2 History-Of-Microbiology PDF

II. Pathways of Discovery in Microbiology 1.
6 The Historical Roots of Microbiology
The Historical Roots of Microbiology

1.6 The Historical Roots of Microbiology
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was the first to describe
1.7 Pasteur and the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation microbes
1.8 Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Illustrated the fruiting structures of molds (Figure 1.9b)
Culture Microbiology Anton

A t van Leeuwenhoek
L h k (1632-1723)
(1632 1723) was th
the fi
firstt tto
describe bacteria (Figure 1.10b)
1.9 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General
Further progess required development of more powerful
Microbiology
microscopes
1.10 The Modern Era of Microbiology Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898) founded the field of
bacteriology and discovered bacterial endospores
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Robert Hooke and Early Microscopy Robert Hooke and Early Microscopy
Figure 1.9a Figure 1.9b
The van Leeuwenhoek Microscope 1.7 Pasteur and the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical
isomers
Discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically

mediated process (originally thought to be purely chemical)
Disproved theory of spontaneous generation (Figure 1.13)

Led to the development of methods for controlling the growth of
microorganisms
Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies
Figure 1.10 Pasteurs Experiment

1
The Defeat of Spontaneous Generation: Pasteurs Experiment The Defeat of Spontaneous Generation: Pasteurs Experiment
~1860: Where do microorganisms come from?

Spontaneous generation?
Heat was used to kill the microbes in liquid When dust was prevented from reaching the sterilized liquid,
no microbes grew in the liquid
The Defeat of Spontaneous Generation: Pasteurs Experiment 1.8 Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Cultures
Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Definitively demonstrated the link between microbes and
infectious diseases
Identified causative agents of anthrax and tuberculosis
Koch
Kochss postulates (Figure 1
1.15)
15)
Developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure

cultures of microbes, some still in existence today
Awarded Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1905
Contact with dust resulted in growth of microbes in the liquid

disproved spontaneous generation Figure 1.13c
Kochs Postulates Kochs Postulates
Conclusion specific organisms cause specific diseases

Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis Kochs postulates can be extended beyond disease-causing organisms
Organism present in blood of all diseased animals
cause or result of the disease? Figure 1.15 Figure 1.15
2
1.9 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General Microbiology 1.9 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General Microbiology
General Microbiology
Field that focuses on non-medical aspects of microbiology Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) and the Concept of
Roots in 20th century Chemolithotrophy
Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931) Demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific
biogeochemical transformations (e
(e.g.,
g S & N cycles)
Developed Enrichment Culture Technique
Microbes isolated from natural samples in a highly selective Proposed concept of chemolithotrophy
fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation conditions Oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy
e.g., Nitrogen-fixing bacteria conservation (Figure 1.19)
Major Concepts Conceived by Sergei Winogradsky Major Concepts Conceived by Sergei Winogradsky
Some Landmarks in Molecular Microbiology since 1985 Brock Biology of

Microorganisms
Twelfth Edition
Madigan / Martinko
Dunlap / Clark
hapter 2
Ch
A Brief Journey to the Microbial World

Figure 1.20
Lectures by Buchan & LeCleir
3
II. Cell Structure and Evolutionary History 2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure
2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure All microbial cells have the following in common:
2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells Cytoplasmic membrane
2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Internal Structure of Prokaryotic Cell Internal Structure of Eukaryote Cell
No organelles
2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure Electron Micrographs of Sectioned Cells
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotes
DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
Cells are generally larger and more complex
Contain organelles
Prokaryotes
No membrane-enclosed organelles
No nucleus
Generally smaller than eukaryotic cells

Figure 2.12a and b
4
Electron Micrographs of Sectioned Cells 2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure
Viruses
Not considered cells
No metabolic abilities of their own
Rely completely on biosynthetic machinery of infected

cellll
Infect all types of cells
Smallest virus is 10 nm in diameter
Viruses of bacteria = bacteriophages

Yeast cell, 8 m diameter
Figure 2.12c
Virus Structure and Size Comparison of Viruses and Cells 2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells
Genome
A cells full complement of genes
Prokaryotic cells generally have a single, circular DNA

molecule called a chromosome
DNA aggregates to form the nucleoid region
Prokaryotes also may have small amounts of extra-

chromosomal DNA called plasmids that confer special
properties ( i.e., antibiotic resistance)
Figure 2.13
2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells The Nucleoid
Eukaryotic DNA is linear and found within the

nucleus
Associated with proteins that help in folding of the DNA
Usua
Usuallyy have
a e more
o e than
a one
o e chromosome
c o oso e
Typically have two copies of each chromosome

[Insert Fig. 2.14]
Figure 2.14
5
2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells The Tree of Life Defined by rRNA Sequencing
Escherichia coli Genome

4.68 million base pairs
4,300 genes
1,900
, different kinds of protein
p
2.4 million protein molecules
Human Cell
1,000X more DNA per cell than E. coli
7X more genes than E. coli

Figure 2.17
2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Gene Sequencing and Phylogeny
Evolution
The process of change in a line of descent over time that
results in new varieties and species of organisms
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships between organisms
Relationships can be deduced by comparing genetic
information (nucleic acid or amino acid sequences) in the
different specimens
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are excellent molecules for
determining phylogeny
Can visualize relationships on a phylogenetic tree
Figure 2.16
2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life 2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life
Comparative rRNA sequencing has defined three Eukaryotic microorganisms were the ancestors of
distinct lineages of cells called domains. multicellular organisms
Bacteria (prokaryotic) Mitochondria and chloroplasts also contain their own
Archaea (prokaryotic) genomes (circular, like prokaryotes) and ribosomes
Eukarya (eukaryotic) These organelles are ancestors of specific lineages of
Archaea and Bacteria are NOT closely related. Bacteria
Mitochondria and chloroplasts took up residence in Eukarya

Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya than
eons ago
Bacteria.
This arrangement is known as endosymbiosis
6
The Tree of Life Defined by rRNA Sequencing
Figure 2.17
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

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II. Pathways of Discovery in Microbiology 1.

6 The Historical Roots of Microbiology

The Historical Roots of Microbiology

Culture Microbiology Anton

Figure 1.9a Figure 1.9b

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically

Disproved theory of spontaneous generation (Figure 1.13)

Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies

Figure 1.10 Pasteurs Experiment

~1860: Where do microorganisms come from?

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure

Awarded Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1905

Contact with dust resulted in growth of microbes in the liquid

Kochs Postulates Kochs Postulates

Conclusion specific organisms cause specific diseases

Roots in 20th century Chemolithotrophy

Figure 1.19a Figure 1.19b

Some Landmarks in Molecular Microbiology since 1985 Brock Biology of

A Brief Journey to the Microbial World

2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life Cytoplasm

Internal Structure of Prokaryotic Cell Internal Structure of Eukaryote Cell

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells

Cells are generally larger and more complex

Generally smaller than eukaryotic cells

No metabolic abilities of their own

Rely completely on biosynthetic machinery of infected

Infect all types of cells

Smallest virus is 10 nm in diameter

Viruses of bacteria = bacteriophages

A cells full complement of genes

Prokaryotic cells generally have a single, circular DNA

Prokaryotes also may have small amounts of extra-

2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells The Nucleoid

Eukaryotic DNA is linear and found within the

Typically have two copies of each chromosome

Escherichia coli Genome

2.4 million protein molecules

7X more genes than E. coli

Archaea and Bacteria are NOT closely related. Bacteria

Mitochondria and chloroplasts took up residence in Eukarya

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

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