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Guna Raj Bhatta
Lecturer of Management*
The continuous globalization of the world economy poses new challenges for the
governance of economic activities. Investment and trade liberalization have
provided greater freedom to transnational corporations to organize their
production activities across borders in accordance with their own corporate
strategies and the competitive advantages of host‐countries. ʺThere is a large and
ever growing literature dealing with foreign direct investment (FDI) into
developing or transition economies (Dietrich, 2004).ʺ Countries today view inward
foreign direct investment as an important means of integrating their economies
and natural resources with international markets and expect it to contribute to the
environmental conservation and economic development. “The private investor
from an industrially advanced country not only brings with him capital,
technology and managerial experience, but also introduces a new business concept
which helps to revolutionize the thinking and practice of the area. Economic
growth is a part of sociological phenomenon to spread through out the
economically backward areas by socially responsible foreign investorsʺ (Miksell,
1974).
At present, the trend of delivery of services and goods through foreign direct
investment has exceeded the exports to minimize the cost, and also due to the
availability of natural and human resources, in host countries. The establishment
of international investment rules has often been regarded as an agenda, which
may bring positive effects to benefit multinational firms and developed countries
but may adversely affect the status of natural resources and beauty of the host
country leading to environmental degradation. Even though globalization of
capital markets present developing countries with unlimited opportunities, the
new opportunities and constraints may affect the least developed countries like
Nepal differently from the developing ones. A careful analysis and empirical
research is needed so that a tangible gain from the foreign direct investment to
both the investor and the host country can be ensured especially in the
conservation of the environment of the host country and ultimately focusing on
sustainable development. ʺThus, the mobility of international capital flows has
gained importance not only from a development point of view but also from a
point of sustainable development, especially from their environmental aspect. In
the contemporary globalized economy, their environmental impact is appreciably
reinforced by the driver factors of globalization, primarily by foreign direct
investment as a tool for the realization of the multinational corporation investment
activitiesʺ (Petrović‐Randjelović, 2007).
*
National Integrated College and REHDON College, Kathmandu
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Environment and economic development were considered two separate aspects in
the past, and the economic benefits from the business operations were calculated
ignoring the adverse impacts on the environment. ʺPoverty reduction must take
account of environmental policy needs, and environmental protection should not
conflict with development goals. The aim must be to draw fully on the synergies
generated by coupling the two realms, but also to identify and resolve goal
conflicts at an early stageʺ (WBGU, 2005). In recent days, the issues on
environmental impacts of any development activity are raised to maintain a
balance between economic development and environmental conservation. As long
as the resource utilization of the host country will not be considered as part of the
investment cost, the overexploitation of the natural resources may lead to
unsustainability of the development in pursuit of profits from FDI. ʺAs
competition becomes more global, people are concerned that relatively lenient
environmental regulation and lax enforcement in developing countries give them
a comparative advantage in pollution intensive goods. Lowering trade barrier may
encourage a relocation of polluting industries from countries with strict
environmental policy to those with lenient policyʺ (Liang, 2006). People, who live
in absolute poverty and are highly dependent on natural resources for their
survival, are most vulnerable to environmental changes. It can easily be seen that
various dimensions of poverty are closely linked to the state of the environment.
ʺGlobal human‐induced environmental changes impact on the natural life‐support
systems of a significant proportion of humankind and intensify global poverty.
Developing countries bear the brunt of this environmental change, and will
continue to do so in futureʺ (WBGU, 2005).
As this trend came into practice, policymakers in host countries started to ask
what implications such FDIs would have on their environmental conservation. As
the traditional theory holds that FDI is always harmful to the natural resource
management and it cannot support the poverty alleviation measures, there is now
an increasing need to assess this claim by conducting empirical studies. ʺCase
studies need to focus on the investigation of the cross‐border environmental
management systems within the TNCs’ integrated production networks, and on
the identification of the actual level of technologies employed, be it at home
country level, host country level or the level in betweenʺ (Guoming, Cheng,…,
1999).
Least developed countries like Nepal are struggling to overcome their economic
and social problems and they accept the different forms of assistance from
developed countries. In some cases they are also compelled to accept the outdated
technologies which are harmful to the environment, and may damage the natural
beauties. Developing countries could be persuaded to become partners in global
environmental protection, if this is underpinned by development policy which
focuses on the sustainable development and poverty alleviation. The investors
should also consider the environmental conservation, poverty alleviation and
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economic growth and prosperity. ʺTo ensure that FDI does not cause significant
environmental damage it is necessary to build up the host country’s regulatory
capacity so it is in a position to enforce and adhere to higher national and
international environmental standardsʺ (Mabey and McNally, 2000).
Nonetheless, openness alone is not always sufficient for the expected benefits to
materialize. The question is whether it is sustainable in the long‐term relations.
The application of potential positive environmental effects of foreign direct
investments is determined by the operation of the multiple factors, special
attention should be paid to the regulation of foreign direct investments in such a
way that sustainable economic development is maintained. In order to narrow the
gap between the development and environmental degradation, governments use a
variety of policy measures, bilateral and multilateral agreements. To draw
investment in bilateral and multilateral projects, certain requirements of both
investor and host country must be met for a sustainable economic development
within the limits of environmental rules and regulations of the host country.
Since Nepal has yet to invest a lot to develop the infrastructure for development,
especially in transportation, hydropower, irrigation, education, etc., it needs to
attract the foreign investors by providing the business friendly environment.
Focus on development without considering the environmental consequences of
development activities is very often found to induce the natural disasters
jeopardizing life of people. Nepal has the tremendous potentiality of hydropower
development and export; the investment in this area may be quick return giving,
and the sector to be observed for the environmental preservation.
Several studies in the past were found to deal with the relationship between the
degree of economic development and the level of pollution to this sector. It is
important to identify the factors that may have adversely affected the socio‐
economic environment endangering the life of poor people. Here, the policy of the
investors to enhance socio‐economic environment and the emerging issues in this
sector need to be critically examined so that we can attract the foreign investors in
development sector. Since the policy of Government of Nepal is also taking into
consideration that sustainable development could be achieved from the
inseparable inter‐relationship between the economic development and
environment protection; the limited study and the inadequate statistical data have
created confusions among the investors and the government to solve this problem
and frequent halt of the construction and operation of the project needs to be
stopped.
Government has recently reviewed the provisions of Environmental Impact
Assessment of Environment Protection Regulation, 1997 and upgraded the
threshold of the Hydropower sector. As per the provision, EIA should be carried
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out only for above 50 MW capacity of the hydropower taking into account the
current energy crisis. This can be the conducive environment for the investors to
invest in the hydropower sector. However, we should have focused on its long
term impact regarding the sustainable development and environmental
conservation because investors always have profitable interest in the resources. In
turn, it may create different socio‐cultural and economic problems in the long run.
Furthermore, because of lacking the legal obligations to be created through EIA
mechanism, local people may go against in any stage of project development
which might be questioned in successful implementation and the operation of the
project.
Lastly, it is obvious that Nepal needs to attract maximum investments from
abroad to the development sector. On the other hand, we should not be liberalized
more than the expected. There should be the proper check and balance between
government policy and development partners since investors always seek
profitable interest rather than balanced and sustainable development.
References
Dietrich, Diemo (2004). Financing FDI into Developing Economies and the International
Transmission of Business Cycle Fluctuations. An article published in
Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Statistik 2004, Vol. 140 (4) 449–
481 p.p. 450, Germany.
Guoming, X., Cheng, Z., Yangui, Z., Shunqi, G. & Zhan, J. X. (1999). The interface
between foreign direct investment and the environment: The Case of China.
Report as part of UNCTAD/DICM Project Cross Border Environmental
Management in Transnational Corporations. p. 30
Mabey, N. and McNally, R. (2000). FDI and the Environment: From Pollution Havens to
Sustainable Development: A Framework for Regulating International Investment.
WWF‐UK.
Mikesell, R. F. (1974). Promoting United States Private Investment Abroad. Wiley and
Sons. Inc, New York
Mugele, Christian (2007). Foreign Direct Investment and the Organization of Firms. A PhD
Thesis, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München p.p. 13, Germany
Petrović‐Randjelović, M. (2007) Foreign Direct Investment and Sustainable Development:
An Analysis of the Impact of Environmental Regulations on Investment Location
Decision. S FACTA UNIVERSITATIS Series: Economics and Organization Vol. 4,
No 2, pp. 183 ‐ 190, Servia.
UNCTAD/ITF/IIT/6 UN (1998). Handbook on FDI by Small and Medium‐Sized
Enterprises, Lessons from Asia. New York and Geneva
WBGU (2005). Development needs Environmental Protection: Recommendations for the
Millennium + 5 Summit. German Advisory Council on Global Change, Berlin,
Germany p.p 3.
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