Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Theme 3 /4.1
Durham, Manchester, STFC, Strathclyde
Mike Barnes
Behzad Kazemtabrizi, Tony Beddard,
Olimpo Anya-Lara, Chris Crabtree,
Alan Ruddell, Simon Hogg,
The Connection
http://www.siemens.com/press/en/presspicture/
The System: 3.2.2S, 4.1.2D, 4.1.3S, 4.1.4S, 4.1.5M, 4.1.8D Dynamics
4.1.1D Reliability/Cost Benefit
The Offshore Array The Transmission Link Storage
DC string
Breakdown of losses
DC cluster
Development of models for transient
studies
Safe Operating Area concept
Models were developed of an offshore assesses:
wind farm for control design and
FRT capabilities
dynamic performance assessment
ac and dc faults
enabler in optimised fault
200MW wind farm (100 WT) management
and a VSC-HVDC link. 1.5
AG 1
(PU)sv
a) AGs 11-100
2
0
0 1 2 3 4
me
(s)
Time (s)
Ti
C
Fault 690V-25kV C
Location 1
C
B
B B 1
DFIG 5
2MW C
1.5
B DFIG 5-10 C C
DFIG 11-100
10MW B 180MW B
0
690V-25kV
1 c)
DFIG 4 690V-25kV 690V-25kV
1.5
2MW C 1.4
B Fault
location 2 1 1.2
690V-25kV Fault 0.5
1
(PU) T
Location 3 0.5
e
DFIG 3
2MW
C b) 0.8
B
C
0.15PU
0 Te (PU) 0 wr
DC 200kV
690V-25kV
B 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
DFIG 2 C
wr
2MW B 25kV-100kV
HVDC-VSC
DFIG 1
690V-25kV 200MW
DC fault
System behaviour for a fault located in a turbine
C
2MW B
(that is, fault location 1)
Control strategies: design & verification
Interactions between
controllers at the turbine and
connection were investigated
using an AC star connection to
indentify limitations and to
enhance control and overall
system performance
130km DC cable
125km DC cable
Active and reactive power AC voltage magnitude and
control frequency control
Va MMC Control
0V
Nearest level control (NLC)
Sub-module
-300
5000.00
4 4500.00
Iua (kA)
4000.00
1500.00 AM
1000.00
18 500.00
4.45 4.6 4.75 4.45 4.6 4.75 4.45 4.6 4.75 0.00
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s) 16 31 61
Number of MMC levels
130km DC cable
125km DC cable
Active and reactive power AC voltage magnitude and
control frequency control
Centralised DC slack bus DC voltage & AC voltage Active power & reactive P*=500MW
magnitude power
Voltage margin control DC voltage & AC voltage Voltage margin & reactive Vd-High=620kV, Vd-
magnitude power Low=580kV
Droop control Standard droop & AC Standard droop & reactive Droop gain =- 0.1
voltage magnitude power
Example Simulation Results
Centralised DC slack bus Margin Control Droop control
Topology For Maximum Availability
1200MW
or 900MW
DC cables
600MW
Stations
Cost-benefit Analysis
Radial scheme has a very slightly higher availability than
HVDC grid with no additional capacity
HVDC grid with additional capacity has significantly
higher availability than a radial scheme
Cable Capital Avail- Loss Saving Extra Payback
Scheme Cost ability m/yr m/yr Cap Cost (yr)
m
900MW 876.5 0.963 35.0 0 0 0
Radial 908.25 0.965 33.2 1.82 31.8 17
1200MW 982.5 0.972 26.1 8.92 106 12
Supercapacitor energy storage integrated at Wind Turbine level Supercapacitor energy storage integrated at Wind Farm level
low-voltage ride-through, frequency response low-voltage ride-through, voltage stability, frequency response
Offshore Substation Platform (OSP)
Variable Speed
PMSG
~ = ,
~ To the transmission MV/HV bus-bar
= ~ platform
=
=
Inverter Control Unit ,
Super Capacitor Bank STATCOM with
STATCOM Controller
Integrated Super-
,
~
Rectifier Control Unit , capacitor Energy
, Storage Unit (SCES)
=
Farm Level Integration
DC Chopper Control Unit
= +
DC Chopper Controller
Turbine Level
=
Integration of the Super =
Capacitor Energy
Storage Unit (SCES)
Super Capacitor Bank
Performance characteristics of
appropriate storage technologies
Consider Resistor dump; Rotor inertial storage;
LVRT requirements Energy storage system
Grid Code Iss 5 rev3, section CC.6.3.15 Rotor inertia constant up to 10s for a large wind
Target storage capacity: rated power x turbine, only a fraction is available on demand
0.4 to 0.8s
Modelling of DFIG operating with
Supercapacitor, Flywheel, Battery energy storage
systems (Manchester MSc dissertations)
PMS
MSC GSC
~
s g
iabc vabc
r
Vdc PLL
Pwt abc abc abc
dq dq dq
msc gsc
edq + - Offse
Dynamic Pitch edq
Angle Controller
Decoupling terms
g
+ + +
+ terms
g
vabc
abc
dq
Tm Te g
PI PI g
iabc
idq
Turbine-
Generator
Drive train
Dynamics
Model
- -
+ +
r
(MPPT) Profile
-
PI Power Controller
Pgref , Qgref
Pitch Variable Speed Turbine
Te
~
MV/HV bus-bar
To the HVDC
Platform
System Performance Indices - Loss of Energy
String 1 Submarine AC
String 1 =
Submarine AC cable cable
=
String AC/DC
Converter
Variable
frequency 14000
Expected Energy Loss - Platform Based
Type 2 Turbine =
Type 1 Turbine
MV feeder
MV feeder
To the HVDC
Platform
~ Buck-boost
DC-DC
Observed
String 2
Submarine AC cable
String 2 Submarine AC
cable =
Converter
Reliability
String AC/DC
Converter Data
Offshore Substation Platform (OSP)
Offshore Substation Platform (OSP)
12000 Expected Energy Loss - Turbine Based
RNG
Type 3 Turbine
String 1 Submarine DC
cable =
String DC/DC =
Variable
voltage
Converter
=
10000
Type 3 Turbine
MV feeder (DC)
= Buck-boost
EENS (MWh/year)
DC-DC
Converter
String 2 Submarine DC
cable =
String DC/DC
Converter
WF
Offshore Substation Platform (OSP) SMCS 8000
Wind Data
6000
4000
~ = To DC/DC
2000
~ To the transmission ~ converter on
= ~ platform offshore
platform
System
PMG
Fully Rated Converter Link
Transformer PMG Transformer
Fully rated Diode Bridge
Rectifier
Performance
Analysis
~
To AC/DC converter on 0
offshore platform LOLE
IG Transformer
LOEE 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Conventional Generation Wind Power Penetration (%)
Model
PP
SMCS
Changes in performance index based on chosen offshore connection topology
Platform based options exhibit improved availability rates
System Demand Data
Model calculates, availability, CF%, energy output and wind curtailment
Energy (TWh/year)
200
2.80
2.78 Low CAPEX
150
2.76 Medium CAPEX
2.74 High CAPEX
100
2.72 Energy Output
50 2.70
2.68
0 2.66
Op1 Op2 Op3 Op4
Maintenance Options
250
LCoE (/MWh)
200
150
Default
100 Improved
50
0
Low CAPEX Medium CAPEX High CAPEX
CAPEX Scenario - EWF
2600MVA 4300MVA
400kV/300kV 300kV/33kV
Pdc21
BG1 0.32pu
GS-VSC1 WF-VSC1 0.32pu BF1
15km 15km 300km
G1 ~ = =~
Rdc=10mW/km
20000MVA PG2 1200MVA Ldc=1.1mH/km Vdc1 1200MVA PWF1
400kV Vdc2
30km 320kV DC Cdc=0.4mF/km 320kV DC
X/R=20
320kV DC
Pac21
4300MVA
Rac= 12.7mW/km 400kV/33kV
Lac= 0.934mH/km 0.32pu
Cac= 12.74nF/km
Integration of large-scale wind farm using VSC-HVDC in parallel HVDC Test System Fault Ride
with HVAC transmission system Through Response
Dynamic performance assessment RTDS
Models of DFIG (Type III) and FRC
(Type 4) wind turbines were developed
in a Real-Time Station (RTDS) to
confirm control performance and to
enhance capabilities for grid support