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Markale massacres
From Wikipedia

The Markale massacres were two massacres committed by the Army of Republika
Srpska[1][2] on civilians during the Siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian War. They occurred at the
Markale (marketplace) located in the historical core of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The first happened on February 5, 1994 when 68 people were killed and 144 more were
wounded. The second occurred on August 28, 1995 when a mortar shell killed 37 people and
wounded another 90. This latter attack was the stated reason for NATO air strikes against the
Bosnian Serb forces that would eventually lead to the Dayton Peace Accords and the end of
the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The question of whether the shells responsible for the massacres came from Bosnian
government army (ARBiH) or Republika Srpska forces (Vojska Republike Srpske) positions
has been the subject of a prolonged controversy.

Contents
1 First massacre
2 Second massacre
3 Trial
4 See also
5 References

First massacre

1st Markale Market Shelling

Location Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

February 5, 1994
Date Between 12:10pm-12:15pm (Central
European Time)

Target Open air market

Attack type Mortar attack

Death(s) 68
Injured 144

Perpetrator(s) Army of Republika Srpska

The first massacre occurred between 12:10 and 12:15 PM, when a 120 millimeter mortar shell
landed in the center of the crowded marketplace.[3] Rescue workers and United Nations (UN)
personnel rushed to help the numerous civilian casualties, while footage of the event soon
made news reports across the world.[3] Controversy over the event started when an initial
UNPROFOR report claimed that the shell was fired from Bosnian government positions.
General Michael Rose, the British head of UNPROFOR, revealed in his memoirs that three
days after the blast he told General Jovan Divjak, the deputy commander of ARBiH forces,
that the shell had been fired from Bosnian positions.[3] However, a later and more indepth
UNPROFOR report noted a calculation error in the original findings. With the error fixed, the
United Nations concluded that it was impossible to determine which side had fired the shell.
However, in January 2003, the ICTY Trial Chamber in the trial against Stanislav Gali, a Serb
general in the siege of Sarajevo, concluded that the massacre was committed by Serb forces
around Sarajevo. [4] General Gali was sentenced to life imprisonment for the crimes against
humanity during the Siege of Sarajevo.[5][6]

Second massacre

2nd Markale Market Shelling

Location Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

August 28, 1995

Date
Appox. 11:00a.m. (Central European Time)

Target Open air market

Attack type Mortar attack

Death(s) 37

Injured 90

Perpetrator(s) Army of Republika Srpska

The second massacre occurred in August of the following year at about 11:00 AM, with five
shells being fired but a smaller number of casualties. Serb authorities, as they did following
the 1994 incident, denied all responsibility and accused the Bosnian government of
bombarding its own people to incite international outrage and possible intervention.[7] A 1999
report to the United Nations General Assembly, UNPROFOR considered the evidence clear: a
confidential report from shortly after the event concluded that all five rounds had been fired
by the Army of Republika Srpska. As soon as technical and weather conditions allowed, and
the safety of UN personnel traveling through Serb territory was secured, Operation Deliberate
Force commenced.

However, Russian colonel Andrei Demurenko asserted that UNPROFOR's research was
flawed, as it began from the conclusion that the shells were fired from Serbian positions and
didn't test any other hypothesis; and that he, immediately visiting supposed mortar locations
found that neither of them could be used to fire the shells. He concludes that Serbian forces
were falsely blamed for the attack in order to give justification for NATO attacks on
Serbs.[8][9]

David Harland, former head of UN Civil Affairs in Bosnia, claimed at the trial of General
Dragomir Miloevi in ICTY that he was responsible for the creation of the myth that
UNPROFOR was unable to determine who had fired the mortar shells that caused the
Markale 2 massacre. The myth that has survived for more than ten years, Harland said was
created because of a neutral statement made by General Rupert Smith, the UNPROFOR
commander. On the day when the second attack on Markale happened, General Smith stated
it is unclear who fired the shells, although at that time he already had the technical report of
UNPROFOR intelligence section, determining beyond reasonable doubt that they were fired
from VRS positions at Lukavica. Harlands responsibility lies in the fact that he himself
advised General Smith to make a neutral statement in order not to alarm the Serbs who
would be alerted to the impending NATO air strikes against their positions had he pointed a
finger at them. That would have jeopardized the safety of UN troops in the territory under
VRS control or on positions where they might have been vulnerable to retaliatory attacks by
Serb forces.[10] In 2007, a Serb general, Dragomir Miloevi, former commander of the
Sarajevo-Romanija Corps, was found guilty of the shelling and sniper terror campaign against
Sarajevo and its citizens from August 1994 to late 1995. Miloevi was sentenced to 33 years
in prison. The Trial Chamber concluded that the Markale town market was hit on August 28,
1995 by a 120 mm mortar shell fired from the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps positions.[11]

Trial
In January 2004, prosecutors in the trial against Stanislav Gali, a Serb general in the siege of
Sarajevo, introduced into evidence a report including the testimony of ammunition expert
Berko Zeevi. Working with two colleagues, Zeevi's investigation revealed a total of six
possible locations from which the shell in the first Markale massacre could have been fired, of
which five were under VRS and one under ARBiH control. The ARBiH site in question was
visible to UNPROFOR observers at the time, who reported that no shell was fired from that
position. Zeevi further reported that certain components of the projectile could only have
been produced in one of two places, both of which were under the control of the Army of
Republika Srpska. The court would eventually find Gali guilty beyond reasonable doubt of
all five shellings prosecutors had charged him with, including Markale. Although widely
reported by the international media, the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights noted that the
verdict was ignored in Serbia itself.[3]

See also
Command responsibility
Joint Criminal Enterprise
Siege of Sarajevo
Srebrenica genocide
Yugoslav wars
Role of the media in the Yugoslav wars
Serbian war crimes
References
1. Gali - Crimes convicted of - [1]
2. SENSE - DRAGOMIR MILOSEVIC SENTENCED TO 33 YEARS [2]
3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Fish, Jim. (February 5, 2004). Sarajevo massacre remembered. BBC.
4. Gali verdict- 2. Sniping and Shelling of Civilians in Urban Bosnian Army-held
Areas of Sarajevo [3]
5. Gali - Crimes convicted of - [4]
6. SENSE - DRAGOMIR MILOSEVIC SENTENCED TO 33 YEARS [5]
7. Moore, Patrick. (August 29, 2005). Serbs Deny Involvement in Shelling. Omri Daily
Digest.
8. (Russian) / / "
"
9. 070705ED
10. The Second Markale Massacre Myth [6].
11. SENSE - DRAGOMIR MILOSEVIC SENTENCED TO 33 YEARS [7]

12.

Yugoslav wars
Overview Timeline Participants People
Wars and conflicts 1990 Local states: Politicians:
Log
Slovenian War Revolution SFR Yugoslavia Ante
of (SFRJ/SFRY) Markovi
Independence 1991 o FR Yugoslavia Borisav
(1991) Ten-Day (SRJ/FRY) Jovi
Croatian War War Serbia and Dobrica
of Plitvice Montenegro osi
Independence Lakes Serbia Zoran Lili
(199195) incident Monte Slobodan
War in Bosnia Borovo negro Miloevi
and Selo o Slovenia Milan
Herzegovina killings o Croatia Milutinovi
(199295) Dalmatian o Bosnia and
o Croat- anti-Serb Herzegovina Momir
Bosnia riots o Republic of Bulatovi
k war Battle of Macedonia Milo
(1992 Dalmatia ukanovi
94) Dalj Unrecognised states and entities: Milan
Kosovo War massacre Kuan
(1999) Battle of Republic of Serbian Krajina Janez
Preevo Valley Vukovar (RSK) Jana
conflict (2001) Lipovaca, o SAO Eastern Igor
Macedonia Vukovii Slavonia, Baranja and Bavar
conflict (2001) and Western Syrmia Franjo
Saborsko o SAO Krajina Tuman
Background: Vukovar SAO Kninska Stjepan
massacre Krajina Mesi
 Timeline of Battle of o SAO Western Alija
Yugoslavian the Slavonia Izetbegovi
breakup Barracks Republika Srpska (RS)
Partisans Lovas o SAO Bosanska Adil
Josip Broz massacre Krajina Zulfikarpa
Tito iroka o SAO Herzegovina i
Brotherhood Kula o SAO North-Eastern Radovan
and unity massacre Bosnia Karadi
League of Gospi o SAO Romanija Milan
Communists massacre Croatian Republic of Herzeg- Babi
of Yugoslavia Bain Bosnia Goran
Croatian massacre Autonomous Province of Hadi
spring Saborsko Western Bosnia Milan
SANU massacre Republic of Kosova Marti
Memorandum Siege of Vojislav
Contributions Dubrovnik United Nations protectorate: eelj
for the Operation Fikret
Slovenian Otkos 10 United Nations Transitional Abdi
National kabrnja Authority for Ibrahim
Program massacre Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Rugova
Anti- Operation Western Sirmium (UNTAES) Boris
bureaucratic Orkan 91 United Nations Interim Trajkovski
revolution Bruka Administration Mission in
JBTZ-trial massacre Kosovo (UNMIK) Top military
Gazimestan Voin commanders:
speech massacre Armies:
Breakup of Veljko
Yugoslavia 1992 Yugoslav People's Army Kadijevi
Karaorevo Siege of (JNA) Martin
agreement Sarajevo Yugoslav Territorial Defense pegelj
o Graz Foa Forces (TO) ivota
agreemmassacre Slovenian Territorial Defence Pani
ent Mass rape (TORS) Momilo
Joint Criminalin the Yugoslav Army (VJ) Perii
Enterprise Bosnian Croatian Army (HV) Janko
Role of the War Army of the Republic of Bobetko
media in the Viegrad Bosnia and Herzegovina Mile
Yugoslav wars massacre (ARBiH) Mrki
Miljevci Army of Republika Srpska Ratko
Consequences: plateau (VRS) Mladi
incident Croatian Defence Council Rasim
Brioni Prijedor (HVO) Deli
Agreement massacre Kosovo Liberation Army Sefer
Dayton (KLA) Halilovi
Agreement 1993 Armed Forces of the Atif
ICTY Kravica Republic of Kosova (FARK) Dudakovi
o List of attack Republic of Macedonia Army Agim
ICTY Dua (ARM) eku
indicte massacre Dragoljub
es Operation Ojdani
 Human rights Maslenica National Liberation Army Ljube
in Croatia Lava (NLA) Bokoski
Human rights Valley
in Serbia ethnic Military formations and volunteers: Other notable
cleansing commanders:
Articles on Ahmii Croatian Defence Forces
nationalism: massacre (HOS) Blago
Mokronog Serbian Radical Party Zadro
Ethnic e massacre Volunteers Ante
cleansing Operation Kninde Gotovina
Greater Neretva '93 White Eagles Jovan
Albania Grabovica Serb Volunteer Guard Divjak
Greater massacre Scorpions Naser Ori
Croatia Stupni Do Liberation Army of Preevo, Bla
Greater Serbia massacre Medvea and Bujanovac Kraljevi
Serbophobia Operation (LAPBM) Ivica Raji
Croatian Medak Mirko
nationalism Pocket External states: Jovi
Serbian Dragan
nationalism 1994 NATO Vasiljkovi
First UN (UNPROFOR)
Markale Austria eljko
massacre Canada Ranatovi
Banja France Neboja
Luka Germany Pavkovi
incident Iran Hashim
Operation Italy Thaci
Bllebank Netherlands Ramush
Operation Russia Haradinaj
Amanda Saudi Arabia Ali Ahmeti
Operation United Kingdom
Tiger United States Key civilians:
Vatican
1995 Zlata
Operation Filipovi
Flash
Zagreb Key foreign
rocket figures:
attack
Tuzla Wesley
massacre Clark
Mrkonji Bill
Grad Clinton
incident Helmut
Srebrenica Kohl
massacre Boris
Operation Yeltsin
Miracle Tony Blair
Operation
Summer '95
 Operation Warren
Storm Zimmerma
Second nn
Markale Franois
massacre Mitterrand
NATO Boutros
bombing in Boutros-
Bosnia and Ghali
Herzegovin
a
Operation
Mistral
Operation
Sana
Dayton
Agreement

1998
Attack on
Prekaz
Battle of
Belacevac
Mine

1999
Raak
massacre
Rambouill
et
Agreement
NATO
bombing of
the FRY
Battle of
Koare
Resolution
1244
Operation
Joint
Guardian

2001
2001
Macedonia
conflict
Operation
Essential
Harvest
Ohrid
Agreement
TRAD

Markale massacres
De Wikipdia en franais

Les massacres de Markale ont t deux massacres commis par l'arme de la Republika Srpska [1] [2]
sur des civils pendant le sige de Sarajevo pendant la guerre de Bosnie. Ils se sont produits au
Markale (march) situ dans le noyau historique de Sarajevo, en Bosnie-Herzgovine.

La premire s'est produite le 5 fvrier 1994, lorsque 68 personnes ont t tues et 144 autres
blesses. Le deuxime a eu lieu le 28 aot 1995, quand un obus de mortier a tu 37 personnes et en
a bless 90 autres. Cette dernire attaque tait la raison dclare des frappes ariennes de l'OTAN
contre les forces serbes de Bosnie qui mneraient terme aux Accords de paix de Dayton et la fin
de la guerre. Guerre en Bosnie-Herzgovine.

La question de savoir si les obus responsables des massacres provenaient des positions de l'arme du
gouvernement bosnien (ARBiH) ou de la Republika Srpska (Vojska Republike Srpske) a fait l'objet
d'une longue controverse.
Contenu

1 Premier massacre
2 Deuxime massacre
3 Essai
4 Voir aussi
5 Rfrences

Premier massacre
1er March de Markale
Location Sarajevo, Bosnie-Herzgovine
Date 5 fvrier 1994
Entre 12h10-12h15 (heure de l'Europe centrale)
Cible March plein air
Type d'attaque Attaque au mortier
Dcs 68
Bless 144
Responsable (s) Arme de la Republika Srpska

Le premier massacre a eu lieu entre 12:10 et 12:15 PM, quand une coquille de mortier de 120
millimtres a dbarqu dans le centre du march bond. Les secouristes et le personnel des Nations
Unies se sont prcipits pour aider les nombreuses victimes civiles, alors que les images de
l'vnement ont rapidement fait des reportages travers le monde [3]. La controverse au sujet de
l'vnement a commenc lorsqu'un rapport initial de la FORPRONU a affirm que l'obus avait t
renvoy des positions du gouvernement bosniaque. Le gnral Michael Rose, le chef de la
FORPRONU britannique, a rvl dans ses mmoires que, trois jours aprs l'explosion, il avait dclar
au gnral Jovan Divjak, commandant adjoint des forces de l'ARBiH, que la coquille avait t tire des
positions bosniaques. Toutefois, un rapport plus tardif et plus approfondi de la FORPRONU a not
une erreur de calcul dans les conclusions initiales. Une fois l'erreur rgle, l'Organisation des Nations
Unies a conclu qu'il tait impossible de dterminer de quel ct avait tir la coquille. Cependant, en
janvier 2003, la Chambre de premire instance du TPIY, dans le procs contre Stanislav Gali, gnral
serbe au sige de Sarajevo, a conclu que le massacre avait t commis par les forces serbes autour
de Sarajevo. [4] Le gnral Gali a t condamn la rclusion perptuit pour les crimes contre
l'humanit pendant le sige de Sarajevo [5] [6]
Deuxime massacre
2me March de Markale
Location Sarajevo, Bosnie-Herzgovine
Date 28 aot 1995
Appox. 11h00. (Heure de l'Europe centrale)
Cible March plein air
Type d'attaque Attaque au mortier
Dcs 37
Bless 90
Responsable (s) Arme de la Republika Srpska

Le deuxime massacre a eu lieu en aot de l'anne suivante vers 11 heures du matin, cinq obus ayant
t tirs mais un plus petit nombre de victimes. Les autorits serbes, comme elles l'ont fait la suite
de l'incident de 1994, ont ni toute responsabilit et ont accus le gouvernement bosniaque de
bombarder son propre peuple pour inciter l'indignation internationale et l'intervention possible [7].
Dans un rapport de 1999 soumis l'Assemble gnrale des Nations Unies, la FORPRONU a
considr les lments de preuve clairs: un rapport confidentiel, peu aprs l'vnement, a conclu
que les cinq sries avaient t tires par l'arme de la Republika Srpska. Ds que les conditions
techniques et mtorologiques le permettaient et que la scurit du personnel de l'ONU voyageant
travers le territoire serbe tait assure, l'Opration Deliberate Force a commenc.

Cependant, le colonel russe Andrei Demurenko a affirm que la recherche de la FORPRONU tait
imparfaite, car elle a commenc par la conclusion que les coquilles ont t tires des positions serbes
et n'a pas test aucune autre hypothse; Et que, se rendant immdiatement sur des sites de mortier
supposs, il a constat qu'aucun d'eux ne pouvait tre utilis pour tirer les obus. Il conclut que les
forces serbes ont t blmes tort pour l'attaque afin de justifier les attaques de l'OTAN contre les
Serbes. [8] [9]

David Harland, ancien chef des Affaires civiles de l'ONU en Bosnie, a affirm au procs du gnral
Dragomir Miloevi au TPIY qu'il tait responsable de la cration du mythe selon lequel la FORPRONU
ne pouvait dterminer qui avait tir les obus de mortier qui ont caus le massacre de Markale 2 .
Selon Harland, le mythe qui subsiste depuis plus de dix ans a t cr cause d'une dclaration
neutre faite par le gnral Rupert Smith, commandant de la FORPRONU. Le jour o a eu lieu la
deuxime attaque contre Markale, le gnral Smith a dclar: On ne sait pas qui a tir les obus,
mais ce moment-l, il avait dj le rapport technique de la Section de renseignement de la
FORPRONU. Lukavica ". La responsabilit de Harland rside dans le fait qu'il a lui-mme conseill au
gnral Smith de faire une dclaration neutre afin de ne pas alarmer les Serbes qui seraient alerts
des frappes ariennes imminentes de l'OTAN contre leurs positions s'il leur avait montr le doigt.
Cela aurait compromis la scurit des troupes de l'ONU sur le territoire sous le contrle de la VRS ou
sur des positions o elles auraient pu tre vulnrables aux attaques de reprsailles des forces serbes
[10]. En 2007, un gnral serbe, Dragomir Miloevi, ancien commandant du Corps Sarajevo-
Romanija, a t reconnu coupable de la campagne de bombardement et de snipers contre Sarajevo
et ses citoyens d'aot 1994 la fin de 1995. Miloevi a t condamn 33 ans de prison. La
Chambre de premire instance a conclu que le march de la ville de Markale avait t touch le 28
aot 1995 par un obus de mortier de 120 mm tir des positions de Sarajevo-Romanija Corps [11].
Procs

En janvier 2004, les procureurs du procs contre Stanislav Gali, gnral serbe au sige de Sarajevo,
ont dpos en preuve un rapport contenant le tmoignage de l'expert en munitions Berko Zeevi.
Travaillant avec deux collgues, l'enqute de Zeevi a rvl un total de six endroits possibles
partir desquels l'obus du premier massacre de Markale aurait pu tre tir, dont cinq taient sous VRS
et un sous contrle d'ARBiH. Le site de l'ARBiH en question tait visible aux observateurs de la
FORPRONU l'poque, qui ont dclar qu'aucun obus n'avait t tir de ce poste. Zeevi a
galement indiqu que certains lments du projectile n'auraient pu tre produits que dans deux
endroits, qui taient tous deux sous le contrle de l'arme de la Republika Srpska. Le tribunal
trouvera finalement Gali coupable hors de tout doute raisonnable sur les cinq pilonnages que les
procureurs lui avaient accuss, y compris Markale. Bien que largement mdiatis par les mdias
internationaux, le Comit Helsinki pour les droits de l'homme a not que le verdict a t ignor en
Serbie elle-mme [3].