Lecture 3

Water Flood

STT MIGAS
MIGAS, Balikpapan
2013
Waterflooding

Basic Petroleum Engineering - 2

Recovery Mechanisms
Wh t is
What i water
t flooding?
fl di ?
Primary recovery methods using natural producing
mechanisms (liquid and rock expansion and solution gas drive)
leave behind 80% or more of the original oil-in-place.
Billions of barrels of additional oil have recovered through
water flooding, which is the most common method for improving
recovery from oil reservoirs.
Water flooding is widely used commercial recovery process
because:
Water is generally available
Water is an efficient agent for displacing light/medi
light/medium
m oil
Low costs relative to other injection fluids
Water is relatively easy to inject

Basic Petroleum Engineering - 3

Recovery Mechanisms
What is water fflooding?
g contd
Description Water flooding consists of injecting water into
the reservoir. It is the most widely used pot-primary recovery
method.
h d Water
W is
i injected
i j d in
i patterns or along
l the
h periphery
i h off the
h
reservoir.
Mechanisms that improve
p recoveryy efficiency
ff y Water drive.
Limitations:
High oil viscosities result in higher mobility ratios ( < 30 cp)
Heterogeneity
H t it suchh as stratification,
t tifi ti permeability
bilit contrast,
t t
and fracturing can reduce sweep efficiency
Challenges
g :
Poor compatibility between the injected water and the
reservoir may cause formation damage.
Subsurface fluid control to divert injected water and to shut
off undesirable produced fluids.
Basic Petroleum Engineering - 4
Recovery Mechanisms
Water-injection
Water injection pressure maintenance
and Water flood processes
It iis diffi
difficult
lt to
t define
d fi off separation
ti between
b t the
th two
t processes:

Water flooding is a secondary-recovery method by which water

is injected into a reservoir to obtain additional oil recovery
through movement of reservoir oil to a producing well, after the
reservoir has approached its economically productive limit by
primary-recovery
primary recovery methods
methods.

Water-pressure maintenance is a process whereby water is

injected
j into an oil-producing
p g reservoir to supplement
pp the natural
energy that is indigenous to the reservoir and to improve the oil-
producing characteristics of the field before economically
productive limits are reached.

Basic Petroleum Engineering - 5

Recovery Mechanisms
Important
p factors
f in water flooding
f g
In determining the suitability of a given reservoir for water flooding:

1 Reservoir geometry
1.
2. Lithology
3. Reservoir depth
4
4. Porosity
5. Permeability (magnitude and degree of variation)
6. Continuity of reservoir rock properties
7. Magnitude
g and distribution of fluid saturations
8. Fluid properties and relative permeability relationships, and
9. Optimal time to water flood
Generally, the influence of all these factors on ultimate recovery, rate of
return, and ultimate economic return must be considered collectively to
evaluate the economic feasibility of conducting water flood (water
pressure maintenance operations in a particular reservoir. Other factors
are price
i off oil,
il marketing
k ti conditions,
diti operating
ti expenses, watert
availability.
Basic Petroleum Engineering - 6
Recovery Mechanisms
Top 10 Data Classes for Water flood Management
1. Well information, completion, well bore, X & Y coordinates
2 Production
2. P d ti and
d injection
i j ti history
hi t - both
b th well
ll test
t t and
d allocated
ll t d
3. Certain static rock and fluid data (A, , h, k, Swi, Sorw, Rs)
4. PVT data - Bo, Bg, Bw, Rs, , etc. as a function of pressure
5 Pattern allocation template
5.
6. Interpreted injection profile data
7. Well bore data - casings, tubings, cement, packers, perfs
8. Well
Well-work
work history - pump repairs, stimulation, rere-completions
completions
9. Injection rate control database
10. Pressure history- RFT, SBHP, scada data

Basic Petroleum Engineering - 7

Recovery Mechanisms
Top 10 Data Classes for Water flood Management
Other very useful data and information to have close at hand:

Pattern log cross-sections with major flow-units correlated.

Saturation-time
S t ti ti data,
d t derived
d i d from
f simulation
i l ti
Pressure-time data, derived from simulation
Relative permeability (kro, krw, krg)
Production/Injection data derived from simulation history
match and prediction
Zone definitions to support PLT allocations to major flow
units

Basic Petroleum Engineering - 8

Recovery Mechanisms
Design and Management

of Waterfloods
 Waterflood Processes
Waterflood is an oil recovery process
Water is injected
j to displace
p reservoir oil towards the producing
p g
wells
Waterflood is more suitable for light oil reservoirs with low natural
energy
gy (such
( as solution gas
g drive))
Injection well arrangement include peripheral, pattern and randomly
located injectors

Peripheral Pattern Irregular

 Waterflood Processes
Water injection can be referred to as a pressure maintenance
process or a secondary recovery phase
Successful waterfloods result in significant incremental oil recovery
over primary recovery
Investments and operating
p g costs for waterflood operations
p are
significantly higher than in primary recovery
Optimum design, good reservoir management and surveillance are
key
y factors in implementing
p g economicallyy successful waterfloods

Waterflood

BOPD
Incremental recovery
Primary

Extrapolated Primary
Time
 History
y of Waterfloods
Accidentally recognized (1880) when water from shallow zones
entered a depleted deeper zone causing a gain in oil production

g projects
Pioneering p j include a Circle flood ((1907),
), Line drive ((1921))
and Five spot pattern flood (1928)

During the 1930s

1930 s several projects were implemented in USA but
primary production was still dominant

Waterflood activities boomed in the 1950s due to increased need for

crude oil and observed decline in primary production

Many waterflood
M t fl d projects
j t have
h been
b implemented
i l t d in
i Indonesia
I d i
including the giant Minas field in Sumatra
 Mobility Ratio
Fractional Flow
Buckley
Buckley--Laverett
Welge
 Waterflooding Vs. Pressure
M i
Maintenance
Waterflooding
t fl di g adalah
Waterfloodin
W d l h suatu
t metoda
t d secondary
d recovery
dengan cara menginjeksikan air ke dalam reservoir,
pada saat kondisi reservoir sudah mencapai economic
li it
limitnya secara primary,
i d
dengan t j
tujuan akan
k
meningkatkan oil recovery dari reservoir bersangkutan.

Water-
Water-pressure maintenance adalah suatu proses
menginjeksikan air ke dalam reservoir dengan maksud
memberikan energi tambahan agar kinerja reservoir
tersebut meningkat dari keadaan sebelumnya. Proses
injeksi ini dilakukan pada saat kondisi reservoir belum
pada atau dibawah kondisi ekonomiknya.
 Faktor-Faktor yang Perlu
Faktor-
Di
Diperhatikan
h tik
Geometri reservoir
Lithology
Kedalaman reservoir
Porosity
Permeability (besarnya dan variasinya)
Kontinuitas dari sifat batuan tersebut
Besar dan ditribusi saturasi fluida
Hubungan sifat fluida dengan relative
permeability
 Kapan Saat Terbaik Melakukan
WF
Saat terbaik ini sangat bergantung sekali dari
tujuan utama pekerjaan WF dilakukan.

Beberapa tujuan pekerjaan diantaranya adalah:

Memaksimalkan oil recovery,
y, dan
Memaksimalkan nilai ekonomi dari suatu reservoir
(net income, net income per dollar invested,
maximum
i di
discounted
t d presentt worth)
th)
 Prosedur Perhitungan
Di l
Displacementt

Beberapa metoda yang dapat digunakan:

Stiles
Dykstra-Parsons
Buckley-Leverett
y
Welge
 Metoda
etoda Stiles
St es
Prinsip
p
Linier (horizontal) bedding
Laju alir injeksi berbanding lurus dengan permeability
Setelah breakthrough, laju produksi minyak-air
merupakan fungsi dari perbandingan mobility air dan
minyak tersebut di dalam reservoir
Paramter yang berpengaruh
Permeability batuan
Perbandingan mobility minyak-air
Formation volume faktor (FVF) dari minyak pada
kondisi injeksi
Metoda Stiles
Metoda Stiles
 Metoda
etoda Dykstra-
Dykstra
y st a-Parsons
a so s
Prinsip
Dikembangkan dari eksperimen laboratorium
Test dilakukan pada multimulti-layered
layered reservoir
dan tidak ada cross-flow
Oil recovery merupakan fungsi dari mobility
ratio dan distribusi permeability
 Metoda
etoda Dykstra-
Dykstra
y st a-Parsons
a so s

Permeability distributions didefiniskan:

 Metoda
etoda Dykstra-
Dykstra
y st a-Parsons
a so s
Log-normal permeability distribution
 Metoda
etoda Dykstra-
Dykstra
y st a-Parsons
a so s
Dengan mengadop persamaan aliran linier dari Darcy untuk fluida
incompressible dapat diturunkan persamaan yang disebut coverage
ata conformance efficiency
atau efficienc dan WOR (FWO):
)
Metoda Dykstra-
Dykstra-Parsons
 Metoda Dykstra-
Dykstra-Parsons

After Craig
 Metoda Dykstra-
Dykstra-Parsons

After Craig
Fractional Flow
 Mobility Ratio (M)
Mobilityy suatu fluida adalah p
perbandingan
g atau
ratio permeabilitas efektif terhadap
viskositasnya.

Mobility ratio didefinisikan sebagai perbandingan

mobilityy fluida yyang
g mendorong g atau mendesak
(D) terhadap fluida yang didorong atau didesak
(d).
Mobility Ratio Curve - Example
 Fractional Flow
Fractional flow adalah perbandingan
produksi suatu fluida terhadap total fluida
yang diproduksikan.
diproduksikan
 Fractional Flow
Dengan memasukkan persamaan Darcy dan
mengabaikan
b ik efek
f k gravity
it d
dan capillary
ill
pressure, persamaannya menjadi:

Dimana A adalah luas area,

Pl adalah tekanan untuk phasa l

Dengan mengabaikan efek cap. pressure

PW = PO
 Fractional Flow

Persamaan di atas dapat dituliskan sebagai:

Dimana symbol lamda adalah perbandingan mobility (mobility ratio)

Fractional Flow W/ Gravity & Pc
Persamaan di atas dapat dituliskan sebagai:
Fractional Flow W/ Gravity & Pc
Persamaan akhir dapat dituliskan:
Bukley
Bukley-
y-Leverett ((Frontal
Displacement)
 Buckley--Leverett (1942)
Buckley
Metoda yyanggp paling
g termudah dan terbanyak
y digunakan
g
dalam perhitungan fluid displacement untuk kondisi
immiscible (tidak bercampur).

Assumsi dari pendekatan metoda ini adalah:

Aliran dalam media horizontal
Air merupakan
mer pakan fasa yang
ang diinjeksikan ke dalam fasa minyak
min ak di
dalam reservoir
Minyak dan air dalam kondisi immiscible (tidak bercampur)
Minyak dan air mengikuti sistem fluida imcompressible
Pengaruh gravity dan capillary pressure diabaikan
Buckley-
Buckley
y-Leverett ((1942))
Frontal Displacement
p
Welges Method
Plot Metoda Welge
g
Frontal Displacement
p
Plot Metoda Welge
g
Metoda Welge
g
Mobility
y Vs. Breakthrough
g Time
Metoda Welge
g
Sw Vs. Ko/Kw
Wettability Vs. Oil Recovery
Viscosity
y Vs. Oil Recovery
y
 Latihan soal
Suatu reservoir dgg data sbb :
Permeabilitas air = 100 md
Viskositas air = 1 cp
p
Permeabilitas minyak = 240 md
Viskositas minyak = 1.2 cp
Hitung :
1. Mobility ratio
2. Berapa water cutnya (Fw )