Problems 59

Probe. For numerical computations in Probe to be accurate, the simulation must

represent steady-state voltages and currents.
Fourier series terms are available in PSpice by using the Fourier Analysis in the
Simulation Settings or by using the FFT option in Probe.

2.11 Bibliography
M. E. Balci and M. H. Hocaoglu, Comparison of Power Denitions for Reactive
Power Compensation in Nonsinusoidal Circuits, International Conference on
Harmonics and Quality of Power, Lake Placid, New York, 2004.
L. S. Czarnecki, Considerations on the Reactive Power in Nonsinusoidal Situations,
International Conference on Harmonics in Power Systems, Worcester Polytechnic
Institute, Worcester, Mass., 1984, pp. 231237.
A. E. Emanuel, Powers in Nonsinusoidal Situations, A Review of Denitions
and Physical Meaning, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 5, no. 3,
July 1990.
G. T. Heydt, Electric Power Quality, Stars in a Circle Publications, West Lafayette,
Ind., 1991.
W. Sheperd and P. Zand, Energy Flow and Power Factor in Nonsinusoidal Circuits,
Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Problems
Instantaneous and Average Power
2-1. Average power generally is not the product of average voltage and average
current. Give an example of periodic waveforms for v(t) and i(t) that have zero
average values and average power absorbed by the device is not zero. Sketch
v(t), i(t), and p(t).
2-2. The voltage across a 10- resistor is v(t)  170 sin (377t) V. Determine (a) an
expression for instantaneous power absorbed by the resistor, (b) the peak power,
and (c) the average power.
2-3. The voltage across an element is v(t)  5 sin (2t) V. Use graphing software to
graph instantaneous power absorbed by the element, and determine the average
power if the current, using the passive sign convention, is (a) i(t)  4 sin (2t) A
and (b) i(t)  3 sin (4t) A.
2-4. The voltage and current for a device (using the passive sign convention) are
periodic functions with T  100 ms described by

10 V 0  t  70 ms
v(t)  b
0 70 ms  t  100 ms

0 0  t  50 ms
i(t)  b
4A 50 ms  t  100 ms
Determine (a) the instantaneous power, (b) the average power, and (c) the energy
absorbed by the device in each period.
60 C H A P T E R 2 Power Computations

2-5. The voltage and current for a device (using the passive sign convention) are
periodic functions with T  20 ms described by

10 V 0  t 14 ms
v(t)  e
0 14 ms  t  20 ms

7A 0  t  6 ms
i(t)  c 5 A 6 ms  t  10 ms
4A 10 ms  t  20 ms

Determine (a) the instantaneous power, (b) the average power, and (c) the energy
absorbed by the device in each period.
2-6. Determine the average power absorbed by a 12-V dc source when the current
into the positive terminal of the source is that given in (a) Prob. 2-4 and
(b) Prob. 2-5.
2-7. A current of 5 sin (260t) A enters an element. Sketch the instantaneous power
and determine the average power absorbed by the load element when the element
is (a) a 5- resistor, (b) a 10-mH inductor, and (c) a 12-V source (current into the
positive terminal).
2-8. A current source of i(t)  2  6 sin(260t) A is connected to a load that is a
series combination of a resistor, an inductor, and a dc voltage source (current into
the positive terminal). If R  4 , L  15 mH, and Vdc  6 V, determine the
average power absorbed by each element.
2-9. An electric resistance space heater rated at 1500 W for a voltage source of
v(t)  120 12 sin (260t) V has a thermostatically controlled switch. The
heater periodically switches on for 5 min and off for 7 min. Determine
(a) the maximum in stantaneous power, (b) the average power over the
12-min cycle, and (c) the electric energy converted to heat in each 12-min
cycle.

Energy Recovery
2-10. An inductor is energized as in the circuit of Fig. 2-4a. The circuit has L  100 mH,
R  20 , VCC  90 V, t1  4 ms, and T  40 ms. Assuming the transistor and
diode are ideal, determine (a) the peak energy stored in the inductor, (b) the
energy absorbed by the resistor in each switching period, and (c) the average
power supplied by the source. (d) If the resistor is changed to 40 , what is the
average power supplied by the source?
2-11. An inductor is energized as in the circuit of Fig. 2-4a. The circuit has L  10 mH
and VCC  14 V. (a) Determine the required on time of the switch such that the peak
energy stored in the inductor is 1.2 J. (b) Select a value for R such that the switching
cycle can be repeated every 20 ms. Assume the switch and the diode are ideal.
2-12. An inductor is energized as in the circuit of Fig. 2-5a. The circuit has L  50 mH,
VCC  90 V, t1  4 ms, and T  50 ms. (a) Determine the peak energy stored in
the inductor. (b) Graph the inductor current, source current, inductor
instantaneous power, and source instantaneous power versus time. Assume the
transistors are ideal.
 Problems 61

2-13. An alternative circuit for energizing an inductor and removing the stored
energy without damaging a transistor is shown in Fig. P2-13. Here VCC  12 V,
L  75 mH, and the zener breakdown voltage is VZ  20 V. The transistor
switch opens and closes periodically with ton  20 ms and toff  50 ms.
(a) Explain how the zener diode allows the switch to open. (b) Determine and
sketch the inductor current iL(t) and the zener diode current iZ(t) for one
switching period. (c) Sketch (p)(t) for the inductor and the zener diode.
(d) Determine the average power absorbed by the inductor and by the
zener diode.

VCC

iL

iZ

2-14. Repeat Prob. 2-13 with VCC  20 V, L  50 mH, VZ  30 V, ton  15 ms, and
toff  60 ms.

Effective Values: RMS

2-15. The rms value of a sinusoid is the peak value divided by 12. Give two
examples to show that this is generally not the case for other periodic
waveforms.
2-16. A three-phase distribution system is connected to a nonlinear load that has line
and neutral currents like those of Fig. 2-8. The rms current in each phase is 12 A,
and the resistance in each of the line and neutral conductors is 0.5 . Determine
the total power absorbed by the conductors. What should the resistance of the
neutral conductor be such that it absorbs the same power as one of the phase
conductors?
2-17. Determine the rms values of the voltage and current waveforms in Prob. 2-4.
2-18. Determine the rms values of the voltage and current waveforms in Prob. 2-5.

Nonsinusoidal Waveforms
2-19. The voltage and current for a circuit element are v(t)  2  5 cos (260t) 
3cos(460t  45) V and i(t)  1.5  2cos(260t  20)  1.1cos(460t  20) A.
(a) Determine the rms values of voltage and current. (b) Determine the power
absorbed by the element.
62 C H A P T E R 2 Power Computations

2-20. A current source i(t)  3  4 cos(260t)  6 cos (460t) A is connected to a

parallel RC load with R  100  and C  50 F. Determine the average power
absorbed by the load.
2-21. In Fig. P2-21, R  4 , L  10 mH, Vdc  12 V, and vs(t)  50  30 cos (460t)
 10 cos(860t) V. Determine the power absorbed by each component.

+
vs
L

+
Vdc

Figure P2-21

2-22. A nonsinusoidal periodic voltage has a Fourier series of v(t)  6  5 cos(260t)

 3 cos (660t). This voltage is connected to a load that is a 16- resistor in
series with a 25-mH inductor as in Fig. 2-11. Determine the power absorbed by
the load.
2-23. Voltage and current for a device (using the passive sign convention) are
q
20
v(t)  20  a a b cos (nt) V
n1 n

q
5
i(t)  5  a a 2 b cos (nt) A
n
n1

Determine the average power based on the terms through n  4.

2-24. Voltage and current for a device (using the passive sign convention) are
q
50
v(t)  50  a a b cos (nt) V
n1 n

q
10
i(t)  10  a a 2 b cos A nt  tan1n>2 B
n1 n

Determine the average power based on the terms through n  4.

2-25. In Fig. P2-21, R  20 , L  25 mH, and Vdc  36 V. The source is a periodic
voltage that has the Fourier series
q
400
vs(t)  50  a a b sin A 200nt B
n1 n
 Problems 63

Using the Fourier series method, determine the average power absorbed by R,
L, and Vdc when the circuit is operating in the steady state. Use as many terms
in the Fourier series as necessary to obtain a reasonable estimate of power.
2-26. A sinusoidal current of 10 A rms at a 60-Hz fundamental frequency is
contaminated with a ninth harmonic current. The current is expressed as

i(t)  1022 sin (260t)  I9 22 sin (1860t) A

Determine the value of the ninth harmonic rms current I9 if the THD is (a) 5 percent,
(b) 10 percent, (c) 20 percent, and (d) 40 percent. Use graphing software or PSpice
to show i(t) for each case.
2-27. A sinusoidal voltage source of v(t)  170 cos (260t) V is applied to a nonlinear
load, resulting in a nonsinusoidal current that is expressed in Fourier series form
as i(t)  10 cos (260t  30)  6 cos (460t  45)  3 cos (860t  20) A.
Determine (a) the power absorbed by the load, (b) the power factor of the load,
(c) the distortion factor, and (d) the total harmonic distortion of the load current.
2-28. Repeat Prob. 2-27 with i(t)  12 cos (260t  40)  5 sin (460t) 
4 cos (860t) A.
2-29. A sinusoidal voltage source of v(t)  240 12 sin (260t) V is applied to a
nonlinear load, resulting in a current i(t)  8 sin (260t)  4 sin (460t) A.
Determine (a) the power absorbed by the load, (b) the power factor of the load,
(c) the THD of the load current, (d) the distortion factor of the load current, and
(e) the crest factor of the load current.
2-30. Repeat Prob. 2-29 with i(t)  12 sin (260t)  9 sin (460t) A.
2-31. A voltage source of v(t)  5  25 cos (1000t)  10 cos (2000t) V is connected to
a series combination of a 2- resistor, a 1-mH inductor, and a 1000- F capacitor.
Determine the rms current in the circuit, and determine the power absorbed by
each component.

PSpice
2-32. Use PSpice to simulate the circuit of Example 2-1. Dene voltage and current
with PULSE sources. Determine instantaneous power, energy absorbed in one
period, and average power.
2-33. Use PSpice to determine the instantaneous and average power in the circuit
elements of Prob. 2-7.
2-34. Use PSpice to determine the rms values of the voltage and current waveforms in
(a) Prob. 2-5 and (b) Prob. 2-6.
2-35. Use PSpice to simulate the circuit of Prob. 2-10. (a) Idealize the circuit by using
a voltage-controlled switch that has Ron  0.001  and a diode with n  0.001.
(b) Use Ron  0.5  and use the default diode.
2-36. Use PSpice to simulate the circuit of Fig. 2-5a. The circuit has VCC  75 V,
t0  40 ms, and T  100 ms. The inductance is 100 mH and has an internal
resistance of 20 . Use a voltage-controlled switch with Ron  1  for the
transistors, and use the PSpice default diode model. Determine the average
power absorbed by each circuit element. Discuss the differences between the
behavior of this circuit and that of the ideal circuit.