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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 1
Basic Know Hows ..................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 1: Arithmetic.............................................................................................................. 3
Numbers & Counting ............................................................................................................................ 3
Lesson 1: Types of Numbers ............................................................................................................ 3
Lesson 2: Rounding ......................................................................................................................... 4
Lesson 3: Basic Arithmetic Operations ............................................................................................ 5
Lesson 4: Properties of Negative Numbers ...................................................................................... 5
Tips & Tricks 1: Multiplication Shortcuts........................................................................................... 6
Tips & Tricks 2: Divisibility Tests ....................................................................................................... 6
Lesson 5: Simplification ................................................................................................................... 7
Tips & Tricks 3: Cyclicity of Last Digits of Powers of Numbers ........................................................ 8
Lesson 6: Factors and Prime Numbers ............................................................................................ 8
Lesson 7: Special Numbers.............................................................................................................. 9
Lesson 8: Base Numbers ................................................................................................................. 9
Lesson 9: Base Conversion to & from Decimal ................................................................................ 9
Lesson 10: Roman Numerals ..........................................................................................................10
Tips & Tricks 4: Calculating Sum of Numbers .................................................................................11
Fractions & Decimals ...........................................................................................................................14
Lesson 11: Fractions .......................................................................................................................14
Lesson 12: Decimals .......................................................................................................................14
HCF and LCM ......................................................................................................................................16
Lesson 13: HCF & LCM ...................................................................................................................16
Ratio, Proportion & Chain Rule ............................................................................................................18
Lesson 14: Ratio & Proportion.........................................................................................................18
Percents ..............................................................................................................................................20
Lesson 15: Percentages ..................................................................................................................20
Tips & Tricks 5: Common Errors ......................................................................................................20
Basic Statistics ....................................................................................................................................21
Lesson 16: Basic Statistics .............................................................................................................21
Sets & Venn Diagrams .........................................................................................................................23
Lesson 17: Sets & Venn Diagram ....................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 2: Algebra ............................................................................................................... 25
Expressions .........................................................................................................................................25
Lesson 18: Basic Algebraic Operations...........................................................................................25
Tips & Tricks 6: Simplifying Expressions .........................................................................................25
Functions .............................................................................................................................................26
Lesson 19: Functions ......................................................................................................................26
Equations.............................................................................................................................................27
Lesson 20: Equations ......................................................................................................................27
Solve Linear Equations in One Variable ...........................................................................................28
Lesson 21: Solving Linear Equations in One Variable ......................................................................28
Solve Linear Equations in Multiple Variables ...................................................................................30
Lesson 22: Solving Two Linear Equations in Two Variables .............................................................30
Lesson 23: Solving Two Linear Equations in Multiple Variables.......................................................30
Solve Equations by Factoring ..........................................................................................................33
Tips & Tricks 7: Solve Equations by Factoring .................................................................................33
Solve Quadratic Equations ..............................................................................................................33
Lesson 24: Solving Quadratic Equations .........................................................................................33
CHAPTER 3: Financial Problems .............................................................................................. 36
Cost, Income & Expenditures ..............................................................................................................36
Lesson 25: Income and Expenditures .............................................................................................36
Profit & Loss ........................................................................................................................................37
Lesson 26: Profit & Loss..................................................................................................................37
Interest Problems.................................................................................................................................38
Lesson 27: Simple & Compound Interest ........................................................................................38
Problems on Discounts........................................................................................................................40
Lesson 28: Discount ........................................................................................................................40
Lesson 29: Present Worth & True Discount .....................................................................................41
Lesson 30: Bankers Discount ..........................................................................................................43
Stocks & Shares ..................................................................................................................................44
Lesson 31: Shares & Stocks............................................................................................................44

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Partnership ..........................................................................................................................................46
Lesson 32: Partnership....................................................................................................................46
CHAPTER 4: Comprehension and Problem Solving .................................................................. 48
Time, Distance & Speed ......................................................................................................................48
Lesson 33: Time, Distance & Speed ................................................................................................48
Relative Speed ................................................................................................................................54
Lesson 34: Relative Speed ..............................................................................................................54
Problems on Trains ..........................................................................................................................55
Tips & Tricks 8: Problems on Train ..................................................................................................55
Problems on Boats & Streams ........................................................................................................57
Tips & Tricks 9: Boats & Streams ....................................................................................................57
Problems on Unitary Method ...............................................................................................................58
Lesson 35: Unitary Method .............................................................................................................58
Problems on Rate ............................................................................................................................58
Tips & Tricks 10: Rate ......................................................................................................................58
Pipes & Cisterns ..............................................................................................................................63
Tips & Tricks 11: Pipes Filling the Tank ............................................................................................63
Problems on Ages ...............................................................................................................................63
Calendar and Clocks ...........................................................................................................................65
Tips & Tricks 12: Clock & Time ........................................................................................................65
Tips & Tricks 13: Calendar ...............................................................................................................67
Temperature .........................................................................................................................................68
Lesson 36: Temperature ..................................................................................................................68
Races & Games ...................................................................................................................................69
Tips & Tricks 14: Races & Games ....................................................................................................69
CHAPTER 5: Data Sufficiency .................................................................................................. 71
Tips & Tricks 15: Data Sufficiency Basics ........................................................................................71
CHAPTER 6: Data Interpretation-Tables ................................................................................... 74
Tips & Tricks 16: Data Interpretation Basics ....................................................................................74
Tips & Tricks 17: Tabulation Basics .................................................................................................74
CHAPTER 7: Data Interpretation-Graphs .................................................................................. 78
Tips & Tricks 18: Graphical Questions .............................................................................................78
Bar Graph ............................................................................................................................................78
Line Graph ...........................................................................................................................................80
Pie Graph.............................................................................................................................................81
Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 84
Appendix I: Units and Measurements ..................................................................................................84
Basic Terms .....................................................................................................................................84
Numbers..........................................................................................................................................84
Units, Measurement & Conversion ..................................................................................................84
Temperature Conversions................................................................................................................85
Appendix II: Multiplication Tables 1 to 20 ............................................................................................85
Appendix III: Common Algebraic Errors...............................................................................................85

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If ratio of two numbers is : = : . Then for cover certain distance is inversely proportional
any constant , it can be assumed that = to cars speed.
and = . Also = . Match the pattern similar to 6: 3
Ratios can be compared, if ( : ) > ( : ) > . A. 3: 2 B. 4: 9 C. 5: 4 D. None
Answer: D
Proportion: Proportion is an expression in
which two ratios are equal, that is if : = : , Solution: 6 is 2 times 3, no other choices has 1st number
this is written as : : : : = or = . It is twice the second number.
said that , , , are in proportion. Here & are Match the pattern similar to 2: 1
called extremes, while & are called mean A. 7: 8 B. 1: 1 C. 4: 2 D. 6: 5
terms. For example, the ratio of 10 kg to 20 kg is
Answer: C
10: 20 or or , the ratio of 30 kg to 60 kg is 30:
Solution: 2 is twice of 1 (4: 2 is in same proportion).
60, or or , since = , therefore, the numbers
Match the pattern similar to 2: 3
are in proportion.
Properties of Proportion A. 1: 3 B. 7: 1 C. 4: 6 D. 9: 3
Answer: C
Product of means = Product of extremes, i.e.
= . Solution: Only C has the same ratio as 2: 3 i.e. 4: 6 = 2 (2:
3).
If : = : , then th
is called 4 proportional to
, , . Match the pattern similar to 5: 1
If : = : , then is called 3 proportional to
rd
A. 1: 6 B. 1: 10 C. 10: 9 D. 15: 3
and . Answer: D
Mean proportional between any two numbers a Solution: 15: 3 = 3 (5: 1).
and b is , since : : : : . Match the pattern similar to 14: 7
Componendo & Dividendo: If = , then = A. 12: 10 B. 2: 14 C. 8: 3 D. None
. Answer: D

Compounded Ratio: ( : ) is compounded Solution: 14 is twice of 7 no other choice is in 2: 1 propor-

ratio of ratios ( : ), ( : ), ( : ). Also, duplicate tion.
ratio of ( : ) is ( : ), sub-duplicate ratio of Match the pattern similar to 3: 6
( : ) is : , triplicate ratio of ( : ) is
A. 1: 2 B. 4: 1 C. 5: 1 D. 3: 3
( : ) & sub-triplicate ratio of ( : ) is : . Answer: A
Continued Proportion: If : = : = : then Hint: 3 is half of 6 similarly, 1 is half of 2.
, , , are in continued proportion, i.e. = = Match the pattern similar to 1: 1, 3: 3
. Also, , , , are in geometric progression.
A. 1: 6 B. 3: 4 C. 2: 9 D. 4: 4
E.g., 2, 4, 8, 16 or 3, 9, 27, 81 are in continued Answer: D
proportion. Here = = & = = . There-
Solution: Both 1: 1 and 3: 3 have a ratio of 1, similarly 4: 4
fore, they are in continued proportion & in has a ratio of 1.
geometric progression.
Create a ratio using 2, 4, 4, 8
Variation & Chain Rule
Direct Proportion: If is directly proportional
A. 4: 5 B. 3: 3 C. 1: 5 D. None
Answer: D
to (written as ) then any increase or de-
crease in one will have direct implication on Solution: The ratio of 2: 4 and 4: 8 is 1: 2.
another. If increases then increases and Equal number of red and yellow balls were
vice-versa. When is directly proportional to , ordered by shop. 45 extra red balls were deliv-
constant is introduced say to bring in equali- ered & ratio of red balls to yellow balls became
ty sign i.e. = . Also, is equal to constant : . Find the original number of red balls at the
. E.g., cost is directly proportional to number store?
of articles.
A. 450 B. 270 C. 225 D. None
Inverse Proportion: If is inversely proportion-
Answer: C
al to (written as ), then any increase or
Solution: Let number of red balls ordered = number of
decrease in one has inverse proportionate ef-
fect on other quantity, i.e. if increases, then yellow balls ordered = . Then = = = 225.
decreases & vice versa. Constant is introduced
Three numbers are in ratio 3: 4: 5 & sum of
say to bring in equality sign, so = , i.e. is
largest & smallest equals sum of third and 52.
constant or = . E.g., time taken by car to Find the smallest number?
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Solution: Let the distance covered on plain road be km 20 km/hr. he is 1 hour late. Find distance be-
and that covered on hill road be km, then, + + + = tween 2 points and if exact time to reach destina-
6 + =6 + = 12. tion is 11 AM, then find speed with which he
walks.
A nonstop bus to place overtakes a bicycle
also moving towards Place at 10 AM. The bus
A. 120 km & 24 km/hr. B. 100 km & 20 km/hr.
reaches place at 12.30 PM and starts on the C. 120 km & 22 km/hr. D. 120 km & 18 km/hr.
return journey after 1 hr. On the way, back it Answer: A
meets the bicycle at 2 PM. At what time the Solution: Let his original speed be km/hr. and distance
bicycle will reach Place ? between two points be , then time taken to go between 2
A. 2.30 PM B. 3.00 PM points is . Therefore from the problem, using the time
C. 3.15 PM D. 3.30 PM taken for the first case, = 1 and using the time taken
Answer: B for the second case, = + 1. Solving these 2 equations
Solution: Let the two points where bus meets the bicycle be (subtract the first equation from second), = 120 km and
A and B. The distance between point A and place be and = 24 km/hr.
distance between the point B and place be , also let Total distance of a journey is 120 km. If one
speed of bus be km/min and speed of bicycle be goes at 60 km/hr. and comes back at 40 km/hr.
km/min, then time taken by bus to go from point A to place Find average speed during the journey?
is 150 min and time taken by bus to go from place to
point B is 30 min, therefore distance = 150 and A. 48 km/hr. B. 45 km/hr.
distance = 30 . Therefore, the distance between the two C. 49 km/hr. D. 34 km/hr.
points is 150 30 = 120 . Time taken by bicycle to go Answer: A
from point A to point B is, = 240 min : =
Solution: Time taken for going is = = 2 hr. Time taken
240: 120 = 2: 1. This means that speed of bicycle is half
that of bus. Therefore if it took bus 30 min to get from place for coming is 3 hr. Total time taken 5 hr. Total distance is 2

to point B, it would take bicycle double this time, i.e. 1 hr. 120 = 240 km. Therefore, average speed is =

to get from point B to . Therefore, bicycle will arrive at
= 48 km/hr.
place at 3 PM.
A man was going by cycle. After going 2/3rd of Person walks 5/6th of his usual rate & is 40
total distance, the cycle broke down and he had minutes late. Find his usual time?
to complete the journey on foot. At the end, he A. 3 hr. 20 min B. 4 hr. 30 min
found that he walked twice as long as he was on
cycle. Speed of cycle is how many times the C. 3 hr. 40 min D. 4 hr. 50 min
speed of walking? Answer: A

A. 4 times B. 2 times C. 3 times D. 6 times Solution: Let is usual time be , when is walking at the
Answer: A rate time taken would be . According to the problem, the
Solution: Let distance be km, speed of cycle be km/hr. & difference between the two times is, = 40 =
walking speed be km/hr. Then, he covered km by cycle 200 min =3 hr. and 20 min.
in hr. and covered km on foot in hr. According to Car travels fixed distance taking 7 hr. in
problem, 2 = = 4. forward journey & increased speed of 12km/hr
during return journey & takes 5 hr. What is the
There lies a hill between village & town & distance travelled?
person travels on cycle 8 km uphill and 24 km
downhill for 2 hr. 50 min to reach town continu- A. 210 km B. 230 km C. 320 km D.None
ously & returns back to village in 4 hr. 30 min. Answer: A
Find his speed uphill and downhill. Solution: Let the original speed be . Then, since distance
remains constant 7 = 5( + 12) = 30 km/hr. Now,
A. 6 B. 12 C. 15 D. 17 total distance = total speed total time = 30 7 = 210
Answer: A km.
Solution: Let the uphill speed be km/min and downhill Person walks certain distance & if he goes half
speed be km/min, then time for the first journey is, a kilometer an hour faster, he will walk it in 4/5th
+ = 170min 8 + 24 = 170. Time for the second of time & if he goes half a kilometer an hour
journey is, + = 270 min 24u + 8v = 270. Where, slower, he will walk 2 hr. longer. Find the
distance?
= and = . Solving it = = kmmin =
A. 10 km B. 15 km
60 kmhr. = 16 km/hr., similarly = 6 km/hr.
C. 20 km D. Data insufficient
If person walks at speed of 30 km/hr., he
Answer: B
reaches 1 hour before & if he walks with speed of

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of age the one of the other children have to be 4 years of A. 54 years B. 74 years C. 64 years D. 84 years
age (as the prime factors left are, (2 2) (2 2 2)) Answer: D
which is not possible. So the youngest one is either 2 years
old or 1 year old. The prime factors left if the youngest is 2 Solution: Assume age of boss be & s age 4 years ago
years old are, 2 2 2 2 3. Now these prime factors was, . Therefore, s present age is, + 4. Therefore,
can be divided into 8 and 6 so that both the ages are more present age of boss is = + + + 5 + + 4, which
than 4. If the youngest is 1 years old, the product of the gives = 84 years.
ages of other two children should be 96. So, A is not
correct. Calendar and Clocks
If digits of my current age are reversed then I Tips & Tricks 12: Clock & Time
get age of my son, if 1 year ago my age was twice Saying Time in English
as that of my son. Find my current age?
Note that past means times after the hour
A. 53 years B. 73 years C. 63 years D. 83 years until half past, or 30 minutes past the hour.
Answer: B
Use to means times before the hour from 31
Solution: Let the age of the person be of form then his minutes until the full hour.
age is 10 + , sons age is therefore, or 10 + .
Note that oclock is used only at the full hour.
According to the problem, one year ago, 10 + 1 = E.g., its 8 oclock.
2( 10 + 1) 10 + 1 = 20 + 2 2 8 =
To say the time in hours and minutes the
19 1. would be whole number (19 1 is divisible by
numbers are said in groups of two, for exam-
8) only for = 3 ( has to be between 1 & 9). Also, starting
ple, its seven twenty-five.
with the choices, only B satisfies this equation.
To specify different times of day, phrases like
Father is 30 years older than his son but he
in the morning, in the afternoon, and in the
will be only 3 times as old as his son after 5
evening are used.
years, find fathers present age?
Key Concepts to Solve Time Problems
A. 40 years B. 30 years C. 50 years D. None
Clock has two hands, smaller denotes hour
Answer: A
hand or short hand while larger denotes minute
Solution: Let sons present age be than fathers age is, hand or long hand.
+ 30. According to the problem, in 5 years 3( + 5) =
+ 30 + 5 = 10. Therefore, fathers age is Face or dial of watch is circle with circumfer-
30 + 10 = 40. ence that can be divided into 60 equal parts
called minute spaces.
s father will be 2 times his age 6 years from
now & his mother was 2 times his age 2 years In 60 minutes, minute hand gains 55 minutes
before. If person will be 24 after 2 years, on hour hand.
calculate difference between his fathers and In every hour, both hands of clock coincide
mothers age? once.
A. 4 B. 6 C. 8 D. 10 Hands are in same straight line when they are
Answer: C opposite to each other or coincident.
Solution: Assume age of be and that of his father be , If hands are 15 min apart, two hands are at
then 6 years from now, + 6 = 2( + 6). Let his mother be right angles.
years old, then 2 = 2( 2). Subtracting 2nd equation If hands are 30 min apart, two hands are in
from 1st equation, + 8 = 16. Difference between opposite directions.
fathers & mothers age is = 8. Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hr. is 360,
I am 3 times as old as my son. 5 years later, I angle traced by min hand in 60 min is 360.
shall be 2 times as old as my son. What is my If watch or clock indicates 8:15, when correct
age? time is 8, it is 15 min too fast. While, if it indi-
cates 7:45, when correct time is 8, it is 15 min
A. 45 years B. 75 years C. 65 years D. 85 years too slow.
Answer: A
There is 360 in circle and clock is complete
Solution: Let age of the person be years and age of son be circle. It is also divided in 12 hours (so has 12
years. Then according to the problem, = 3 . Five years parts or 12 equal angles). Each 1 hr. angle is
later, + 5 = ( + 5), thus = 15 & = 45. therefore, = 30. E.g., when time is 8:15,
My boss said I spent one-sixth of my life as small hand is on 8 and long hand is on 3, so
child, next one-twelfth as old boy, one-seventh & angle between them would be, (8 3) 30 =
5 more years in politics & socialization. This 150.
brought me up to when was born. Person was How many minutes is it before 12 noon if 32
elected for governor 4 years ago, when he was minutes ago it was 3 times as many minutes past
half my present age. How old is my boss? 9 AM?

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