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Northern Cyprus
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Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Kuzey Kibris Trk Cumhuriyeti (Turkish)
Flag of Northern Cyprus
Flag
Coat of arms of Northern Cyprus
Coat of arms
Anthem: Istiklal Mari
Independence March
MENU0:00
Location of Northern Cyprus
Capital
and largest city North Nicosia
3511'N 3322'E
Official languages Turkish
Demonym Turkish Cypriot
Government Unitary semi-presidential republic
President
Mustafa Akinci
Prime Minister
Hseyin zgrgn
Legislature Assembly of the Republic
Independence from the Republic of Cyprus
Proclaimed
15 November 1983[1]
Recognition
only by Turkey
Area
Total
3,355 km2 (1,295 sq mi) (unranked)
Water (%)
2.7
Population
2014 estimate
313,626[2]
2011 census
286,257
Density
93/km2 (240.9/sq mi) (117th)
GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate
Total
$4.032 billion[3]
Per capita
$15,109[3]
Currency Turkish lira Turkish lira symbol 8x10px.png (TRY)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)[4]
Summer (DST)
EEST (UTC+3)
Drives on the left
Calling code +90 392
ISO 3166 code CY
Northern Cyprus (Turkish: Kuzey Kibris, Greek: ?????? ??????), officially the
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC; Turkish: Kuzey Kibris Trk Cumhuriyeti),
is a self-declared state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of
Cyprus. Recognised only by Turkey, Northern Cyprus is considered by the
international community to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to
Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the
west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the
control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the
island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.

A coup d'tat in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to

Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of
much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from
the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration
of independence by the North in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern
Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
[5][6][7]

Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The
Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus. While its presence is
supported and approved by the TRNC government, the Republic of Cyprus and the
international community regard it as an occupation force, and its presence has been
denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.[8]

Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural

heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the
services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the
GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an
international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus
by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local
dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni
Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular.[9] Northern
Cyprus is an observer of the OIC and ECO, and has observer status in the PACE under
the title "Turkish Cypriot Community".

Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 19601974
1.2 19741983
1.3 1983present
2 Administrative divisions
3 Politics
3.1 Human rights and law
3.2 International status and foreign relations
3.3 Military
4 Geography
4.1 Biodiversity
4.2 Climate
5 Economy
5.1 Tourism
5.2 Infrastructure
6 Demographics
6.1 Religion
6.2 Education
7 Culture
7.1 Music and dance
7.2 Literature
7.3 Cinema
7.4 Theater
7.5 Sports
7.6 Cuisine
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History
See also: Ottoman Cyprus and Modern history of Cyprus
19601974
See also: Cypriot intercommunal violence

Fazil Kk, former Turkish Cypriot leader and former Vice President of Cyprus

Sarayn Square of North Nicosia in 1969, after the division of the city
A united Cyprus gained independence from British rule in August 1960, after both
Greek and Turkish Cypriots agreed to abandon their respective plans for enosis
(union with Greece) and taksim (Turkish for "partition"). The agreement involved
Cyprus being governed under a constitution which apportioned Cabinet posts,
parliamentary seats and civil service jobs on an agreed ratio between the two
communities. Within three years, tensions began to show between the Greek Cypriots
and Turkish Cypriots in administrative affairs. In particular, disputes over
separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. In 1963
President Makarios proposed unilateral changes to the constitution, via 13
amendments. Turkey and the Turkish Cypriots rejected the proposed amendments,
claiming that this was an attempt to settle constitutional disputes in favour of
the Greek Cypriots[10] and to demote Turkish status from co-founders of the state
to one of minority status, removing their constitutional safeguards in the process.
Turkish Cypriots filed a lawsuit against the 13 amendments in the Supreme
Constitutional Court of Cyprus (SCCC). Makarios announced that he would not comply
with the decision of the SCCC, whatever it was,[11] and defended his amendments as
being necessary "to resolve constitutional deadlocks" as opposed to the stance of
the SCCC.[12] On 25 April 1963, the SCCC decided that Makarios' 13 amendments were
illegal. The Cyprus Supreme Court's ruling found that Makarios had violated the
constitution by failing to fully implement its measures and that Turkish Cypriots
had not been allowed to return to their positions in government without first
accepting the proposed constitutional amendments.[13] On 21 May, the president of
the SCCC resigned due to Makarios' stance. On 15 July, Makarios ignored the
decision of the SCCC.[14] After the resignation of the president of the SCCC, the
SCCC ceased to exist. The Supreme Court of Cyprus (SCC) was formed by merging the
SCCC and the High Court of Cyprus, and undertook the jurisdiction and powers of the
SCCC and HCC.[15] On 30 November, Makarios legalized the 13 proposals. In 1963, the
Greek Cypriot wing of the government created the Akritas plan which outlined a
policy that would remove Turkish Cypriots from the government and ultimately lead
to union with Greece. The plan stated that if the Turkish Cypriots objected then
they should be "violently subjugated before foreign powers could intervene".[16]

On 21 December 1963, shots were fired at a Turkish Cypriot crowd that had gathered
as the Greek police patrol stopped two Turkish Cypriots, claiming to ask for
identification; two Turkish Cypriots were killed.[17] Almost immediately,
intercommunal violence broke out with a major Greek Cypriot paramilitary attack
upon Turkish Cypriots in Nicosia and Larnaca. Though the TMTa Turkish resistance
group created in 1959 to promote a policy of taksim (division or partition of
Cyprus), in opposition to the Greek Cypriot nationalist group EOKA and its advocacy
of enosis (union of Cyprus with Greece)committed a number of acts of retaliation,
historian of the Cyprus conflict Keith Kyle noted that "there is no doubt that the
main victims of the numerous incidents that took place during the next few months
were Turks".[10] Seven hundred Turkish hostages, including children, were taken
from the northern suburbs of Nicosia. Nikos Sampson, a nationalist and future coup
leader, led a group of Greek Cypriot irregulars into the mixed suburb of
Omorphita/Kk Kaymakli and attacked the Turkish Cypriot population.[18] By 1964,
364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots had been killed.[19]
Turkish Cypriot members of the government had by now withdrawn, creating an
essentially Greek Cypriot administration in control of all institutions of the
state. After the partnership government collapsed, the Greek Cypriot led
administration was recognized as the legitimate government of the Republic of
Cyprus at the stage of the debates in New York in February 1964.[20] In September
1964, the then United Nations Secretary General, U Thant reported that "UNFICYP
carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island
during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-
Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have
suffered damage from looting".[21] Widespread looting of Turkish Cypriot villages
prompted 20,000 refugees to retreat into armed enclaves, where they remained for
the next 11 years,[22] relying on food and medical supplies from Turkey to survive.
Turkish Cypriots formed paramilitary groups to defend the enclaves, leading to a
gradual division of the island's communities into two hostile camps. The violence
had also seen thousands of Turkish Cypriots attempt to escape the violence by
emigrating to Britain, Australia and Turkey.[23] On 28 December 1967, the Turkish
Cypriot Provisional Administration was founded.[24]

19741983
Main articles: 1974 Cypriot coup d'tat, Turkish invasion of Cyprus, and Turkish
Federated State of Cyprus

Rauf Denkta, founder and former President of the Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus
On 6 July 1974, Makarios accused the Greek government of turning the Cypriot
National Guard into an army of occupation.[25] On 15 July 1974, the Greek military
junta of 196774 and the Cypriot National Guard backed a Greek Cypriot military
coup d'tat in Cyprus. Pro-Enosis Nikos Sampson replaced President Makarios as the
new president.[26] The Greek Cypriot coupists proclaimed the establishment of the
"Hellenic Republic of Cyprus".[27][28] Turkey claimed that under the 1960 Treaty of
Guarantee, the coup was sufficient reason for military action to protect the
Turkish Cypriot populace, and thus Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July. Turkish forces
proceeded to take over the northern four-elevenths of the island (about 36% of
Cyprus's total area). The coup caused a civil war filled with ethnic violence,
after which it collapsed and Makarios returned to power.[citation needed]

On 2 August 1975, in the negotiations in Vienna, a population exchange agreement

was signed between community leaders Rauf Denkta and Glafcos Clerides under the
auspices of United Nations.[29][30] On the basis of the Agreement, 196,000 Greek
Cypriots living in the north were exchanged for 42,000 Turkish Cypriots living in
the south[31] (the number of settlers was disputed[32]). The Orthodox Greek
Cypriots in Rizokarpaso, Agios Andronikos and Agia Triada chose to stay in their
villages,[33] as did also Catholic Maronites in Asomatos, Karpasia and Kormakitis.
Approximately 1,500 Greek Cypriots and 500 Turkish Cypriots remain missing.[34] The
invasion led to the formation of the first sovereign administrative body of
Northern Cyprus in August 1974, the Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration.

In 1975, the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (Kibris Trk Federe Devleti) was
declared as a first step towards a future federated Cypriot state, but was rejected
by the Republic of Cyprus and the United Nations.

After eight years of failed negotiations with the leadership of the Greek Cypriot
community,[citation needed] the north unilaterally declared its independence on 15
November 1983 under the name of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.[1] This
was rejected by the UN and the Republic of Cyprus.

1983present

Atatrk Square, North Nicosia in 2006, with the Northern Cyprus and Turkish flags.
In recent years, the politics of reunification has dominated the island's affairs.
The European Union decided in 2000 to accept Cyprus as a member, even if it was
divided. This was due to their view of Rauf Denkta, the pro-independence Turkish
Cypriot President, as the main stumbling block, but also due to Greece threatening
to block eastern EU expansion. It was hoped that Cyprus's planned accession into
the European Union would act as a catalyst towards a settlement. In the time
leading up to Cyprus becoming a member, a new government was elected in Turkey and
Rauf Denkta lost political power in Cyprus. In 2004, a United Nationsbrokered
peace settlement was presented in a referendum to both sides.[35] The proposed
settlement was opposed by both the president of Cyprus, Tassos Papadopoulos, and
Turkish Cypriot president Rauf Denkta; in the referendum, while 65% of Turkish
Cypriots accepted the proposal, 76% of Greek Cypriots rejected it. As a result,
Cyprus entered the European Union divided, with the effects of membership suspended
for Northern Cyprus.[35][not in citation given][citation needed]

Denkta resigned in the wake of the vote, ushering in the pro-settlement Mehmet Ali
Talat as his successor. However, the pro-settlement side and Mehmet Ali Talat lost
momentum due to the ongoing embargo and isolation,[36] despite promises from the
European Union that these would be eased.[37] As a result, the Turkish Cypriot
electorate became frustrated. This led ultimately to the pro-independence side
winning the general elections in 2009 and its candidate, former Prime Minister
Dervi Eroglu, winning the presidential elections in 2010. Although Eroglu and his
National Unity Party favours the independence of Northern Cyprus rather than
reunification with the Republic of Cyprus, he is negotiating with the Greek Cypriot
side towards a settlement for reunification.[38]

In 2011, Turkish Cypriots protested against economic reforms made by the Northern
Cyprus and Turkish governments (cf. 2011 Turkish Cypriot demonstrations).

Administrative divisions
Main article: Districts of Northern Cyprus
Northern Cyprus is divided into six districts: Lefkoa, Gazimagusa, Girne,
Gzelyurt, Iskele and Lefke. Lefke District was established by separation from the
Gzelyurt District in 2016.[39] In addition there are further twelve sub-districts
divided between the five larger districts and twenty-eight municipalities.

Blank district map of Northern Cyprus LefkoaGirneIskeleGzelyurtGazimagusa

Politics
Main article: Politics of Northern Cyprus

Mustafa Akinci
President
The politics of Northern Cyprus takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential
representative democratic republic, whereby the President is head of state and the
Prime Minister head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is
exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and
the Assembly of the Republic. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the
legislature.

The president is elected for a five-year term and is currently Mustafa Akinci. The
current Prime Minister is Hseyin zgrgn. The legislature is the Assembly of the
Republic, which has 50 members elected by proportional representation from five
electoral districts. In the elections of July 2013, the left-leaning pro-
unification Republican Turkish Party won a plurality of seats the Assembly.

Due to Northern Cyprus' isolation and heavy reliance on Turkish support, Turkey has
a high level of influence over the country's politics. This has led to some experts
characterising it as an effective puppet state of Turkey.[40][41][42] Other
experts, however, have pointed out to the independent nature of elections and
appointments in Northern Cyprus and disputes between the Turkish Cypriot and
Turkish governments, concluding that "puppet state" is not an accurate description
for Northern Cyprus.[43][44] In April 2017, Yigit Bulut, a Turkish presidential
advisor, was heavily criticized by leaders of a number of Turkish Cypriot political
parties, including nationalistic ones,[45][46][47] as well as journalists and
members of the Turkish Cypriot parliament for calling Northern Cyprus as "an
overseas province of Turkey".[48] This statement was immediately rejected and
criticized as "inappropriate" and "damaging to the bilateral relations" by Bari
Burcu, the Turkish Cypriot presidential speaker,[49] forcing Bulut to state that
his words were manipulated and were to demonstrate the close relationship between
the nations.[50]

Human rights and law

Main article: Human rights in Northern Cyprus

The law courts building in North Nicosia

In January 2011, The Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner
for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing
division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island "...
including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing
persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic,
social and cultural rights."[51]

Freedom House has classified the perceived level of democratic and political
freedom in Northern Cyprus as "free" since 2000 in its Freedom in the World report.
[52][53] The 2016 ranking was "free" with the scores (1: most free, 7: least free)
political rights:2/7, civil liberties:2/7 and aggregate score: 79/100.[54]
Reporters Without Borders' World Press Freedom Index ranked Northern Cyprus 76th
among 180 countries in 2015.[55]

The Greek Cypriot and Maronite communities, numbering 343 and 118 respectively as
of 2014, are denied the right to vote in presidential, parliamentary and municipal
elections or run for office. Maronites do elect the leader of their village, whilst
Greek Cypriots have two appointed leaders, one by the Turkish Cypriot government
and the other by the Republic of Cyprus.[56][57]

World Happiness Report 2016 of United Nations' Sustainable Development Solutions

Network (SDSN) ranked Northern Cyprus 62nd among 157 countries.[58] Gallup
Healthways Well-Being Index of 2014 ranked Northern Cyprus 49th among 145
countries.[59]

Northern Cyprus received 153 asylum applications during 201114 according to United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).[60]

International status and foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus

London office of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Bedford Square.

No nation other than Turkey[40][61][62][63] has officially recognised Northern
Cyprus as a sovereign state. The United Nations recognises it as territory of the
Republic of Cyprus under Turkish occupation.[64][65][66] Pakistan and Bangladesh
had initially declared their recognition of Northern Cyprus as a sovereign state
shortly after its declaration of independence,[67] but they withdrew their
recognition as a result of US pressure after the UN deemed the declaration illegal.
[68] The United Nations considers the declaration of independence by Northern
Cyprus as legally invalid, as enunciated in several of its resolutions.[64][69]

In the wake of the April 2004 referendum on the United Nations Annan Plan, and in
view of the support of the Turkish Cypriot community for the plan, the European
Union made pledges towards ending the isolation of Northern Cyprus. These included
measures for trade and 259 million euro in aid.[citation needed] A pledge by the EU
to lift the embargo on Northern Cyprus in the wake of the Annan Plan referendums
has been blocked by the Greek Cypriot government.[35]

In 2004, the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation upgraded the delegation of the

Turkish Cypriot Muslim community from "observer community" (1979) to that of a
constituent state with the designation "Turkish Cypriot State", making Northern
Cyprus an observer member of the organization.[70] A number of high-profile formal
meetings have also taken place between former President Mehmet Ali Talat and
various foreign leaders and politicians, including the former U.S. Secretary of
State Condoleezza Rice, the then British foreign minister, Jack Straw and former
Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf, and between President Dervis Eroglu and Ban
Ki-Moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations.

In 2004, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe gave observer status
to the representatives of Turkish Cypriot community.[71] Since then, Northern
Cyprus's representatives have actively participated in all PACE activities without
voting rights.

The European Union considers the area not under effective control of the Republic
of Cyprus as EU territory under Turkish military occupation and thus indefinitely
exempt from EU legislation until a settlement has been found. The status of
Northern Cyprus has become a recurrent issue especially during the recent talks for
Turkey's membership of the EU where the division of the island is seen as a major
stumbling block in Turkey's road to membership.[72][73]

The Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan in Azerbaijan has issued a resolution

recognizing the independence of Northern Cyprus. As a result of the Nagorno-
Karabakh issue, however, Azerbaijan itself has not recognised North Cyprus.[74]

Turkish Cypriots have been applying for decades for passports issued by Cyprus.
When the entry points with the Republic of Cyprus were closed, the applications
were made either through middlemen or through consulates and embassies of Cyprus in
other countries. A yearly increase in the number of applications for such passports
of 1015% was observed in years prior to 2001, when the rate greatly increased and
817 were issued in the first eight months of 2001 as compared to 448 for the whole
of 2000. After the opening of the borders with the Republic of Cyprus, Turkish
Cypriots started lineups applying for Cypriot passports by visiting the Republic of
Cyprus and showing proof of their Cypriot ancestry.[75]

There are seven border crossings between Northern Cyprus and the Republic of
Cyprus.[76] Since May 2004 some tourists have taken to flying to the Republic of
Cyprus directly then crossing the green line to holiday in Northern Cyprus.[77]
[needs update]

On September 21, 2011, Turkey and Northern Cyprus signed an EEZ border agreement in
New York.[78][79]

In October 2012, Northern Cyprus became an observer member of the Economic

Cooperation Organisation under the name "Turkish Cypriot State".

Military
Main article: Military of Northern Cyprus

Turkish Cypriot soldiers of the Security Forces Command perform during a Republic
Day parade.
The Security Forces Command consists of an 8,000 strong force primarily made up of
conscripted Turkish Cypriot males between the ages of 18 and 40.[citation needed]
There is also an additional reserve force which consists of about 10,000 first-line
and 16,000 second-line troops conscripted up to the age of 50. The Security Forces
Command is lightly armed and heavily dependent on its mainland Turkish allies, from
which it draws much of its officer corps.[80] It is led by a Brigadier General
drawn from the Turkish Army. It acts essentially as a gendarmerie charged with
protection of the border of Northern Cyprus from Greek Cypriot incursions and
maintaining internal security within Northern Cyprus.[81]

In addition, the mainland Turkish Armed Forces maintains the Cyprus Turkish Peace
Force which consists of around 30,00040,000 troops drawn from the 9th Turkish Army
Corps and comprising two divisions, the 28th and 39th. It is equipped with a
substantial number of US-made M48 Patton main battle tanks and artillery weapons.
The Turkish Air Force, Turkish Navy and Turkish Coast Guard also have a presence in
Northern Cyprus. Although formally part of Turkish 4th Army, headquartered in
Izmir, the sensitivities of the Cyprus situation means that the commander of the
Cyprus Turkish Peace Force also reports directly to the Turkish General Staff in
Ankara. The Cyprus Turkish Peace Force is deployed principally along the Green Line
and in locations where hostile amphibious landings might take place.[81]

The presence of the mainland Turkish military in Cyprus is highly controversial,

having been denounced as an occupation force by the Republic of Cyprus and the
international community. Several United Nations Security Council resolutions have
called on the Turkish forces to withdraw.[8] Economic research has found that
military expenditure in Northern Cyprus has a statistically significant impact on
economic growth.[82]

Geography
Main articles: Geography of Cyprus and Climate of Cyprus

Panoramic view of the Gzelyurt District, and Morphou Bay as seen from the Troodos
mountains.
Northern Cyprus has an area of 3,355 square kilometres (1,295 sq mi), which amounts
to around a third of the island. 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the north of Northern
Cyprus lies Turkey with Syria lying 97 kilometres (60.3 mi) to the east. It lies
between latitudes 34 and 36 N, and longitudes 32 and 35 E.

The coastline of Northern Cyprus features two bays: the Morphou Bay and the
Famagusta Bay, and there are four capes: Cape Apostolos Andreas, Cape Kormakitis,
Cape Zeytin and Cape Kasa, with Cape Apostolos Andreas being the endpoint of the
Karpaz Peninsula. The narrow Kyrenia mountain range lies along the northern
coastline, and the highest point in Northern Cyprus, Mount Selvili, lies in this
mountain range with an altitude of 1,024 metres (3,360 ft).[83] The Mesaoria plain,
extending from the Gzelyurt district to the eastern coastline is another defining
landscape. The Mesaoria plains consist of plain fields and small hills, and is
crossed by several seasonal streams. The eastern part of the plain is used for dry
agriculture, such as the cultivation of wheat and barley, and are therefore
predominantly green in the winter and spring, while it turns yellow and brown in
the summer.[84]

56.7% of the land in Northern Cyprus is agriculturally viable.[85]

Biodiversity

Wild Cyprus donkeys inhabit the mainly remote northern region of the Iskele
District.
A relatively unspoilt part of the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot,
Northern Cyprus has considerable ecological diversity, containing a variety of
terrestrial habitats.[86] Its flora includes around 1900 plant species, of which 19
are endemic to Northern Cyprus.[87] Even in the urban areas, there is a lot of
diversity: a study conducted on the banks of the Pedieos river around Nicosia found
more than 750 different plant species.[88] Among these species are 30 of the orchid
species that are endemic to Cyprus.[87] An endangered species that is the subject
of folk tales and myths is the sea daffodil, found on the sandy beaches and
endangered due to the disruption of their habitats.[89]

The medo tulip (Tulipa cypria) is a notable species that is endemic to Northern
Cyprus; it is only found in the villages of Tepebai/Diorios and Avtepe/Ayios
Simeon, and is celebrated with an annual festival.[90]

In the national park in the Karpaz Peninsula around Cape Apostolos Andreas, there
is a population of around 1000 wild Cyprus donkeys. These donkeys, under the
protection of the Turkish Cypriot government, are free to wander in herds over an
area of 300 square kilometres (120 square miles)[91] The donkeys have earned a
strong image for the peninsula, which is also home to a rich fauna and relatively
big forests.[92] The beaches of Northern Cyprus also include sites where hundreds
of loggerhead turtles and green turtles lay eggs, which hatch at the end of the
summer, followed by observers.[90]

Climate

Beach near Mehmetcik, Iskele District

The winter in Northern Cyprus is cool and rainy, particularly between December and
February, with 60% of annual rainfall.[93] These rains produce winter torrents that
fill most of the rivers, which typically dry up as the year progresses. Snow has
been known to fall on the Kyrenia Range, but seldom elsewhere in spite of low night
temperatures. The short spring is characterized by unstable weather, occasional
heavy storms and the "meltem", or westerly wind. Summer is hot and dry enough to
turn low-lying lands on the island brown. Parts of the island experience the
"Poyraz", a north-westerly wind, or the sirocco, a wind from Africa, which is dry
and dusty. Summer is followed by a short, turbulent autumn.

Climate conditions on the island vary by geographical factors. The Mesaoria Plain,
cut off from the summer breezes and from much of the humidity of the sea, may reach
temperature peaks of 40 to 45 C (104 to 113 F). Humidity rises at the Karpaz
Peninsula. Humidity and water temperature, 16 to 28 C (61 to 82 F), combine to
stabilize coastal weather, which does not experience inland extremes. The Southern
Range blocks air currents that bring rain and atmospheric humidity from the south-
west, diminishing both on its eastern side.

Economy
Main article: Economy of Northern Cyprus

Kyrenia (Girne) is one of the main tourist resorts in Northern Cyprus. Tourism is
one of the dominant sectors of the Northern Cyprus' economy.
The economy of Northern Cyprus is dominated by the services sector (69% of GDP in
2007) which includes the public sector, trade, tourism and education. The revenues
gained by the education sector in 2011 was $400 million.[94] Industry (light
manufacturing) contributes 22% of GDP and agriculture 9%.[95] The economy of
Northern Cyprus is based on a free market approach[96] and it became the top
country in Europe in entrepreneurial intent to start a new business in 2014.[97]

Economic development is adversely affected by the continuing Cyprus problem.

Northern Cyprus is under an international embargo as the Republic of Cyprus, as the
internationally recognised authority, has declared airports and ports in the area
not under its effective control closed. All UN member states other than Turkey
respect the closure of those ports and airports.[98] As a result, Northern Cyprus
is heavily dependent on Turkish economic support,[99] and is still dependent on
monetary transfers from the Turkish government.[95]
A hotel and the headquarters of a large company in Nicosia, the center of the
Turkish Cypriot economy.
Northern Cyprus uses the Turkish Lira as its currency which links its economy to
that of Turkey's. Since the Republic of Cyprus joined the Euro zone and the
movement of peoples between the north and south has become more free, the Euro is
also in wide circulation.[citation needed] Exports and imports have to go via
Turkey;[100] while European Union promised an opening up of the ports after the
Annan plan, this was blocked by the Republic of Cyprus and exporting through the
south, while technically possible, remains impractical.[101]

Despite the constraints imposed by the lack of international recognition, the

nominal GDP growth rates of the economy in 20012005 were 5.4%, 6.9%, 11.4%, 15.4%
and 10.6%, respectively.[102][103] The real GDP growth rate in 2007 was estimated
at 2%.[95] This growth has been buoyed by the relative stability of the Turkish
Lira and a boom in the education and construction sectors. Between 2002 and 2007,
Gross National Product per capita more than tripled, from US$4,409 in 2002 to
US$16,158 (in current U.S. dollars).[104] The growth continued through the 2010s,
with real growth rates of 3.7%, 3.9%, 1.8% and 1.1% respectively in 20102013.[105]
The unemployment rate declined through the 2010s and was at 8.3% in 2014.[106]

In 2011, North Cyprus sold electricity to the Republic of Cyprus following an

explosion in the southern part of the island which affected a large power station.
[107] The Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project, completed in 2015, is aimed at
delivering water for drinking and irrigation from southern Turkey via a pipeline
under the Mediterranean Sea.[108]

International telephone calls are routed via a Turkish dialling code (+90 392) as
Northern Cyprus has neither its own country code nor official ITU prefix.[citation
needed] Similarly with the internet Northern Cyprus has no top level domain of its
own and is under the Turkish second-level domain .nc.tr. Items of mail must be
addressed 'via Mersin 10, TURKEY' as the Universal Postal Union does not recognise
Northern Cyprus as a separate entity.[109][110] Amateur radio operators sometimes
use callsigns beginning with "1B", but these have no standing for awards or other
operating credit.

Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Northern Cyprus

Panoramic view of the Kyrenia Harbour, with the Venetian-era Kyrenia Castle on the
far left, and the Kyrenia Mountains in the background
Tourism is considered as one of the driving sectors of the Turkish Cypriot economy.
The country received over 1.1 million tourists in 2012,[111] when hotels and
restaurants generated an income of $328 million[112] and constituted 8.5% of the
GDP.[113] Accommodation and catering created more than 10,000 jobs in the same
year.[114] The tourism sector has seen great development in the 2000s and 2010s,
with the number of tourists more than doubling, increased investment and hotel
construction; official estimates of income derived from tourism were around 700
million US dollars in 2013 and the total bed capacity was estimated to be around
20,000.[115]

Casino tourism is one of the major sectors of the North Cyprus economy.
Kyrenia is considered the capital of tourism in Northern Cyprus, with its numerous
hotels, entertainment facilities, vibrant nightlife and shopping areas.[116] In
2012, 62.7% of the visitors in Northern Cyprus stayed in the Girne District during
their visit.[111] Out of the 145 hotels in Northern Cyprus, 99 were in the Girne
District in 2013.[115]
Northern Cyprus has traditionally been an attraction for beach holidays, partly
thanks to its reputation as an unspoiled area. Its mild climate, rich history and
nature are seen as sources of attraction. A significant sector of eco-tourism has
been developed in Northern Cyprus, as tourists visit it for birdwatching, cycling,
walking and observing flowers in the wild.[117] It is praised for its relative
safety, and especially for the Karpass Peninsula, its well-preservation.[118] The
peninsula is home to several sorts of tourism: it hosts the Bafra Tourism Area as a
center for beach-goers, where four luxurious and large hotels were built until
2014, several facilities and regular festivals that highlight its rural qualities
and exhibit local traditions, a remote natural park, the Kantara Castle attracting
sightseers, and a marina that was built to host international yachts and boats,
along with large facilities.[119]

Casino tourism has also grown to become a significant contribution to the economy
in Northern Cyprus. They were first opened in the 1990s, and have since become very
popular with visitors from Turkey and the rest of the island, where casinos are
banned. This has led to huge investments in the casino sector.[120] However, the
sector has been criticized due to claims of its lack of benefits for the small and
middle-scale business and shop owners.[121] The "nightclubs" that have been
established for prostitution attract sex tourism to Northern Cyprus and the
industry has been described as a "civilized one", despite the sex workers being
described as "vulnerable to abuse".[122][123]

Infrastructure

The Ercan International Airport serves as the main port of entry into Northern
Cyprus.
The share of the transport and communications industry in the GDP of Northern
Cyprus is constantly varying; it decreased from 12.1% in 2008 to 8.5% in 2011, but
rose again to 9.3% in 2012.[112]

Air transport is a major route of entry into Northern Cyprus. The country is home
to two airports, the Ercan International Airport and the Geitkale Airport, of
which only Ercan is currently functioning.[124] The Ercan airport saw an important
renovation in the 2010s that greatly increased its passenger traffic, it was used
by 1.76 million passengers in the first seven months of 2014 alone.[125] Non-stop
flights are only available from multiple points in Turkey through a number of
Turkish carriers.[126] Direct scheduled and charter flights take place from other
countries, but with mandatory stopovers in Turkey. 600 charter flights were
scheduled for 2013. Scheduled destinations include cities such as London and
Manchester,[127] while charter flight destinations include cities such as
Berlin[128] and Ljubljana.[129]

Direct flights to Northern Cyprus and the trade traffic through the Northern
Cypriot ports are restricted as part of the embargo on Northern Cypriot ports.[130]
The airports of Geitkale and Ercan are only recognised as legal ports of entry by
Turkey and Azerbaijan.[131] Direct charter flights between Poland and North Cyprus
started on 20 June 2011.[132] The seaports in Famagusta and Kyrenia have been
declared closed to all shipping by the Republic of Cyprus since 1974.[133] By
agreement between Northern Cyprus and Syria, there was a ship tour between
Famagusta and Latakia, Syria before the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War. Since the
opening of the Green Line Turkish Cypriot residents are allowed to trade through
Greek Cypriot ports.[134]

With the lack of a railway system, the country's highways are used for transport
between major cities. In the 21st century, these highways were upgraded into dual
carriageways, with some roads in the Karpass area still being upgraded as of 2015.
Northern Cyprus has around 7,000 kilometres (4,300 miles) of roads, with two thirds
of these roads paved.[124] Recent constructions included the construction of a
Northern Coast Highway, which was hailed as a major incentive for economic
development.[135]

Demographics
See also: Demographics of Cyprus, Turkish Cypriots, and Mainland Turks in Northern
Cyprus

Turkish Cypriot elders playing backgammon

Turkish Cypriot children in the walled part of North Nicosia

Northern Cyprus's first official census was performed in 1996. The population
recorded was 200,587.[136] The second census, carried out in 2006, revealed the
population of Northern Cyprus to be 265,100,[137] of which majority is composed of
indigenous Turkish Cypriots (including refugees from Southern Cyprus) and settlers
from Turkey. Of the 178,000 Turkish Cypriot citizens, 82% are native Cypriots
(145,000). Of the 45,000 people born to non-Cypriot parentage, nearly 40% (17,000)
were born in Cyprus. The figure for non-citizens, including students, guest workers
and temporary residents stood at 78,000 people.[137][138]

The third official census of Northern Cyprus was carried out in 2011, made under
the auspices of UN observers. It returned a total population of 294,906.[139] These
results were disputed by some political parties, labour unions and local
newspapers. The government was accused of deliberately under-counting the
population, after apparently giving an estimate of 700,000 before the census, in
order to demand financial help from Turkey.[140][141][142] One source claims that
the population in the north has reached 500,000,[143] split between 50% Turkish
Cypriots and 50% Turkish settlers or Cypriot-born children of such settlers.[144]
Researcher Mete Hatay has written that such reports are "wildly speculative" and
are picked up by opposition parties for political benefit, which resulted in
reports in the south. Such reports have never been scientifically or statistically
scrutinized, despite opportunities of opposition parties to do so using the
electoral rolls in their possession, thereby continuing a "war of numbers".[145]

The Government of Northern Cyprus estimates that the 1983 population of Northern
Cyprus was 155,521.[146] Estimates by the government of the Republic of Cyprus from
2001 place the population at 200,000, of which 8089,000 are Turkish Cypriots and
109,000117,000 are designated as Turkish settlers by the Republic of Cyprus.[147]
An island-wide census in 1960 indicated the number of Turkish Cypriots as 102,000
and Greek Cypriots as 450,000.[148] As of 2005, the settlers constituted no more
than 25% of the electorate in Northern Cyprus. The degree of the integration of
mainland Turks to the Turkish Cypriot community varies; some identify as Turkish
Cypriots and have culturally integrated, while some embrace a Turkish identity.
[149]

Northern Cyprus is almost entirely Turkish-speaking. English, however, is widely

spoken as a second language.[citation needed]

There are 644 Greek Cypriots living in Rizokarpaso (Dipkarpaz) and 364 Maronites in
Kormakitis.[150] 162,000[151] Greek Cypriots were forcibly evicted from their homes
in the North by the invading force of the Turkish army.[152][153][154] Rizokarpaso
is the home of the biggest Greek-speaking population in the north. The Greek-
Cypriot inhabitants are still supplied by the UN, and Greek-Cypriot products are
consequently available in some shops.[citation needed]

v t e
Largest cities or towns in Northern Cyprus
TRNC 2011 Population and Housing Census
Rank Name District Pop.
North Nicosia
North Nicosia
Famagusta
Famagusta 1 North Nicosia Lefkoa 61,378 Kyrenia
Kyrenia
Morphou
Morphou
2 Famagusta Gazimagusa 40,920
3 Kyrenia Girne 33,207
4 Morphou Gzelyurt 18,946
5 Gnyeli Lefkoa 17,277
6 Kythrea Lefkoa 11,895
7 Lefka Gzelyurt 11,091
8 Dikomo Girne 9,120
9 Trikomo Iskele 7,906
10 Lapithos Girne 7,839
Religion
Northern Cyprus Religions[155]
Islam
?
99%
other/unknown
?
1%
Main article: Religion in Cyprus
Further information: Islam in Cyprus

Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque in Famagusta

The majority of Turkish Cypriots (99%) are Sunni Muslims,[155] whilst a small
number are Ahmadiyya Muslims.[156] Northern Cyprus is a secular state.[157] Alcohol
is frequently consumed within the community and most Turkish Cypriot women do not
cover their heads; however headscarves are still worn on occasion by public figures
as a symbol of the inhabitants' Turkish culture, or simply as a conservative form
of dress.[155] However, some religious traditions still play a role within the
community. Turkish Cypriot males are generally circumcised in accordance with
religious beliefs.[158]

Education
Main article: Education in Northern Cyprus

Girne American University in Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus

The education system in Northern Cyprus consists of pre-school education, primary
education, secondary education and higher education. Five years of primary
education is mandatory.

Higher Education Planning Evaluation Accreditation and Coordination Council (YDAK)

of Northern Cyprus is a member of International Network for Quality Assurance
Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE).[159]

In 2013 there were 63,765 university students from 114 countries in nine
universities in Northern Cyprus. In 2014, the number of students increased to
70,004, (15,210 Turkish Cypriots; 36,148 from Turkey; 18,646 international
students):[160][161][162] Near East University (NEU),[163][164] Girne American
University, Middle East Technical University-TRNC, European University of Lefke,
Cyprus International University, Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU), Istanbul
Technical University-TRNC, University of Mediterranean Karpasia, and University of
Kyrenia, all established since 1974. EMU is an internationally recognised
institution of higher learning with more than 1000 faculty members from 35
countries. There are 15,000 students in EMU representing 68 nationalities. The 8
universities have been approved by the Higher Education Council of Turkey. Eastern
Mediterranean University and Near East University[163][164] are full individual
members of the European University Association.[165] EMU is a full member of
Community of Mediterranean Universities, Federation Universities of Islamic World,
International Association of Universities and International Council of Graphic
Design Associations,[166] and was ranked as the best university in the island and
among the top 500 in Europe by Webometrics.[167] Girne American University, in the
northern coastal city of Kyrenia, opened a campus in Canterbury, United Kingdom in
2009,[168] and was accredited by the British Accreditation Council in 2010.[169]

Northern Cyprus regularly participates in international Robocup competition, and

took 14th place out of 20 in 2013.[170][171] The country has supercomputers with
which it participates in CERN experiments that led to the discovery of the Higgs
boson.[172] Northern Cyprus is among participant countries of Solar Challenge of
solar powered vehicles in South Africa in 2014.[173]

Culture
Main article: Culture of Northern Cyprus
Music and dance

Ziynet Sali is a Turkish Cypriot pop singer famous in Turkey and Northern Cyprus.

Turkish Cypriot children, dressed in traditional clothing, preparing for a folk-

dance show
See also: Turkish Cypriot folk dances
Turkish Cypriot folk music consists of a rich variety of local tunes, influenced by
the mainland Turkish music to a limited extent. Historically, it was shaped around
the tradition of weddings, the primary social gatherings at the time. Violin,
goblet drum, known locally as "darbuka", zurna and other drums were heavily used in
these gatherings, and a large number of traditional songs developed based on this
legacy.[174][175] Turkish Cypriot culture also incorporates a great diversity of
folk dances with various influences, including different versions of karsilamas,
iftetelli and zeybek.

The Northern Cyprus State Symphony Orchestra has been active since 1975. The
Bellapais Abbey in Kyrenia hosts international festivals of classical music, and is
considered in important platform of classical music.[174] North Nicosia has its own
Nicosia Municipal Orchestra that performs at open spaces, such as parks and
squares, and is also home to the annual Walled City Jazz Festival.[176] Rya Taner
is a Turkish Cypriot pianist who has achieved international acclaim.

Turkish Cypriot cities and towns regularly organize festivals that include
performances of local and international singers and bands.[174] Some Turkish
Cypriot singers, such as Ziynet Sali and Iin Karaca, have achieved fame in Turkey.
The Turkish Cypriot band Sila 4 produced music that is considered essential for the
Turkish Cypriot identity, and also acquired fame in Turkey.[177] Rock and pop music
are popular with the public in Northern Cyprus, important singers and bands include
SOS, the newly formed Gara Limon and Fikri Karayel.[178][179]

Literature
Poetry is the most widely published form of literature in Northern Cyprus. Turkish
Cypriot poetry is based on both the effects of Turkish literature and the culture
of the island of Cyprus, along with some reflection of the British colonial
history.[180]

The first era of Turkish Cypriot poetry after the introduction of the Latin
alphabet, characterised by poets such as Nazif Sleyman Ebeoglu, Urkiye Mine
Balman, Engin Gnl, Necla Salih Suphi and Pembe Marmara, had strong nationalistic
elements due to the political attitudes of Turkish Cypriots at the time and
stylistically reflected the poetry of the Turkish mainland. Meanwhile, other poets,
such as zker Yain, Osman Trkay, who was nominated for the Nobel Prize in
Literature twice,[181] and Nevzat Yalin sought to write in more original styles,
with the influence of nascent poetic styles in Turkey and those in Britain. This
group of poets were very prolific and increased the popularity of poetry in the
Turkish Cypriot community, and are seen as key figures in Turkish Cypriot
literature.[180]

The nationalism gave way to a notion of Cypriotness in the 1970s, with the
influence of Yain, Trkay and Yalin. During this period, the so-called "1974
generation of poets" arose, led by poets including Mehmet Yain, Hakki Ycel, Nice
Denizoglu, Nee Yain, Ayen Dagli and Canan Smer. The poetry of this generation
was characterized by the appreciation of the Turkish Cypriot identity as distinct
from Turkish identity and the identification of Cyprus as the Turkish Cypriot
homeland instead of Turkey, in contrast to the previous nationalist poetry. This
approach is often called the "Cypriot poetry of rejection" as it resists the
influence of Turkey, highlighting the cultural rift between Turkey and Cyprus due
to the recent experience of war and therefore the independence of the Turkish
Cypriot poetry and identity. This was followed by an increased adoption of the
Mediterranean identity in the 1980s, accompanied by the effects of the
liberalization of the Turkish Cypriot society, as reflected in the feminist
elements, of which a particular example is Neriman Cahit.[180][182][183]

Cinema
Anahtar (Key), released in 2011, was the first full-length film entirely produced
in Northern Cyprus.[184] Some other co-productions have also taken place. A co-
production of Northern Cyprus, Turkey, Britain and the Netherlands, Kod Adi
Vens[185] (Code Name Venus) was shown in the Cannes Film Festival in 2012.[186]
The film director and screenwriter Dervi Zaim achieved fame with his 2003 film Mud
(amur) which won the UNESCO award at the Venice Film Festival.

The documentary film Kayip Otobs (The Missing Bus), directed by Turkish Cypriot
journalist Fevzi Ta?pinar, was aired on the TRT TV as well as participating in the
Boston Film Festival in 2011. The film tells the story of eleven Turkish Cypriot
workers who left their homes in a bus in 1964 that never came back. Their remains
were found in a well in Cyprus in October 2006.[187][188]

Theater

Karagz and Hacivat

An early Turkish Cypriot theatre group, 1880s

Theater in Northern Cyprus is mostly carried out by the Turkish Cypriot State
Theater, municipal theaters and a number of private theatrical companies. Cyprus
Theater Festival, organised by the Nicosia Turkish Municipality is a large
organization with institutions from Turkey participating as well. There are no
major halls built specifically for theater in Northern Cyprus, so plays often take
place in conference halls.[189][190]

The origins of Turkish Cypriot theater lie in Karagz and Hacivat, a shadow play
that was popularized in the island as a form of entertainment during the Ottoman
era. This form of theater has lost its popularity nowadays, but remains to be
televised during religious festivals.[191] After the 1840s, as the Ottoman Empire
started modernizing, theater with greater European elements met with the Turkish
Cypriot public. However, the inception of Turkish Cypriot theater in the modern
sense is considered the staging of the play "Vatan Yahut Silistre" ("Homeland vs.
Silistra") by Turkish playwright Namik Kemal in 1908.[192] This was followed by a
proliferation of theatrical activity in the Turkish Cypriot community as local
plays were written and staged and theatrical companies from Turkey took the stage
in Cyprus by the 1920s, all the major towns in Cyprus had Turkish Cypriot plays
that were performed regularly.[191][192]

In the 1960s, Turkish Cypriot theater started to be institutionalised. A leading

theater group named "Ilk Sahne" (First Stage), founded in 1963, was renamed the
Turkish Cypriot State Theater in 1966, and has since performed more than 85 plays.
[191][193] Theater is currently a very popular form of art in Northern Cyprus, with
long queues forming for tickets of the plays in the Cyprus Theater Festival, and
the number of theater-goers constantly increasing.[194]

Sports
Main article: Sport in Northern Cyprus

Nicosia Atatrk Stadium is the largest stadium in Northern Cyprus.

There are five stadiums in Northern Cyprus, with each holding a capacity ranging
anywhere from 7,000 to 30,000. The most popular sport in Northern Cyprus is
football. There are over 29 sport federations in Northern Cyprus with a total
registered membership of 13,950 6,054 been registered practitioners for, taekwondo-
karate-aikido-kurash, with shooting having (1,150 registered) and hunting having
(1,017 registered) members.[195] Northern Cyprus' national football team currently
ranks 109th in the Elo Ratings.[196] Several of sport clubs participate in leagues
in Turkey. These include the Fast Break Sport Club in Turkey's Men's Basketball
Regional League; the Beparmak Sport Club in Turkey's Handball Premier League; and
the Lefke European University Turkey Table-tennis Super League. Water sports such
as windsurfing, jetskiing, waterskiing and sailing are also available at beaches
throughout the coastline of Northern Cyprus. Sailing is especially found at Escape
Beach Club, near Kyrenia.

Cuisine
Northern Cyprus is also well known for several dishes; among them are kebabs made
of skewered lamb i Kebab or ground with herbs and spices and made into a Kofte or
eftali Kebab. Other dishes are based on meat wrapped in flat bread such as
Lahmacun. Vegetarians can find stuffed vegetables based dishes Yalanci Dolma or
many other dishes made with a bean or pulse such as Brlce which consists of Swiss
chard cooked with black-eyed peas. There are also plant based foods such as
Molohiya or root based stews such as Kolokas.[197]

See also
Outline of Northern Cyprus
Terra.pngGeography portal Cyprus blank 1.svgCyprus portal Asia (orthographic
projection).svgAsia portal
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Further reading
Langdale, Allan (2012). In a Contested Realm: an Illustrated Guide to the
Archaeology and Historical Architecture of Northern Cyprus. Grimsay Press. ISBN
978-1845301286.
North Cyprus a Pocket-Guide. Rustem Bookshop, Nicosia. 2006. ISBN 9944-968-03-X.
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