Sex worker

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A prostitute in Amsterdam's Red Light district talks with a potential customer

A sex worker is a person who is employed in the sex industry.[1][2]

The term is used in reference to all those in all areas of the sex industry
including those who provide direct sexual services as well as the staff of such
industries. Some sex workers are paid to engage in sex acts or sexually explicit
behavior which involve varying degrees of physical contact with clients
(prostitutes and some but not all professional dominants); pornography models and
actors engage in sexually explicit behavior which are filmed or photographed. Phone
sex operators have sexually-oriented conversations with clients, and do auditive
sexual roleplay.

Other sex workers are paid to engage in live sexual performance, such as web cam
sex[3] and performers in live sex shows. Some sex workers perform erotic dances and
other acts for an audience (striptease, Go-Go dancing, lap dancing, Neo-burlesque,
and peep shows). Sexual surrogates often engage in sexual activity as part of
therapy with their clients. Thus, although the term sex worker is sometimes viewed
as a synonym or euphemism for "prostitute", it is more general. Sex worker can
refer to individuals who do not directly engage in sexual activity such as pole
dancers and sex toy testers.[4] Another example of sex workers that would not fall
under the term prostitute would be an adult talent manager, who negotiates and
secures pornographic roles for their clients. There are also erotic photographers
that shoot and edit for adult media and porn reviewers who watch and rate adult
films.[5] These are just a few examples of sex workers that do not directly partake
in prostitution, showing that the term sex worker does not always refer to
individuals who directly exchange sexual services for goods.

Some people use the term sex worker to avoid invoking the stigma associated with
the word "prostitute". Using the term sex worker rather than prostitute also allows
more members of this industry to be represented and helps ensure that individuals
who are actually prostitutes are not singled out and associated with the negative
connotations of "prostitute". In addition, choosing to use the term sex worker
rather than prostitute shows ownership over the individuals career choice. Some
argue that those who prefer the term sex worker wish to separate their occupation
from their person. Describing someone as a sex worker recognizes that the
individual may have many different facets, and aren't necessarily defined by their
job.[6]

It is important to note, however, that sex work is different from sexual

exploitation, or the forcing of a person to commit sexual acts, in that sex work is
voluntary "and is seen as the commercial exchange of sex for money or goods"[7]

In an attempt to further clarify the broad term that "sex work" is, John E. Exner,
an American psychologist, worked with his fellow colleagues to create five distinct
classes for categorizing sex workers. One scholarly article details the classes as
follows: "specifically, the authors articulated Class I, or the upper class of the
profession, consisting of call girls; Class II was referred to as the middle class,
consisting of 'in-house girls' who typically work in an establishment on a
commission basis; Class III, the lower middle class, were 'streetwalkers' whose
fees and place of work fluctuate considerably; Class IV sex workers have been known
as 'commuter housewives', and they are typically involved in sex work to supplement
family income; and Class V consists of 'streetwalker addicts', or 'drugs-for-sex
streetwalkers' who are considered the lower class of the profession".[7]
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 In practice
3 Legal dimensions of sex work
4 Risk reduction
4.1 Health
4.2 Forced sex work
5 Advocacy
5.1 Unionization of sex work
5.1.1 Unionizing exotic dancers
5.2 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
9.1 International
9.2 Africa
9.3 Australia
9.4 Europe
9.5 North America
9.6 Anti-prostitution groups
Etymology[edit]
The term "sex worker" was coined in 1978 by sex worker activist Carol Leigh. Its
use became popularized after publication of the anthology, Sex Work: Writings By
Women In The Sex Industry in 1987, edited by Frdrique Delacoste and Priscilla
Alexander.[8][9][10] The term "sex worker" has since spread into much wider use,
including in academic publications, by NGOs and labor unions, and by governmental
and intergovernmental agencies, such as the World Health Organization.[11] The term
is listed in the Oxford English Dictionary[1] and Merriam-Webster's Dictionary.[12]

The term is strongly opposed, however, by many who are morally opposed to the sex
industry, such as social conservatives, anti-prostitution feminists, and other
prohibitionists. Such groups view prostitution variously as a crime or as
victimization, and see the term "sex work" as legitimizing criminal activity or
exploitation as a type of labor.[13][14]

In practice[edit]

Bronze statue Belle in Amsterdam's red-light district De Wallen, reads "Respect sex
workers all over the world"
Sex workers may be any gender and exchange sexual services or favors for money or
other gifts. The motives of sex workers vary widely and can include debt, coercion,
survival, or simply as a way to earn a living.[15] Sexual empowerment is another
possible reasons why people engage in sex work. One study found that a majority of
the sex workers interviewed enjoyed their occupation and felt like they were
discovering themselves.[16] The flexibility to choose hours of work and ability to
select their own client base may also contribute the appeal of sex work when
compared to other service industry jobs.[17] Sex work may also be a way to fund
addiction.[18] This line of work can be fueled by an individuals addiction to
illegal substances before entering the industry or being introduced to these
substances after entering the industry.[19] These motives also align with varying
climates surrounding sex work in different communities and cultures. In some cases,
sex work is linked to tourism. Sex work can take the form of prostitution,
stripping or lap dancing, performance in pornography, phone or internet sex, or any
other exchange of sexual services for financial or material gain. The variety in
the tasks encompassed by sex work lead to a large range in both severity and nature
of risks that sex workers face in their occupations. Sex workers can act
independently as individuals, work for a company or corporation, or work as part of
a brothel. All of the above can be undertaken either by free choice or by coercion.
Sex workers may also be hired to be companions on a trip or to perform sexual
services within the context of a trip; either of these can be voluntary or forced
labor.[20] Transgender people are more likely than the general population to do sex
work, particularly trans women and trans people of color.[21] In a study of female
Indian sex workers, illiteracy and lower social status were more prevalent than
among the general female population.[22]

Many studies struggle to gain demographic information about the prevalence of sex
work, as many countries or cities have laws prohibiting prostitution or other sex
work. In addition, sex trafficking, or forced sex work, is also difficult to
quantify due to its underground and covert nature. In addition, finding a
representative sample of sex workers in a given city can be nearly impossible
because the size of the population itself is unknown. Maintaining privacy and
confidentiality in research is also difficult because many sex workers may face
prosecution and other consequences if their identities are revealed.[23]

While demographic characteristics of sex workers vary by region and are hard to
measure, some studies have attempted to estimate the composition of the sex work
communities in various places. For example, one study of sex work in Tijuana,
Mexico found that the majority of sex workers there are young, female and
heterosexual.[24] Many of these studies attempt to use smaller samples of sex
workers and pimps in order to extrapolate about larger populations of sex workers.
One report on the underground sex trade in the United States used known data on the
illegal drug and weapon trades and interviews with sex workers and pimps in order
to draw conclusions about the number of sex workers in eight American cities.[25]
However, studies like this one can come under scrutiny for a perceived emphasis on
the activities and perspectives of pimps rather than those of sex workers
themselves. Another criticism is that sex trafficking may not be adequately
assessed in its relation to sex work in these studies.[26]

Legal dimensions of sex work[edit]

World map of pornography (18+) laws

Pornography legal
Pornography legal under some restrictions
Pornography illegal
Data unavailable
See also: Prostitution law
Depending on local law, sex workers' activities may be regulated, controlled,
tolerated, or prohibited. In most countries, even those where sex work is legal,
sex workers may be stigmatized and marginalized, which may prevent them from
seeking legal redress for discrimination (e.g., racial discrimination by a strip
club owner), non-payment by a client, assault or rape. Sex worker advocates have
identified this as whorephobia.[27][28]

The legality of different types of sex work varies within and between regions of
the world. For example, while pornography is legal in the United States,
prostitution is illegal in most parts of the US. However, in other regions of the
world, both pornography and prostitution are illegal; in others, both are legal.
One example of a country in which pornography, prostitution, and all professions
encompassed under the umbrella of sex work are all legal is New Zealand. Under the
Prostitution Reform Act of New Zealand, laws and regulations have been put into
place in order to ensure the safety and protection of its sex workers. For example,
since the implementation of the Prostitution Reform Act, "any person seeking to
open a larger brothel, where more than four sex workers will be working requires a
Brothel Operators Certificate, which certifies them as a suitable person to
exercise control over sex workers in the workplace. [In addition,] sex workers
operating in managed premises have access to labour rights and human rights
protection and can pursue claims before the courts, like any other worker or
employee."[29]In regions where sex work is illegal, advocates for sex workers'
rights argue that the covert nature of illegal prostitution is a barrier to access
to legal resources.[30] However, some who oppose the legalization of prostitution
argue that sex work is inherently exploitative and can never be legalized or
practiced in a way that respects the rights of those who perform it.[31]

There are many arguments against legalizing prostitution/sex work. In one study,
women involved in sex work were interviewed and asked if they thought it should be
made legal. They answered that they thought it should not, as it would put women at
higher risk from violent customers if it were considered legitimate work, and they
would not want their friends or family entering the sex industry to earn money.
Another argument is that legalizing sex work would increase the demand for it, and
women should not be treated as sexual merchandise. A study showed that in countries
that have legalized prostitution, there was an increase in child prostitution. An
argument against legalizing sex work is to keep children from being involved in
this industry. The studies also showed that legalizing sex work lead to an increase
in sex trafficking, which is another reason people give for making sex work
illegal. [32]

There are also arguments for legalizing prostitution/sex work. One major argument
for legalizing prostitution is that women should have a right to do what they want
with their own bodies. The government should not have a say in what they do for
work, and if they want to sell their bodies it is their own decision. Another
common argument for legalizing prostitution is that enforcing prostitution laws is
a waste of money. This is because prostitution has always, and will continue to
persist despite whatever laws and regulations are implemented against it. In
arguing for the decriminalization of sex work, the Minister of Justice of the
Netherlands expanded upon this argument in court when stating that, "prostitution
has existed for a long time and will continue to do soProhibition is not the way
to proceedOne should allow for voluntary prostitution. The authorities can then
regulate prostitution, [and] it can become healthy, safe, transparent, and cleansed
from criminal side-effects."[33] People who wish to legalize prostitution do not
see enforcing laws against sex work as effective and think the money is better
spent elsewhere. Many people also argue that legalization of prostitution will lead
to less harm for the sex workers. They argue that the decriminalization of sex work
will decrease the exploitation of sex workers by third parties such as pimps and
managers. A final argument for the legalization of sex work is that prostitution
laws are unconstitutional. Some argue that these laws go against peoples rights to
free speech, privacy, etc. [34]

Risk reduction[edit]
Risk reduction in sex work is a highly debated topic. "Abolitionism" and
"nonabolitionism" or "empowerment" are regarded as opposing ways in which risk
reduction is approached.[35] While abolitionism would call for an end to all sex
work, empowerment would encourage the formation of networks among sex workers and
enable them to prevent STIs and other health risks by communicating with each
other.[36] Both approaches aim to reduce rates of disease and other negative
effects of sex work.

In addition, sex workers themselves have disputed the dichotomous nature of

abolitionism and nonabolitionism, advocating instead a focus on sex workers'
rights. In 1999, the Network of Sex Worker Projects claimed that "Historically,
anti-trafficking measures have been more concerned with protecting 'innocent' women
from becoming prostitutes than with ensuring the human rights of those in the sex
industry.[35] Penelope Saunders, a sex workers' rights advocate, claims that the
sex workers' rights approach considers more of the historical context of sex work
than either abolitionism or empowerment. In addition, Jo Doezema has written that
the dichotomy of the voluntary and forced approaches to sex work has served to deny
sex workers agency.[37]
Health[edit]
Sex workers are unlikely to disclose their work to healthcare providers. This can
be due to embarrassment, fear of disapproval, or a disbelief that sex work can have
effects on their health.[38] The criminalization of sex work in many places can
also lead to a reluctance to disclose for fear of being turned in for illegal
activities. There are very few legal protections for sex workers due to
criminalization; thus, in many cases, a sex worker reporting violence to a
healthcare provider may not be able to take legal action against their aggressor.
[39]

Health risks of sex work relate primarily to sexually transmitted infections and to
drug use. In one study, nearly 40% of sex workers who visited a health center
reported illegal drug use.[38] In general, transgender women sex workers have a
higher risk of contracting HIV than male and female sex workers and transgender
women who are not sex workers.[40]

The reason transgender women are at higher risk for developing HIV is their
combination of risk factors. They face biological, personal, relational, and
structural risks that all increase their chances of getting HIV. Biological factors
include incorrect condom usage because of erectile disfunction from hormones taken
to become more feminine and receptive anal intercourse without a condom which is a
high risk for developing HIV. Personal factors include mental health issues that
lead to increased sexual risk, such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse
provoked through lack of support, violence, etc. Structural risks include
involvement in sex work being linked to poverty, substance abuse, and other factors
that are more prevalent in transgender women based on their tendency to be socially
marginalized and not accepted for challenging gender norms. The largest risk for
HIV is unprotected sex with male partners, and studies have been emerging that show
men who have sex with transgender women are more likely to use drugs than men that
do not. [41]

Condom use is one way to mitigate the risk of contracting an STI. However,
negotiating condom use with one's clients and partners is often an obstacle to
practicing safer sex. While there is not much data on rates of violence against sex
workers, many sex workers do not use condoms due to the fear of resistance and
violence from clients. Some countries also have laws prohibiting condom possession;
this reduces the likelihood that sex workers will use condoms.[39] Increased
organization and networking among sex workers has been shown to increase condom use
by increasing access to and education about STI prevention. Brothels with strong
workplace health practices, including the availability of condoms, have also
increased condom use among their workers.[39]

Health Concerns of Exotic Dancers

Mental Health and Stigma
In order to protect themselves from the stigma of sex work, many dancers resort to
othering themselves. Othering involves constructing oneself as superior to one's
peers, and the dancer persona provides an internal boundary that separates the
authentic from the stripper self. This practice creates a lot of stress for the
dancers, in turn leading many to resort to using drugs and alcohol to cope. Since
it is so widespread, the use of drugs has become normalized in the exotic dance
scene.
Despite this normalization, passing as nonusers, or covering as users of less
maligned drugs, is necessary. This is because strippers concurrently attribute a
strong moral constitution to those that resist the drug atmosphere; it is a
testament to personal strength and will power. It is also an occasion for dancers
to other fellow strippers. Valorizing resistance to the drug space discursively
positions good strippers against such a drug locale and indicates why dancers
are motivated to closet hard drug use.
Stigma causes strippers to hide their lifestyles from friends and family alienating
themselves from a support system. Further, the stress of trying to hide their
lifestyles from others due to fear of scrutiny affects the mental health of
dancers. Stigma is a difficult area to address because it is more abstract, but it
would be helpful to work toward normalizing sex work as a valid way of making a
living. This normalization of sex work would relieve the stress many dancers
experience increasing the likelihood that they will be open about their work. Being
open will allow them access to a viable support system and reduce the othering and
drug use so rampant in the sex industry.[42][43]

Forced sex work[edit]

See also: Sexual slavery and Sex trafficking
Forced sex work is when an individual enters into any sex trade due to coercion
rather than by choice. Forced sex work increases the likelihood that a sex worker
will contract HIV/AIDS or another sexually transmitted infection, particularly when
an individual enters sex work before the age of 18.[44] In addition, even when sex
workers do consent to certain sex acts, they are often forced or coerced into
others (often anal intercourse) by clients. Sex workers may also experience strong
resistance to condom use by their clients, which may extend into a lack of consent
by the worker to any sexual act performed in the encounter; this risk is magnified
when sex workers are trafficked or forced into sex work.[39][45]

Forced sex work often involves deception - workers are told that they can make a
living and are then not allowed to leave. This deception can cause ill effects on
the mental health of many sex workers. In addition, an assessment of studies
estimates that between 40% and 70% of sex workers face violence within a year.[39]
Currently, there is little support for migrant workers in many countries, including
those who have been trafficked to a location for sex.[46]

Advocacy[edit]
Main article: Sex workers' rights
Sex worker's rights advocates argue that sex workers should have the same basic
human and labor rights as other working people.[47] For example, the Canadian Guild
for Erotic Labour calls for the legalization of sex work, the elimination of state
regulations that are more repressive than those imposed on other workers and
businesses, the right to recognition and protection under labour and employment
laws, the right to form and join professional associations or unions, and the right
to legally cross borders to work. Advocates also want to see changes in legal
practices involving sex work, the Red Umbrella Project has pushed for the
decriminalization of condoms and changes to New York's sex workers diversion
program.[48] Advocacy for the interests of sex workers can come from a variety of
sources, including non-governmental organizations, labor rights organizations,
governments, or sex workers themselves. Each year in London The Sexual Freedom
Awards is held to honor the most notable advocates and pioneers of sexual freedom
and sex workers' rights in the UK, where sex work is essentially legal.

Unionization of sex work[edit]

The unionization of sex workers is a recent development. The first organization
within the contemporary sex workers' rights movement was Call Off Your Old Tired
Ethics (COYOTE), founded in 1973 in San Francisco, California. Many organizations
in Western countries were established in the decade after the founding of COYOTE.
[49] Currently, a small number of sex worker unions exist worldwide. One of the
largest is the International Union of Sex Workers, headquartered in the United
Kingdom. The IUSW advocates for the rights of all sex workers, whether they chose
freely or were coerced to enter the trade, and promotes policies that benefit the
interests of sex workers both in the UK and abroad.[50] Many regions are home to
sex worker unions, including Latin America, Brazil, Canada, Europe, and Africa.[51]

In unionizing, many sex workers face issues relating to communication and to the
legality of sex work. Because sex work is illegal in many places where they wish to
organize, it is difficult to communicate with other sex workers in order to
organize. There is also concern with the legitimacy of sex work as a career and an
activity that merits formal organizing, largely because of the sexism often present
in sex work and the devaluation of sex work as not comparable to other paid labor
and employment.[49]

A factor affecting the unionization of sex work is that many sex workers belong to
populations that historically have not had a strong representation in labor unions.
While this unionization can be viewed as a way of empowering sex workers and
granting them agency within their profession, it is also criticized as implicitly
lending its approval to sexism and power imbalances already present in sex work.
Unionization also implies a submission to or operation within the systems of
capitalism, which is of concern to some feminists.[49]

Unionizing exotic dancers[edit]

Independent contractor vs Employee
Performers in general are problematic to categorize because they often exercise a
high level of control over their work product, one characteristic of an independent
contractor. Additionally, their work can be artistic in nature and often done on a
freelance basis. Often, the work of performers does not possess the obvious
attributes of employees such as regular working hours, places or duties.
Consequently, employers misclassify them because they are unsure of their workers'
status, or they purposely misclassify them to take advantage of independent
contractors' low costs. Exotic dance clubs are one such employer that purposely
misclassify their performers as independent contractors.
There are additional hurdles in terms of self-esteem and commitment to unionize. On
the most basic level, dancers themselves must have the desire to unionize for
collective action. For those who wish not to conform to group activity or want to
remain independent, a union may seem as controlling as club management since
joining a union would obligate them to pay dues and abide by decisions made through
majority vote, with or without their personal approval.
In the Lusty Lady case study, this strip club was the first all woman managed club
to successfully unionize in 1996. Some of the working conditions they were able to
address included "protest[ing] racist hiring practices, customers being allowed to
videotape dancers without their consent via one-way mirrors, inconsistent
disciplinary policies, lack of health benefits, and an overall dearth of job
security". Unionizing exotic dancers can certainly bring better work conditions and
fair pay, but it is difficult to do at times because of their dubious employee
categorization. Also, as is the case with many other unions, dancers are often
reluctant to join them. This reluctance can be due to many factors, ranging from
the cost of joining a union to the dancers believing they do not need union support
because they will not be exotic dancers for a long enough period of time to justify
joining a union.[52][53]

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)[edit]

NGOs often play a large role in outreach to sex workers, particularly in HIV and
STI prevention efforts.[54] However, NGO outreach to sex workers for HIV prevention
is sometimes less coordinated and organized than similar HIV prevention programs
targeted at different groups (such as men who have sex with men).[55] This lack of
organization may be due to the legal status of prostitution and other sex work in
the country in question; in China, many sex work and drug abuse NGOs do not
formally register with the government and thus run many of their programs on a
small scale and discreetly.[55]

While some NGOs have increased their programming to improve conditions within the
context of sex work, these programs are criticized at times due to their failure to
dismantle the oppressive structures of prostitution, particularly forced
trafficking. Some scholars believe that advocating for rights within the
institution of prostitution is not enough; rather, programs that seek to empower
sex workers must empower them to leave sex work as well as improve their rights
within the context of sex work.[56]

See also[edit]
BAYSWAN (San Francisco, California, USA)
COYOTE (USA)
Feminist sex wars
International Sex Worker Foundation for Art, Culture and Education
International Sex Workers' Day
International Union of Sex Workers
List of sex worker organizations
Red Umbrella Project
Scarlet Alliance (Australia)
Sex Workers Outreach Project USA
St. James Infirmary Clinic (San Francisco, California, USA)
Stella, lamie de Maimie (Montreal, Quebec, Canada)
The Sexual Freedom Awards (UK)
Transgender sex worker
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Jump up ^ Kempadoo, Kamala (1998). Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance, and
Redefinition. New York, NY: Routledge.
^ Jump up to: a b Cohan, D (Oct 2006). "Sex Worker Health: San Francisco Style".
Sexually Transmitted Infections. 82 (5): 418422. doi:10.1136/sti.2006.020628. PMC
2563853?Freely accessible. PMID 16854996.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Shannon, Kate; Joanne Csete (August 4, 2010). "Violence,
Condom Negotiation, and HIV/STI Risk Among Sex Workers". JAMA. 304 (5): 573574.
doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1090. PMID 20682941. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Operario, Don (May 1, 2008). "Sex Work and HIV Status Among Transgender
Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome. 48 (1): 97103. doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e31816e3971. Archived
from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Potiat, Tonia (January 23, 2015). "HIV risk and preventive interventions
in transgender women sex workers". The SLancet. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Tyndale, Maticka (2000). "Exotic dancing and health". Women & health. 31
(1): 87. doi:10.1300/j013v31n01_06.
Jump up ^ Barton, B (2007). "Managing the toll of stripping boundary setting among
exotic dancers". Journal of contemporary ethnography. 36 (5): 571.
doi:10.1177/0891241607301971.
Jump up ^ Silverman, JG (18 March 2014). "Associations of Sex Trafficking History
with Recent Sexual Risk among HIV-Infected FSWs in India". AIDS and Behavior. 18
(3): 5561. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0564-3. PMC 4111225?Freely accessible. PMID
23955657.
Jump up ^ Decker, Michele (23 September 2013). "Violence against women in sex work
and HIV risk implications differ qualitatively by perpetrator". BMC Public Health.
13 (876). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-876. PMC 3852292?Freely accessible. PMID
24060235. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Goldenberg, S.M. (14 June 2013). ""Right Here is the Gateway": Mobility,
Sex Work Entry and HIV Risk Along the MexicoUS Border". International Migration.
52: 2640. doi:10.1111/imig.12104. PMC 4207057?Freely accessible.
Jump up ^ Weitzer, Ronald (1991). "Prostitutes' Rights in the United States".
Sociological Quarterly. 32 (1): 2341. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1991.tb00343.x.
Jump up ^ "Not Everyone Is Happy with the NY Courts Treating Sex Workers as
Trafficking Victims | VICE News". VICE News. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gall, Gregor (1 January 2007). "Sex worker unionisation: an
exploratory study of emerging collective organisation". Industrial Relations
Journal. 38 (1): 7088. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2338.2007.00436.x.
Jump up ^ "IUSW: Who We Are". International Union of Sex Workers. Retrieved 15
March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sex Worker Rights Organizations and Projects Around the World".
Prostitutes' Education Network.
Jump up ^ Brooks, S. (2001). Exotic dancing and unionizing: The challenges of
feminist and antiracist organizing at the Lusty Lady Theater. Feminism and anti-
racism: International struggles for justice, 59-70
Jump up ^ Chun, S. (1999). Uncommon Alliance: Finding Empowerment for Exotic
Dancers through Labor Unions, An. Hastings Women's LJ, 10, 231
Jump up ^ O'Neil, John (August 2004). "Dhandha, dharma and disease: traditional sex
work and HIV/AIDS in rural India". Social Science and Medicine. 59 (4): 851860.
doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.11.032. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Kaufman, Joan (2011). "HIV, Sex Work, and Civil Society in
China". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 204 (5): S1218S1222.
doi:10.1093/infdis/jir538.
Jump up ^ Raymond, Janice G. (JanuaryFebruary 1998). "Prostitution as violence
against women: NGO stonewalling in Beijing and elsewhere". Women's Studies
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Further reading[edit]
Prose & Lore: Issue 2: Memoir Stories About Sex Work (Volume 2) Red Umbrella
Project
Prose & Lore: Issue 3: Memoir Stories About Sex Work (Volume 3) Red Umbrella
Project
Agustn, Laura Maria. Sex at the Margins: Migration, Labour Markets and the Rescue
Industry. London: Zed Books (2007) and The Naked Anthropologist.[1]
Chateauvert, Melinda. Sex Workers Unite: A History of the Movement from Stonewall
to SlutWalk. United States: Beacon Press (2014)
Minichiello, Victor and Scott, John, editors. Male Sex Work and Society. United
Kingdom and United States: Harrington Park Press (2014)
Stark, Christine. Not for Sale: Feminists Resisting Prostitution and Pornography.
Australia: Spinifex Press (2005)
Weitzer, Ronald. 1991. "Prostitutes' Rights in the United States," Sociological
Quarterly, v. 32, no.1, pages 2341.
Weitzer, Ronald. 2000. Sex For Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex
Industry (New York: Routledge Press).
Weitzer, Ronald. 2009. "Sociology of Sex Work,"[2] Annual Review of Sociology, v.
35
"Decriminalize sex trade: Vancouver report". CBC News: British Columbia. 13 June
2006. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
International Human Rights Protection in the Citizenship Gap: The Case of Migrant
Sex Workers[3]
External links[edit]
Media related to Prostitution at Wikimedia Commons
Sex Work at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
International[edit]
Network of Sex Work Projects
Africa[edit]
Sex Worker Education And Advocacy Taskforce (South Africa)
Australia[edit]
Sex Workers Outreach Project - NSW Australia
Scarlet Men - initiative of the Scarlet Alliance
South Australian Sex Industry Network
Resourcing Health & Education - Victoria
Magenta - Sex worker support projects - Western Australia
Europe[edit]
International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe
UK laws regarding prostitution updated for 2006
Information for sexworkers in german language
sexworkeropenuniversity.com
North America[edit]
Red Umbrella Project (New York City, USA)
Different Avenues Community Organizing for sex workers rights through Reproductive
Justice, organizing by and for sex workers of color, based in Washington, DC
History of Sex Work in Vancouver (downloadable PDF book written by sex workers)
Commercial Sex Information Service (CSIS) (Canada)
HIPS social services based in Washington, DC
Sex Workers Project legal services based in New York City
PROS Network (Providers & Resources Offering Services to Sex Workers) (USA)
Bay Area Sex Worker Advocacy Network-Prostitutes Education Network (San Francisco,
CA USA)
Stepping Stone (Halifax, Canada)
Anti-prostitution groups[edit]
Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
Prostitution Research and Education (Melissa Farley)
[show] v t e
Human sexuality and sexology
Jump up ^ "The Naked Anthropologist". lauraagustin.com.
Jump up ^ "Sociology of Sex Work". Annual Review of Sociology. 35: 213234.
doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120025.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-02-02. Retrieved
2008-01-14.
Categories: Personal care and service occupationsSex workers' rightsSex industrySex
workers
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