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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 8 No.4, October 2010
devices offer an alternative mean to mitigate power system power transfer as well as to enhance system stability. The main
oscillations. It has been reported in many papers that UPFC can circuit of a TCSC is shown in Fig. 2. The TCSC consists of three
improve stability of single machine infinite bus (SMIB) system main components: capacitor bank C, bypass inductor L and
and multimachine system [17]-[18]. The inter-area power system bidirectional thyristors SCR1 and SCR2. The firing angles of the
has special characteristic of stability behaviour [19]. This paper thyristors are controlled to adjust the TCSC reactance in
investigates the improvement of transient stability of a two-area accordance with a system control algorithm, normally in response
power system with a UPFC. A Matlab/Simulink model is to some system parameter variations. According to the variation
developed for a two-area power system with a UPFC. The of the thyristor firing angle or conduction angle, this process can
performance of UPFC is compared with other FACTS devices be modeled as a fast switch between corresponding reactances
such as SVC, TCSC, and SSSC respectively. From the offered to the power system.
simulation results, it is inferred that UPFC is an effective
FACTS device for transient stability improvement.
2. FACTS CONTROLLERS
FACTS controllers may be based on thyristor devices with no
gate turn-off or power devices with gate turn-off capability.
FACTS controllers are used for the dynamic control of voltage,
impedance and phase angle of high voltage AC transmission
lines. The basic principles of the following FACTS controllers,
which are used in the two-area power system under study, are
Fig. 2 Configuration of a TCSC
discussed briefly.
When the thyristors are fired, the TCSC can be mathematically
2.1 Static Var Compensator (SVC) described as:
Static var systems are applied by utilities in transmission
applications for several purposes. The primary purpose is usually dv di L
for rapid control of voltage at weak points in a network.
ic C ; v L -----
dt dt
Installations may be at the midpoint of transmission
(1)
interconnections or at the line ends. Static Var Compensators are
shunt connected static generators / absorbers whose outputs are where v is the instantaneous voltage across the TCSC. The
varied so as to control voltage of the electric power systems. In instantaneous current of the controlled transmission line is the
its simple form, SVC is connected as Fixed Capacitor-Thyristor sum of the instantaneous values of the currents in the capacitor
Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR) configuration as shown in Fig. 1. banks and inductor respectively. Assuming that the total current
The SVC is connected to a coupling transformer that is connected passing through the TCSC is sinusoidal; the equivalent reactance
directly to the ac bus whose voltage is to be regulated. The at the fundamental frequency can be represented as a variable
effective reactance of the FC-TCR is varied by firing angle reactance X TCSC . The TCSC can be controlled to work
control of the antiparallel thyristors. The firing angle can be
either in the capacitive or in the inductive zones avoiding steady
controlled through a PI (Proportional + Integral) controller in
state resonance. There exists a steady-state relationship between
such a way that the voltage of the bus, where the SVC is
connected, is maintained at the reference value. the firing angle and the reactance X TCSC . This
relationship can be described by the following equation [20]:
X c2 ( sin )
X TCSC ( ) = X c
( X c X p)
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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 8 No.4, October 2010
X c = Compensation ratio.
k
Xp
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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 8 No.4, October 2010
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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 8 No.4, October 2010
6. REFERENCES
[1] R. Mihalic, P. Zunko and D. Povh, 1996, Improvement of
Transient Stability using Unified Power Flow
Controller, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 11(1),
pp. 485-491.
[2] K.R. Padiyar, 2002, Power System Dynamic Stability and
Control, Second Edition, BS Publications, Hyderabad.
[3] Igor Papic, Peter Zunko, 2002, Mathematical Model and
Steady State Operational Characteristics of a Unified Power
Flow Controller,Electro-technical Review, Slovenija,
69(5), pp. 285-290.
[4] Prechanon Kumkratug, 2009, Application of UPFC to
Increase Transient Stability of Inter-Area Power System,
Journal of Computers, 4(4), pp. 283-287.
Fig. 11 Variation of line power of two-area power system with [5] Prechanon Kumkratug, Panthep Laohachai, 2007, Direct
SSSC Method of Transient Stability Assessment of a Power
System with a SSSC, Journal of Computers, 2(8), pp. 77-
4.5 Comparison between UPFC, SVC, TCSC, 82.
and SSSC for Power System Stability [6] S.V. Ravi Kumar, S. Siva Nagaraju, 2007, Transient
Enhancement Stability Improvement using UPFC and SVC, ARPN
From the simulation results shown in Figs. 7 - 11, a comparison Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(3), pp. 38-
is made between the above FACTS devices for stability 45.
enhancement of two-area power system under study as shown in [7] A. Kazemi, F. Mahamnia, 2008, Improving of Transient
Table 1. From the Table 1, it is investigated that the UPFC is the Stability of Power Systems by Supplementary Controllers of
effective FACTS device for stability enhancement of inter-area UPFC using Different Fault Conditions, WSEAS
power system. Transactions on Power Systems, 3(7), pp. 547-556.
[8] S. Panda, Ramnarayan N. Patel, 2006, Improving Power
Table 1: Comparison between FACTS Devices for Power System System Transient Stability with an off-centre Location of
Stability Enhancement Shunt FACTS Devices, Journal of Electrical Engineering,
57(6), pp. 365-368.
Two-area Power Power System Settling time in
System Stability post fault period [9] N.G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, 1999, Understanding FACTS:
with Enhancement (in seconds) Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission
Systems, IEEE Press, New York.
UPFC YES 0.6
[10] N. Mithulananthan, C.A. Canizares, J. Reeve, Graham J.
TCSC YES 1.5
Rogers, 2003, Comparison of PSS, SVC and STATCOM
SVC YES 7 Controllers for Damping Power System Oscillations, IEEE
SSSC YES 11 Transactions on Power Systems, 18(2), pp. 786-792.
[11] E.Z. Zhou, 1993, Application of Static Var Compensators
to Increase Power System damping, IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, 8(2), pp. 655-661.
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the power system stability enhancement of a two- [12] P. Mattavelli, G.C. Verghese, A.M. Stankovic, 1997,
area power system by various FACTS devices is presented and Phasor Dynamics of Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor
discussed. The dynamics of the system is compared with and Systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 12(3), pp.
without the presence of UPFC in the system in the event of a 1259-1267.
major disturbance. Then the performance of the UPFC for power [13] B.H. Li, Q.H. Wu, D.R. Turner, P.Y. Wang, X.X. Zhou,
system stability improvement is compared with the other FACTS 2000, Modeling of TCSC Dynamics for Control and
devices such as SVC, TCSC, and SSSC respectively. It is clear Analysis of Power System Stability, Electrical Power &
from the simulation results that there is a considerable Energy Systems, 22(1), pp. 43-49.
improvement in the system performance with the presence of
[14] A.D. Del Rosso, C.A. Canizares, V.M. Dona, 2003, A
UPFC for which the settling time in post fault period is found to
Study of TCSC Controller Design for Power System
be around 0.6 second.
Stability Improvement, IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, 18(4), pp. 1487-1496.
[15] L. Gyugyi, 1994, Dynamic Compensation of AC
Transmission Line by Solid State Synchronous Voltage
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International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 8 No.4, October 2010
Sources, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 9(22), pp. [19] V. Vittal, N. Bhatia, A.A. Fouad, 1991, Analysis of the
904-911. Inter-area Mode Phenomenon in Power Systems Following
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1634. Controllers for Electrical Transmission Systems, IEEE
[17] M. Ghandhari, G. Andersson, I.A. Hiskens, 2001, Control Press, Piscataway.
Lyapunov Functions for Series Devices, IEEE Transactions [21] P. Kundur, 1994, Power System Stability and Control,
on Power Delivery, 16(4), pp. 689-694. McGraw-Hill, New York.
[18] P. Kumkratug, M.H. Haque, 2003, Versatile Model of a
Unified Power Flow Controller in Simple System, IEE
Proc. Gener. Transm. & Distrib., 150(2), pp. 155-161.
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