Escolar Documentos
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9
Non-parametric
Methods
Outline
The
Chi-square
Test
of
Goodness-of-Fit
Propor6ons
Tests:
Comparing
Two
Propor6ons
Comparing
Loca6ons
of
Independent
Samples
Comparing
Loca6ons
of
Dependent
Samples
Introduc8on
Data
below
interval
scale
of
measurement
Assump6ons
of
parametric
sta6s6cs
are
(seriously)
violated
Small
sample
It
is
not
assump6on-free
Some
cri6cal
assump6ons
are
relaxed
(normality,
homogeneity,
and
so
on)
Useful
with
nominal
and
categorical
data
Chi-square
Test
of
Goodness-of-t
Evaluate
model
and
data
t
Useful
with
categorical
data
(f fe )
2
2
= o
fe
Chi-square
Distribu8on
at
df
=
4
and
Area
Beyond
5.45
Assump8ons
of
Chi-square
Test
Sta8s8cs
It
is
assumed
that
data
is
obtained
at
random
from
the
popula6on
It
is
assumed
that
the
observa6ons
are
independent.
It
is
expected
that
one
par6cipants
response
should
not
inuence
other
par6cipants
response.
In
repeated
experiments,
the
observed
frequencies
are
normally
distributed
about
the
expected
frequencies.
Propor8ons
Test
for
Dependent
Propor8ons:
McNemars
Chi-squared
Test
( b c)
2
=
2
(b + c )
Social
Contract
Total
Correct
False
Abstract
Correct
10
(a)
2
(b)
12
False
45
(c)
8
(d)
53
Total
55
10
65
( 2 45 )
2
=
2
= 39.34
( 2 + 45)
Propor8ons
Test
for
Independent
Propor8ons
P1 P2
z=
P1 (1 P1 ) P2 (1 P2 )
+
n1 n2
where
P1 P2 is sample estimate of proportions
n s sample size
P1 P2
z=
1 1
p (1 p ) +
n1 n2
Comparing
Loca8ons
of
Independent
Samples
Median Test
KruskalWallis
H
Test
Median
Test
Median
test
is
a
procedure
to
evaluate
a
hypothesis
when
two
independent
samples
are
drawn
from
a
popula6on
that
have
same
median.
Alterna6ve
to
dependent
samples
t-test
Steps
Combine
data
from
both
samples
and
rank
the
data.
Compute
a
median
on
the
combined
sample
For
each
group,
nd
individuals
that
are
above
the
median
and
below
the
median.
Carry
out
chi-square
for
the
2
!
2
data
of
groups
!
abovebelow
median
and
test
the
signicance.
n ( ad bc )
2
=
2
( a + c )(b + d )( a + b )( c + d )
Wilcoxon
Rank-sum
Test
Powerful
nonparametric
op6ons
to
compare
independent
groups
Alterna6ve
to
independent
samples
t-test
If
two
random
samples
are
drawn
from
a
popula6on;
the
two
random
samples
are
combined
and
ranked
then
the
sum
ranks
show
liXle
dierence
The
tests
sta6s6cs
is
smaller
between
the
two
sum
denoted
as
Ws
Wilcoxon
Rank-sum
Test
Ws
is
normally
distributed
with
mean
and
variance
given
below:
n1n2 ( n1 + n2 + 1)
n ( n + n + 1) 2
Ws =
WS = 1 1 2
12
2
So,
Ws
can
be
converted
into
Z
and
reject
null
at
0.05
of
Z
>|1.96|
n1 ( n1 + n2 + 1)
Ws
z= 2
n1n2 ( n1 + n2 + 1)
12
Wilcoxon
Rank-sum
Test
The
Wilcoxon
Ws
can
be
converted
into
MannWhitney
U.
n1 ( n1 + 2n2 + 1)
U= Ws
2
The
KruskalWallis
H
Test
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
24
T .25n ( n + 1)
Z=
n ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
24
Friedmans
rank
test
for
k
correlated
samples
Developed
by
k
12
F2 =
nk ( k + 1) i =1
Ri 3n ( k + 1)
2
i
R 2
= of the ranks for each condition and is sum of the ranks for i th
condition
i=1