Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
SILVER
CERTIFICATION COURSE
DIGITAL SWITCHING SYSTEM
OVERVIEW OF TELECOM
INDEX
STRUCTURE
1.1 OBJECTIVE
1.2 INTRODUCTION
1.3 TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK
1.4 EVOLUTION OF ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE
1.5 COMPONENTS OF PSTN NETWORK
1.6 MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (MDF)
1.7 PCM PRINCIPLES
1.8 SUMMARY
1.9 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1.10 REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
1.1 OBJECTIVE
After reading this chapter you will be able to
List the different blocks of telecom network, their types.
Explain about the national networks and numbering
Enumerate the present trends like Next generation networks
Differentiate between FDM and TDM.
Describe Pulse Code Modulation.
Describe Frame & Multi-frame
Describe Synchronization
Describe the development of electronic exchanges
Describe advantages of electronic exchanges over electromechanical
exchanges
Enumerate Facilities provided by Electronic Exchanges.
Describe the facilities supported by the electronic exchanges
1.2 INTRODUCTION
The telecom services have been recognized the world-over as an important tool
for socio-economic development of a nation. Telecommunications is one of the few
sectors in India, which has witnessed the most fundamental structural and institutional
reforms since 1991.
Traditionally, telephone networks have been provided to carry voice traffic.
Because of their versatility, they have also often been used to carry data services. Early
analogue networks have been replaced by digital networks.
Basically there are two ways in which information of any type can be electrically
transmitted over telecommunication media analog or digital. Analog means that the
amplitude of the transmitted signal varies over a continuous range. Digital transmission
means that a stream of on/off (high/low) pulses is sent on the transmission media. The
pulses are referred to as bits. Examples of analog signals are human voice, hifi music,
temperature reading, etc. While that of digital are data, telegraphy signals. With the
invention of Pulse Code Modulation by Reeves in 1938, the basic principles for digitizing
analog speech signals were established.
Cellular radio and intelligent control processes have led to huge progress in
mobile data services. More recently, the availability of the Internet and the Voice over
Internet Protocol has provided an entirely new paradigm for data and multimedia
services. Mobile networks themselves are developing into ubiquitous networks, able to
offer a wide range of data and video, as well as voice services. The Internet, which began
as a data network, is now able to support voice and other real-time services.
The electronic exchanges which have replaced the electro mechanical exchanges
are rich in delivering lot of facilities. This is one of the main advantages of electronic
exchanges. This developmental step opened a new era of innumerable additional facilities
to the subscribers, administration and maintenance personnel
These three networking approaches (circuit-switched, Internet, and cellular
mobile) therefore provide the basis for a telecom network infrastructure. Finally, all these
architectures are migrating towards a common IP network infrastructure called Next
Generation Network (NGN).
1.3.1 Transmission
Transmission is the process of transporting information between end points of a
system or network. The end-to-end communication distance is often very long and there
are many electrical systems on the line.
Fig 4. bbbb
1.3.3 Switching
Graham Bell demonstrated point to point telephone connection. In such a point to
point network appropriate link is to be chosen by the calling subscriber. These networks
are called as fully connected networks. Practical use of telephones on large scale paved
the way for switching system or switching office or the exchange. With this the
subscribers are not connected directly with each other instead they are connected to
switching system
Switches establish, maintain, and change connectivity between circuits. When you
or your computer places a call (Telephone), the switching equipment within the telephone
system search for a physical copper path all the way from your telephone to receivers
telephone, this technique is called as circuit switching.
Once the call has been setup, a dedicated path between both ends exists & will
continue to exist until the call is finished.
The earliest telephone exchanges used switchboards worked by operators. The
manual exchange was unique among switching systems, since a single switch (i.e., the
operator) could make a connection to any of several thousand lines by inserting a plug in
a jack within arms reach. When electromechanical systems were introduced, they used
switches of much smaller capacity
SWITCHING SYSTEM
1.3.4 Signaling
In telephony, signaling is the exchange of information between involved points in
the network that sets up, controls, and terminates each telephone call. The purpose of
signaling is to exchange control information between systems. Signaling in the period
1900 to 1980 had three characteristics. Its application was limited to setup and release.
Signals were carried by the same circuit that carried speech. It took place only between
customer and his local exchange and between exchanges
b) Channel-associated Signaling
If a customer whose line is on one exchange wishes to make a call to a customer
on another exchange, signals must be sent between them in order to establish the
connection. The traditional way of exchanging these signals is to send them over the
circuits being taken into use for the connection. This is called channel-associated
signaling. Signals sent in the direction away from the caller and toward the called
customer are said to be in the forward direction and those in the reverse direction are
called backward signals. The basic signals required between exchanges for a simple
telephone call are as follows:
Call request or seize (forward)
Address signal (forward)
Answer (backward)
Clear (forward and backward)
c) Common-channel Signaling
In a network consisting of SPC exchanges a high-speed data link is provided
between the central processors of the two exchanges. It can provide a channel for all the
signals needed between the two exchanges. This is known as common-channel signaling
(CCS). Common-channel signaling has the following advantages:
1. Signals can be exchanged much more quickly than with channel-associated
signaling.
2. A much wider variety of signals can therefore be used. As a result, customers
can be offered more services.
3. Signals may be sent while a call is in progress. This enables customers to alter
connections that have already been set up (e.g., to transfer a call elsewhere or
to enable an additional party to join in).
4. Signals can be exchanged between processors for purposes other than call
processing (e.g., for maintenance or network management functions).
CCS systems use message-based signaling. Processors assemble messages into
message units containing sequence numbers and check bits for error control. Since
successive messages between two processors usually relate to different calls, each
message must contain a circuit-identity code that indicates the speech circuit to which it
refers.
Telecommunication
networks
Cellular mobile
Fixed Networks networks
GSM CDMA
LE Lvl 1 Lvl 2
l
lyy
ylll
Fig 6. Network classification
LLl
llL
The telecommunication network consists of national networks and the
VL
international networks. In turn the national network consists of public networks and
1
private networks. Public networks are for public use. Private networks can be used by
the employees of the organization who owns the network. A public network consists of
fixed networks and cellular mobile networks. The fixed networks are known as PSTN and
the mobile networks are as PLMN.A cellular network has one or more MSCs. Each MSC
is connected by TG to a nearby tandem exchange of a fixed network
Private branch exchanges are owned by private or government agencies and
located in buildings. A PBX enables the employees to call each other and to make or
receive calls served by PSTN. A PBX is connected to a nearby PSTN exchange by access
line groups. PBX is also known as PABX and EPABX (Private Automatic branch
Exchange and Electronic Private Automatic branch Exchange.
LE LE
PABX PABX
PABX
Fig 7. PBX
1.3.8 IN Services
Account Card Calling (ACC).
Free Phone (FPH).
Universal Access Number (UAN).
Virtual Private Number (VPN).
Televoting (VOT).
Premium Rate (PRM).
Virtual Card Calling (VCC).
Universal Personal Number (UPN).
Number Portability (NP).
Different service codes are used to invoke these services which have been dealt in
detail later.
b. Second-generation Systems
The second-generation (2G) cellular systems are digitally transmitted over the air
and are based on a circuit-switching core network. The main technologies of this
generation are GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) and CDMA One Code
Division Multiple Access system One.
c. Second-and-a-half generation Systems
The 2.5G systems use packet technology in their core network and in their air
interface to improve the network ability to support a wider range of data. These systems
are based on the same infrastructure and the same frequencies as the 2G systems and
usually coexist using the same core network. In these common systems, the 2G usually
carries the voice services and the 2.5G carries the data as an overlay system. The main
technologies of this generation are:
GPRS for GSM, where GPRS stands for General Packet Radio Service
EDGE for GSM, where EDGE stands for Enhanced Data GSM Environment
d. Third-generation Systems
The new features and capabilities of the 3G provide operators with the opportunity
to enhance the relationship they already enjoy with their customers and drive new
revenue opportunities by encouraging additional traffic, stimulating new usage patterns,
and strengthening customer loyalty. It defines a system capable of supporting broadband
data and multimedia services that are not possible with 2G systems. The main 3G
technologies are the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and CDMA
2000. Standard technologies used today for 3G improvements are High Speed Downlink
Packet Access (HSDPA) for UMTS and Evolution Data Only/Evolution Data Optimized
(EVDO) for CDMA2000 (3GPP2).
e. Beyond 3G
The expectations and the requirements of Mobile users are growing day by day.
To keep pace with the growing demands of high data rate for high end Mobile broadband
services and on the same time keeping a check on effective spectrum utilization is the
biggest challenge for the mobile operators and the equipment vendors. This data thrust
gave rise to various Beyond 3G (B3G) technologies like WCDMA, HSPA, HSPA+,
Wi-MAX, LTE and LTE-A etc. All of these technologies are one of the ways to provide
Mobile broadband.
f. LTE (Long-Term Evolution,)
Also called as 4G LTE, is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed
data for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and
UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using a different
radio interface together with core network improvements.LTE is a standard for wireless
data communications technology and an evolution of the GSM/UMTS standards. The
goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using new
DSP (digital signal processing) techniques and modulations that were developed around
.The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of
75 Mbit/s and QoS provisions permitting a transfer latency of less than 5 ms in the radio
access network.
The LTE standard only supports packet switching with its all-IP network. Voice
calls in GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000 are circuit switched, so with the adoption of LTE,
carriers will have to re-engineer their voice call network.
SEPARATE NETWORKS
Service / Application Layer
Control Layer
Transport Layer
Access Layer
Each vertical on the left has to be split into Network Elements that map onto the
horizontal layers on the right. 4
Service Layer
Service A Service B
Open interfaces
Control Layer
Management
BB Wireless
Usage Measurement
Category, Analysis, Routing, translation, etc Translation, speech path Subs Facilities, etc.,
done by relays. managed by MAP and other DATA.
Any changes in facilities require addition of Changes can be carried out by simple
hardware and/or large amount of wiring commands. A few changes can be made by
change. Flexibility limited Subs himself. Hence, highly flexible.
Testing is done manually externally and is Testing carried out periodically automatically
time consuming. No logic analysis carried and analysis printed out
out.
Slow in speed. Dialing speed is max. 11 Ips Very fast. Dialing speed up to 11 digits /sec
and switching speed is in l milliseconds possible. Switching is achieved in a few
microseconds.
Switch room occupies large volume. Much lesser volume required floor space of
switch room reduced to about one-sixth
Long installation and testing time. Short installation and testing period.
Large maintenance effort and preventive Remedial maintenance is very easy due to
maintenance necessary. plug-in type circuit boards. Preventive
maintenance not required.
should be highly reliable and preferably there should be a stand-by arrangement. The
installation is also carried out in air-conditioned environment.
Service Interception
Incoming calls to a subscriber can be automatically forwarded during his absence,
to a customer service position or a recorded announcement. The customer service position
answers the calls and forwards any message meant for the subscriber.
Abbreviated Dialing
Most subscribers very often call only limited group of telephone numbers. By
dialing only prefix digit followed by two selection digits, subscribers can call up to 100
predetermined subscribers connected to any automatic exchange. This shortens the
process of dialing all the digits.
Call Forwarding
The subscriber having the call forwarding facility can keep his telephone in the
transfer condition in case he wishes his incoming calls to be transferred to another
telephone number during his absence.
Do Not Disturb
This service enables the subscriber to free himself from attending to his incoming
calls. In such a case, the incoming calls are routed to an operator position or a talking
machine. This position or machine informs the caller that called subscriber is temporarily
inaccessible.
Conference Calls
Subscribers can set up connections to more than one subscriber and conduct
telephone conferences under the provision of this facility.
Camp On Busy
Incoming call to a busy subscriber can be Camped on until the called subscriber
gets free. This avoids wastage of time in redialing a busy telephone number.
Call Waiting
The Call Waiting service notifies the already busy subscriber of a third party
calling him. He is fed with a special tone during his conversation. It is purely his choice
either to ignore the third party or to interrupt the existing connection and have a
conversation with the third party while holding the first party on the line.
Call Repetition
Instead of camp on busy a call can automatically be repeated. The calling party
can replace his hand set after receiving the busy tone. A Periodic check is carried out on
the called partys status. When idle status is ascertained, the connection is set up and
ringing current fed to both the parties.
Third party Inquiry
This system permits consultation and the transfer of call to other subscribers.
Consultation can be initiated by means of a special signal from the subscriber telephone
and by dialing the directory number of the desired subscriber without disconnecting the
previous connection.
Priority of calls to Emergency Positions
Emergency calls such as ambulance, fire, etc., are processed in priority to other
calls.
Subscriber charge Indicator
By placing a charge indicator at the subscribers premises the charges of each
call made can be ascertained by him.
Call Charge printout or immediate Billing
The subscriber can request automatic post call charge notification in the printout
form for individual calls or for all calls. The information containing called number, date
and time, and the charges can be had on a Tele-type-write.
Malicious Call Identification
Malicious Call Identification is done immediately and the information is obtained
in the printout form either automatically or by dialing an identification code.
Interception or Announcement.
In the following conditions, an announcement is automatically conveyed to calling
subscribers.
Change of a particular number of transferred subscriber.
Dialing of an unallocated cods.
Dialing of an unobtainable number.
Route congested or out of order.
Subscribers line temporarily out of order.
Suspension of service due to non-payment.
Connection without Dialing.
This allows the subscribers to have a specific connection set up, after lifting the
handset, without dialing. If the subscriber wishes to dial another number, then he has to
start dialing within a specified time period, say 10 seconds, after lifting the handset.
Automatic Wake Up.
Automatic wake up service or morning alarm is possible, without any human
intervention.
Hot Line or Private Wire.
Hot line service enables the subscriber to talk to a specific subscriber by only
lifting the handset. This service cannot be used. Along with normal dialing facility. The
switching starts as soon as the receiver is lifted.
Denied Incoming Call
A Subscriber may desire that no incoming call should come on a particular line.
He can ask for such a facility so that he can use the line for making only outgoing calls.
Instrument Locking
Subscribers may like to have their telephone sets locked up against any misuse.
Dialing of a secret code will extend such a facility to them.
Free of charge Calls
Calls free of charge are possible on certain special services such as booking of
complaints, booking of telegrams, etc.
Collect call
If so desired, the incoming subscriber is billed for all the calls made to him,
instead of the calling subscriber.
Distribution point is the last point in local Cable network from where
subscriber line is connected.
The services which can be provided with existing subscriber network based on
copper cable pairs are Telephony, Telefax, Teletext with phased digitalization the
services that can be made available on copper wire are Telephony (7KHz), Audio
conferencing (64Kb/s), Videotext, Image transmission, Computer communications
and ISDN
Nomenclature used
LOCAL EXCHANGE AREA:
A Local exchange together with equipment, cables, overhead lines and equipment at
customer premises
LOCAL NETWORK:
A local network include more than one exchange ( each having its own area and
network ) and include those sections of Cables both local and Junction
MULTI EXCHANGE AREA:
A group of local exchanges for providing services to customers of one area served by
one or more tandem exchanges.
Subscriber line:
The circuit connecting customer premises equipment to the local exchange.
DIRECT JUNCTION CIRCUIT:
Circuit between two local exchanges.
MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (MDF) :
The connection frame in a local exchange on which local cable pairs and exchange
equipment are terminated for inter connecting.
Distribution point:
The last point in local Cable network from where subscriber line is connected.
PRIMARY CABLE :
Cable usually large in size starting from exchange and connecting many smaller size
cables.
DISTRIBUTION CABLE :
Cable serving a distribution point or interconnecting two cross points
DUCT :
Any arrangement made for laying cables with out excavating or digging at a later
stage
JOINTING CHAMBER / MANHOLE :
Work place where jointing of cables is carried out comfortably in a ducted system.
Conventional external plant
In the conventional network , external plant comprises of
Cabinet Pillar
Primary
Over Head Line
Cable
D.P.
Exchange
SECONDARY CABLE
DISTRIBUTION CABLE SUBS EUIPMENT
1.6.2 CABLES
1.6.3 CONNECTORS
Connector Description
RJ 11
RJ 45
DB 9-pin
D50_male_pcb_mounting_
d-sub_connector
D-
50 PIN
D-Sub Connector
D -SUB connectors
1.7 INSTALLATION
As a first step towards the iron work installation the floor is properly marked as
per the exchange layout. The installation activities can be broadly divided into two main
phases:
o Pre-Power ON: Physical installation
o Power ON and After.
Datum Line
A datum line is a straight line drawn through the maximum no. of points located at a
distance X from the wall of the Switch Room.
Reference Point
It is a point of the Switch Room floor area to which the datum lines and subsequent
measurements are related. It is defined as the intersection point of the two datum
lines drawn at right angles to each other.
Floor Marking:
With a steel tape measure a length of 900mm or a multiple of 300mm (say Nx300mmm)
from the reference point and mark a point on the first datum line. Let us call this point as
'Y'. (Fig. 1.2). From the reference point 'X' draw an arc at a distance of 1200mm or a
multiple of 400mm (say Nx400 mm) in the direction approximately perpendicular to the
first datum line. To draw an arc use a pen tied to one end of a string. Draw another arc at
a distance of 1500mm or a multiple of 500mm (say Nx500mm) from the point 'Y' on the
first datum line such that it intersects the earlier arc. Let us call the intersection point as
'Z'. Obtain several points in a similar way. Draw a line from the reference point such that
it passes through maximum number of these points. To draw the line use the string dipped
in ultra marine indigo or blue ink.
Keeping a watch on the system's health, trouble fixing and programming periodic routing
strategy in advance form the major functions to be performed by the maintenance
personnel. In addition to above, following functions also require human attention:
EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course /Ver.02/June 2014 Page 30 of
41
For Restricted Circulation
Digital Switching Systems (DSS) Overview of Telecom Network
System, on its own initiative, keeps generating various reports regarding system's health
as and when significant events take place. Maintenance personnel too can programme the
system in advance, for generating various periodic reports including the following. Such
reports are to be scanned daily to enable them to track system's health on a day-to-day
basis.
LOGS TO BE MAINTAINED
All observations and maintenance actions are to be logged in a sequential manner. From
this log, a daily report can then be prepared which provides useful information in a
structured manner. Daily reports help in compiling information regarding system's
performance which is of interest to external agencies such as the support centre.
Deliverable Register
This contains all the information regarding the software related to the system ie. Master
cartridges , Retrofit cartridges ,etc.
System Log Book
In this log book, faults description of every type is written. Any activity related to
exchange is to be noted down in this log book.
MDF Log Book
This important book contains the details of MDF locations for all subscriber lines, line
equipment number, DSLAM port details, etc.
Complaint Book
Complaints from subscribers are noted in this register under the following headings :
Docket number, telephone number, date and time of booking, fault reported, action
taken, remarks, sign, date and time of clearance.
Backup Register
A register to record the billing traffic and data backup is maintained. This contains the
date, expiry date, signature of person taking the backup,
Generator Record Registers
A register is kept to record the time for which the generator has been run in case of AC
power failure.
Power Plant & Environment Register
Note down the voltage and current reading of the power plant after every hour. Similarly
log the temperature of the switch room every hour. Input 3 phase voltage should also be
logged.
Spare Card inventory Register
In this register all the entries related to the spare cards is made like the number of cards
available etc.
Faulty Card Register
In this register all the entries related to the faulty cards is made like the name , serial
number of cards, when sent , where sent , when received, etc.
1.9.2 MULTIPLEXING
Due to fast industrial development and increased telephone awareness, demand
for trunk and local traffic went on increasing at a rapid rate.
To cater to the increased demand of traffic between two stations or between
two subscribers at the same station we resorted to the use of an increased number of pairs
on either the open wire. Similarly increasing the number of open wire pairs that can be
installed on one alignment due to headway consideration and maintenance problems.
Similarly increasing the number of pairs to the underground cable is uneconomical
and leads to maintenance problems.
It, therefore, became imperative to think of new technical innovations hitch could
exploit the available bandwidth of transmission media such as open wire lines or
underground cables to provide more number of circuits on one pair. The technique used
to provide a number of circuits using a single transmission link are called Multiplexing.
This could solve the problem for some time only as there is a limit to the number of
open wire pairs that can be installed on one alignment due to headway consideration
and maintenance problems.
There are basically two types of multiplexing techniques
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
The signal received at the receiving end will be in the form of discrete
samples and these are combined to reproduce the original signal. Thus, at a given instant
of time, only one channel is transmitted through the medium, and by sequential sampling a
number of channels can be staggered in time as opposed to transmitting all the channel
at the same time as in EDM systems. This staggering of channels in time sequence for
transmission over a common medium is called Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).
a. FILTERING
Filters are used to limit the speech signal to the frequency band 300-3400 Hz.
b. SAMPLING
It is the most basic requirement for TDM. Suppose we have an analogue
signal then minimum number of samples is to be sent for any band limited signal to get a
good approximation of the original analogue signal and the same is defined by the
sampling Theorem.
A complex signal such as human speech has a wide range of frequency
components with the amplitude of the signal being different at different frequencies. Let
us say that these frequency components occupy a certain bandwidth B. If a signal does not
have any value beyond this bandwidth B, then it is said to be band limited. It States
"If a band limited signal is sampled at regular intervals of time and at a rate equal to
or more than twice the highest signal frequency in the band, then the sample contains
all the information of the original signal." Example:
Let us say our voice signals are band limited to 4 KHz and let sampling frequency be
8 KHz.
Time period of sampling TS = 1 sec 8000
Or TS = 125 micro seconds
If we have just one channel, then this can be sampled every 125 microseconds and
the resultant samples will represent the original signal. But, if we are to sample N
channels one by one at the rate specified by the sampling theorem, then the time available
for sampling each channel would be equal to TS/N microseconds.
c. Quantization
In FDM systems we convey the speech signals in their analogue electrical
form. But in PCM, we convey the speech in discrete form. The sampler selects a number of
points on the analogue speech signal (by sampling process) and measures their instant
values. The output of the sampler is a PAM signal. The transmission of PAM signal will
require linear amplifiers at Trans and receive ends to recover distortion less signals. This
type of transmission is susceptible to all the disadvantages of AM signal transmission.
Therefore, in PCM systems, PAM signals are converted into digital form by using
Quantization Principles. The discrete level of each sampled signal is quantified with
reference to a certain specified level on an amplitude scale.
The process of measuring the numerical values of the samples and giving them
a table value in a suitable scale is called "Quantizing". Of course, the scales and the
number of points should be so chosen that the signal could be effectively reconstructed
after demodulation.
Quantizing, in other words, can be defined as a process of breaking down a
continuous amplitude range into a finite number of amplitude values or steps. The finite
number of amplitude intervals is called the "quantizing interval". Thus, quantizing means
to divide the analogue signal's total amplitude range into a number of quantizing
intervals and assigning a level to each interval.
d. Encoding
Conversion of quantized analogue levels to binary signal is called encoding. To
represent 256 steps, 8 level codes are required. The eight bit code is also called an eight bit
"word".
The 8 bit word appears in the form: PABCWXYZ
1.9.7 SYNCHRONIZATION
The duration, which is the width of the sampling pulse, is called the "time slot"
for a given channel. One full set of samples for all channels taken within the duration Ts
is called a "frame". Thus the set of all first samples of all channels is one frame; the set of all
second samples is another frame and so on.
The total number of bits per second is 256 x 8000 = 2048 K/bits.
Thus, a 30 channel PCM system has 2048 K bits/sec.
Tb=0.488s
One frame
(32 time slots)
125s
1.10 SUMMARY
This unit gives an understanding about the different elements of the
Telecommunication Network. The three sub sets in a Telecommunication Network are
switching, transmission and signaling. In this unit an insight into the various signaling is
also given. A brief of the basic principles of Pulse Code Modulation is also given in the
chapter. In the end phased development of electronic exchanges is given with a brief
about the various facilities provided by the Electronic Exchanges.
An insight is also given in the different types of cables, connectors, DDF, MDF,
cabinet, etc.