Control
0V
Nearest level control (NLC)
Sub-module

SM1 SM1 SM1

Capacitor balancing controller (CBC)
Circulating current suppressing
Vla
SM2 SM2 SM2
controller (CCSC)
SMn SMn SMn Outer controllers similar to 2-level
Ila -Vd/2
VSC
 Comparison of Converter Models
DC line-to-line Fault
TDM DEM AM
2 DC Fault
Id (kA)

Signal DEM error (%) AM error (%)

Id 0.41 2.29
-18 Va 0.22 1.12
Iua 0.51 1.83
300 Vc 0.07 0.07
Va (kV)

-300
5000.00
4 4500.00
Iua (kA)

4000.00

Simulation duration (s)

3500.00
-8 3000.00
2500.00 TDM
21
2000.00 DEM
Vc (kV)

1500.00 AM
1000.00
18 500.00
4.45 4.6 4.75 4.45 4.6 4.75 4.45 4.6 4.75 0.00
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s) 16 31 61
Number of MMC levels

1. Traditional detailed model (TDM)

2. Detailed equivalent model (DEM) developed by PSCAD
3. Accelerated model (AM)
 MMC-HVDC Model for Round 3 Windfarm
Offshore MMC (2) 165km DC-XLPE Cable Onshore MMC (1)
XT=15%
XT=15% +300kV PCC1
PCC2 220kV 370kV
370kV 400kV
1GW
Offshore I2(abc)
Vd2 AC Grid
I1(abc)
Windfarm V2(abc)
Rbreak
V1(abc)
Yg/D D/Yg
-300kV
Active and reactive power AC voltage magnitude and DC link voltage control and
control frequency control AC voltage magnitude control

Simulation studies include:

Windpower variations and reactive power demands
Onshore AC fault ride-through studies in accordance with GB grid code
CC.6.3.15
DC line-to-ground and line-to-line faults

Arm current and SM capacitor voltage not to exceed 3kA

(1.5p.u.) and 26kV (1.3p.u.) respectively
Simulation results Windpower response
Wind power and reactive power variations Steady-state at 1000MW
 MTDC Control Strategies
Dogger Bank MMC2 MMC1
Idc2 200km DC cable Idc1
XT=15%
XT=15% PCC1
PCC2 220kV 370kV
370kV 410kV
SCR=3.5
1000MW
Vd2 Vn
Windfarm1 Is2(abc) Is1(abc) Zn
Rbreak
Vs2(abc) Yg/D D/Yg Vs1(abc)

Active and reactive power AC voltage magnitude and

control frequency control

130km DC cable

Hornsea MMC3 MMC4

Idc4 Idc4
XT=15%
XT=15% PCC4
PCC3 220kV 370kV
370kV 410kV
SCR=3.5
1000MW
Vd3 Vn
Windfarm2 Is3(abc) Is4(abc) Zn
Rbreak
Vs3(abc) Yg/D D/Yg Vs4(abc)

125km DC cable
Active and reactive power AC voltage magnitude and
control frequency control

Control Method MMC1 control mode MMC4 control mode Comments

Centralised DC slack bus DC voltage & AC voltage Active power & reactive P*=500MW
magnitude power

Voltage margin control DC voltage & AC voltage Voltage margin & reactive Vd-High=620kV, Vd-
magnitude power Low=580kV

Droop control Standard droop & AC Standard droop & reactive Droop gain =- 0.1
voltage magnitude power
 Example Simulation Results
Centralised DC slack bus Margin Control Droop control
Topology For Maximum Availability
1200MW
or 900MW
DC cables

600MW
Stations
 Cost-benefit Analysis
Radial scheme has a very slightly higher availability than
HVDC grid with no additional capacity
HVDC grid with additional capacity has significantly
higher availability than a radial scheme
Cable Capital Avail- Loss Saving Extra Payback
Scheme Cost ability m/yr m/yr Cap Cost (yr)
m
900MW 876.5 0.963 35.0 0 0 0
Radial 908.25 0.965 33.2 1.82 31.8 17
1200MW 982.5 0.972 26.1 8.92 106 12

Higher availability means greater revenue and can result

in a more profitable investment.
Layout design choice determines cable ratings required
 3. Energy storage in an offshore wind
connection and transmission scheme
Energy storage could address compliance with grid codes
Offshore
Network OT -> DC
Research basis for Onshore North Sea Offshore
Theme 3: HVDC VSC Td1 Transmission Basic
900MW +/- 320kV up Grid 1 Connection Schemes,
to 150km (UK)
Olimpo Anaya-Lara,
transmission Univ. of Strathclyde
Offshore Wind Farm
Grid-scale energy storage
avoidance of curtailment, frequency response

Supercapacitor energy storage integrated at Wind Turbine level Supercapacitor energy storage integrated at Wind Farm level
low-voltage ride-through, frequency response low-voltage ride-through, voltage stability, frequency response
Offshore Substation Platform (OSP)
Variable Speed
PMSG
~ = ,
~ To the transmission MV/HV bus-bar

= ~ platform

PMSG Transformer WTG Array

String

=
=
Inverter Control Unit ,
Super Capacitor Bank STATCOM with

STATCOM Controller
Integrated Super-
,
~
Rectifier Control Unit , capacitor Energy

, Storage Unit (SCES)

=

Farm Level Integration

DC Chopper Control Unit
= +

DC Chopper Controller
Turbine Level

=

Integration of the Super =

Capacitor Energy
Storage Unit (SCES)
Super Capacitor Bank
 Performance characteristics of
appropriate storage technologies
LVRT requirements
Grid Code Iss 5 rev3, section CC.6.3.15
Target storage capacity: rated power x
0.4 to 0.8s
Consider Resistor dump; Rotor inertial storage;
Energy storage system
Rotor inertia constant up to 10s for a large wind
turbine, only a fraction is available on demand
Modelling of DFIG operating with
Supercapacitor, Flywheel, Battery energy storage
systems (Manchester MSc dissertations)

Supercapacitor Flywheel Battery

Frequency response requirements Energy/Power

ratio
1 second 10 seconds 100 seconds

Grid Code Iss 5 rev3, section CC.6.3.7 History in

Marketplace
Short (a few years) Short (high speed) Long (many decades)

Target storage capacity: rated power x Operating

Conditions
Typically -400C to
650C
Typically -200C to
400C
Limited temperature
range
1s for a 5s ramp up to 20% power Environmental Harmful if burned Mainly recyclable Harmful chemicals
Impact
Safety Short-circuit hazard Rotor failure modes Safety Restrictions
Short-circuit hazard
Reliability High Medium Medium
Maintenance Low Medium High
Recharge Time Seconds Seconds or minutes Up to 10x discharge time

Number of Up to 500,000 Up to 100,000 Up to 3,000

Cycles
 Supercapacitor Energy Storage System
(SCESS) specification
Key considerations for offshore installation:
High Power, suitable Energy/Power ratio
High power density (volumetric and gravimetric)
Low Maintenance requirements, Long lifetime
Wide Environmental characteristics
Low Cost
SCESS electrical specification
Number of 16V / 58 Farad modules 125 x 30 (3,750)
Capacitance 13.9 Farad
Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) 95.8 milliohm
Maximum voltage 2000 V
Maximum continuous power 1.1 MW
Maximum peak power 12 MW for 1 s
Shown above: a single 16V / 58 Farad module
Maximum capacity (0 to 100% SOC) 27.8 MWs The SCESS comprises 3,750 modules

Maximum usable capacity (50% DOD) 21.6 MWs

Storage capacity reduces with increased charge/discharge rate
 Simulation and experimental performance
verification
Simulation of SCESS under LVRT conditions
SCESS was included in a simulation model of a 6 MW wind turbine
Single-phase fault simulated to obtain SCESS power profile

Experimental tests on modules

A typical SCESS power profile (approx. 100ms fault duration) was used in experimental tests
2 MW SCESS power is equivalent to 533 W per module
Energy stored in the module = 64.5 Ws (equivalent to 0.24 MWs in the SCESS)
Charge efficiency = 92.5%
Tests confirmed the module performance and validated the SCESS simulation model
 Wind Power Systems Simulations -
Integration of Energy Storage
PDClink +
PI
- Super-capacitor Energy
Psces Storage System (SCES)

Super-Capacitor Bank SCES

Vsces Contrl

PMS

MSC GSC
~
s g
iabc vabc
r
Vdc PLL
Pwt abc abc abc

dq dq dq

msc gsc
edq + - Offse
Dynamic Pitch edq
Angle Controller
Decoupling terms
g
+ + +
+ terms
g
vabc
abc

dq
Tm Te g
PI PI g
iabc
idq
Turbine-
Generator
Drive train
Dynamics
Model

- -
+ +

Maximum Power Teref

+ i s ref
dq i g ref
dq
DC Link
Vdc Full Control System of a Variable
Point Tracker Voltage/Output

r
(MPPT) Profile
-
PI Power Controller

Pgref , Qgref
Pitch Variable Speed Turbine
Te

Enhanced Performance at the presence of SCES Three-phase fault at the

offshore collection grid:
Improved DC link voltage regulation
Power oscillations are damped
 4. System Reliability
Reliability of Offshore Connection
Type 1 Turbine
MV feeder

(grid frequency) MV/HV bus-bar

Type 2 Turbine MV feeder
(converter
frequency)

~
MV/HV bus-bar
To the HVDC
Platform
System Performance Indices - Loss of Energy
String 1 Submarine AC
String 1 =
Submarine AC cable cable
=
String AC/DC
Converter
Variable
frequency 14000
Expected Energy Loss - Platform Based
Type 2 Turbine =
Type 1 Turbine
MV feeder
MV feeder
To the HVDC
Platform
~ Buck-boost
DC-DC
Observed
String 2
Submarine AC cable
String 2 Submarine AC
cable =
Converter
Reliability
String AC/DC
Converter Data
Offshore Substation Platform (OSP)
Offshore Substation Platform (OSP)
12000 Expected Energy Loss - Turbine Based

RNG
Type 3 Turbine

MV feeder (DC) MV/HV bus-bar

To the HVDC
= Platform

String 1 Submarine DC
cable =

String DC/DC =

Variable
voltage
Converter

=
10000
Type 3 Turbine

MV feeder (DC)

= Buck-boost

EENS (MWh/year)
DC-DC
Converter
String 2 Submarine DC
cable =

String DC/DC
Converter
WF
Offshore Substation Platform (OSP) SMCS 8000

Wind Data
6000

4000

~ = To DC/DC
2000
~ To the transmission ~ converter on
= ~ platform offshore
platform
System
PMG
Fully Rated Converter Link
Transformer PMG Transformer
Fully rated Diode Bridge
Rectifier
Performance
Analysis

~
To AC/DC converter on 0
offshore platform LOLE
IG Transformer
LOEE 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Conventional Generation Wind Power Penetration (%)
Model

PP
SMCS
Changes in performance index based on chosen offshore connection topology
Platform based options exhibit improved availability rates
System Demand Data
Model calculates, availability, CF%, energy output and wind curtailment

Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation (SMCS):

Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation (SMCS) to model turbine/offshore connection state
residence time durations
Weather and (seasonal) load profiles Observation or Modelled
Three distinct offshore connection scenarios are modelled
 Evaluating Cost of Wind
Levelised Cost of Energy (LCoE) Main
Drivers:
A full cost model for different
scenarios of offshore wind turbine,
offshore connection, penetration, etc.
Component state transitions are
modelled as time-discrete Markov
Chain processes
300 2.88
2.86
Option 1: Large Boat (Medium Speed); 4 Small Boats; Helipad
Option 2: Large Boat (High Speed); 2 Small Boats; No Helipad
250 2.84
Option 3: Large Boat (Low Speed); 2 Small Boats; Helipad
2.82 Option 4: Offshore Platform; 4 Small Boats; Helipad
Cost (/MWh/year)

Energy (TWh/year)
200
2.80
2.78 Low CAPEX
150
2.76 Medium CAPEX
2.74 High CAPEX
100
2.72 Energy Output

50 2.70
2.68
0 2.66
Op1 Op2 Op3 Op4
Maintenance Options

Total LCoE For four Options Studied (Preferred Options are

Options 1 and 4)
 Optimising Maintenance Strategy
300

250
LCoE (/MWh)

200

150
Default
100 Improved
50

0
Low CAPEX Medium CAPEX High CAPEX
CAPEX Scenario - EWF

Increasing operational capacity of Option 2 and its

impacts on LCoE
 Dynamic performance assessment

Dynamic performance of a wind farm and

connection to shore based on HVDC links in
the event of ac and dc faults was conducted

Integration of a large-scale wind farm using point-to-point HVDC

transmission
Wind farm 1

2600MVA 4300MVA
400kV/300kV 300kV/33kV
Pdc21
BG1 0.32pu
GS-VSC1 WF-VSC1 0.32pu BF1
15km 15km 300km
G1 ~ = =~
Rdc=10mW/km
20000MVA PG2 1200MVA Ldc=1.1mH/km Vdc1 1200MVA PWF1
400kV Vdc2
30km 320kV DC Cdc=0.4mF/km 320kV DC
X/R=20
320kV DC

Pac21
4300MVA
Rac= 12.7mW/km 400kV/33kV
Lac= 0.934mH/km 0.32pu

Cac= 12.74nF/km

Integration of large-scale wind farm using VSC-HVDC in parallel HVDC Test System Fault Ride
with HVAC transmission system Through Response
 Dynamic performance assessment RTDS
Models of DFIG (Type III) and FRC
(Type 4) wind turbines were developed
in a Real-Time Station (RTDS) to
confirm control performance and to
enhance capabilities for grid support

RTDS implementation of a DFIG

RTDS DFIG response to frequency reduction
event
 Outcomes to date:
13 journal papers (more to come)
12 conference papers (more to come)
15 stakeholders engagement activities/events
(e.g. Seminar for Ofgem Offshore Policy Team)
1 patent on invention
Contribution to 3 Cigre Working Groups
International Monthly Newsletter
Several follow-on projects