Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
and RAGAGEP
71stAnnualInstrumentationandAutomationSymposiumfortheProcessIndustries
January2628,2016
RonNichols DaveGrattanP.E.,CFSE
SeniorPrincipleSpecialist ProcessSafetyEngineer
aeSolutions aeSolutions
Disclaimer
Thefollowingpaperisprovidedforeducationalpurposes.Whiletheauthorshaveattemptedtodescribe
thematerialcontainedhereinasaccuratelyaspossible,itmustbeunderstoodthatvariablesinanygiven
applicationorspecificationcanandwillaffectthechoiceoftheengineeringsolutionforthatscenario.All
necessaryfactorsmustbetakenintoconsiderationwhendesigninghazardmitigationforany
application.aeSolutionsandtheauthorsofthispapermakenowarrantyofanykindandshallnotbe
liableinanyeventforincidentalorconsequentialdamagesinconnectionwiththeapplicationofthis
document.
materials.ThispaperwilldevelopguidanceincludingrelatedRAGAGEP(RecognizedandGenerally
AcceptedGoodEngineeringPractice)tohelpengineersanddesignersparticipateinthesafetylifecycle
formanagingtheriskofoverpressure.
developoverpressurescenariosrelatedtofailureofautomaticcontrols
assistteamtounderstanddependencebetweenautomaticcontrols(forexclusionofdouble
jeopardy)
understandthetypesofpressurereliefhardwarethatisspecifiedorinstalled(e.g.pilot
operatedvs.conventionalrelief)
understandreliefvalvecodesandpractices
assisttheteamwithdevelopingalternategapclosuresolutions(e.g.,systemdesign(SIS),High
IntegrityPressureProtectiveSystem(HIPPS),criticalalarms,etc.)
IftheprocessengineeringrepresentativetothePHAhasnotspecificallyworkedinthedisciplineof
pressurereliefdesign,theCSErepresentative,ifknowledgeable,canfillinmostofthisknowledgegap.
TheCSEmayinheritrecommendationsoractionitemsrelatedtomitigatingoverpressuregaps,ormay
haveresponsibilityforthemaintenanceandongoingintegrityrelatedtooverpressuremitigation.Asolid
understandingoftheRAGAGEPrelatedtomanagingtheriskassociatedwithoverpressurescenariosis
requiredinallofthesecases.
ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,SectionVIIIPressureVessels
TheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,SectionVIIIPressureVessels(ASMESectionVIII),is
consideredtheauthorityforminimumsafetyandperformancerequirementsofpressurereliefdevices.
Itiswidelyusedinindustryasareferenceandbasecode.ASMESectionVIIIhasbeencodifiedbymany
stateandlocalregulatoryauthorities,meaningitisrequiredbylaw[1].
APIStandard520,Sizing,Selection,andInstallationofPressurerelievingDevices,Parts1
(Sizing)and2(Installation)
APIStandard520,Sizing,Selection,andInstallationofPressurerelievingDevices(API520),supplements
thematerialandinformationinASMESectionVIII,andprovidesmorecompleteinformationon
relievingdevices,includingthedeterminationofreliefrequirements,disposalsystems,pipingand
installationpractices,thanwaspreviouslyavailablefrompublishedsources[1].
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APIStandard521,PressurerelievingandDepressuringSystems
APIStandard521,PressurerelievingandDepressuringSystems(API521),Providesanadditionalsource
ofknowledgeandexperiencegainedbythepetroleumprocessingandrelatedindustries.Itrecommends
economicallysoundandsafepracticesforpressurerelief.Thissourceconsidersthecomplexdesignand
operationofmodernprocessingplantsandthevastamountofenergystored.Itsuggestanalysisguides
fordeterminingcapacityrequirementsanddesignconceptsfordischargeanddisposalsystems[1].
NFPA30,FlammableandCombustibleLiquidsCode
NFPA30,FlammableandCombustibleLiquidsCode,closelyparallelstheinformationinAPIStandard
2000,VentingAtmosphericandLowPressureStorageTanks[1].OSHAsStandard,29CFR1910.106,
FlammableLiquids,isitscodifiedcousin.
ANSI/ISA84.00.012004Parts1(IEC61511Mod),FunctionalSafety:SafetyInstrumented
SystemsfortheProcessIndustrySector
WhenASMESectionVIIIUG140isusedasthebasistoprotectavesselfromoverpressurebysystem
design(e.g.,SIS)thenthesafetylifecycleinANSI/ISA84.00.012004Parts1(IEC61511Mod),
FunctionalSafety:SafetyInstrumentedSystemsfortheProcessIndustrySector(S84)wouldbefollowed
fortheSISdesign,installation,maintenance,andtesting.
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designbasisandtheassociatedsizingcalculationtoconfirmitprovidesoverpressureprotectionfora
PHA/LOPAscenariotowhichitiscredited(inadherencetoRAGAGEP).
ThefollowingarerecommendedquestionstoraisewiththePHAteamwhenperformingthestudyto
assessthehealthofthepressurereliefmanagementsystem.Thesourcesofinformationavailableto
answerthesequestionsaretypicallytheP&IDs,teammemberknowledgeandexperienceand
observationsmadeduringthewalkaroundtouroftheprocessarea.Notethatthesequestionsfocuson
pressurereliefforpressurevesselsandnotforlowpressureoratmospherictanks,thoughsimilar
questionsmaybedevelopedforthose.Althoughpressurereliefdevicesareusedtoprotectpressure
vesselsandpiping,theprovisionofpressurereliefonpipingisalsonotcoveredinthispaperas
requirementsforpipingoverpressureprotectionaregenerallymorespecificforthematerialbeing
handledandwouldbedrivenbyapplicationofthecorrectRAGAGEPforthatindustry(e.g.,Cl2Institute
guidanceonthermalexpansionpressurereliefofliquidchlorinetrappedinpipe).
AnsweredduringthemeetingiftheappropriatePSIcanbequicklyaccessed,asthereisalimited
timetosearchforinformationduringthemeetingsession,(rapidaccess);
Capturedasaparkinglotitemtoberesearchedandansweredoutsidethemeetingtimebut
beforetheendofthemeetingsessions(availablefromfieldorrecordreview);
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MadeintoarecommendationtoverifythedesignmeetsRAGAGEPandifnottoinitiatethe
developmentofthePSIoradesignmodification(e.g.prolongedrecordsearch,workorderor
studyneeded).
Thefollowingdiscussionsofeachquestionbelowincludeareferencetotheapplicableandsupporting
RAGAGEP(s).Theinformationprovidedisintendedtobeusefultoafacilitatorinleadingahazard
analysis.Thecodifiedrequirementsarealsodetailedinatableattheendofthispaper.
Vesselratedforlessthan15psig(100kPa)
Vesseldiameterislessthan6(152mm)
SourceRAGAGEP:ASMESectionVIIIU1(h),U1(j)
LookateachpressurevesselidentifiedinthenodeandontheP&ID.LookforthePRVandwhereitvents
toduringthefieldtour.
Arethereanypressurevesselsnotprotectedbyapressurereliefdevice?If,soinquireperthenext
sectionbelow.
2.1) What if there is no path to a pressure relief (no pressure relief device)?
VerifyifthevesselinvolvedhasbeenevaluatedperASMESectionVIIIUG140tonotneedoverpressure
protection.Thiscouldbethecaseifthesystempressureisselflimiting(thesourceofpressurecannot
exceedtheMAWPofthepressurevessel)andthereisnocrediblefirecase(suchaswhenapressure
vesseliselevated).IfnodocumentationexiststosupportapplicationofASMESectionVIIIUG140,
proposearecommendationtoperformastudyandinitiatemodificationasneededtoprovideadequate
overpressureprotection.
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AHIPPSmaybeusedinlieuofapressurereliefdevice.ThisisalsogovernedbyASMESectionVIIIUG
140,whichrequiresmakingthelikelihoodofanoverpressureofavesselprotectedbyaHIPPStobenon
credible.Consequencecriteriaisnottakenintoconsideration.Mitigatingtononcredibleimpliestheuse
ofaSIL3HIPPSwhichisbestavailabletechnology.SISdocumentationshouldbereviewedtoconfirm
theHIPPSisdesignedandmaintainedtothislevelofintegrity.
UG140appliestonewprojectsornewpressurevessels.
WhenusingaHIPPSinlieuofaPRV(ornoPRVisrequired)informthevesselmanufacturerinwriting
(fillingoutmanufacturersdatasheetforUG140)andthevesselshouldbestampedforUG140etc.
SourceRAGAGEP:
ASMESectionVIIIUG140(formerlyCodeCase2211)
GuidancenoteforUG140isWRCbulletin498.AhowtoapplyguideforUG140.
2.2) What if the existing pressure relief device is not sized for a specific relief
contingency?
APHAteammayfindthatavesseloverpressurescenariobeingconsideredisnotprotectedbyan
existingpressurereliefdevice(butotherwisethevesselhasapressurereliefdevicethatisproperlysized
forotherscenarios,e.g.,afirecase).InthesecasesthePHAteamcould(ifmechanicalreliefprotection
forthespecificcontingencywereimpractical)recommendtheuseofaHIPPStomitigatetheriskof
overpressureforthespecificcontingency.
IfaHIPPSisusedtoeliminatearelievingscenario(butthevesselotherwisehasaPRV)youonlyneeda
riskbasisdocumented(LOPA)forthatscenario.ItisnotsubjecttoASMESectionVIIIUG140.
Aslongasthereisaproperlydesigned,installed,andmaintainedPRVonthevesselsizedforsome
scenario,UG140doesnotapply(thisallowslessthanSIL3foraHIPPS).API521istheapplicable
RAGAGEP.Thisisaninterpretationofcodeandshouldbeverifiedindependentlybyeachenduser.
API521supportstheuseofariskanalysisusingLOPAandallowstheconsequencetobetakeninto
considerationwhenmitigatingwithaHIPPS(ASMESectionVIIIdoesnot).Thisiswhythedesignbasisfor
theHIPPSmaybeSIL1or2.
2.3) Are there maintenance valves (or control valves) in the flow path between the vessel
and the pressure relief device or its downstream vent point?
Valves(manualorautomatic)intheflowpathwithapressurereliefdeviceshouldbereviewedcarefully
withthePHAteam.TheypotentiallycandefeatthesafeguardorIPL.
ASMESectionI(forfiredequipment,e.g.,boilers)doesnotallowvalvesinthereliefpath.
ASMESectionVIII(unfiredpressurevessels)allowsvalvesinthepathofareliefdevice,howeverthey
mustbemanagedopen.
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DovalvesinflowpaththroughPRVonP&IDshowcarsealopen(CSO)orchainlockedopen(CLO)?
SourceRAGAGEP:ASMESectionVIIIUG135(d)(1),(d)(2)andAppendixM.
4) Is the vessel nozzle or inlet pipe to the PRV a smaller area than the inlet of the PRV?
TheproperdesignofaPRVinstallationmustconsiderandlimitthepressuredropontheinletlinetoa
PRVandthebackpressuredevelopedonthedischargelineofaPRV,bothofwhichmayreducethe
capacityofthePRVandcauseperformanceissues(e.g.,chattering).DoestheP&IDshowanozzleor
pipewithasmallerdiameterthantheopeningofthePRVontheP&IDorobservedduringatour?
SourceRAGAGEP:ASMESectionVIIIUG135(b)(1)
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5) Is the PRV mounted below the normal liquid level that is not adequate for non-
compressible relief?
ThePHAteammaybeawareofissuesrelatedtoaPRVinstallation,oritmightbecomeapparentduring
thetouroftheunit.Forexample,inonefacility,agroupofPRVswereinstalledbelowthecenterlineof
theflareheaderwherethePRVsdischargedto.
VerifywiththePHAteamifaPRVmountedbelowanormalliquidlevelisspecifiedaspercompressible
fluid.Potentialissuesthatshouldbeidentifiedbytheteaminclude;operatinglevelchanges,repurposed
vessel,inadequatenozzleselection(design),orbadinstallation,etc.
SourceRAGAGEP:ASMESectionVIIIUG135(a)
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sideisratedfor375psig,andthetubesideisratedfor100psig,thenlookforaPRDprotectingthetube
side(theexchangerheads).
Isthereapressurereliefdeviceprotectingtheshellortubeside?Ifpressurereliefisprovidedby
connectedequipment,isitdocumentedandisthepathtothatreliefmanagedopen?
SourceRAGAGEP:ASMESectionVIIIUG133(d)
8) Is the opening in the vessel designed to provide unobstructed flow between the
vessel and the pressure relief device?
Thisistheopencommunicationrule.ThepathbetweenavesselandthePRDprotectingitshallbe
open.Byopenitismeantthatnomanualvalvesorcontrolvalves,orotherprocessequipment(e.g.,
exchangers,filters,etc)thatcouldblockflow,reducefloworcreatebackpressuretoanunacceptable
degreebetweenthevesselanditsPRD.Thisisespeciallyimportanttolookforwhenavesselisbeing
protectedbyareliefvalvenotfitteddirectlytothevesselbutinsteadislocatedonanothervesselor
pipe.Forthecaseofmanualvalves,iftheyarelockedopen(CLO)thisisconsideredacceptableto
maintainopencommunication.Beaware,thatifclosureofthevalve(controlormanual)orpluggageof
thefilteristhecauseofhighpressure,butatthesametimeisolatesthevesselfromhighpressure,then
thisisnotanoverpressureconcernforthatvessel.
OpencommunicationinthepathofthePRVdischargetoitsdestination(e.g.,atmosphere,flareheader,
etc.)mustbeunobstructedaswell.
SourceRAGAGEP:ASMESectionVIIIUG135
Willdischargeraindownliquidtoanoccupiedarea?
Istherehistoryofinadequateliquidknockout(disengagement)priortoventing?
Isliquidoverfillcrediblebutnotpartofthereliefdesignordischargedesign?
CanthePRDdischargecreatehumanriskofexposuretoflammablevaporortoxicvaporin
occupiedareas?
WhatistheelevationofthePRDventdischargerelativetoelevatedworkingsurfaces?
WhatisthedirectionofthePRDdischarge(verticalorhorizontal)?
Isthedischargeaimedatanoccupiedarea,workingareas,steps,etc?
SourceRAGAGEP:API5216.3andASMESectionVIIIUG135
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Anysinglefailureiscredible.
Twoormoresimultaneousfailuresarecredibleifrelatedbycommoncause.
Twoeventsinsequencearecredible(onelatentfailurefollowedbyanotherfailure).
Threeormoreeventsinsequencemaybecredible(iflatentfailuresarenotdetected).
SourceRAGAGEP:API5214.2.3
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systemsareinplace,performanceofaPRV(orotherIPL)toprotectmaybelimitedbyhumanfactors.It
maybeusefultoraisetheseissueswiththePHAteamifrelevanttothecontextofthestudy.
UsinganSISinlieuofaPRV:TowhatlevelofreliabilityshouldtheSISbedesigned?T.A.Kletzsuggests,
Becauseoftheuncertaintiesinthefiguresanddifferencesinthemodeoffailure(areliefvalvethat
failstooperateatsetpressuremayopenatahigherpressure,butthisisnottrueofatrip),Isuggest
thatatripsystemusedinsteadofareliefvalveshouldhaveareliability10timesgreater[13].Ifa
standardcreditforasinglePRVof2isassumed,atripusedinsteadshouldbeworthyof3credits(SIL3).
Thisisonlyasuggestion.Someendusersmaychoosetoapplytheriskbasedapproachmentioned
earlier.
QuantitativeRiskAnalysis(sharpenthepenciltoverifyrisk)
LiningupSparePRVforextraIPLcredit(multiple100%PRVs)
Highpressurealarm(orhighlevelalarmforcontingencyofhydraulicoverpressure)
Interlockstoinitiateshutdownofequipmentorprocess
QRAcouldincludeconsequencemodellingbeperformedoutsidethePHAasarecommendationor
parkinglotitem.Dispersionmodelingsoftwarecouldbeusedtomodeltheeffectsoffire,explosion,or
toxiceffects.Probitmodelscouldbeusedtofurtherrefineprobabilityofimpacttopersonnel.QRA
couldalsoincludelikelihooddeterminationusingfaulttreeanalysisorhumanreliabilityanalysisfor
estimatingmoreprecise(lessconservative)initiatingcausefrequencies.
IfasmallgapexistsforanoverpressurescenariothePHA/LOPAteammaybetemptedtorecommend
liningupasparePRVtoservicetogainanextracredit(multiple100%PRVs).Thedrawbacksassociated
withthisaredocumentedin[9]andshouldbelookedatcarefully.
Highpressurealarmstypicallydonotgiveenoughoperatorresponsetime.Processsafetytimeto
overpressureshallbeestimatedbycalculation.Highlevelalarmresponsetimeismorelikelytobe
sufficientandshouldbeverifiedbycalculation.
Sometimestheonlysolutiontocloseahighpressuregapistoinitiateatripofequipmentortheprocess
toremovethesourceofoverpressure.Thisistypicallynotdesired,andthetripsystemshouldbe
designedwithreliabilityinmind.
Conclusion
ThispaperhaspresentedguidanceontheuseofRAGAGEPforoverpressurescenariosandtheir
associatedprotectivedevicesinthecontextofPHAandLOPA.Deviationquestionsrelatedto
overpressureandthegoverningRAGAGEPwerereviewed.ProtectivedevicesusedasIPLsinLOPAwere
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reviewedforrequirementsandtypicalcredits.Gapclosuresolutionswerepresented.CSEpersonnel
shouldbecomefamiliarwiththisRAGAGEPandassociatedprotectivedevicestobeabletosupport
overpressureriskmitigationinthesafetylifecycle.
References
1. AppliedInstrumentationintheProcessIndustriesVolIIPracticalGuidelines2ndEdition,Gulf
PublishingCo.,Andrew,W.G.,andWilliams,H.B.(1980).
2. 29CFR1910.119ProcessSafetyManagementofHighlyHazardousChemicals.
3. ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodes,SectionVIII,PressureVessels.
4. Perry'sChemicalEngineers'Handbook,EighthEdition.McGrawHill,2008.
5. NPRD95(NonelectronicPartsReliabilityData)RiAC,1995.
6. CCPS.GuidelinesforInitiatingEventsandIndependentProtectionLayersinLayerofProtection
Analysis.CenterforChemicalProcessSafety,AmericanInstituteofChemicalEngineers,NewYork,
NY,2015.
7. CCPS.GuidelinesforProcessEquipmentReliabilityDatawithDataTables.CenterforChemical
ProcessSafety,AmericanInstituteofChemicalEngineers,NewYork,NY,1989.
8. NUREG/CR1278.HandbookofHumanReliabilityAnalysiswithEmphasisonNuclearPowerPlant
ApplicationsFinalReport,SwainandGuttmann,August1983.
9. UsingReliefValvesinParallel,MaryKayO'ConnorProcessSafetyCenter,InternationalSymposium,
BeyondRegulatoryCompliance,MakingSafetySecondNature,October2628,2010,JamesR.
LawrenceSr.
10. APISTD521.PressureRelievingandDepressuringSystems.AmericanPetroleumInstitute.
11. 29CFR1910.106.FlammableLiquids.
12. NFPA30.FlammableandCombustibleLiquidsCode.
13. DispellingChemicalEngineeringMyths3rdEd.,TaylorandFrancisPublishing,TrevorA.Kletz,1996.
2016aeSolutions GrattanandNichols Jan28,2016
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Table1ofRAGAGEPExcerpts
RAGAGEP[3][10][11][12] Extract
ASMESectionVIIIU1(h) ExcludedfromASMEVIIIif(h)(1)vesselshavinganinternalorexternalpressurenotexceeding15psi(100
kPa)(i)vesselshavinganinsidediameter,width,height,orcrosssectiondiagonalnotexceeding6in.(152
mm),withnolimitationonlengthofvesselorpressure;
ASMESectionVIIIU1(j) ExemptedfromInspectionifU1(j)Pressurethatdonotexceedthefollowingvolumeandpressurelimits
maybeexemptedfrominspectionbyInspectors,(j)(1)5cuft(0.14m3)involumeand250psi(1.7MPa)
designpressure;orU1(j)(2)3cuft(0.08m3)involumeand350psi(2.4MPa)designpressure;U1(j)(3)1
cuft(0.04m3)involumeand600psi(4.1MPa)designpressure.
Note:Theexclusionofreliefdeviceforthesevesselsshouldbeverifiedperlocaljurisdiction.
ASMESectionVIIIUG133(c), (c)Vesselsconnectedtogetherbyasystemofadequatepipingnotcontainingvalveswhichcanisolateany
AppendixMM5 vessel,andthosecontainingvalvesincompliancewithAppendixM,M5,maybeconsideredasoneunitin
figuringtherequiredrelievingcapacityofpressurereliefdevicestobefurnishedIsthereaconnectedvessel
thatmayprovidepressurerelief
ASMESectionVIIIUG140 (a)Apressurevesseldoesnotrequireapressurereliefdeviceifthepressureisselflimiting(e.g.,the
maximumdischargepressureofapumporcompressor),andthispressureislessthanorequaltotheMAWP
ofthevesselatthecoincidenttemperatureandthefollowingconditionsaremet:
(1)Thedecisiontolimitthepressurebysystemdesignistheresponsibilityoftheuser.Theusershall
requestthattheManufacturersdatareportstatethatoverpressureprotectionisprovidedbysystem
designperUG140(a).
(2)Theusershallconductadetailedanalysistoidentifyandexamineallpotentialoverpressure
scenarios.TheCausesofOverpressuredescribedinANSI/APIStandard521,PressureRelievingand
DepressuringSystems,shallbeconsidered.Otherstandardsorrecommendedpracticesthataremore
appropriatetothespecificapplicationmayalsobeconsidered.Amultidisciplinaryteamexperiencedin
methodssuchashazardsandoperabilityanalysis(Hazop);failuremodes,effects,andcriticalityanalysis
(FMECA);whatifanalysis;orotherequivalentmethodologyshallestablishthattherearenosourcesof
pressurethatcanexceedtheMAWPatthecoincidenttemperature.
(3)Theresultsoftheanalysisshallbedocumentedandsignedbytheindividualinresponsiblechargeof
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RAGAGEP[3][10][11][12] Extract
themanagementoftheoperationofthevessel.Thisdocumentationshallincludeasaminimumthe
following:
a.
a. detailedprocessandinstrumentflowdiagrams(P&IDs),showingallpertinentelementsofthesystem
associatedwiththevessel
b. adescriptionofalloperatingandupsetscenarios,includingscenariosinvolvingfireandthosethat
resultfromoperatorerror,andequipmentand/orinstrumentationmalfunctions
c. ananalysisshowingthemaximumcoincidentpressureandtemperaturethatcanresultfromeachof
thescenarioslistedinitemUG140(a)(3)(b)abovedoesnotexceedtheMAWPatthattemperature
(b)Ifthepressureisnotselflimiting,apressurevesselmaybeprotectedfromoverpressurebysystemdesign
orbyacombinationofoverpressurebysystemdesignandpressurereliefdevices,ifthefollowingconditions
aremet.TherulesbelowareNOTintendedtoallowfornormaloperationabovetheMAWPatthecoincident
temperature.
(1)Thevesselisnotexclusivelyinair,water,orsteamserviceunlesstheseservicesarecriticalto
preventingthereleaseoffluidsthatmayresultinsafetyorenvironmentalconcerns.
(2)Thedecisiontolimittheoverpressurebysystemdesignistheresponsibilityoftheuser.Theusershall
requestthattheManufacturersdatareportstatethatoverpressureprotectionisprovidedbysystem
designperUG140(b)ifnopressurereliefdeviceistobeinstalled.Ifnopressurereliefdeviceistobe
installed,acceptanceofthejurisdictionmayberequired.
(3)Theusershallconductadetailedanalysistoidentifyandexamineallscenariosthatcouldresultinan
overpressureconditionandmagnitudeoftheoverpressure.TheCausesofOverpressureasdescribed
inANSI/APIStandard521,PressureRelievingandDepressuringSystems,shallbeconsidered.Other
standardsorrecommendedpracticesthataremoreappropriatetothespecificapplicationmayalsobe
considered.Amultidisciplinaryteamexperiencedinmethodssuchashazardsandoperabilityanalysis
(Hazop);failuremodes,effects,andcriticalityanalysis(FMECA);whatifanalysis;orotherequivalent
methodologyshallconducttheanalysis.
(4)Theoverpressurescenarioshallbereadilyapparentsothatoperatorsorprotectiveinstrumentation
willtakecorrectiveactiontopreventoperationabovetheMAWPatthecoincidenttemperature.
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RAGAGEP[3][10][11][12] Extract
(5)Thereshallbenocredibleoverpressurescenarioinwhichthepressureexceeds116%oftheMAWP
timestheratiooftheallowablestressvalueatthetemperatureoftheoverpressurescenariotothe
allowablestressvalueatthedesigntemperature.Theoverpressurelimitshallnotexceedthetest
pressure.CredibleeventsorscenarioanalysisasdescribedinWRCBulletin498Guidanceonthe
ApplicationofCodeCase2211OverpressureProtectionbySystemsDesignshallbeconsidered.
(6)Theresultsoftheanalysisshallbedocumentedandsignedbytheindividualinresponsiblechargeof
themanagementoftheoperationofthevessel.Thisdocumentationshallincludeasaminimumthe
following:
(a)detailedprocessandinstrumentflowdiagrams(P&IDs),showingallpertinentelementsofthe
systemassociatedwiththevessel
(b)adescriptionofalloperatingandupsetscenarios,includingthoseinvolvingfireandthosethat
resultfromoperatorerror,andequipmentand/orinstrumentationmalfunctions
(c)adetaileddescriptionofanysafetycriticalinstrumentationusedtolimitthesystempressure,
includingtheidentificationofalltrulyindependentredundanciesandareliabilityevaluation
(qualitativeorquantitative)oftheoverallsafetysystem
(d)ananalysisshowingthemaximumpressurethatcanresultfromeachofthescenarios
ASMESectionVIIIUG135 There shall be no intervening stop valves betweenvessel anditspressure relief deviceor devices, orbetween the
(d)(1),(d)(2)andAppendixM pressure reliefdeviceordevicesandthepointitdischarge,except:(1)when thesestopvalvesaresoconstructedor
positively controlled that theclosing o f t h e m a x i m u m n umberofblockvalves possible at one time will not
reduce thepressurerelievingcapacityprovidedbytheunaffectedpressurereliefdevicesbelowtherequiredrelieving
capacityor(2)underconditionssetforthinAppendixM.
ASMESectionVIIIUG135(b) (b)(1)Theopeningthroughallpipe,fittings,andnonreclosingpressurereliefdevices(ifinstalled)betweena
(1) pressurevesselanditspressurereliefvalveshallhaveatleasttheareaofthepressurereliefvalveinlet.The
characteristicsofthisupstreamsystemshallbesuchthatthepressuredropwillnotreducetherelieving
capacitybelowthatrequiredoradverselyaffecttheproperoperationofthepressurereliefvalve.
ASMESectionVIIIUG135(a) (a)Pressurereliefdevicesintendedforreliefofcompressiblefluidsshallbeconnectedtothevesselinthe
vaporspaceaboveanycontainedliquidortopipingconnectedtothevaporspaceinthevesselwhichistobe
protected.Pressurereliefdevicesintendedforreliefofliquidsshallbeconnectedbelowtheliquidlevel
Alternativeconnectionlocationsarepermitted,dependingonthepotentialvesseloverpressurescenariosand
thetypeofreliefdeviceselected,providedtherequirementsofUG125(a)(2)andUG125(c)aremet.
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RAGAGEP[3][10][11][12] Extract
ASMESectionVIIIUG127(b) (4) thespacebetweenarupturediskdeviceanda pressurereliefvalve shall be provided with a pressuregage,a
(4) try cock,freevent,orsuitabletelltaleindicator.Thisarrangement permits detectionofdiskrupture or leakage.
API5216.3 6.3Atmosphericdischarge.Thedecisiontodischargehydrocarbonsorotherflammableorhazardous
vaporstotheatmosphererequirescarefulattentiontoensurethatdisposalcanbeaccomplishedwithout
creatingapotentialhazardorcausingotherproblems,suchastheformationofflammablemixturesatgrade
leveloronelevatedstructures,exposureofpersonneltotoxicvaporsorcorrosivechemicals,ignitionofrelief
streamsatthepointofemission,excessivenoiselevelsandairpollution
ASMESectionVIIIUG135(f) (f) Dischargelinesfrompressurereliefdevicesshallbedesignedtofacilitateshallbefittedwithdrains
topreventliquidformlodgingonthedischargeofthepressurereliefdeviceandsuchlinesshalllead
toasafeplaceofdischarge.
29CFR1910.106(b)(4)(ii) "Vents."Ventsfortanksinsideofbuildingsshallbeasprovidedinsubparagraphs(2)(iv),(v),(vi)(b),and(3)(iv)
ofthisparagraph,exceptthatemergencyventingbytheuseofweakroofseamsontanksshallnotbe
permitted.Ventsshalldischargevaporsoutsidethebuildings.
NFPA302.3.4.6.1 2.3.4.6.1 Ventsfor tanks inside tank buildings shallbedesigned to ensure that vapors are
not released inside thebuilding.
ASMESectionVIIIUG133(d) (d) Heat exchangers andsimilarvesselsshall be protectedwith a pressure relief device of sufficient capacityto
avoid overpressure in case of an internal failure.
ASMESectionVIIIU1(h) ExcludedfromASMEVIIIif(h)(1)vesselshavinganinternalorexternalpressurenotexceeding15psi(100
kPa)(i)vesselshavinganinsidediameter,width,height,orcrosssectiondiagonalnotexceeding6in.(152
mm),withnolimitationonlengthofvesselorpressure;
ASMESectionVIIIU1(j) ExemptedfromInspectionifU1(j)Pressurethatdonotexceedthefollowingvolumeandpressurelimits
maybeexemptedfrominspectionbyInspectors,(j)(1)5cuft(0.14m3)involumeand250psi(1.7MPa)
designpressure;orU1(j)(2)3cuft(0.08m3)involumeand350psi(2.4MPa)designpressure;U1(j)(3)1
cuft(0.04m3)involumeand600psi(4.1MPa)designpressure.
Note:Theexclusionofreliefdeviceforthesevesselsshouldbeverifiedperlocaljurisdiction.
ASMESectionVIIIUG133(c), (c)Vesselsconnectedtogetherbyasystemofadequatepipingnotcontainingvalveswhichcanisolateany
AppendixMM5 vessel,andthosecontainingvalvesincompliancewithAppendixM,M5,maybeconsideredasoneunitin
figuringtherequiredrelievingcapacityofpressurereliefdevicestobefurnishedIsthereaconnectedvessel
thatmayprovidepressurerelief
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ASMESectionVIIIUG140 (a)Apressurevesseldoesnotrequireapressurereliefdeviceifthepressureisselflimiting(e.g.,the
maximumdischargepressureofapumporcompressor),andthispressureislessthanorequaltotheMAWP
ofthevesselatthecoincidenttemperatureandthefollowingconditionsaremet:
(1)Thedecisiontolimitthepressurebysystemdesignistheresponsibilityoftheuser.Theusershall
requestthattheManufacturersdatareportstatethatoverpressureprotectionisprovidedbysystem
designperUG140(a).
(2)Theusershallconductadetailedanalysistoidentifyandexamineallpotentialoverpressure
scenarios.TheCausesofOverpressuredescribedinANSI/APIStandard521,PressureRelievingand
DepressuringSystems,shallbeconsidered.Otherstandardsorrecommendedpracticesthataremore
appropriatetothespecificapplicationmayalsobeconsidered.Amultidisciplinaryteamexperiencedin
methodssuchashazardsandoperabilityanalysis(Hazop);failuremodes,effects,andcriticalityanalysis
(FMECA);whatifanalysis;orotherequivalentmethodologyshallestablishthattherearenosources
ofpressurethatcanexceedtheMAWPatthecoincidenttemperature.
(3)Theresultsoftheanalysisshallbedocumentedandsignedbytheindividualinresponsiblechargeof
themanagementoftheoperationofthevessel.Thisdocumentationshallincludeasaminimumthe
following:
b.
a. detailedprocessandinstrumentflowdiagrams(P&IDs),showingallpertinentelementsofthe
systemassociatedwiththevessel
b. adescriptionofalloperatingandupsetscenarios,includingscenariosinvolvingfireandthosethat
resultfromoperatorerror,andequipmentand/orinstrumentationmalfunctions
c. ananalysisshowingthemaximumcoincidentpressureandtemperaturethatcanresultfromeachof
thescenarioslistedinitemUG140(a)(3)(b)abovedoesnotexceedtheMAWPatthattemperature
(b)Ifthepressureisnotselflimiting,apressurevesselmaybeprotectedfromoverpressurebysystem
designorbyacombinationofoverpressurebysystemdesignandpressurereliefdevices,ifthefollowing
conditionsaremet.TherulesbelowareNOTintendedtoallowfornormaloperationabovetheMAWPatthe
coincidenttemperature.
(1)Thevesselisnotexclusivelyinair,water,orsteamserviceunlesstheseservicesarecriticalto
preventingthereleaseoffluidsthatmayresultinsafetyorenvironmentalconcerns.
(2)Thedecisiontolimittheoverpressurebysystemdesignistheresponsibilityoftheuser.Theuser
shallrequestthattheManufacturersdatareportstatethatoverpressureprotectionisprovidedby
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systemdesignperUG140(b)ifnopressurereliefdeviceistobeinstalled.Ifnopressurereliefdeviceis
tobeinstalled,acceptanceofthejurisdictionmayberequired.
(3)Theusershallconductadetailedanalysistoidentifyandexamineallscenariosthatcouldresultinan
overpressureconditionandmagnitudeoftheoverpressure.TheCausesofOverpressureas
describedinANSI/APIStandard521,PressureRelievingandDepressuringSystems,shallbeconsidered.
Otherstandardsorrecommendedpracticesthataremoreappropriatetothespecificapplicationmay
alsobeconsidered.Amultidisciplinaryteamexperiencedinmethodssuchashazardsandoperability
analysis(Hazop);failuremodes,effects,andcriticalityanalysis(FMECA);whatifanalysis;orother
equivalentmethodologyshallconducttheanalysis.
(4)Theoverpressurescenarioshallbereadilyapparentsothatoperatorsorprotectiveinstrumentation
willtakecorrectiveactiontopreventoperationabovetheMAWPatthecoincidenttemperature.
(5)Thereshallbenocredibleoverpressurescenarioinwhichthepressureexceeds116%oftheMAWP
timestheratiooftheallowablestressvalueatthetemperatureoftheoverpressurescenariotothe
allowablestressvalueatthedesigntemperature.Theoverpressurelimitshallnotexceedthetest
pressure.CredibleeventsorscenarioanalysisasdescribedinWRCBulletin498Guidanceonthe
ApplicationofCodeCase2211OverpressureProtectionbySystemsDesignshallbeconsidered.
(6)Theresultsoftheanalysisshallbedocumentedandsignedbytheindividualinresponsiblechargeof
themanagementoftheoperationofthevessel.Thisdocumentationshallincludeasaminimumthe
following:
(a)detailedprocessandinstrumentflowdiagrams(P&IDs),showingallpertinentelementsofthe
systemassociatedwiththevessel
(b)adescriptionofalloperatingandupsetscenarios,includingthoseinvolvingfireandthosethat
resultfromoperatorerror,andequipmentand/orinstrumentationmalfunctions
(c)adetaileddescriptionofanysafetycriticalinstrumentationusedtolimitthesystempressure,
includingtheidentificationofalltrulyindependentredundanciesandareliabilityevaluation
(qualitativeorquantitative)oftheoverallsafetysystem
(d)ananalysisshowingthemaximumpressurethatcanresultfromeachofthescenarios
ASMESectionVIIIUG135 There shall be no intervening stop valves betweenvessel anditspressure relief deviceor devices, orbetween the
(d)(1),(d)(2)andAppendixM pressure reliefdeviceordevicesandthepointitdischarge,except:(1)when thesestopvalvesaresoconstructedor
positively controlled that theclosing o f t h e m a x i m u m n umberofblockvalves possible at one time will not
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reduce thepressurerelievingcapacityprovidedbytheunaffectedpressurereliefdevicesbelowtherequired
relievingcapacityor(2)underconditionssetforthinAppendixM.
ASMESectionVIIIUG135(b) (b)(1)Theopeningthroughallpipe,fittings,andnonreclosingpressurereliefdevices(ifinstalled)betweena
(1) pressurevesselanditspressurereliefvalveshallhaveatleasttheareaofthepressurereliefvalveinlet.The
characteristicsofthisupstreamsystemshallbesuchthatthepressuredropwillnotreducetherelieving
capacitybelowthatrequiredoradverselyaffecttheproperoperationofthepressurereliefvalve.
ASMESectionVIIIUG135(a) (a)Pressurereliefdevicesintendedforreliefofcompressiblefluidsshallbeconnectedtothevesselinthe
vaporspaceaboveanycontainedliquidortopipingconnectedtothevaporspaceinthevesselwhichistobe
protected.Pressurereliefdevicesintendedforreliefofliquidsshallbeconnectedbelowtheliquidlevel
Alternativeconnectionlocationsarepermitted,dependingonthepotentialvesseloverpressurescenarios
andthetypeofreliefdeviceselected,providedtherequirementsofUG125(a)(2)andUG125(c)aremet.
ASMESectionVIIIUG127(b) (4) thespacebetweenarupturediskdeviceanda pressurereliefvalve shall be provided with a pressuregage,
(4) atry cock,freevent,orsuitabletelltaleindicator.Thisarrangement permits detectionofdiskrupture or leakage.
API5216.3 6.3Atmosphericdischarge.Thedecisiontodischargehydrocarbonsorotherflammableorhazardous
vaporstotheatmosphererequirescarefulattentiontoensurethatdisposalcanbeaccomplishedwithout
creatingapotentialhazardorcausingotherproblems,suchastheformationofflammablemixturesatgrade
leveloronelevatedstructures,exposureofpersonneltotoxicvaporsorcorrosivechemicals,ignitionofrelief
streamsatthepointofemission,excessivenoiselevelsandairpollution
ASMESectionVIIIUG135(f) (f) Dischargelinesfrompressurereliefdevicesshallbedesignedtofacilitateshallbefittedwithdrains
topreventliquidformlodgingonthedischargeofthepressurereliefdeviceandsuchlinesshalllead
toasafeplaceofdischarge.
29CFR1910.106(b)(4)(ii) "Vents."Ventsfortanksinsideofbuildingsshallbeasprovidedinsubparagraphs(2)(iv),(v),(vi)(b),and
(3)(iv)ofthisparagraph,exceptthatemergencyventingbytheuseofweakroofseamsontanksshallnotbe
permitted.Ventsshalldischargevaporsoutsidethebuildings.
NFPA302.3.4.6.1 2.3.4.6.1 Ventsfor tanks inside tank buildings shallbedesigned to ensure that vapors are
not released inside thebuilding.
ASMESectionVIIIUG133(d) (d) Heat exchangers andsimilarvesselsshall be protectedwith a pressure relief device of sufficient capacityto
avoid overpressure in case of an internal failure.
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