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 $ 11 y$ 2017 ty
Explain the Zwitterionic form of an amino acid
C H A PTER-1 0
BIOMOLECULES
VERY SH O RT A N SW ER TY PE
Q U ESTIO N S [2 M A RKS]
1. Medicines are either man made (i.e.,
synthetic) or obtained from living
organisms like plants, bacteria, ani-
mals etc. and hence the latter are called
natural products. Sometimes natural
products are chemically altered by man
to reduce toxicity or side effects. Write
against each of the following whether
they were initially obtained as a natural
product or as a synthetic chemical.
a. Penicillin b. Sulfonamide
c. Vitamin C d. Growth Hormone
Ans. a. Natural Product
b. Synthetic chemical
c. Natural product
d. Natural product
2. Select an appropriate chemical bond
among ester bond, glycosidic bond,
peptide bond and hydrogen bond and
write against each of the following.
a. Polysaccharide b. Protein
c. Fat d. Water
Ans : a. Polysaccharide - Glycosidic bond
b. Protein - peptide bond
c. Fat - Ester bond
d. Water - Hydrogen bond
3. Give one example for each of aminoacids,
sugars, nucleotides and fatty acids.
Ans : Amino acid Eg : Glycine, Alanine
Sugars Eg : Glucose, Ribose (Cellulose)
Nucleotide Eg : Adenylic acid
Fatty acids Eg : Lecithin
4. Explain the Zwitterionic form of an
amino acid.
R cells ?
| Ans : 80 minutes
_
Ans : H+3N - CH - Coo is a zwitterionic
form.
That means this amino acid contains both
acidic (carboxylic fragment) and basic
(amine fragment) centres. It is a molecule
containing both a positive and a negative
charge. It is neutral.
5. What constituents of DNA are linked
by glycosidic bond ?
Ans : This bond is formed between two car-
bon atoms of two adjacent monosaccha-
rides. In a polysaccharide and In DNA
molecule, Nitrogen base is linked to sugar
group laterally by glycosidic bond.
6. Glycine and Alanine are different with
respect to one substituent on the a-car-
bon. What are the other common sub-
stituent groups ?
Ans : There are four substituent groups occu-
pying the four valency position. They are
hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group
and a variable group designated as R-
group. Based on R-group there are many
amino acids.
7. Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen, Chitin are
polysaccharides found among the fol-
lowing. Choose the one appropriate
and write against each.
a. Cotton fibre
b. Exoskeleton of cockroach
c. Liver
d., Peeled potato
Ans : a. Cotton fibre - Cellulose
b. Exoskeleton of cockroach - Chitin
c. Liver - Glycogen
d. Peeled potato - Starch
B{gZ
8. What are primary and secondary
metabolites? Give examples.
Ans: Primary metabolites : Primary
metabolites have identifiable functions
and play known roles in normal physio-
logical processess. Ex : Sugars, Amino
acids, Fatty acids, Nitrogen bases,
Nucleosides, Nucleotide, Fats, oils. etc.,
Secondary metabolites : Secondary
metabolites may dont have identifiable
functions. Some secondary metabolites
have ecological importance and many of
them are useful to human welfare. Ex :
Pigments, Alkaloids, Drugs, Scents, rub-
ber, antibiotics etc.,
C H A PTER-1 1
CELL CYCLE AND
CELL DIVISION
VERY SH O RT A N SW ER TY PE
Q U ESTIO N S [2 M A RKS]
1. Between a Prokaryote and a eukaryote,
which cell has a shorter cell division
time ?
Ans. Prokaryotic cell.
2. Among prokaryotes and eukaryotes,
which one has a shorter duration of cell
cycle ?
Ans : prokaryotes
3. Which of the phases of cell cycle is of
longest duration ?
Ans : Interphase
4. Which tissue if animals and plants
exhibits meiosis ?
Ans : Reproductive tissue.
5. Given that the average duplication time
of E.coli is 20 minutes. How much time
will two E.coli cells take to become 32
6. Which part of the human body should
one use to demonstrate stages in mitosis ?
Ans : Blood cells / Bone marrow.
7. What attributes does a chromatid
require to be classified as a chromo-
some?
Ans : Two chromatids attached at the cen-
tromere.
8. Which of the four chromatids of a biva-
lent at prophase - I of meiosis can
involve in cross over ?
Ans : Non sister chromatids.
9. If a tissue has at a given time 1024 cells,
how many cycles of mitosis had the origi-
nal parental single cell undergone ?
Ans : 10 cycles of mitosis.
10. An anther has 1200 pollen grains. How
many pollen mother cells must have
been there to produce them ?
Ans : 300 pollen mother cells.
11. At what stage of cell cycle does DNA
synthesis occur ?
Ans : S or Synthetic phase
12. It is said that one cycle of cell division
in human cells (eukaryotic cells) take
24 hours. Which phase of the cycle, do
you think occupies the maximum part
of cell cycle ?
Ans : Interphase.
13. It is observed that heart cells do not
exhibit cell divisioon. Such cells do not
divide further and exit ..... phase to
enter an inactive stage called ...... of cell
cycle. Fill in the blanks.
Ans : G1 Phase and
quiescent stage (G0)
14. Name the stage of meiosis in which
actual reduction in chromosome num-
ber occurs.
Ans : Anaphase - I
15. Mitochondria and plastids have their
own DNA (genetic material). What is
their fate during nuclear division like
mitosis.
Ans : At the time of cytoplasmic division,
organelles like mitochondria and plastids
get distributed between the two daughter
cells.
SH O RT A N SW ER TYPE Q UESTIO N S [4 M A RKS]
1. Which division is necessary to maintain
constant chromosome number in all
body cells of multicellular organism
and why ?
Ans. Cell division Meiosis is necessary to
maintain constant chromosome number in
all body cells of multicellular organisms.
If not, at every fertilization, the chromo-
some number would be doubled leading
to abnormal polypoidy and causes unia-
maginable genetic disorders.
2. Though redundantly described as a
resting phase, interphase does not real-
ly involve rest. Comment.
Ans : 1) In cell cycle, the stage at which the
nucleus is not in a state of division is
called interphase. It occurs between two
successive divisions.
2) During interphase, cell prepares for
division by undergoing growth as well as
DNA replication in an orderly manner,
though considered as resting phase.
3) On the basis of biochemical studies,
interphase is subdivided into 3 stages : G1
phase, S phase and G2 phase.
1. G1 phase : Cell increases in size. RNA
and proteins are synthesised in large
quantity.
2. S Phase : DNA replication occurs and
its content increases to 4c from 2c.
3. G2 phase : Synthesis of proteins and
RNA is continued. Various cell organelles
are newly synthesised. The proteins and
energy pools associated with the structure
and movement of chromosomes are estab-
lished.
3. What are the various stages of meiotic
prophase - I ?
Ans : Meiotic prophase I is longer and more
complex when compared to prophase of
mitosis. Prophase I is divided into 5 sub-
stages. They are - 1) Leptotene 2) Zygotene
3) Pachytene 4) Diplotene 5) Diakinesis.
1) Leptotene : Nucleus enlarge in size.
Chromosomes are visible. They are long
and slender.
2) Zygotene : 1) Homologus chromo-
somes attract each other and form pairs.
11
Y.Somaprasad Reddy
Senior Faculty
Jr. Inter
Botany
These are called bivalents.,
2) The process of pairing is called synap-
sis.
3) Electron micrographs of this stage indi-
cate that chromosome synapsis is accom-
panied by the formation of complex struc-
ture called synaptonemal complex.
3) Pachytene : It is most significant sub-
stage of Meiosis I.
1) Each chromosome divides into two
chromatids. Thus in each bivalent, 4 chro-
matids can be seen. These are called
pachytene tetrads.
2) In a bivalent, chromatids of the same
chromosome are called sister chromatids
and those of two different chromosomes
are called non - sister chromatids.
3) Pchytene stage is characterised by the
appearance of recombination nodules, the
sites at which crossing over occurs
between non - sister chromatids.
4) The non-sister chromatids exchange
their parts mutually at one or two or more
places. Such points where the non - sister
chromatids physically contact each other
are called chiasmata. Chiasmata appear as
X-shaped structures.
5) Crossing over is also an enzyme medi-
ated process and the enzyme involved is
called recombinase.
6) By the end of pachytene, recombina-
tion between homologous chromsomes is
completed leaving the chromosome
linked at the side of crossing one.
4) Diplotene : The begining of diplotene
in recognised by the dissolution of tghe
synaptonemal complex and the tendency
of the homologus chromosomes of the
bivalent separate from each other except
at the site of chaismata.
5) Diakinesis :
1) Chaismata move towards the ends of
chromosomes. This is called terminalisa-
tion.
2) Bivalents become very thick and short.
3) Nucleolus begins to disappear.
4) Nuclear membrane disappears.
5) Chromosomes are released into cyto-
plasm.
4. Mention the key features of meiosis.
Ans : The key features of meiosis are ;
1) Meiosis involves two sequential cycles
of nuclear and cell division called meiosis
I and meiosis II but only a single cycle of
DNA replication.
2) meiosis I is initiated after the parental
chromosomes have replicated to produce
identical sister chromatids at the S phase
3) Meiosis involves pairing of homolo-
gous chromosomes and recombination
between them.
4) Four haploid cells are formed at the
end of meiosis II.
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G[M>tMS ylfl.. l]l Quetion 4 of 100
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(GlDDG:l$) MSl 80 S ]l$$Z SOl lt 4 Pending
the letters of the given word in each of the following
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E$~O]l A$$ A$$. MSs^Z ~^l$M. i
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Show Bookmarked
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 OlG--B- h- l ]l$ l
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13
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14 l
I believe that only people who are..
K. Lalitha Bai
Subject Expert
MODEL QUESTIONS
Directions (Q.No. 1-5): Read
each sentence to find out whether
there is any grammatical mistake/
error in it. The error, if any, will be
in one part of the sentence, mark the
number of that part with error as
your answer. If there is 'No error',
mark (5) as your answer.
1. Religion and other approaches
(1)/ that stress on maintaining and
developing (2)/ the purity of the
human soul (3)/ are subjects that
do not merit seriously attention.
(4)/ No error (5)
2. The setting of moral standards
and codes of governance has to
be more procedure-oriented (1)/
with a focus on the way (2)/
humans conduct themselves (3)/
in their interactions with others.
(4)/ No error (5)
3. Maintaining a balance between
various constituents of the society
(1)/ and conflict prevention (2)/ are
essential to the maintenance of
social order (3)/ and a pre-requisite
for governance. (4)/ No error (5)
4. As the real world relevant to the
existence of human beings is in a
state of perpetual flux, (1)/ attempt
to study the same in a systematic
manner (2)/ would be meaningful
(3)/ despite reality itself having
changed by then. (4)/ No error (5)
5. There is no notion of time-space-
invariant reality. (1)/ There can
be numerous realities (2)/ both
across time and across (3)/
human cultures and civilizations.
(4)/ No error (5)
Directions: (Q.No. 6 - 10): Which
of the phrases (1), (2), (3), and (4)
given below each sentence should
replace the phrase underlined in the
sentence to make it grammatically cor-
rect? If there is no error mark (5) No
correction required as your answer.
6. He went out just now.
1) will go out
2) has been gone
3) has gone out
4) had left out
5) No correction required
7. There has been a remarkable
increases at the number of
women entrepreneurs in some
developed countries.
1) increasing number
2) increasing of number
3) increase at the number
4) increase in the number
5) No correction required
8. The repeated experiments con-
ducted in a simulated environ-
ment reaps beneficial result.
1) reap beneficial result
2) reaps beneficial results
3) reaped beneficial results
4) reaping beneficial result
5) No correction required
9. One of the sister is very famous
in the field of fine arts.
1) One of the sister was very
famous in the field of fine arts.
2) In the field of fine arts one of
the sister is very famous.
3) In the field of fine arts is very
famous one of the sister.
4) One of the sisters is very
famous in the field of fine arts.
5) No correction required
10. The Chief not only desired loyal-
ty from his men, but demanded
their courage.
1) The Chief not desired loyalty
from his men, but also
demanded their courage.
2) The Chief only desired loyalty
from his men, but demanded
their courage.
3) The Chief not only desired
loyalty from his men, also
demanded their courage.
4) The Chief not only desired
loyalty from his men, but also
demanded their courage.
5) No correction required
Directions (Q.No. 11-15): Rear-
range the following six sentences
(A), (B), (C), (D), (E) and (F) in a
proper sequence to form a meaning-
ful paragraph and then answer the
questions given below.
A) GES 2017 will create an environ-
ment that empowers innovators,
particularly women, to take their
ideas to the next level.
B) Through two and a half days of ne-
tworking, mentoring, and worksh-
ops, GES empowers entrepreneurs
to pitch their ideas, build partn-
erships, secure funding, innovate,
and find their target customers cre-
ating new goods and services that
will transform societies.
C) This year is the first time GES
will be hosted in South Asia, and
the event will highlight India's
enabling environment for inno-
vation and entrepreneurship.
D) GES is the preeminent annual
entrepreneurship gathering that
convenes emerging entrepre-
neurs, investors and supporters
from around the world.
E) GES serves as a vital link betw-
een governments and the private
sector, and convenes global par-
ticipants to showcase projects,
exchange ideas, and champion
new opportunities for investment.
BANK
POs,
POs, Clerks
Clerks
Special
English
English Language
Language
F) Relationships formed at past
GES Summits have transcended
industries and sectors and trans-
formed ideas into enterprises.
11. What is the LAST sentence after
rearrangement?
1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 5) F
12. What is the SECOND sentence
after rearrangement?
1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 5) F
13. What is the THIRD sentence
after rearrangement?
1) A 2) B 3) D 4) F 5) E
14. What is the FOURTH sentence
after rearrangement?
1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 5) E
15. What is the FIFTH sentence after
rearrangement?
1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 5) F
Directions (Q.No. 16-20): Each
question below has a blank/ two blan-
ks, each blank indicating that someth-
ing has been omitted. Choose the wo-
rd/ set of words from the five options
for each blank that best fits the mean-
ing of the sentence as a whole.
16. Prime Minister Narendra Modi
______ the first ______ of the
Hyderabad Metro rail project
from the Miyapur rail station.
1) inducted, phase
2) launched, project
3) invested, support
4) installed, piling
5) inaugurated, leg
17. The basketball player was overly
____ resulting in a yellow card
from the ____.
1) supportive, players
2) provocative, mediator
3) preparative, audience
4) aggressive, referee
5) responsive, spectator
18. The principal made such a ____
speech that it was clear to every-
one that he was clear on respect.
1) Didactic 2) Marathon
3) Epic 4) Lengthy
5) Protracted
19. I believe that only people who
are not ____ would hurt animals.
1) human 2) individual
3) humane 4) german
5) personage
20. It is not just ____ but even ____
is required.
1) sympathy, empathy
2) pathetic, splendid
OlG--B- h- l ]l$ l
3) marvelous, awful
4) benevolence, pessimism
5) kindness, misanthropist
Directions (Q.No. 21-25) Read
the following passage carefully and
answer the questions given below it.
Certain words have been printed in
bold to help you locate them while
answering some of the questions.
Of the several features of the
Toyota Production System that have
been widely studied, most important
is the mode of governance of the sho-
p-floor at Toyota. Work and inter-rela-
tions between workers are highly scri-
pted in extremely detailed 'operating
procedures' that have to be followed
rigidly, without any deviation at Toy-
ota. Despite such rule-bound rigidity,
however, Toyota does not become a
command-control system'. It is able to
retain the character of a learning orga-
nization. In fact, many observers cha-
racterize it as a community of scien-
tists carrying out several small exper-
iments simultaneously. The design of
the operating procedure is the key.
Every principle must find an expres-
sion in the operating procedure- that
is how it has an effect in the domain
of action. Workers on the shop-floor,
often in teams, design the 'operating
procedure' jointly with the supervisor
through a series of hypothesis that are
proposed and validated or refute thro-
ugh experiments in action. The rigid
and detailed operating procedure' spe-
cification throws up problems of the
very minute kind; while its resolution
leads to a reframing of the procedure
and specifications. This inter-tempo-
ral change of the specification is done
at the lowest level of the organization;
i.e. closest to the site of action. One
implication of this arrangement is that
system design can no longer be rati-
onally optimal and standardized acr-
oss the organization. It is quite co-
mmon to find different work norms in
contagious assembly lines, because
each might have faced a different set
of problems and devised different co-
unter-measures to tackle it. Design of
the coordinating process that essen-
tially imposes the discipline that is re-
quired in large scale complex manu-
facturing systems is therefore custom-
ized to variations in man-machine co-
ntext of the site of action. It evolves
through numerous points of negotiati-
on throughout the organization. It im-
plies then that the higher levels of the
hierarchy do not exercise the power of
the fiat in setting work rules, for such
work rules are no longer a standard
set across the whole organization. It
might be interesting to go through the
basic Toyota philosophy that under-
lies its system designing practices.
yl l 11 l 2017
The notion of the ideal production
system in Toyota embraces the fol-
lowing- 'the ability to deliver just-in-
time' a customer order in the exact
specification demanded, in a batch
size of one (and hence an infinite
proliferation of variants, models and
specifications), defect-free, without
wastage of material, labour, energy or
motion in a safe and fulfilling produc-
tion environment'. It did not embrace
the concept of a standardized product
that can be cheap by giving up varia-
tions. Preserving consumption variety
was seen, in fact, as one made around
roughly the same time that the Fordist
system was establishing itself in the
US automotive industry.
21. What can be best defended as the
asset which Toyota model of pro-
duction leverages to give the vast
range of models in a defect-free
fashion?
1) Large scale complex, manu-
facturing systems.
2) Intellectual capital of the com-
pany's management.
3) Loans taken by the company
from banks and financial insti-
tutions.
4) Ability of workers to evolve
solutions to problems.
5) Skill and charisma of the top
leadership.
22. Which of the following can be
best defended as a pre-condition
for the Toyota type of production
system at work?
1) Existence of workers' union to
protect worker's rights.
2) Existence of powerful man-
agement to create unique
strategies.
3) Cordial worker management
relations to have industrial
peace.
4) High management involve-
ment towards problems identi-
fied by workers.
5) Management's faith in work-
ers' abilities to solve problems
in a rigorous manner.
23. The antonym of refute is:
1) Prove 2) Counter
3) Plain 4) False 5) Rebut
24. The synonym of optimal is:
1) Worst 2) Favourable
3) Vicious 4) Nasty 5) Spiteful
25. The synonym of proliferation is:
1) Propagation 2) Recluse
3) Jeopardy 4) Backer
5) Dwindle
KEY
1) 4 2) 1 3) 3 4) 2 5) 3
6) 3 7) 4 8) 3 9) 4 10) 4
11) 3 12) 1 13) 2 14) 5 15) 5
16) 5 17) 4 18) 1 19) 3 20) 1
21) 4 22) 5 23) 1 24) 2 25) 1
 ntnews.com ntbhadradri.com 11, 2017- 07
3. .
. .
? .

2, , 24 , , .
2, . :

1 .. .
, 24
, , . .

, ?
P
. P .
I1, I4, I6,
.




I2, I3, I5.
: I1 + I4 + I6= I2 + I3 1. 1.
. . 96036 35893
:
, . .
. 12V .
. ...
: : 2. 2.
. P= V2/R
: = (12 X 12)/240= 0.6W
. . 8.
. . V, I
q . .

2. V/I V/I= R
.

I()

X-
: .
()
Y-
() V()
ACDBA
. ()

-V2 + I2R2 - I1 R1 + V1= 0 9. 15 5V

.

EFDCE ?
-(I1 + I2)R3 - I2 R2 + V1= 0 i= ?
. EFBAE
. r= 15, v= 5V
-(I1 + I2)R3 - I1 R1+V1= 0 i= V/R= 5/15= 1/3 = 0.3
: .
: /

:
. 4

: A B B- , A- , K- , 1. 5 15 20 10
l A, C- , V-
. .
B . 3. . ?
. : (37 ) + (63 ) ( +
) .
. . .
V R ( ) : , .
V/I= . 4. R2 , 4 , 8
. R . 20 R1
. 1. 5, 15 .
P= W/t ? R1= 5 + 15= 20
V/I= R : / R= R1+R2+R3
V= IR 2. 5 , 10 , 20
: , 20= R1+4+ .
: . 20= R1+12
(Kirchhoff's Laws) 1/R2 = 1/R1 + 1/R
: , KW/H ( ) R1= 20-12 1/R2= 1/20 + 1/20= 2/20= 1/10
DC (Direct Current) : . , , R1=
R2= 10
. 5. 15, 30 3. R2, 10 .
. ?
. . R3= R2 + 10= 10 +10= 20
. ? R3= 20
: ... 15, 30
, 2. ?
: 4 . :
. . ..
.
: (V), (R) R= R1 + R2 .
= 15 + 30 = 45
. : (Ag, Cu, Al....)
. 6. ?
: (1 KWH)
I1 . COM ( ) . .
I6 . . 1KWH= (1000 J/S) (60 X 60s )
I2 :
mAV . = 3600 X 1000J (l) ,
P
. = 3.6 X 106J .
7. 60W, 120V . 12V :
I5 2 ?

.
I3 1. P= 60W, V= 120V, R=?
P=V2/R, R= V2/P .
I4 ? = (120 X 120)/60 = 240
08 11, 2017- ntnews.com ntbhadradri.com

Prepare Swami a/c particulars?

LEDGER

K. NARESH GOUD
COMMERCE
Sr. FACULTY
HYDERABAD
9542564256

Jr. COMMERCE

9
 11 2017 [ 15
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14 [ 11 2017
Q: Why are farm labourers like Dala Poor? (2 Marks)
A: They are landless farm labourers.
They do not get regular work.
They work for low wages due to heavy competition for work among the
Social Studies farm labourers in Rampur.
As large farmers are increasingly relying on machines, the number of
Rampur- A Village Economy days of work available to a worker is declining in rural areas.

2 Marks Questions

What is called working capital?

Q: Why do you think men receive a higher
wage than women for the same job?
Discuss.
A: There are some works in farming like
ploughing is fixed for man and transplanting
and Picking cotton are fixed for women. For Writer: The use of diesel/ electricity for irrigation large.
remaining works men has more wage than rises accordingly. Q: Which type of farmers are in low in percent-
K. Srinivasa Rao
woman because: The greater capital is required for irrigation age?
Subject Expert
Basically men are Physically strong when though water is a natural resource. A: Large and medium are low (13%) in percent-
compared to women. Q: Imagine a situation where labour is the age.
mostly cultivate their own fields.
In India, man in a family is treated as head. scarce factor of production instead of land. Q: What is the different between the percent-
They provide the labour required for farming Would the story of Rampur be different? age of cultivated area?
Men will work more quickly. themselves. How? Discuss in class. A: There is 4% of difference of the cultivated
So men receive more wages than women. Medium and large farmers hire farm labour- A: The story of Rampur would be different if area.
Q: Why are the wages for farm labourers in ers to work on their fields. labour is the scarce factor of production Q: What is main reason for the high concentra-
Rampur less than minimum wages? Q: Appreciate the role of entrepreneurs in the instead of land. tion of cultivated area in the hands of medi-
A: The wages for farm labourers in Rampur are process of production?
This kind of situation enables the labourers to um and large farmers?
less than minimum wages because: A: Entrepreneurship is the process of discov- demand for the common minimum wage A: The land holdings are large and medium
There is a heavy competition for work among ering new ways of combining resources. fixed by the State government. farmers are high.
the farm labourers in Rampur as workers are They are risk bearers in the process of pro- Women also can receive the same wages Q: Which changes have taken place in the way
more and work is less. duction. like men. of farming practiced in India?
Usage of modern machines by large farmers Entrepreneurs are innovators developing Employment opportunities also increase due A: Traditional seeds have been replaced by
is also one of the reasons for low wages in new ways to produce news products. to the scarcity of labour. HYVS.
Rampur. Q: Land is also required for production of goods Q: 'Labour in an essential item for production' Natural manues were replaced by chemical
Q: What are the different ways of increasing in an urban area. In what ways is the use of Read the statement and interpretate. fertilizers.
production on the some piece of land? Use land different from a rural area?
examples to explain. A: Labour means people who do the work Use of pesticides.
A: Land is the important factor of production either highly trained and educated or who
A: There are different ways of increasing pro- Use of Farm machinery.
in Urban area also. can do manual work.
duction in the same piece of land. Use of tubewells for irrigation in place of per-
It is mostly used for non-farm activities in Each worker is providing necessary labour
Multiple cropping i.e: Growing more than one sian wells.
towns and cities. for production.
crop on the same piece of land is one such Q: Discuss some ideas that would prevent over
It is mainly used in construct commercial Skilled or Semi skilled or unskilled labour-All
thing. use of water by a) Farmers b) Industrialists
complexes trade centres, industrial estates, are providing labour for production.
Modern farming method i.e: Use of High c) Households.
large scale and medium manufacturing units,
Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, assured irriga- Thus labour is essential item in production. Farmers:
educational institutions hospitals and roads
tion, fertilisers and pesticides is another such Q: The distribution of farmers in India and the By providing free power to farmers.
etc.
technique. amount of land they cultivate are in the fol- Through appropriate incentives and penal-
4 Marks Questions lowing table.
Q: State the difference between farmers and ties.
Q: Water, a natural resource for production,
farm labourers? Type of Size of % of % of Industrialists:
particularly agricultural production, now
Farmers Farm labourers requires greater capital for its use. Can you
Farmers plots Farmers cultivated Cheap water that can be rapidly pumped
area
explain the statement. (OR) from underground aquifers.
Small Farmers less than 87% 42% Industrial wastes should not be drained
1) They own fields 1) They are either Q: Getting water too needs huge investment
2 hectares into canals and rivers.
and have right landless or families why?
over the land cultivating small Medium and More than 13% 58% House holds:
A: Most of irrigation in India is based on tap-
crops grown. plots of land. Large Farmers 2 hectares Turning off the taps properly.
ping under-ground water.
2) They work in their 2) They do not a right Control over use of pesticides and chemicals.
As a result underground water levels have Read the above table and answer the follow-
own fields for work over the crops
fallen rapidly across the country. ing questions. Having more plants in gardens in houses.
in their field. grown on the land.
Even in regions with bountiful rains and Q: How many types of Farmers are there? what
3) They are cate- 3) They have been
gorised as small employed to do favourable natural systems of recharge are they? Send your feedback to
medium or large work and are paid As the water levels decline farmers have to A: There are two categories small, medium and pratibhadesk@eenadu.net
based on their wages by the drill deeper tube wells than before.
land holding size farmer for whom
1 Mark Questions fixed capital as they remain useful and can in a rural area?
they work. be used year after year. A: Land is a scarce factor of production. It is a
Q: Name the factors that are needed for pro- Q: What is called working capital? fixed factor. Cultivated land area is less. To
Q: How do the medium and large farmers duction?
A: Raw materials and money in hand come make the maximum use of the existing land,
obtain capital for farming? How is it different A: The factors of production are land, labour, under the category of working capital in the farmers use multiple cropping to increase
from the small farmers? capital and organisation. production cycle. production of crops.
Medium and large Small farmers Q: What is Multiple cropping? Q: Mention some Non farm activities? Q: Why are tools, machines and buildings con-
farmers A: To grow more than one crop on the same A: Unlike Farming, Non Farm activities require sidered as fixed capital?
1) They obtain capi- 1) Small farmers bor- piece of land during the year is known as little land. They are Dairy, small scale man- A: Tools, machines and buildings are not used
tal for farming from row from large Multiple cropping. ufacturing shop keeping, transport etc. up or consumed immediately in production
their own savings framers or traders Q: How many cropping seasons are there in Q: Give reasons for the declining of land fertil- process. They help to produce these goods
or from the bank or money lenders. India? What are they? over many years. So that they remain use-
ity?
loans. 2) Small farmers have A: There are three cropping seasons in India. ful and can be used year after year.
'A: Fertility of land is declining due to exces-
2) They have mar- less marketable They are Kharif in rainy season, Rabi in win- Q: Who are the medium farmers?
sive use of chemical fertlizers and pesti-
ketable surplus to surplus. So they ter, Zaid in summer seasons. cides. A: Farmers who own more than 2 hectares
sell in the market. borrow capital from
Q: Write about SC's in Rampur village? Q: What is the main cause for the rapid fall of and less than 10 hectares of land are called
So they obtain others.
A: The SC's comprise 1/3 of the population and underground water tables in village like medium farmers.
capital from sur- live in more modest houses, some portions Rampur. Q: What are the sources of irrigation?
plus produce. of which may be thatched and are located in A: Like in Village Rampur, most of irrigation in A: 1) Canals 2) Tube wells 3) Tanks 4) Rains
Q: What are the ways of Providing labour, in the one corner, outside the main village area. India is based on tapping underground Q: Expand MNREGA.
Production of goods or services that you Q: What is called Fixed capital? water. As a result underground water tables
A: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
observe in your region? A: Tools, machines and buildings come under have fallen rapidly across the country.
Employment Guarantee Act.
A: Small farmers along with their families Q: What are the reasons for multiple cropping