K 1

1.1 -

1.
,

x + y x, y ,

x + y = y + x x, y ,

(x + y ) + z = x + ( y + z ) x, y, z ,

: x + 0 = 0 + x = x x ,

x : x + x = x + x = 0 .

x x.

2. o /
,

x y x, y

x y = y x x, y ,

(x y ) z = x ( y z ) x, y, z ,

: x 1 = 1 x = x x ,

x : x x = x x = 1 .

x x-1.

E / :

(x + y ) z = x z + y z x, y, z .

x y = x + ( y ) x, y ,

1
 x / y = x y 1 x, y , y 0 .

3. ,


x :

x x x = 0.

x < y y x .

x x > 0.

x, y x < y x > y x = y.

x < y y < z x < z.

x < y z > 0 x z < y z.

( <),
.

, .

a : xa x A ,

a : xa x A ,

, 1
1 > ,
.

1.1.1 .

a ,

1 a a1.

1.1.2 .

2
 a ,

1 a a1.

1 ( ),
. , 1
a a1 a a1 , a = a1.

( ) supremum (sup)
, ( ), infimum
(inf) .

2
.

1.1.1 . :

(i ) a


 A
a = sup A .
(ii ) > 0 x A : x > a

A. E = supA. . > 0.
xA x a - ,
a a 0 (). :

> 0 x A : x > a .

A (i) (ii). A
a sup A = sup A < . (ii)
> 0 = - > 0. x A : x> ().

1.1.2 .

(i ) a

  A
a = inf A .
(ii ) > 0 x A : x < a +

sup inf :

A ( ):
L R
L
R.

E

infimum supremum .

sup A = + .

inf A = .

` = {1, 2,3,..., n,...} ,

4
, :

1 ` ,
n ` n + 1 ` .

1.1.1 ( ) (n)
n. A (1)
n

(n) (n+1) ,

(n) n.

` , ..
.

] = {... n,..., 1, 0,1,..., n,...} ,

, ..

( ] ).

m
_ = : m, n Z ,
n

4
 .
,
_ .

(
) ,

x < y z _ : x < z < y .

x+ y
, : z = ( x + y )(1 + 1) 1 = .
2

, ..

{x Q : x 2
2} ,

supremum. , :

1.1.3 : a 2 = 2 .

p
A. E p, q N : = 2 p,q
q
.

2
p
= 2 p = 2q
2 2

p2 , p . E p = 2k, :

p 2 = 2q 2 2k 2 = q 2 ,

q2 , q
p,q .

.
.

,
,
\ , .

\ .

1.1.2 .

5
 :

1.1.4 x \ m ] :

m x < m +1 .

O x [x].

1.1.5 (A ) > 0 x \
n ` :

n > x.

1.1.6 x, y \ p _ :

x < p < y.

1.2

.
1-1
. .

`
. ` .
.

] , _
. \
(
).
.

1.3 \

,b o .

I = { x \ : a < x < b}

b (,b). O

I = { x \ : a x b}

6
 b [,b]. T

I1 = { x \ : a x < b}
I 2 = { x \ : a < x b}

b [,b)
(,b] .

O 1.3.1 E x0 \ . ( x0 ) x0

( x0 ) = ( x0 , x0 + ) .

O 1.3.2 E

> 0 : ( x0 ) A x0 A .

_, \ .
,
.

O 1.3.3 E
\ -A .

O 1.3.4 E x0 \

> 0, ( x0 ) {x0 } A .

To
. A A .

1.3.1 .

1.3.2 x0
( x0 ) x0 .

1.3.3 \
.

1.3.1 .

7
 1.4 \

\ = \ {-, +} ,

++(+)=+
-+(-) =-
(+ ) ( + ) = +
(+ ) ( - ) = -
(- ) ( - ) = +
(- ) ( + ) = -
= , \
( ) = , >0
/ ( ) = 0, \ .

!!! ,
:

1/0
+ + (- ) - +
0 ( )
() / ()
0/0
1
(+)0
0-
00.

n(n + 1)
1 + ... + n =
2
.
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
1 + 2 ... + n =
2 2

a n b n = (a b)(a n 1 + a n 2b + a n 3b 2 + ... + ab n 2 + b n 1 ), n `, a, b \ .

. = 1, b1,

1 b n = (1 b)(1 + b + b 2 + ... + b n 2 + b n 1 ),

8
 1 bn
1 + b + b 2 + ... + b n 2 + b n 1 = ( n- ).
1 b

n
n n n!
( a + b) = a k bnk ,
n
o = , 0!=1, n ! = 1 2 3 ... n, n ` .
k =0 k k k !(n k )!

Cauchy-Schwarz
2
n n 2
n
2
| ak bk | ak bk , ak , bk ^ .
k =0 k =0 k =0

A --

n a1 + ... + an
n a1a2 ...an , ai > 0, n ` .
1 1 n
+ ... +
a1 an

A ernoulli

(1 + x )
n
1 + n x, x > 1, n ` .

1. sup, inf
:

A = { x \ : ( x a)( x b)( x c) < 0} , a < b < c

B = {1 + (1) n : n `} , .
(1) n +1
C = 1 + (1) n + : n `
n

. () A = (, a) (b, c) ,
inf A = , sup A = c. A = [, a] [b, c] .

() = {0,2}, n=2k ()
n=2k+1 () , : inf B = 0, sup B = 2 .
A = .

() C

9
 1/ n, 
n
C= ,
2 (1/ n), n a

1 1
inf C = 0 ( lim n+= 0 ) sup C = 2 ( lim n + 2 = 2 ).
n n
A = {0, 2} ,
, C.

2. { }
x _ : 0 < x < 2 supremum _ .

. p , p 2 < 2 .

. h
0 < h < 1

( p + h) = p 2 + 2 ph + h 2 = p 2 + ( 2 p + h ) h < p 2 + ( 2 p + 1) h ,
2

2 p2
h =
2 p +1
( p + h) < 2 , ( p + h ) {x Q : x < 2} .
2 2

n n n + 1
3. N () + = ,
k 1 k k

n n! n
o = , = 1 n ! = 1 2 3 ... n, n ` .
k k !(n k )! 0

n
n
( a + b) = a k bnk .
n
()
k =0 k

n n n! n!
. () + = +
k 1 k (k 1)!(n (k 1))! k !(n k )!

n! n!
= +
(k 1)!(n k )!(n k + 1) (k 1)! k (n k )!

(n ! k ) + (n ! (n k + 1)) n ! (n + 1)
= =
(k 1)! k (n k )!(n k + 1) k ! (n k + 1)!

10
 (n + 1)! n + 1
= = .
k ! (n + 1 k )! k

() .
n = 1 . = n

n
n
( a + b) = a k bnk
n

k =0 k

= n+1

n +1 n + 1
k n +1 k
( a + b) =
n +1
a b .
k =0 k

n n k nk
( a + b) = ( a + b) ( a + b) = a b ( a + b)
n +1 n

k =0 k

n
n n
n
= a k +1b n k + a k b n +1 k
k =0 k k =0 k

k +1= n +1
n n +1 n n k n +1 k
=
=1 1
a b + a b
k
+ b n +1
k =1

k = = r n
n r n +1 r n n r n +1 r
= a n +1 + a b + a b + b n +1
r =1 r 1 r =1 r

n
n n r n +1 r
= a n +1 + + a b + b n +1
r =1 r 1 r

n
n + 1 r n +1 r n +1 n + 1
r n +1 r
= a n +1 + a b + b n +1
= a b .
r =1 r r =0 r

n(n 1) 2
4. N (1 + x ) 1 + nx +
n
x , x > 0, n ` .
2

. .
n = 1 . k = n

n(n 1) 2
(1 + x )
n
1 + nx + x ,
2

k = n+1

11
 (n + 1)n 2
(1 + x )
n +1
1 + (n + 1) x + x.
2

(n 1)n 2
(1 + x ) = (1 + x ) (1 + x ) 1 + nx + x (1 + x )
n +1 n

n(n + 1) 2 n(n 1) 3
= 1 + (n + 1) x + x + x
2 2

n(n + 1) 2
1 + (n + 1) x + x .
2

5. > 0 < b + b .

. . > b ,
b
< b + > 0 = > 0 .
2

b +b
b+ = b+ = < (),
2 2

> b , b .

6. ,

inf( A + B ) = inf A + inf B .

. ,
infA, infB. E

x A + B x = y + z, y A, z B

x = y + z inf A + inf B + inf A + inf B

+. + inf(A+)
inf A + inf B

inf( A + B ) inf A + inf B .

inf( A + B ) inf A + inf B .

.

inf( A + B ) > inf A + inf B , ()

12
 inf( A + B ) inf A > inf B , zB:

inf( A + B) inf A > z inf( A + B) z > inf A ,

yA:

inf( A + B) z > y inf( A + B) > y + z A + B ,

, inf( A + B ) x x A + B (),
inf( A + B ) inf A + inf B .
inf( A + B ) inf A + inf B inf( A + B ) inf A + inf B ,
:

inf( A + B ) = inf A + inf B .

7. Cauchy-Schwarz:
2
n n n
| ak bk | | ak |2 | bk |2 , ak , bk \ .
k =0 k =0 k =0

. E \ ,

n n n n
0 | ak | | bk | = | ak |2 2 ak bk + 2 | bk |2 .
2

k =0 k =0 k =0 k =0

To
, ,
:

2
n n 2
n

0 4 ak bk 4 | ak | | bk |2 0,
k =0 k =0 k =0

1. sup, inf
:

13

n
2
A = 1 + (1) n + : n ` ,
3
.

2
1+ n , n = 3k

1
B = 2 , n = 3k + 1 , k `
n
1 + (1) n , n = 3k + 2


2. :

n(n + 1)
1 + ... + n =
2
.
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
1 + 2 ... + n =
2 2

3. N 2 + 3 _ .

4. , ,
:

(i ) sup( A + B) = sup A + sup B,

(ii ) inf( A B ) = min {inf A,inf B} , .
inf A, > 0
(iii ) inf( A) = , \
sup A, < 0

n n n
5. N + + ... + = 2n .
0 1 n

(. X ).

6. ai , bi > 0 i a12 + a22 + ... + ann = 1 b12 + b22 + ... + bnn = 1, :

( a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn )

2
1.

(. X Cauchy-Schwarz).

n
n +1
7. N n ! .
2

(. X .-. ).

14