8-42 8-43

Special Topic: Transitional Flow 8-66 A liquid mixture flowing in a tube with a bell-mouth inlet is subjected to uniform wall heat flux. The
friction coefficient is to be determined.
8-65E A liquid mixture flowing in a tube with a bell-mouth inlet is subjected to uniform wall heat flux. Assumptions Steady operating conditions exist.
The friction coefficient is to be determined. Properties The properties of the ethylene glycol-distilled water mixture are given to be Pr = 14.85, =
Assumptions Steady operating conditions exist. 1.93u10-6 m2/s and Pb/Ps = 1.07.
Properties The properties of the ethylene glycol-distilled water mixture are given to be Pr = 13.8, = Analysis: For the calculation of the non-isothermal fully developed friction coefficient, it is necessary to
18.4u10-6 ft2/s and Pb/Ps = 1.12. determine the flow regime before making any decision regarding which friction coefficient relation to use.
The Reynolds number at the specified location is
Analysis: For the calculation of the non-isothermal fully developed friction coefficient, it is necessary to
determine the flow regime before making any decision regarding which friction coefficient relation to use. (V / Ac ) D [(1.43 u 10 4 m 3 /s) /(1.961u 10 4 m 2 )]0.0158 m 
Re 5973
The Reynolds number at the specified location is Q 1.93 u 10 6 m 2 /s
(V / Ac ) D [(2.16 gal/min) /(2.11u 10 3
ft )]0.622 / 12 ft 
2
1 ft /s

3
since Ac S D 2 / 4 S (0.0158 m) 2 / 4 1.961u10 4 m 2
Re 6425
Q 18.4 u 10 6 448.8 gal/min
ft 2 /s From Table 8-6, we see that for a bell-mouth inlet and a heat flux of 3 kW/m2 the flow is in the transition
since Ac S D 2 / 4 S (0.622 / 12 ft) 2 / 4 2.110 u10 3 ft 2 region. Therefore, Eq. 8-81 applies. Reading the constants A, B, C and m1, m2, m3, and m4 from Table 8-5,
the friction coefficient is determined to be
From Table 8-6, the transition Reynolds number range for this case is 3860 < Re < 5200, which means that C
the flow in this case is turbulent and Eq. 8-80 is the appropriate equation to use. It gives Re B P b m
C f , trans 1 

A P s
m
0.0791 P 0.0791
1.12 
 0.25
C f, turb 0.25 b
0.00859  6.32
Re P s 6425 0.25 5973 0.099
1.07  2.58  0.42 u16600
 0.41
u14.85 2.46
1  0.0073
Repeating the calculations when the volume flow rate is increased by 50%, we obtain 5340
(V / Ac ) D [1.5(2.16 gal/min) /(2.11u10 3
ft )]0.622 / 12 ft 
2
1 ft /s

3
Re 9639
Q 18.4 u 10 6 448.8 gal/min
ft 2 /s
m
0.0791 P b 0.0791
1.12 
 0.25
C f, turb 0.25
0.00776
Re P s 9639 0.25

8-67 A liquid mixture flowing in a tube with a bell-mouth inlet is subjected to uniform wall heat flux. The
friction coefficient is to be determined.
Assumptions Steady operating conditions exist.
Properties The properties of the ethylene glycol-distilled water mixture are given to be Pr = 14.85, =
1.93u10-6 m2/s and Pb/Ps = 1.07.
Analysis: For the calculation of the non-isothermal fully developed friction coefficient, it is necessary to
determine the flow regime before making any decision regarding which friction coefficient relation to use.
If the volume flow rate is increased by 50%, the Reynolds number becomes
(V / Ac ) D [(1.5 u 1.43 u 10 4 m 3 /s) /(1.961 u 10 4 m 2 )]0.0158 m 
Re 8960
Q 1.93 u 10 6 m 2 /s
4
since Ac S D / 4 S (0.0158 m) / 4 1.961u10
2 2
m 2

From Table 8-6 for a bell-mouth inlet and a heat flux of 3 kW/m2, the flow is in the turbulent region. To
calculate the fully developed friction coefficient for this case, Eq. 8-80 for turbulent flow with m = - 0.25 is
used.
m
0.0791 P b 0.0791
1.07 
 0.25
C f , turb 0.25
0.0080
Re P s 8960 0.25

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
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8-44 8-45

8-68 A liquid mixture flowing in a tube is subjected to uniform wall heat flux. The Nusselt number at a
specified location is to be determined for two different tube inlet configurations.
Assumptions Steady operating conditions exist.
Properties The properties of the ethylene glycol-distilled water mixture are given to be Pr = 33.46, =
3.45u10-6 m2/s and Pb/Ps = 2.0.
Analysis For a tube with a known diameter and volume flow rate, the type of flow regime is determined
before making any decision regarding which Nusselt number correlation to use. The Reynolds number at
the specified location is
8-69 A liquid mixture flowing in a tube is subjected to uniform wall heat flux. The Nusselt number at a
specified location is to be determined for two different tube inlet configurations.
Assumptions Steady operating conditions exist.
Properties The properties of the ethylene glycol-distilled water mixture are given to be Pr = 33.46, =
3.45u10-6 m2/s and Pb/Ps = 2.0.
Analysis For a tube with a known diameter and volume flow rate, the type of flow regime is determined
before making any decision regarding which Nusselt number correlation to use. The Reynolds number at
the specified location is
(V / Ac ) D [(2.05 u 10 4 m 3 /s) /(1.961 u 10 4 m 2 )]0.0158 m  (V / Ac ) D [(2.05 u 10 4 m 3 /s) /(1.961 u 10 4 m 2 )]0.0158 m 
Re 4790 Re 4790
Q 3.45 u 10  6 m 2 /s Q 3.45 u 10  6 m 2 /s

since Ac S D 2 / 4 S (0.0158 m) 2 / 4 1.961u10 4 m 2 . since Ac S D 2 / 4 S (0.0158 m) 2 / 4 1.961u 10 4 m 2 .

Therefore, the flow regime is in the transition region for all three inlet configurations (thus use the Therefore, the flow regime is in the transition region for all three inlet configurations (thus use the
information given in Table 8-8 with x/D = 10) and therefore Eq. 8-83 should be used with the constants a, information given in Table 8-8 with x/D = 90) and therefore Eq. 8-83 should be used with the constants a,
b, c found in Table 8-7. However, Nulam and Nuturb are the inputs to Eq. 8-83 and they need to be evaluated b, c found in Table 8-7. However, Nulam and Nuturb are the inputs to Eq. 8-83 and they need to be evaluated
first from Eqs. 8-84 and 8-85, respectively. It should be mentioned that the correlations for Nulam and Nuturb first from Eqs. 8-84 and 8-85, respectively. It should be mentioned that the correlations for Nulam and Nuturb
have no inlet dependency. have no inlet dependency.
From Eq. 8-84: From Eq. 8-84:
1/ 3 0.14 1/ 3 0.14
Re Pr D 0.75 Pb Re Pr D 0.75 Pb
Nu lam 1.24  0.025 GrPr 


Nu lam 1.24  0.025 GrPr 



x Ps x Ps
1/ 3 1/ 3
(4790)(33.46) (4790)(33.46)
1.24  0.025 [60,000)(33.46] 0.75 (2.0) 0.14 35.4 1.24  0.025 [60,000)(33.46] 0.75 (2.0) 0.14 20.0
10 90
From Eq. 8-85: From Eq. 8-85:
0.0054 0.14 0.0054 0.14
x Pb x Pb
Nu turb 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.385 Nu turb 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.385
D P D P
s s
0.023 (4790) 0.8 (33.46) 0.385 100.0054 2.00.14 85.1 0.023 (4790) 0.8 (33.46) 0.385 900.0054 2.0 0.14 84.1
Then the transition Nusselt number can be determined from Eq. 8-83, Then the transition Nusselt number can be determined from Eq. 8-83,

Nu trans ^
Nu lam  exp>a  Re b@  Nu cturb `c
Nu trans ^
Nu lam  exp>a  Re b@  Nu cturb `c

Case 1: For bell-mouth inlet: Case 1: For bell-mouth inlet:

Nu trans ^
35.4  exp>6628  4790 237@  85.10.980 ` 0.980
35.4 Nu trans ^
20.0  exp>6628  4790 237@  84.10.980 `
0.980
20.0
Case 2: For re-entrant inlet: Case 2: For re-entrant inlet:

Nu trans ^
35.4  exp>1766  4790 276@  85.10.955 `
0.955
92.9 Nu trans ^
20.0  exp>1766  4790 276@  84.10.955 `
0.955
76.9
Discussion Comparing the two results, it can be seen that under the same conditions, the Nusselt number Discussion Comparing the two results, it can be seen that under the same conditions, the Nusselt number
for the re-entrant inlet is much higher than that for the bell-mouth inlet. To verify this trend, refer to Fig. 8- for the re-entrant inlet is much higher than that for the bell-mouth inlet. To verify this trend, refer to Fig. 8-
35. 35.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 8-46 8-47

Review Problems 8-71 Water is heated by passing it through five identical tubes that are maintained at a specified
temperature. The rate of heat transfer and the length of the tubes necessary are to be determined.
8-70 A silicon chip is cooled by passing water through microchannels etched in the back of the chip. The Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature is constant and uniform. 3 The
outlet temperature of water and the chip power dissipation are to be determined. inner surfaces of the tubes are smooth. 4 Heat transfer to the surroundings is negligible.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The flow of water is fully developed. 3 All the heat
Properties The properties of water at the bulk mean fluid temperature of (15+35)/2=25C are (Table A-9)
generated by the circuits on the top surface of the chip is transferred to the water.
U 997 kg/m 3 60C
Circuits generating 10 mm Te k 0.607 W/m.qC
power W e P 0.891u 10 -3 m 2 /s
Water
35C
15C D = 5 cm
10 mm cp 4180 J/kg.qC 10 kg/s
Chip, Ts
Pr 6.14
Analysis (a) The rate of heat transfer is 5 tubes
Cap, Ts Q m c p (Te  Ti ) (10 kg/s )(4180 J/kg. qC)(35  15)qC 836,000 W
H
(b) The water velocity is
m (10 / 5) kg/s
W V 1.02 m/s
T,i UAc (997 kg/m 3 )S (0.05 m) 2 / 4
The Reynolds number is
Properties Assuming a bulk mean fluid temperature of 25qC, the properties of water are (Table A-9)
U 997 kg/m 3 UVD (997 kg/m 3 )(1.02 m/s)(0.05 m)
c p 4180 J/kg.qC Re 57,067
k 0.607 W/m.qC P 0.891u 10 3 kg/m s
Pr 6.14
P 0.891 u 10 -3 m 2 /s which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, we have turbulent flow. Assuming fully developed flow in the
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate for one channel, the hydraulic diameter, and the Reynolds number are entire tube, the Nusselt number is determined from
m total 0.005 kg/s hD h
m 0.0001 kg/s Nu 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(57,067) 0.8 (6.14) 0.4 303.5
n channel 50 k
4A 4( H u W ) 4(50 u 200)
Dh 80 Pm 8 u 10 -5 m Heat transfer coefficient is
p 2( H  W ) 2(50  200)
k 0.607 W/m.qC
h Nu (303.5) 3684 W/m 2 .qC
UVD h Um VD h m D h (0.0001 kg/s)(8 u 10 -5 m) D 0.05 m
Re 898
P UAc P Ac P (50 u 200 u 10 12 m 2 )(0.891u 10 3 kg/m s) Using the average fluid temperature and considering that there are 5 tubes, the length of the tubes is
which is smaller than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar. We take fully developed laminar flow in the determined as follows:
entire duct. The Nusselt number in this case is
Nu 3.66 Q hA(Ts  Tb,avg ) 
o 836,000 W (3684 W/m 2 qC) A(60  25)qC 
o As 6.484 m 2
Heat transfer coefficient is A 6.484 m 2
k 0.607 W/m.qC A 5SDL 
o L 8.26 m
h Nu (3.66) 27,770 W/m 2 .qC 5SD 5S (0.05 m)
D 8 u 10 5 m
Next we determine the exit temperature of water
A 2WL  2 HL 2(0.05 u 0.01)  2(0.05 u 0.2) = 0.021 mm 2 2.1u10 -6 m 2
 hA /( m c p ) (27,770)(2.1u10 6 )
Te Ts  (Ts  Ti )e 350  (350  290) exp 297.8 K
(0.0001)(4180)
Then the rate of heat transfer becomes
Q m c p (Te  Ti ) (0.0001 kg/s )( 4180 J/kg. qC)(350  297.8)qC 21.82 W
(b) Noting that there are 50 such channels, the chip power dissipation becomes
W e n channelQ one channel 50(21.82 W) 1091 W

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.