Aerodynamics and Performance of Artillery Projectiles

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F COPY NO.
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TECHNICAL REPORT 49f1
a COPY AVAILABLE TO COG DOES NOT

PERMIT FULLY LEHILE IIC,
'U
AERODYNAMICS, DIMENSIONS, INERTIAL
PROPERTIES, AND PERFORMANCE OF
ARTILLERY PROJECTILES
HENRY E. HUDGINS, JR.
!ANUARY 1977
~~ ~.:_~ ~ ^ T:.:_
to 'Gv.. .
-m,.n . A~ge.n1cie. offly (fes n!. l.
ation; January 1977). Other requests for this document must be re.
ferred to I1
Q_ LS Army Arni.merit Peso &" l)cv Couid.
Attri: I)[DAR-T-iS
S.[ov,r,
N. J. 07801
LQJ
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PICATINNY ARSENAL A
DOVER. NEW JERSEY
. .~ . ~ .. , ... -,..,.
..,. . - ,:-,.. ... a l'
The findings in this report are not to be construed
as an official Department of the Army position.
DISPOSITION
Destroy thi.s report when no longer needed. Do not

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SECURITY~ CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Wh-~ bet. Ent*1.d)
REPORT DOCU92NTATION PAGE aEFORE COMPLET1ING FORM

I. RLPORT NISE 2 GC.VT ACCESSION No, 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOC NUMBER
Technical Report '4911 -
_AERODYNA S _DIMENSIONS, IjNERTIAL,)________

9 4-ROPERTIES, AND PERFORMANCE OF S, 1EF
MayR NUMBERobc
,ARTILLE RY PRO.JECTILES
7. LIHOR( a aeGRN UBR.
/ D ----- AMG~C4oS(qe
VHenry E. udgins, J7 672701.4'2.H-93H1-8.01
P-ERFORMING ORGSANIZATION NAME AND ADORIESS 10. PROGRAM CLEMENT. PROJEFCT, TASK
Feitrman Research Laboratory
Picatinny Arsenal
Dover, NJ 07801
11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS I' EPOR L.AL_
Massachusetts Institute of Technology JanM E77

Lincoln Laboratory. PO Box 73 04 .NM
ITM-NiZTVRIf0AGEN"CY NAME A AODRESS(lf diI.f1-.tI frm Cmt-CMI1og0111c.) I5. SECURITY CLLi.SS. (.f ttle 1.pfto)
- Unclassified
1S. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of MS. RopoI)

Distribution limited to US Government agencies only (test and evaluatiur;
January- 1977) Other requests for this document must b5e
-reTerredto P
US ARMY AaRMAM8,NT 11"S. DEVO COMIJ.
Attn: LURUAA-*ThS 4
I- flISTRIOUTlONS4 f~jkvT re. Dover, J~. 07801
DimnsinsDispersion Firing tables Guidance

Inertial properties Sensitivity Lethality Projectiles
Performance Zoning Vulnerability Artillery
At WO.- .d 1 1 St~ybr b.-k,WFWJ)
NANIT'AACT (r-Wllo
-'he best available aeroballistic information on currently fielded and in-dlevelopmen
US Army artillery projectiles (105mm and up) for indirect fire has been collected or
generated and is discussed in the main report. The aeroballistic data includes:
dimensions and inertial properties, zoning, compacted firing tables, dispersion, sen-
sitivity coefficients, aerodynamic coefficients estimates, and a bibliography of lethal-
ity and vulnerability. A bibliography and available data on guided lrjcie
DD " 0 "~T umQ

-nown or 9 or.S
i~so e wL~ vi
U73 UNCLA .,FIlED
%LhCEJN'TY CLAMSFVCATJt M4IU TtlS PA12 (U11.-.DIN. Entm~d)
I IN A--1 = F--
I- - - --
SSECURITY
CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAOE(Whhm Does 19PEW040
,": /20. ABSTRACT (contd) vie,
- aerodytiamics is also presented. A similar effort for Soviet munitions is reported

in the addendum to this report also includes classified data on US weapon
systems.
UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAQ9g(u1. 0.1.
DOM
!)
I,,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many people coopera in

ted prc ,:ding tne ir ,f'-mation collc in
rted
this report and its addendum. major
"he contribL:tors by o-gi.nization
were: Aeroballistics Bra,-:h of the Feltman Re' t.arch
Lab, ,ratory,
Ammuntion Development and Engineering Dire ,-to-ate,
Nuclear Develop-
ment and Engineering Virectorate and the Foreign Intellgence Offce,
all at Picatinny Arsenal, and the Exterior Ballistics Laboratcry of the
Ballistic Research Lanorztories, AMC Foreign Science and Technology
Center, Yuma Froviny Grounr's, the US Army Field Artillery School,
and Edgewood A.senal.
.. .. ..JJ..
. ......
III
NO MENCLATURE
A projectile reference area, n d2/4

a speed of sound
CG SPIN73 label - center of gravity. calibers from nose
C2 rolling moment coefficient, Q/1/2pV 2 Ad
CLP SPIN73 label - see Lquation 6
C pitchin. moment coefficient, m/ (1/2pV 2 Ad)
m
CMA SPIN73 label - see Equation 3
CMQ SPIN73 label - see Equation 3
CN normal force coefficient, N/(I/2pV2A)
Cn yawing moment coefficient, n/ (I/ 2pV 2 Ad)
C' Magnus contribution to C
nS n
CNA SPIN73 label - see Equation 2
CNPA SPIN73 label - see Equation 5
CNPA3 SPIN73 label - see Equation 5
CNPA5 SPIN73 labei - see Equation 5
CNPA[5] SPIN73 label - Magnus moment secant slope per radian

at 50 total angle of attack
CPF [11] SPIN73 label - center of pressure of Magnus force,
calibers from nose at 10 total angle of attack
CPF[bj SPIN73 label - center of pressure of Magnus force,
calibers from nose at 50 angle of attack
CPN SPIN73 label - center of pressure of normal force,
calibers from nose
CX SPIN73 label - zero total angle of attack axial force
coefficient, see Equation 1
C axial force coefficient, X/ (1/2PV 2 A)

x
CX2 SPIN73 label - see Equation 1
CYPA SPIN73 label - see Equation 4
C Side force coefficient, Y/ (1I/2pV 2 A)

Y
C" Magnus contribution to C
v y
At."
d projectile referenCe d&ameter

IA axial moment of inertia of p-nje'Atile about Fxis of
sym'.etr'y
transverse moment of inertia of projectile anout c.g.
IX SPIN73 iabe' - IA
IY SPN73 labe -
L projectile over-all length
2. rohling moment
m pitching momert about c.g
M Mach number, V/a
N normal force
n yawing moment about z.g.
p zipin rate
P r,on-dimensionel spin rate, pd/2V
q pitch rate
Q non-dimensional pitch rate, qd/2V

r yaw rate
R non-dimensional yaw rate rd/2V, or range
V flight velocity
W projectile weght
X axial force
Xcg axial distance from projectile nose to center of gravity,

calibers
Y side force
( total angle of attack
p air density
TABLE OF CGNTENTS
;-l U-O,.jUCtio F,
Page No .
D;scjssion
AerobdIlistic Charactcristics
1
Weapon-: and Projectiles
Projcclile Dimcnsions and Inertial

Properties 5
Zoning
5
Di.zpersion
20
Aerncynamic Coe~ficients
24
Trujectories nnd Firing "les-25
Contrcl Ae,'ooallistic 3
26
T er rm
ii al Ballistics
27
Lethality and Vqllnerabiiity
27
Sensitivity Coefficients
28
Conclusions and Recommendations
31
References
32
Bibliographies
1. Control Aerodynamics Analytical

Bibliography 35
2. Control Aerodynamics Experimental
Bibliograp' y 36
3. LetChality and Vulnerability
Bibliography 38
Kt
j
Append ixes
A Compacted Firing Tables or Simulations 55
Tables .
A-1 M30 mortar, 4.2-inch, firing M329A1 57
A-2 M30 mortar, L4.2-inch, firing M329A2 (M329AIE1) 60
A-3 MI01, M101A1 howitzer, 105mm, firing MI 63
A-4 M102 howitzer, 105mm, firing M1 70
A-5 M102 howitzer, 105rmim, firing M548 77
A-6 XM204 howitzer, 165mm, firing MI 83
A-8 Ml090 ,o.itz.r, 55mn-, fi;r:, ,,,
A-10 M109 howitzer, 155mm, firing XM718 108
A-11 M109A1 howitzer, 155mm, firing M107 11II
A-12 M109A1, XM198 howitzers, 155mm, firing M483AI 121
A-13 M1I9A1, XM198 howitzers, 155mm, firing XM715-2 129
A-14 M109A1, XrAi.;8 howitzers, 155mm, f;rirg XM708E3 131
A-15 M107 self-propelled gun, 17Smm, firing 133

M437A1, M437A2
A-16 Ml10 self-propelled how!zer, 8-inch, 136

fir. ig M106
A-17 Ml10 self-propelled h-,vitzcr, 8-inch, 143

firing M424
kI
-., ......->.
,:_
.. ,=, .......
A-18 M110 self-p-opelled hkuwi~zer, 8-jt.czh, 146
firing XM711
A-1 9 M110 self- .-)ropeIled hovvt-'er. 3-inch, 147

firina XM6SuE4
A-20~ M110 self-propelled hc~witzer, 8-inch, 149

firing 'IM75.3
A-21 Ml110F2 self-propcli -d howitzer. &-.incl. . 5:

firing~ XM7'I
A,-?2 M1 1 OE2 :,elf-propellkd itowitzer, 8-inch, 158

1i ino' (M 61. 3E4
A-2? M1iOE. seil-propelleJ ho-vitzer, 8-inch, 159

f>,ryj XM753
B SPIN7.1 `retV,;ted A,2rodynariic Coefficients 169
t. 4.-'- .nch M329AI without extension- 171,
` -2 4.2-inch M'Z9A1 wiz,- eAtension 172
E,- 3 4.2-ir.cn M328AI wichout xtensicn 173
B.-,: .2-i.-ich Mi28AI with uxtension 174
3-5 4.2-inch M3.10.i wit;hu.41 excension 1-5
E-C 4.2- 11ch~ M335A1 w,i, extensioi, 176
6-7 ~4. 2-inch M32f'A2 'A32,,A~r.1) 17,7
Li-G 105mmr Mi (VI!E) 178
F,-9 1O5mry %,60tWP;j 179
13-10 1Q&,nm M60 (96% or sw~oke) 180
3-11 3.5mm MC4, 131 BE 1{,rnok2)j 181

4.
B-12 105mm M314A1EI (ilium) 182
B-13 105mm M444 (ICM) 183
B-IP '05mm XM710 (ICM) 184
B-15 105mm M548EI (RA off) 185
B-16 105mm M548E1 (RA on, launch) 186
B-17 105mm M548E1 (RA after burn-out) 187
B-18 155mm M107 (HE) 188
B-19 1 55min Ml10 (WP) 189
B-2i) 155mm MI10 (Gas) 190
B 21 155min M116 (wht smoke) 191
B-22 155mm MI16 (cird smoke) 192
B-23 155rm t.121, M121AI (chemical) 193
B-24 155mm M485E1, M485E2 (ilium) 194
'3-25 155mm M449FFI ICM) 195
B-26 155mm M449E2 (ICM) 196
B-27 155mm M482EI (ICM) 197
B-28 1 55mm XM703E2 (HE) 198
B-29 155mm XM70BE3 (h:) 199
B-30 155mm XM549 (RA, iaunch) 200
B-31 15Smm XM549 (RA, after burn-outj 201
B-32 155mnr, XM454 (atomic) 202

B-33 155mm XM718/XM7'41 (AV) 203
B-3'1 155mm XiA692/XM731 (AP) 204
B-35 155mm XM687 (blk can) 205
1-36 175mm M437A1, M437A2 (HE) 206
B-37 8- Inch M106 (HE) 207
B-38 8-Inch M426 (chemical. 208
13-31 8-Inch M422 (atomic) 209
B-40 8-Inch M424 (atomic spt) 210
B-41 8-Inch M404 (1CM) 211
III,,.C It ,, L I ,..~
LI- ",L U go~1 l~Jv3LI I I-l
%_ot )
B-43 8-Inch XM650E4 (RA, lau:;ch) 213
B-44 3-Inch XM65OE4 (RA, after burn-out) 214
B-45 8-Inch XM711 (HE) 215
B-46 8-;nch XM753 (atomic RA, launch) 216
B-47' 8-Inch XM753 (atomic RA, after burn-out) 217
B-48 8-Inch XM736 (blk can) 218
C Cannon--Launched Guided Projectile Aerodynamic Data 219
XM712 AD configuration 219
Figures
I (Not used in this excerpt from another report) 225
2 Pitching moment and yawing moment due 226

to roll commanco
4k

to roll command

to roll command
5 Pitching mome-nt and yawing momer.t due 229

to roll command
6 Roll power 230
7 Axis system and sign convention 231
8 Longitudinal stability, M = 0.4, = 000 232
9 Longitudinal stability, M = 0.4, I = 450 233
10 Longitudinal stability, M = 0.8, 4 = 0P 234
11 Loncgitudinal stability, M = 0.8, s = 45' 235
12 Longitudinal stability, M = 1.0, 0 = 00 236
13 Longitudinal stability, M = 1.0, = 450 237
16 1'F:ching moment due to strake S5, 4 = 00 240
17 Pitching moment due to strake S5, 4 = 450 241
18 Longitudinal stability, M = 1.8 242
19 Axial forc_, 4 450, a = 0, 62 4 = 00, altitud& 243

-4000 ft
20 Axial force M = 0.4, 4 = 00, altitude 244

S"1000 ft
21 Axial force M 0.4, 4 = 45, altitude 245

- 4000 ft
:3
S. .... ,,, =,
.._,.-.
,-,. <,i, . . . ...
il~ i,<l
22 Axial force M = 0.8, - 00,
P 246
altitude = 4000 ft
23 Axial force M = 0.8, 0 =450, 247

altitude = 4000 ft
24 Axial force M = 1.0, @ = 00, 248

altitude = 4000 ft
25 Axial force M = 1.0, @ = 45J, 249

altitude = 4000 ft
26 Axial force M = 1.3 & 1.8, = 0", altitude 250

=4000 ft, 8 1 3 = 82 4 = 0
I I
27 Axial force M = 1.3 & 1 .8, * = 450, altitude 251

= 4000 ft, 8 1 3 -82 4 = 0
1 1
28 Roll power, C , 4 = 00 252
29 Roll power, Cj, @ = 450 253
30 Induced roll coefficient, Moo 0.4 254
31 Induced roll coefficient. Moo- 0.8 255
32 Induced roll coefficient, M-o = 1.0 256
33 Pitch dampinng A 0= 257
34 Roll damping, C , a = 00 258

P
p
C Cannon-Launched Guided Projectile Aerodynamic Data 259
XM712 ED configuration 259
Geometry and Mass Properties 261
Aerodynamic Properties 261

1i
pI
Figures
35 Geometry and mass properties 263
36 Normal force coefficient slope versus Mach number 264
37 Pitching moment coefficient slope versus Mach number 265
38 Center of pressure versus Mach number 265
39 Axial force coefficient versus Mach number 266
40 Axial force coefficient breakdown 266
41 Incremental axial force coefficient versus 267

fin deflection, M = 0.5


44 Pitch and yaw damping deri,/atives versus 268

Mach number
45 Roll damping derivative 268
46 Fin power in pitch and yaw versus Mach number 269
47 Normal force and side force coefficient slope 269

with fin deflection versus Mach number
L'8 Roll power versus Mach nuL-iber 270
49 Trimmed load factor and CNtrim versus 270

pitch fin deflection
D Cannon-Launched Guided Projectiles Recommended

Wind-Tunnel Test Programs
Canard-controlled fixed-tail design 271
;. i
Fixed-wing tail-controlled design 285
Distribution List 301
Tables
1 Currently active fielded projectiles (US) 3
2 Projectiles in development (US) 4
3 Dimensions and inertial properties of 6

4.2 inch projectiles

105mm p'ojectiles

155mm projectiles
6 Dimensions and inertial properties of 175mm 10

projectiles, M437AI, M437A2

0 inch projectiles
8 Zoning solutions - muzzle velocity (m/s), 12

4.2-inch mortar, M30

1751 mmn gun, MI07

155mm systems
11 Zoning solution, muzzle velocities, 175mm system 16

(self-propelled gun, M107, projectile M437A1, A2)
12 Zoning solutions, mu7zle velocity (m/s), 17

8-inch systems
13 Rocket assisted projectile thrust data 19
$~
14 Field artillery cannon-type weapon systems 22
15 Approximate relationship between squares 30

and weight
Figures
1 Definition of quantities describing projectile 41

geometry and inertial properties
2 M101A1 (105mm) MPI probable error firing 42

MI HE projectile
3 M109 (155mm) MPI probable error firing 43

M107 HE projectile
4 M109 (155mm) MPI probable error firing 44

M549 RA projectile
5 M109A1 (155mm) MPI probable error firina 45

M107 HE projectile
6 M11 0 (203mm) MPI probable error firing 46

M106 HE projectile
7 M107 (175mm) MPI probable error firing M437E2 47

HE projectile
8 XM712 ballistic and FUFO trajectory option, 48

XMI98 howitzer
9 Shallower approach angle of FUFO compared to 48

ballistic trajectory of same range
10 Ballistic trajectory maneuver bounds, 49

12km nominal range
11 FUFO trajectory maneuver bounds, 49

12km nominal range
12 FUFO range extension for XM198 howitzer 50
t
II
13 Maximum FUFO guided range, XM198 howitzer 51
14 Minimum range trajectories with M109A1 52

howitzer, charge 4
15 Minimum range trajectories with XM198 53

howitzer, charge 4
16 Trajectory flexibility due to FUFO and 54

high/low QE options
17 Engagement probability, ballistic and FUFO 54
t.t
4~~*
INTRODUCTION
This study was undertaken to provide an aeroballistic data base for

Project HOWLS (Hostile Weapons Location System) , an ARPA initiated task
administered by the Lincoln Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute o0'
Technology. The term aeroballistic here is used in a very broad sense as
the study was initially intended to cove- both US and USSR projectile
characteristics: dimensions and inertial properties, trajectories, zoning,
dispersion, and aerodynamic coefficients; control aerobal I istics: experi-
mental and analytical statusof spinning projectiles with aerodvnami,: con-
trel ";:irftce' (especially canards); present and orojected fuze d.:mions;
qun launch environments and hardenina capabilities (especially sensors);
and terminal ballistics and effects: lethality, vulnerability, and sensi-
tivity coefficients.
The tasks discussed above were to have been completed by the end
of January 1976 (nine months from the starting date of 1 May) . Changes
in FY 1976 funding for the entire HOWLS program resulted in Lincoln
Laboratory requesting in September that work be halted at that point and
t11di Wn1diever had been accomplished tip to that point be reported.
In order to make this rep,'),-, more widely useable, it has been divided
into a main report and an addendum. The main report contains no classified
information. All of the classified information is in th,: addendum; this in-
cludes some range information on US rounds currently being developed
and all of the information on Soviet munitions.
The reprogramming of funds by the HOWLS Proj ec, sponsor resulted in

funding being dire'ted to other tasks than this one. 'The cffect of this is dis-
cussed where appropriate in this report. A useful data base has been created
which can be extended to its tull capability at a later time.
DISCUSSION
Aeroal listic Characteristics
Weapons and Projectiles
The main published sources of information on US Army weapons in

use at the present time and the plans for the future are References 1 and
2. These references should certainly be obtained as part of the overall
program.
I1
The indirect fire weapons currently considered to be active (some
reserve units and US allies may still be using others) are:
1. 4.2 inch: M30 Mortar,
2. 105mm: MI01A1 Towed Howitzer, M102 Towed Howitzer

(air mobile); M108 Self-Propelled Howitzer (only in some active National
Guard and US Army Reserve units)
3. 155mm: M109 Self-Propelled Howitzer (conversion to M109A!

expected to be completed by FY 1976, one-half had been converted as of
October 1974), M109A1 Self-Propelled Howitzer, Ml14A1 r'owed Howitzer;
4. 175mm: M107 Self-Propelled Gun (wiil be phased out when

M110E2 is available)
5. 8-inch: Ml10 Self-Propelled Howitzer.
The future mix of weapons is expected to be:
1. 4.2 inch: M30 Mortar
2. 105mm: XM204 Towed Howitzer
3. 155mm: XM198 Towed Howitzer, M109A1 Self-Propelled

Howitzer
4. 8-inch: M110E2 Self-Propelled Howitzer
The various types of indirect fire projectiles currently being used

in and supplied to the field for these different weapons systems were
determined from a variety of sources. Among these souwces were:
Department of the Army publications (Ref 3-17), Ammunition Dev3lopment
and Engineering Directorate (ADED) at Picatinny Arsenal, Ballistic
Research Laboratories, Edgewood Arsenal, and the US Army Field Artillery
School. The results are shown in Table 1.
2
Table I
Currently active fielded projectiles (US)"
Bore size Projectile designation Type

M329AI High Explosive (HE)
4.2 Inch M329AIE1 HE
(Mortar) M328,6,1 White Phosphorus (WP)
M335A1 Illuminator (Ilium)
M1 HE
M60 Gas
MGO Smoke
105mm M60 WP
M314A2E1 Ilium
M444 Improved Conventional Munition
01CM)
M548 HE, Rocket Assisted (RA)
M107 HE
Milo Gas
Milo WP
M1 21A1 Chemical
155mm M485EI, E2 Ilium
M449, El, E2 1CM
M549 HE, RA
M454 Atomic
M483A1 ICM
175mm M437A1, A2 HE
M106 HE
ML426 Chemical
8-Inch M404 ICM
M422 Atomic
M424 HES
aThe corresponding available data for Soviet weapons and projectiles is

in Table IA of the Addendum.
US projectiles not yet released or still under development are listed
in Table ,
9 K
3
Io
Table 2
Projectiles in development (US)
Bore size Projectile designation Type

105mm XM710 ICM
XM70SE2, E3 HE
XM718/741 AT (antitank)
155mm XM692/731 AP (antipersonnel)
XM687 Bulk Cannister
XM712 Cannon Launched Guided Projectile
(CLGP)
XM650E4 HE, RA
XM711 HE
8-Inch XM509 1CM
XM736 Bulk Cannister
XM753 Atomic, RA
4 3
Projectile Dimensions and !nevtioi Ptec-perties
This section prcser-ts thr. best dat.7 c~irrently av..ailrile. Thley

represent cont.-ibutions fromn many sect"Jll, of Picalinny Arsena!, Ballistic
Research Laboratorics, Yuma Provinci (roura ., ani 1-dg,:--wocd Arsenal.
It must be realized that bct.,i production ano d.ieliapmnefal projoctiles,
change in these charactt~ristics. Maniy o thc. tielsed ar,6 stoclk-piled pro-
jectiles were ae'ieloped at a trrna whe,) close atte.ntk-ti 110 shzp~- and incrtial
properties was not considered n~ecessary anci tnerefore the ireaseremernts
available are both la~w in number and old (Ref 18l and 19) , rodL'C-tiotl
lots also vary in '*ese characteristics due both'o 1
ru-mn-inv chancies r-ade
over the years and! changes in the method of r 1a71_1faCtL rf- and of maoufacturer.
The developmental projectiles are exactly that and, hence-, a! e suibJect to
changes in properties during the devLiopment cycle. iAt Of thl!F is iri
addition, in both the above cases, to t~ie normal dlevia~inns to be e~xper.ted
from round to round. All values given re th nomninal values
Wilh these caveats in mind, the p-. ojectile dimensions and inertiEJ
properties are given in Table 3 to 7. The proper-ties listed are :is d-f-ned
in Figure 1. The tabulated dimensions are ail given in caliber!s ((ccflteC of
gravity is from the nose, where nose means the tip of the fuze and an
exterior length of :3. 'S inches; wdt used four thec fuzP1 except for thp. shell
diameter (DIA) which is given in inches. Weight is liabulated in pounds
and the moments of inertia are in pounds-inches squared. A faw. Shell
which are being or have been deleted from the inventory and, their eore,
do not appear in Table 1 are included in these tables to prov-de a mot e
complete data bank.
The data for Soviet projectiles are presented in Table 2A which is in

the classified Addendum to this report.
OhngeabTofe
hears the nomenclature in this area used loosely and inter-
chaneabl. Tobe exact, a "Charge" is a standardized amnount of a par-
tclrpropellant which produces a desired muzzle velocity for the pro-
jecileandweapon under consideration. A "Zone" is the distarce on the
grond etwenthe range at maximum range quadrant elevation aod the
rag tmaximum quadrant elevation for a given charge, proj-ctile, and
weapo5
0 In '. N ~ a -
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c-
I
'Ca 1t II 'in 0- I
a-
1' n'-.r c-
ia C II j -0 in' I
a'
II a' -
ttH
II C, a'
S -'--'- - Q'
(
__________
a'
I
CC '7i'. a'i'n I
f-I Ia' .2
inc
K
cC-
i
dcv
-t-o
U a'
cOO inn '7'.
- Ii
7 V' .2
-
U0
In
*,c
H
(U
0- nr "cC
I-'
<I
li
_TilL_.r' I 0 ''0 0
'7 ? in 0' - a' 0 C iCin 'in C"
a' a' a' cc. a' 0 a v o a' a a-" c-a icr i-ca'
a' in i-i a -r in 'a 3' (, Q 0 iDa no iic.'i 't
in Ci
Ci in in 'V
' CL
_________________ iic -'a- -"-'
9 A
I'
AI
Table 6
Dimensionz and inertial propertieeof 175mm
projectiles, M437A1, M437A2
LOA, cal 5.48
OGL 2.93
BTL 1.00
XCG (nose) 3.50
DMP 0.080
DRB 1.032
OGR 25.0
BML 0.00
DBA 0.713
DBM, cal 0.00
DIA, inches 6.885

(meters) (0. 1749)
2 954.
IA, lb-in
(kg-m ) (0.279)
IT, lb-in2 11800.

(kg-m ) (3.45)
WGT, lb 147.8
(N) (657.4)
*See Fig 1 far definitions.
10
o T3 04 0'
0 NO 040 c I-.n o
77T ~iY0 C' 1:'3
".04~ 0 03 *
o CD 0 0 o * 44 C0
'M'x 043 0
Table 8
Zoning !olutions - muzzle velocity (m/s),

4.2-inch mortar, M30
CHARGE EXTENSION M328A1 r4335AI M329A1 M329A2

(INCREMENTS) (M329AIE1)
5 No 109 110 108 NA

10 145 145 144
151 181 ].81 180
20 217 217 216
254/8 No 255 253 256
25 4/8 Yes 229 230 227

30 250 251 248
35 273 274 271
41 Yes 298 297 299 NA
0 NA NA A NA.9
5
I, A 1 1I40.6-, I
10 178.5
15 21l., G
20 241.3
25 268.5
30 294.4
34 NA NA NA NA 314.9
M329A2 uses a different set than the others. Not all

increments are shown for both sets.
12
"p~
'-4T
CD
IT z
0c '
z
0000
ZZq
m ti) e Cu0 0 oo (,I; r u'W
)Ma'. I O
c C ('Lf *0~ ON (or OC4 L( `-4 w N I, z
In H C,4 (NCl' ,4cq (- m m cr tnLk LnO
0 4
r-~ kC'D
,r-~ c 0a t- o t-mNI Q a,.H m4 C~(ID I1
1 1 c
O' ~~~~~~c
~ N ar-
N-~r Oo- c0o o
kD r DC-1
4 -N0-4NCNN
4Mo MV%-It I Nnm-Iv 1
MM I
x I
cnmI
iu'~' jm frI-U- LH -~~r 'mj I 1-- ILlC I
'I-C14(4 (1 N N C'(
OO(4 OO N OO 4 OQ" C14 ' OCA ' c!Ct "
1 C-.4 HH (N C., o
-' W- I -4 ;r 0
' -. I'-
13
I
4)
04 04 10
V 0 '0 0
04 04 .4,
04 OlIn 04 0404 0 0404 04
04 0 0 ('
0 04 04 04 lfl 1.-I V 0410 V
1< 004 N 0.-I 13 0410 In
10
040 04 NV V 04V In In N04U10 In
10 04 VV N 0404 04 0104 10 0404 N
In 0401 04 0404 0401 V
04
04.-I
'004
42E 'C 0404 04 V04
EU,>1.
LI*
in
04
- 0404 0InC'CNOOInInIP .- - o' 043' -
-Y---'f-t----t
0, N1 N 0404 0404V00431 04
-04
K 2 0 0404 040404
IT
0404 0404 V
I .1%
04
c -, 04
N 10
- 0404 V 04N .0404 In 10Q040404 V
0404 04 ON 04 VIP 0 InN 04 00 0
04 01.-I *1 0404 In NI 04 Il '0 r I IC
V 0404 04 0404 04 0401 04 0404 04 0404 V
0
LL ' II I
0U, o
C --
C N 0404 04 NP N 04V V 010 0 0404 In

0 -4 N" 04 OP N InN 04 N04 In
N 0 Q1'01I0.0..INNN 0
- 1
04 10 04 .0 04 .0 1004 04 0404
10 0404 0404 0404 0404 0404 0404 0404 0404 0404 0404
'.. 00 0-4 00 0.-I 00 i-I 00 0.-I 00 0-4
01
.4 0 404 04
04 -I 04
fl,.
-
I*
a t4
13.0 .0 II.
________________ ____________ I.
0?
114
5.
-* - -... .. .- - -
V 'IRVI'IddV JflN
02 20.fl V(N 4)0 (04) N 212(12 02 20

.0.0
V(N 2002 0202 02 02 02.4 U) Za 2
NO) .- 2(N NO) (fl(N 02 1220 N 02
(N(N mM (Nfl 002 In 112(12 '0 20
0202 .1202 0' V(N 0 020

0 .r- QO)
212 NO) 2NV NO) NO .4 2-2-- 0 Z02

02 (N (N ((2212 20.0 0202 20 12212 N V
'I
(N
'1' I
.2
.4 I
'0(N I
02
N V
I
I
P 7K'
.--i9201IJL.
U)(N 0 U) 20
02m
0)20 020 1202 N 0.-2(N212N 002.4
'0o' 020 '002 0202 02 0202 20 7.20
(N (N fir) fit') 0202 12 U)U) 20 V 02
02
t -
(V
0
* (N '0 (N (N2 022, N 020 112
'00) 2112 00 -412) 0.4 V '0
22- '002 .4(N' NO. .020 0 '0N 02 (N
02 (N(N (NI') (N(N 0202 20 flU) 20 '0 02
111
7.
7. 2.3
(N r-'0
12202
(N(N
O'O.
.. 4(N
(NM
V(N
NO)
(Nfl
0212)
'ON
02
02
0
'0
____
002
(Nfl
'020
4)212
-
(N
02
'0
002
7.0)
--I-.
fi
'0
0
7.
N
.4 -2 .4 - 4 .' a -4
0202 0222- 0202 .3202 0202 0)02 021) 0202

00 00 00 .4.4 00 04 00 04
7.7. 7.7. Zk 7.7. 7. 7.7.
1.2 -. - - .-. -.
0 (N (N (N (N 0 (N 0 0' 0
'0 '( 7. .C (N 7.* (N -' (N
'C (NV 402 4)02 WV 204' f-V N7. 02.-I 027
7. 7. _ 7. 2.2 7.
I 2.1 - .- - - _ -.- -
15 4
Table 11
Zoning solution, muzzle velocities, 175mm system
(self-propelled gun, M107, projectile M437A1, A2)
CHARGE MUZZLE VELOCITY

(mls)
IG 510.5
(XM124)
1w 510.5
(M86A1, A2)
2W 704.1
(M86AI, A21%
3W 914.4
(M86A1, A2)
16
A lo
r
X0
0 r: - OCo
a'1
o" t' 0oi (CJ 0 a~W
0-c )
in :v -: Nr ONJ ''l 0 r4 (N~IT M fl
0'z Z't3u 27
NJC\IN (11 N)
4CN mC'M '.',1 Ln Lr)kD '0 '
in N- -4
7 J NN N0 M oi
( N
e~n
(Ne ,-r- O L
I.- an 1 inin
1'i M C-)'T 0 0)4if 0I COl
OO z m Z fl)
N Lri C1 (N CN 04 (N N Inr' ~Ln
T A LnL in
0 (7) n 0 a--I r- N -1 oNr ijC

NY r n
'IT 0
cO0 4 ~ 1 Ln4 C
-4 CN
4''
O 00
--4 'I m CoN
~Ln
-I
mo
Lin
zZO0
Nto
0C~(mNr~
o ~ Coi ~ C mM n n n v~rC~ oO ~ a
on
L V 0 Cr 0) 0' v 0f ~ Cin Cod
0 N 00 0
1(C C'0 l' LA
Ln Nni N N
CC7 r
C'Jn (N(-
(Nc N (N ( -T (N (NT (N r(N (N
r4 0
0
C14~( N-4C1 l (N4

C4
00 00 . 00 00 00 00co0) Co
14 1'
- - 1 -1 rf -4
1-4 (N1 (N q (N -1 H 4
r-4 (N
I(34
~ rln LAn mE inD N- Co-4 (3 0
17
A Cha,-ge is usualiy also identified by a one or two character alpha-
numeric code tor ease of referencing (firing tables, etc.) . Quite often there
is more than one type of propellant (the difference can be in either compo-
sition or shape or both) used in the same weapon system. These types
have an official designation also. For example, the 155mm M109A1 Howitzer
currently uses three such propellant types designated as: M3AI, M4A4,
and M119. There are five different amounts of the M3A1 propellant used
and identified as Charges IG through 5G; five different amounts of the
M4A2 propellant identified as Charges 3W to 7W; and the M119 propellant
has one charge, Charge 8.
A zoning solution for a weapon system has as its main goal the
assurance of a range over-lap between the zones of adjacent charges or,
at the very least, the avoidance of a gap. Quite often practical aeroballistics
will also affect these solutions since all shell have some Mach number and
quadrant elevation regions where they exhibit lower performance than
over most other regions. A judicious selection of launch velocities can
often help alleviate the effect of such flight regimes and therefore decrease
dispersion and increase effective range.
It can be seen that a zoning solution consists of a set of muzzle

velocit~es which, in turn, determines the charge (type and amount) for a
specific weapon and projectile.
These zoning solutions have been tabulated for US weapon systems

from the 4.2 inch Mortar to the 8-inch Howitzers in Tables 8 to 12. These
are based on References 3 to 17 and data provided by Firing Tables Branch,
BRL; Yuma Proving Ground; numerous sections of the Ammunition Develop-
ment and Engineering Division, Picatinny Arsenal, and Edgewood Arsenal.
Note that the 4.2 inch Mortar difters from regular artillery weapons in hav-
ing only three quadrant elevations and many muzzle velocities (charge
increments) . Thus, Table 8 has only selected charge increments. If a
complete tabulation is needed, they can be found in References 3 and 4.
The zoning solutions that are available for Soviet weapon systems are in
Table 3A in the classified addendum to this report and so is classified
data on US projectiles.
Rocket assisted projectiles (RAPs) require more than their launch

velocity to be specified in order to predict their range and, hence, their
zones. Therefore, the necessary remaining information beyond that in
the inertial properties tables for before and after burning and the aero-
dynamic coefficients in Appendix 13 are presented here in Table 13 for US
RAPs (insufficient data is available on Soviet RAPs).
41
18
*
Table 13
Rocket assisted projectilc thrust data
Delay timea Burn time Thrust Drag form factor

Projectile (sec) (sec) (Ib) (during burning)
M548 14. 2.3 92.5 1.00

M549 7. 2.5 558.0 1.00
XM650E4 7. 3.0 786.5 0.96
XM753 7. 3.0 786.5 0.96
aTime from launch to motor ignition
19
O II
Zoning information for the XM712 is also available from the trajectory
data in that section of this report and in the zoning section of the Addendum.
Dispersion
The US Army has standardized upon the probable error as the

measure of dispersion. Range and deflection dispersion are treated as
separate one-dimensional problems. Since a probable error in range or
deflection is defined as the distance on both sides of the mean point of
impact (MPI) which together will include (in a statistical sense) 50% of
the rounds fired, a one-dimensional probable error is 0. 6745 of the un-
biased standard deviation.
These probable errors, range and deflection, are tabulated in

References 3 to 17 in their supplementary data tables. They are also shown
in the probable error columns in the compacted firing tables in Appendix A
of this report.
"Firing tab!e" values are usually the smallest measure of dispcrsior.

Various other measures of dispersion are thoroughly discussed in Reference
1 and the pertinent excerpt is included here verbaLiim. The only changes
have been to include some curves of the "firing table" values (these are
labeled "precision" since they conform to that definition in Reference 1) on
their graphs and to adjust figure and reference nomenclature.
"One of the most confusing field artiilery performance

characteristics is the delivery accuracy. Table 14 lists both
the precision and MPI probable errors for conventional and
extended range projectiles. Precision is the scatter of burst
points about the mean point of impact (MPI) of a group of
rounds fired from a single weapon on a sine occasion from
a single site. The MPI is the mean range and mearn deflection
of a set of impact points. If the rounds are fuzed for ?ir
bursts, the mean burst height is also included. The MPI
is not necessarily the aimpoint or target. The probable
error in precision is usually expressed in meterz, (m)
measured from the MPI ;f, for example, at a certain
range 50 Percent of the projectiles fa!l between the mean
range plus 10 m and the mean range minus 10 m, the
precision probable error in range is 10 m at that specified
range. The listed precision errors are given in units of
percent range (range at which measurement is valid) and
20
mils deflection. The values given are average values th;'.t
may Occur between 75 percent of maximum weapon range
and inaxinmum range at the top charge. For instance, Table
1it Ii,ts 0.21 percent range and 0.65 mils a, thz! precision
error for the Mi~lAl howitzer firing conventional munitions;3
therefore, the precision probable error in range at iraximur.a
range ('11.0 km) is 23. 1 m and the precision probablIe error
in deflection at the sam'Q range is 7.0 m. At 75 percent
maximum range (8250 in], the precision probable range and
dclofction t_rors are 17.3 and 5.3 m, respectivoly. The
listed pre-cision data are not applicable to ranges Iless than IS
percent maximum weapon range (precision error v's range
is non! inaar) or to chi rg;2s (zones) other chan top cnaroy.
To describe a more -cal~stic delivery 3cciiracy, the

mean point of impact (MPI) error is used. The MPI error Is
defined z's the scatter of MPIs about an airnooint. The aim-
point is not necessarily the targct, there may be an unknown
tarovi loca Liof error-. Precision errors are cei7.ed primarily
by inherent errors in z single weapon and ammunition Sy"!:inr
but MPI errors are caused by system errors such as imperfoct
aiming procedures and erroneous metcoroiog icM predictions.
In a fire mission adjusted by' a forv-.ard observer, the primary-
source of MPI error will be the forward observ~r's adJustment
and iocation inaccuro~ies. In the Met + VE predicted firc
mission, however, the MRi erro,-, willi he citused by rnet2oro -
logical errcrs (Mct) arci vtflocity error-, (\ffl"such as ft.ba-to-
tube differences (iii a battery) arid registration ervors (a
registration is never truly accurate, but it is as-sumied to be
so: therefore, tihere is a constant reSidItZI error ior edch
registration) .The largest mneteorological error results fromi
the inability to satisfactorhy predict wind velocity ;,nd
direction. This ballistic wind error may be 150 percent
larger than any other singlc met error. Available Met + MI'!j
probable errors are given in Table 14 i i units of p--rcent
range and mils deflection. A-, before, these are aver-age
values that may occur between 75 percent of maximum
weapon ran~ge and maximium ranq:e at top charge.
Figures 2 through 7 graphically dlescribc th(! range

and dcetlection MPI probable e;rror (in metres) as a furr tion
of range for selected weapons fir;nq Met 4 'VE missions. In
21
c
Z~ <- <4<
c 1 -: <ri .- t 0 2 -
0) <
Lt'
L C--
CL '
0 4)
co
.- x
Z -n
CL . ' (v
22 4t)
rmos, illustrations several zones are represented and identi-
fied by; for example, I (Charqe 1), II (Charge 2), and 111w
(Charge 3, white bag). Several features of this se.ries of
figures are outstanding. First, although low charges are
deijgr-,,qd for short-range operation, at certain ranges the
low-charge error is nearly double that of the top zone at
the same range. A principal cause of this phenomenon is
projectile instability due to slower launch velocities.
Catnnon life expectancy is advantageously extended, how-
ever, when lower charges arc used. Figures 3 and 4 sh('w
that the M109 firing the M5149 RA projectile has a smaller
MPI range error than the M109 firing the M1 07 HE projectile
at ranges above 8 km with Charge 7. At 12 km, the M109/
M549 RA has an MPI range probable error at 74 m; the
M109/M107 HE, 90 m. These values seem illogically re-
ve.-sed. One possible reason for this unexpected result
may be that the RAP is less sensitive to ballistic winds
cecause of tne inherent in-flight propulsion and improved
aerodynamics. Figure 7, the MPI probable error of the
M107 175mm gun, shows the error magnitude that may be
expected for 30-km systems: range probable error, 20m;
deflection proba)' ,error, 110 m. This is not the end of
the delivery accuracy story, however, as best shown by
the He!bat I tests (Ref 20) where simulated operationai
readiness tests produced some errors gretly in excess of
those given by the MPI curves: for an M109 howitzer firing
to an average range of 9.0 km, graphical range probable
error was 135 m and deflection probable error was 86 m.
The MPI prohable errors for the same range and zone are
as follows:
"eror," range probable error, 85 m; deflection
,l ua I fro probable
toJ 2L
error, .3m. Since the I'l e L- ranges .aried fr, m I to 12
km and since all Helbat missions were riot strictly Met +
VE types, a direct comparison of the Helbat I data with the
MPI error curves may be questionable: but the effect of
lh.umarn error ouviously should not be ignorcd".
Further discussion of thiv. topic may be found in Reference 21.
For any case in Appendix A wher e the source is not a firing table
and probable errors are given, they are either from a limited number of
fErings or estimated from computer simulations. rhese values should be
considered as estimates only. It i5 worthwhile to repeat the warning in
23
I
the discussion from Reference 1 about the dominant effect of meteorological

error, primarily winds at altitudes, upon precision and the importance of
target location error upon actual miss distances.
The only guided projectile considered in this study is the XM712

(Cannon Launched Guided Projecti!e (CLGP). The discussion of its accuracy
is given in the classified Addendum of this report. Dispersion data on
Soviet munitions w iclh is available is also included in the classified
Addendum to this report.
Aerodynamic Coefficients
All of the aerodynamic coefficients presented in this report, except

for the XM712 (CLGP), were estimated by the same method and are pre-
sented in the same format. The method used is documented in Reference
22 and is available as a computer program, SPIN73, in FORTRAN. It
consists, basically, of empirical curve fits to a large data base of the effect
of various proje-ctile dimensions upon the aerodynamic coefficients (Ret 22)
"Theestimates generated by SPIN73 are given in Appendix B, except

for the data on Soviet ammunition which is in the classified Addendum.
Some discussion of the meaning of the various column headings is neces-
sary to understand how to use the output in standard aerodynamic co-
efficient form.
If we call the total angle of attack ca (radians), the spin p (radians/

sec), and the angular rates are pitch, '4, or yaw, r (both rad/sec), then the
various coefficients are, in terms of the SPIN73 tabulated names, as a
function of Mach number:
Axial Force: Cx (M,a) =CX +CX2 sinsa (1)
Normal Force: C N(M, a) CNA sina (2)
Pitching Moment: C (M, a,q) =CMA sina + (qd/2VjCMQ (3)
Magnus Force*: C' (M,a,p) (pd/2V)CYPA sina (4)

y
Magnus Moment*: C" (M, a,p) (.d/2V) (CNPA sina + (5)
n
CNPA3 sin 3a 4 CNFA5 sin'a)
Rolling Moment: C t(M,p) = (pd/2V) CLP (6)
*Primes indicate that this is only the Magnius contribution to the side force,
C and the side moment, C.
y n"
24
Swhere all tabulated coefficients are functions of Niach nt iber (M) d is
the reference diameter, and V is the flight velocity.
In addition to the above, the following are also tabulated: the normal
force center of pressure, CPN (in calibers from the nose), the Magnus force
center of pressure at 10 and 50 angle of attack, CPF [11 and CPF [5] (from
the nose) and the secant slope of the Magnus moment (per radian) at 5'
angle of attack, CNPA [5]. Note that the designation, dimensions, and
physical properties of the projectiles are included in the description above
the coefficient tables.
The SPIN73 generated coefficients have not been checked for a tra-
jectory match with firing tables, where available, because of the lack of
time; therefore, they have not been perturbed to produce such a match.
Based on past experience and the degree of coefficient match reported in
Reference 22, it is expected that the mismatch is not severe fnr projectile
configurations within the rar.ge of the data base.
The XM712 (CLGP) coeticients are presented in whatever form that

they were available in the references. Usually derivatives with respect
to angle of attack given in this daza will be Der radiar1 ,ather than in terms
of sin a. The Advanced Dev-iopment (AD) configuration had only a fold-
ing deflectable crLicifOrn tail and is reported in Reference 23. The Engi-
neering Developmcnt configuration added a cruciform set of fixed (in
deflection) folding wings and this is reported in Reference 24. Edited
excerpts taken from these soturces are presented in Appendixes C--1 and C-2.
Trajectories and Firing Tables
Complete computer simulated trajectories based on the aerodynamic

coefficients in App indix D and the inertial properties discussed earlier
are not available. At the time the termination of this task due to reprogram-
m.ing of funds became known, it was decided that a thorough job of generat-
ing aerodynamic coefficients and collecting inertial properties on the pro-
jectiles was necessary, since it would be impossible to compute trajectories
at a later date without this data.
Substantial trajectory data are available in this report. The compacted

firing tables of Appendix A have range, deflection (angular), and quadrant
elevation information. Most of this is from firing tables (Ref 3-17) while
some is from computer simulated trajectories available for projectiles ir.
development under other projects or from a limited number of firings. It
25
is not claimed that this data can be exactly duplicated using the aerodynamic,
inertial, and initial conditions data in this report. Based on past experience
with SPIN73 aerodynamic coefficients, the results should be in fairly good
agreement. Not only is it possible to refer to References 3 to 17 for finer
detail in range than is in the compacted tables of Appendix A but these
references contain other information that is not in the compacted tables.
Probably the most useful of this additional information is time of flight,
angle of fall, terminal velocity, and graphs of altitude versus range. How-
ever, this data is only available for projectiles which have final or pro-
visional firing tanles.
The range data on the XM712 CLGP available in Reference 24 is

included in the Fly Under-Fly Out (FUFO) capability (Fig 8-15). This is
purely analytical data. More information is available in the Addendum
under zoning.
Similar compacted firing tables for those Soviet she-il for which full
tables are available have been generated and are in the Addendum to this
report.
Control Aeroballistics
The subject of this section is the experimental and analytical investi-

gation of the aerodynamics of projectiles guided by aerodynamic surfaces.
The primary method of presenting the information will be bibliographies
of experimental and analytical methods. There is, of course, some overlap.
Analytical reports will usually contain experimental comparisons and ex-
perimental reports will often discuss and comoare various theories with
the data.
There has been -ome aerodynamic coefficient data on the XM712

Cannon Laun.ched CuddPr- c i. colUected and presented it-,Appendixes.
C-I (AD) and C-2 (ED) . They represent both its AD (tail alone) and its
ED (tail and win.9s) configurations and were taken from Control Aerody-
namics Experimental Bibliography items CEI and CE7. Data on a canard
controlled-fixed tail CLGP design that was not selectecd for Engineering
Development is available in Experimental Bibliography items CE14, CE15,
and CE19.
The bibliographies are not meant to be exhaustive or deal with basic

aerodynamics. Hopefully the most recent and/or applicable work on aero-
dynamic controlled and guided projectiles have been included. It should
26 4k
................
I
:-)e noted that many of the items listed are titles obtained from a computer
search and have not yet been obtained for a more complete study of their
applicability.
The analytical methods that could be studied exhibit some areas of

poor- agreement with experimental results. They also usually do not allow
for more than two surfaces at a particular body station. Multiple surface
capability is needed for all foreseeable 3rtillery rounds. A typical difficulty
with the vortex shedding approach, so widely used, is that for in-line sur-
faces (e.g., wing-tail, canard-tail or canard-wing) the vortex shed by the
forward surface may be predicted to pass above (under) the rearward sur-
face while experiment shows it passes under (above) the surface (see
discussion in CA10) . Other experimental results indicate difficulty in prc-
dicting cross-coupling and roll (spin) effects in general and also static
stability in the transonic velocity flight regime.
As part of another task, preliminary and final aero data package

experimental programs were suggested for the two configurations proposed
for the CLGP ED program. These experimental efforts were intended to
investigate the expected trouble areas in both cases without incurring
excessive program costs; a research program would be more extensive.
as'.. These programs are attached as Appendixes D-1 and D-2. Appendix D-1
applies to a canard-controlled fixed-tail configuration and Appendix D-2
applies to a fixed-wing tail-controlled configuration.
Analytical studies should be pursued to improve techniques espe-

cially for in-line surfaces, transonic flight, multiple surfaces; and pitch,
yaw, and roll coupling.
Terminal Ballistics
Lethality and Vulnerability
The lethality and vulnerability aspects of terminal ballistics was in-

tended to be dealt with by a selected bibliography from the basic source,
Reference 25. The fact thit the selection must be based upon the descrip-
tions in Reference 25 rather than upon actual study of the possible selections
is unfortur.ate.
The descriptions in Reference 25 are sufficiently clear so that the

bibliography for this section includes the most useful material currently
available. Vulnerability of target systems has been included as an aspect
of lethality.
9 27
Sensitivity Coefficients
Sensitikity coefficients are, in general, first partial derivatives.

For example, holding all other variables constant, the effect of projectile
weight on range is linearized as AR = (- ) a W, where Ris the sensitivity
coefficient for range with respect to weight.
The practice of the US Army is to include such corrections in their

firing tables for muzzle velocity, cross wind, range wind, air temperature,
air density, and projectile weight. Propellant temperature corrections are
also made indirectly. There is usually a separate table which gives the
change in muzzle velocity for a given propellant temperature; this is then
used as a muzzle velocity correction to range.
The only listed correction which is not a true partial derivative is

the one for projectile weight. This range correction includes both the
effect of changed muzzle velocity and the effect of changed ballistic co-
efficient, (W/CxA), during flighi. This is why a separate correction for
muzzle velocity should not be made for a weight variation. The muzzle
velocity correction is to be used for properlant temperature corrections,
as mentioned, and for other effects, such as bore wear.
Firing table corrections may appear to be backwards but this is not

so. An increase in muzzle velocity will, for example, increase range; that
is, !-- > 0. But when one looks at a firing table it will be seen that ior a
muzzle velocity increase (usually tabulated for 1 m/s) the range correction
is given as a negative number, a decrease. This is because the tabulated
range change is to be algebraicahly added to the range desired, producing
in this case a shorter range. This will require that the guin elevation be
set so as to produce this shorter range. Then, when the shell really flies
further because of the increase in muzzle velocity, the desired range will
be reached. Similar reasoning applies to all the other corrections and is
the only real difference between corrections and sensitivity coefficients.
(A tail rainge wind is considered an increase and azimuth corrections for
a cross wind are made into the wind.)
Most US Army firing tables give ranges and range corrections in

meters and elevations and azimuths and their corrections in mils. One
Army mil is defined as 1/6400 of a circle. The usual increments in the
independent variables used are: cross and range winds. 1 knot, muzzle
velocity: I m/s, air temperature: 1%of standard (518.7"R, 288.159K), air
28
density: 1% of standard (0. 002378 slug/ft 3 , 1.2250 kg/rm), and projectile
weight: usually 1 square (SQ) from a stated standard, e.g., 2 SQ STD.
Atomic rounds are marked with their actual numerical weight so their fir-
ing table corrections are given per pound.
A further explanation of weight squares follows. Artillery projectiles

are stamped with square-shaped marks to give an indication of how far
away the loaded projectile is from some reference weight. The value of a
square is different in terms of pounds from one projectile to another. The
approximate values for some projectiles are listed below (Table 15) so that
a conversion can be made between squares and pounds. Another point to

be kept in mind is that a particular firing table may use a non-zero number
of squares as the reference weight of a projectile (the one for which the
basic table has been constructed) . This is always given but note must be
taken. For example: a projectile is stamped with 4 squares but the standard
number of squares is given as 2. Therefore, the range correction to be made
is that for + 2 squares not that for + 4 squares.
The compacted firing tables presented for US projectiles in Appendix

A contain all the corrections mentioned above where they are dvliiab!ie.
The data on those projectiles which have official firing tables or' provisional
firing tables are usually complete. Whatever data was available from other
projects has been incorporated into Appendix A. Most of the data, especially
on projectiles in development, is based on computer simulations but a limited
amount of firing data is also available and has been included. Appendix A
is no exception to all the data in this report; whenever a projectile datum
has been extrapolated unduly or assumed the same as some other projectile,
that value is inclosed in parentheses.
Similar compacted firinn tahIes for those Soviet projectiles for which
the information exists are presented in the Addendum to this report.
9 29
I
Table 15
Projectile
M329A1
Approximate relationship between squares and weight
Standard squares
2
Pounds/square
0.25
Source
Ref 3
1
M328A1 2 (= 7 of M329A1) 0.30 Ref 3
M1 2 0.6 Ref 5
M60, Gas 2 0.6 Ref 5
M60, WP 5 1.0 Ref 5
M548 2 0.5 Ref 6
M107 4 1.1 Ref 8
Milo, Gas 4 1.1 Ref 8
Milo, WP 5 1.1 Ref 8
M116 4 1.1 Ref 8
M116, Colored (= 4 of Ml) --- Ref 8
M121, Al 8 1.1 Ref 8
M549 4 1.4 Ref 13
M437A1, A2 3 1.1 Ref 14
MIOG 4 2.5 Ref 15
M404 4 2.5 Ref 17
3@
j4
t
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The most up-to-date unclassified aeroballistic data available on US

Army indirect-fire projectiles (105mm and up) has been collected or
generated. Aeroballistic is used in a very broad sense to include: ex-
ternal dimensions, inertial properties, trajectories, zoning, dispersion,
sensitivity coefficients, aerodynamic coefficients, lethality and vulner-
ability, and controlled projectile aerodynamics.
Classified data in the above areas on US projectiles and all data on

Soviet ind Soviet Bloc indirect fire artillery projectiles (100mm and up)
which were also collected or generated are in a separate addendum to this
main report.
This study concentrated on generating a complete set of aerodynamic

data without any trajectory information; the rationale being that trajectories
can be run later with the data. It is not presently known how closer/ thl.e
aerodynamic data, when used in simulated trajectories, will match firing
table results. Past experience lends credence to the belief that the match
will be acceptable.
It is recommended that further work in this area should assure con-

sistency between predicted aerodynamic coefficients and firing table results
and include free-fl ight rocket aeroball istics.
S31
REFERENCES
1. Reichard, B. L. and Downs, A. R., A Compendium of Field Artillery

Facts, BRL Report No. 1759, USA Ballistic Research Laboratories,
February 1975
2.. Reichard, B. L. and Downs, A. R., A Compendium of Classified

Field Artillery Facts (U), ,RL Report No. 1760, USA Ballistic
Research Laboratories, February 1975, Secret
3. Firing Tables, Mortar 4. 2-Inch: M30 Firing Cartridge, H. E.,

M329A 1 . . ., Headquarters, Department of the Army, FT 4.2-H-2,
August 1968
4. Firing Tables, Mortar 4.2-Inch, M30, Firing Cartridge, H.E.,

M329A IEI . . ., Headquarters, Department of the Army, FT 4.2-K-I,
August 1974
5. Firing Tables, Cannon, 705mm Howitzer: M2A2 and M2A 7 on

Howitzer; Light, Towed: 795mm MA701A I and M101 .1.. Firing
C artridge, H. E., M-I ... Headquarters, Department of the Army,
FT 105-H-7, May 1971
6. Firing Tables, Cannon, 16,mm Howitzer MA 03, on Howitzer, Light,

Seif-Propelled, 705mm, M108 and Cannon, 105mm M137A 1 and
M137 on Howitzer, Light, Towed, 105mm, M102 Firing Cartridge,
H.E., RA, M5118, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Ft 105-AU-i,
October 1974
7. Firing Table Addendum to FT 105-H-6 for Cartridge, H. E., M444,

Headquarters, Department of the Army, FT 105 ADD-B-I, C-4,
January 1968
8. Firing Tables, Cannon, 155mm Howitzer, M126 and M126E1 on

Howitzer, Medium, Self-Propelled, 155mm, M109 Firing Projectile,
H.E., M107, Headquarters, Department of the Army, FT 155-AH-3,
August 1974
9. Firing Tables, Cannon, 755mm Howitzer, M785 on Howitzer, Medium

Self-Propelled, 155mm MIO9A 1 . . . Firing Projectile, H.E., Al107,
Headquarters, Department of the Army, FT 155-AM-I, September
1972
32
10. Firing Tables, Cannon, 155mm Howitzer, M 726E 1 and M 126 an
Howitzer, Medium, Self-Propelled: 155mm, M 109 Firing Projectile,
Atomic, XM454, Headquarters, Department of the Army, FT 155-AJ -2,
May 1969
11. Firing Tables Addendum to FT 155-A H-2 for Projectife, H. E. M339A 1

(M449E2), Headquarters, Department of the Army, FT 155-ADD-B-11,
November 1967
12. Firing Table Addendum to FT 155-Q-3 for Projectile, H. F., M4'49,

Headquarters Department of the At-my, FT 155 ADD-A-i, C-5,
January 1968
13. Provisional Firing Tables, Cannon, 155mm Howitzer, M126E1 and

M1726 on Howitzer, Medium, Self-Propelled 155mm, M 109 Firing
Projectile, H.F., RA, M549, Ballistic Research Laboratories, October
1974
14". firin
/fyl"Tobie, C.ulu,,u,, 175mrm Gun, miii, mi f3E,- on G.un, F-ield
Artillery, Self-Propelled: 175mm, M 107 Firing Projectile, H4. E.,,
M'i37A 2, M437A 1, Headquarters, Department of the Army, January
1970
15. Firing Tables, Cannon, 8-Inch7 Howitzer: . 2A 7Il on Howitzer,

..
Heavy, Self-Propelled: 8-Inch, M7 10 Firing Pro jcc~iI., H. E., M 106,

Headquarters, Department of the Army, FT 8-J-4~, June 1967
16. Firing Tables, Cannon, 8-Inch Howitzer . . . P42A 1E I on Howitz-er,

Heavy, Self-Propelled: 8-Inch. A4 11 Firmna Pro'iectilp. HFS, M424
Projectile, A tomic, M422, Headquarters, Dtcpartmeni. of the Ar.-y,
FT 80-4, June 1967
17. Firing Table Addendum to FTO-.1-4 for Projeci,lIe. H. E., M404,

Headquarters, Department of the Armry, FTI 8 ADi)-A-11, November
1967
.8. Hitchcock, H.P., Aerod 'ynamic Data for Spinning Projcctiles,

Ballistic Research Laboratories, Report No. 620. October 19147
19. Artillery Ammun~ition: Gtins, How~itzer, Mortars and Recaoilless

Rifles, Headquarters, EDepartmfnt of the Army, TM 9-1300-203,
April 1967
20. Horley, G. and Giordano, D., HELBA T I (Human Enqineering
Laboratory Battalion Artillery Test), LJSAHEL TM-24-70, September
1970
21. Indirect Fire Accuracy (U), 3 Vol., JMEM 61S1-3-6-23, 28 June 1974,
Confidential
22. Whyte, R. H., SPIN-.73, An Updated Version of the Spinner Computer

Program, Picatinny Arsenal TR 4588, November 1973
23. Addendum to Cannon Launched Guided ProjectileAdvanced Develop-

ment Program - Final Report (U), Martin Marietta Corp., Orlando
Division, OR 13, 759-Addendum 1, September 1975, Confidential
24. CLGP (XM712) Cannon Launched Guided Projectile (U), Martin

Marietta Corp., Orlando Division, OR 13, 651P, Vol. I1: Technical,
14 April 1975, Confidential
25. Index, Specialized Technical Handbooks for Joint Munitions Effective-

ie~s Munuais (JMEM) and Reiatcd Pubiicatlons, US Army Materiel
Command, AMCRD-TE, TH 61-1-2, 18June 1975
314
BIBLIOGRAPHIES -
1. Control Aerodynamics Analytical Bibliography

II
CAT. The Aero~dynamic Analysis of the Coning Motion of the CLGP, Martin
iMarietta Corp. ,Orlando Uivision, Doc. No. ANA 0o900000-002, 13 .
July 1973.

CA2. A ecrody-namic Effect o/ CLGP Fin 5we,,p-buck A ng~le Variotion, Martin

Marietta2, Orlando Division, Doc No. AN.IA '107000600.-01G, 6 July 1972
I
UA3. Aero.itnornic Methodology. Bodies with Tails a7t Arbitrar'y Poll
Angle, Fidler, J. F. , Mar'tin Marietta, Orlando Division, O)R 13,375--1,,
.
Decem b.er 1974 flprepared for A'rmy Missile Co rerml-]rid AD/A-003 3141) :
C,-oi. A Afet--:;d fo," Calc:ulating tha / erodynemic Loadin(, o17 Wimn- Body, -
dComb .'nct ons at Soall A .ngle_,"of A ttock in Sup(:rsonic r- o ti, Jar'kson,

C. M. o,,ld Sawyer, W. C-., NASA TN D-6441, Otctober 1971 .
CA5. AtlAet rodfnaics : c CAaiytrteiisalBc.ibogrp
5d Acd " , Noncirculor Cross Section Alonr and
arw'h
iettaiCr-p., Orlando
a iin'We,
oDoAttac, from No
0A 90000C,002, 1
L H., NASA TN D-7228, April
1973
CA6. Aerdnatice/ Predicton of the Rofin/fitch

end RokA Y: w Coupiino oM the
CLGt,Missir'n, Di.itin ,a Doctta
Corp., Orla(ndo Division. 6uoc. No.
ANA 00900000-003, 10 P~u.-ust 1973

CAT. Roseline IV Final Aerodynlgmics, Mrtin
wi rietU. Corpit.,
rarlanlo
D)ivision, Du~c. No . -.,-.
' ,,""...0 . - .2 7. Feb "LUary 19YI
CA8. Cannon Launcihed C:.ided 4'rojcctilo -Aeroclyr-utnic n 0o,,.,'ti

D.sign
Study, Fid'er, J . E and Mi et.t., Oartind Daiviesia Corp., Orlando
Division, OR19 ,/4
p, Vol D-c.:ember
MI1s73 (prepnred for Naval
Ordnance Sy"siems Command4)

CA9. Compute.- ,1rograai;for CCalulaiting
tt.h -trtyic Long it;dinalAerodyerioin-c
bharacceristics of W"inaA- of Coniin Supctonis, Mrendoen ha 1,
M. R., :A al, NASW. (,R-2474, Nielsen ( Engineering
,esearct '7nc.,
Januar SAT
1A75
D n.. 35
CAIO. Effoct of Syn1me7trical Vortc',c Sheddirq:
on the Iorigiid'ioal Aoro-
dynamrtic Char~cterist.:c of Winq -Body-Toil (':),nhifio!icn,
Me.-dcenhzall, M. R. and Nicken, J. N NASA CR-214., Nielson
Cn~gineet Oig f&Reearc'., Inc., .Janu4ry :V'5
CAII t-ffacts w&thi For wcard Sirakes on CLGP Coning Motion, Martin
Nlar~ezta Corp , Ori-1ndo Division, r~oc, No. /-,NA GOOO0O-OWJ.,
13 August i~ii3
CUl12. Estimoaicd Aet ociynonic C

(jur~ac&ir.'stics 1-or tWe Bc,Sc.JinV C1.6"' Coll-
ficui-A~ion, Martin kim ictia Corp., Orlanc-lo Division, Do~c, No.
ANA 10700000 00t, 3 April 1972
CAI 3. Estimated Aer-odyna-mic Charactcris tics for iNinc C'!GP Configo-~

rations~, Mar~tin MA~,etta O-lancio Division, Doc. No. A.'A
107000~00-02, 13, Apr#i 1912
CAI 4. Estimated Aoroclynomics for the Baseline bli CL(,P confiLjo.

i"olion,
Martin Mairietta, Or-lando Division, Doc. No. LNA 1IO;'COO0U-O'J7,
8 May 1972
C-A I . Estiniatmont c,7 ih -,,. ro- lift Drag cf Missile :n'fj, urct;,lns in 5up'.---
son;(c. F,'ovn vlth 7.i.'buleni onurdary, Lvop-r. Ja~ksoo, C. M., 6
al, NAS.A TfM >(890, 1969
CAI 6. L Iif,' in jC>,jrter (of FP"e. ':urtc. ofi' W(-FSu

u 1.y'-r 0 ai1 t
(ii~~io
Scthsop~ic. 7 .i-onsonic, cir-d Stpcrsoolc Spl-eds, Pivs, W. C
et :%I.JAC\ upoit No. 1-1,07, I 957
(cA 17. Me,.lod f'Colcuiritincq ind'. (d . %Vimii Mon. -rj(s for C'-ucifo,':,
Cji;4 ~s~ile s Angles of A,'Lack u!" to 20 Ot.c', Pic'nSch, M. J.
cL 0i!, IeNIv4*e (, -.ts'.rs, ,.... I 5761,',A M 1Iy 7
CAI 8. Alumericd MUUocjs fovr- the !)csiz~n cml Ancl's.-- (-f IWincs ' Super-
Sonir S~,es Ca;-, 3on, 1. VV- 2% Miler-, D. 5 NAIS. IN o- .
7713", Dececnhc: 1974
CE1. Adcdeml irn to Careiuor Launched Gui~dcl Projcct. '- A.w.yv.ce.0

i~hEop',e 1 1Progyrcm - Ci~lReport, (U) '.actiri LY,? iiata Corp.
.
Orlcondo Pivisioo, OR 13,759 - Addcr~duni 1, S5epteimber 1,j!5,

Coofidentied
I
I
CE2. Aerodynamic Characteristicsof a Canard-ControlModular Weapon
Clussification at Transonic Mach Numbers, Kaupp, H., Jr., Arnold
Engineering Development Center, AAEDC-TR-73-134, for Air Force
Armaments Laboratory, August 1973
C.E3. An Experimental Investigation of the A erodynamic Characteristics

of Several Nose-Mounted Canard Configurations at Supersonic Mach
Number, Burt, J. R., Jr., US Army Missile Command Tech Report
P-D-75-17, 30 Jinuary 1975
CE'l. An Experimental Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics

of Several Nose-Mounted Canard Configurations at Transonic Mach
Numbers, Burt, J. R., Jr., US Army Missile Command, Tech
Report P-D-75-2, 30 August 19174
CES. Best Estirrited Values of CL Trim and 8 Trim Based on Wind
Tunnel Data, Martin Marietta Corp., Orlando Division, Doc. No.

ANA 00900000-005, 15 August 1973
CE6. CanardControl Effectiveness Study on the Air Force Addvanced

?actical Rocket at Mach Numbers 2, 3, 4, and 5, StriKe, W. T.,
Jr., Arnold Engin,ering Development Center, AEDC-CR-74-34,
for Air Force A.-marnents Laboratory, April 197'4
CE7. Cannon Launched Guided Projectile (U), Martin Marictta Corp.,

Orlando Division, OR 13,651P, Vol. II: Technical, 14April 1975,
Confidential
CE8. CLGP Wind Tunnel Test Plans and Po-st-Test Report, Martin
Marietta Corp., Orlando Division, Doc. No. ANA 10700000-008,
16 June 1972
CE9. Effect of Several CanardSizes on the Static Stability, Performance,

and r-rim Characteristics of the PAVESTORM I Munition System at
Transonic Speeds, Smith, D. K , Arnold Engineering Development
Center, AEDC--TR-72-67, for Air Force Armaments Laboratory,
Mey 1972
CE 10. Effects of Nose Bluntness on Aerodynamic Characteristicsof

Cruciform - Finned Missile Configursition at Mach 1. 50 to 2.86,
JerrnelI, L. S, N.ASA I M X-2031, June 1970
37
kI
GEl 1. Lffect of Wing Plarnform and Canard Location and Georretry on the
Longitudinal Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Close -C oupl.od
Canard-Wing Mlodel at Subsonic Speeds, Gloss, B. B,, NASA TN
D-7910, June 1975
CE 12. Elimination of the Induced Roll of a Canard Control Con figur-ation

by Use of a Freely Spinning Tail (U), Darl ington, J. A., NavalI
Ordnance Laboratory, NOLTR-72- 197, August 1972, Confidential
CE1 3. Preliminary Static and MAlgnus Measurements on a Proposca Canard-

Controlled Guided Projectile, Regan, F. J , Naval Ordnance
Laboratory Wind Tunnel Report No. 80, April 1974
GEl 4. Static Force Te.Ft on a 0. 7 Scale Cannon Launched Guided Pro 'ifcctile
at the VA C High Speed Wind 7 unnel in the Mach Range of 0. r, to 2. 5.
Box, D. M., Vought Systems Division Report No. HSWT Test 438
(for Texas Instruments, Inc.), June 1972
CEl 5. Static Force Test on a 0. 7 Scale Cannon Launched Guided Pro jec~ile
u.J" I
fIU Vi/, k.iiyi17119 L Iri IU
WV>ee Tui-i-
U iii i htf IlVfUCI Rur'IyL ul' 0. 6 Iu. 21.5
Second Series, Box, D. M'., Vought Systems Division Report No.
HSWT Test 4146 (for Texas Instruments, Inc.) , 19 Septem~ber 1972
GElS5. Static Stability and Canard Hinge-Moment Characteristics of the
AIM-9J (Side Winder) Missile at Mach Alumbers from 0. 4 to 3. 4 (U),
Arnold Engineering Development Center, AEU-%C-TR-72-34, Final
Report 11 October - 12 November 1971
CE1 7. Supersonic lnthrference Effects in Low-A spect-Rutia Planer Con-

figurations at Large Angles of Attack. Hart, H. H. , Applied Physics
Laboratory, Johiis Hopkins University, TG-998, July 1968
GEl 8. VSD High Spe-ed Wind Tunnel Force Test on a 0. 70 Scale 755mm
Cannon Launched Guided Projectile in the Mach Number' Range of
0. 6 to 2.2, Popce, T. C., Voight Systems Division Report No. HSWT
Test 487 (for Texas Instr uments, Inc.), 25 March 19714
3. Lethality and Vulnera)ility Bibliography

(Index: Speci~ilized Technical Handbooks for Joint Munitions Effectiveness
Manuals (JMEN) , TH 61-1-2, 18 June 1975)
LV1. 61A1-3-1 Target Vulnerab;Ility (U), Secret, 13 Feb 74.
36
LV2. 61JTCG/ME-69.-1 Target Vulnerability Scaling and Modeling,
31 Jan 74
LV3. 61JTCG/ME-69-2 Target Vulnerability Symposium (U), Secret,
15 Apr 69
LV4. 61JTCG/ME-69-3-2 Lethality of US Ammunition Against Soviet
Armored Vehicles (U), Secret, 1 Jan 70
LV5. 61JCTG/ME-69-3-10 Blast Effects on Soviet Vehicles (U), Secret,
12 Mar 71
LV6. 61JTCG/ME-69-3-11 Vulnerability of Selected Soviet HE Projectiles
to Fragment Impact (U), Confidential, 14 Aug 71
LV7. 61JTCG/ME-70-6-1 JMEM Computer Program for General Full Spray
Personnel Mean Area of Effectiveness Computa-
tions (IJ) , Confidential, 25 May 71
LV8. 61JTCG/ME-70-6-2 JMEM Computer Program for General Full Spray
Personnel Mean Area of Effectiveness Computa-
tions (U), Secret
LV9. 61JTCG/ME-73-6 Lethality Prcdictions for US Army Munitions
Tested in Various Environments in the Dep
Static Arrays (U), Confidential, 25 Apr 73
LV1O. 61JTCG/ME-7;-9 Effectiveness Distribution for US Army Improved
Conventional Munitions, Confidential
LVI1. 61S1-2-2 Effectiveness Data for Howitzer, 105MM M101A1
(U), Confidential, 11 Dec 72
LV12. 61S1-2-3 Effectiveness Data for Howitzer, 1355M,4, M109
LV13. 61S1-2-4 Effectiveness Data for Howitzer, 8-1i.ch Ml10
LV14. 61S1-2-5 Effectiveness Data for Gun, 175MM M107 (U),
Confidential, 18 Dec 72
LV15. 61S1-2-6 Effectiveness Data for Mortar, 4.2 Inch M30
(U), Confidential, 15 May 72
LV16. 61S1-2-8 Effectiveness Data for Rocket, 762MM M50 (UL),
Confidential, 3, Oct 72
LV17. 61S1-2-13 Effectiveness Data for 155MM Howitzer M109A1
(U), Confidential
39
LV18. 61S1-3-2 Safe Distances for Fragmenting Munitions (U),
Confidential, 19 Mar 73
LV19. 61S1-3-3 Lethal Areas of Selected tJS Army, US Navy,
and US Marine Corps Surface-to-Surface
Weapons Against Personnel and Military Targets
(U), Confidential
LV20. 61S1-3-4 Manual of Fragmentation Data (U), Confidential
LV21. 61S1-3-5 Ammunition Reliability Report (U), 15 Oct 75
40
do
1 -S-
IIc C
d3 II
0
CL
f.
41~
120
80
VII (charge)
v
10
- 40
t w
v I
0 2 4 6 10
Range (Km)
80[
40!
Lu VII (ch.rge)
;0 !r_ .,-i - r,ision
0 2 4 6 8 10
(FT lOb H.7)
Range (Krn)
Fig 2. MIOlAl (105mm) MPI probable error firing M1 HE projectile
42
t
120
V VII (charge)
80
S J f
V V
J P,'ecision (FT 155-AH-3)
0'
04 8 12
Range (Kml
80r
F 40
E V1 (carge)
!t- Precision (FT 155 AH-3)
0 8 12
Range (Kin)
Fig 3. M109 (155mm) MPI probable error firing M107 HE projectile
40
120
80 VII (hargel
RA VII
"Preci5iorn (FT 155-AL-0)
- - "robatulV IToo high)
".u#
LU 40
a-
0 __
-- _ _ __ _ __ _ _ I ____
0 4 8 12 20
Range (Kin)
80[
40 VII W(harge)
-- RA
U1 . VII
S RA
Tt - . .i Precision
0 4 8 12 16 20 (FTr 1&-AL-0)
Range (Krn)
Fig 4. M109 (155mm) MPI probable error firing M5i9 RA projectile
44
I
VII (Charge)
80 Vw
111w
40- VII
- * Precision (FT 15,-AM-1)
-a--
0 4 8 12 16
Ranw. (Km)
80
Soo
40 - VII (Charge)
LU ViI
a. .ui=., Precision (FT 15bAM-I)
0 -
0 4 12 16
Rvign (Kin;
Fig 5. MIM9AI (155mm) MPI probable error firing M137 HE projectile
45
1160
120 VII (Charge~)
4 /V
80/
LIII
40
VI I
Precision (FT-8&J-4)
0
0 4 8 12 16
AR0iye 1Km,)
40-
01 ___________ - - Precisino (FT 13J 4)
0 4 8 12 li6
Pag (Kin)
Figj 6. M110 (203mm.) MPI probable er, or firing M106 HE pvojp.LtI e
46
.1
I'A
2C/
8
;1(charge)
/1 ( 7.,1
0 4 8 12 "16 20 24 28 30
RHnje (KWi)
120
.2 80
I ,'40
/ f /,
4
11(chug)
-_ O-I II-- (-"---4

-175 -A-1)
"0 412 16 20 24 28 30
RA6le Mr.-)
Fia 7. M107 (175mm) ? .PIprobable err orfiring MU37E2 HE proje ctile
47
4
7
~Qc
_J 0
z w -
*tLi L--
U, 0-
F,- .T- p .
-2(
X 0 o
No 2
Lva x -van .0
N U~N04o
ILI
Iz
4L -0-
c0
U
a-__ 0
-JI -
EE
ma _ _ _ -W
W
0.
70
W
0 /
0 *z
x~aa U 0
UVA - w
(2nu
-vo
I.- aMC 49 U
CHANG2 .9 AL1S I L
t~C I'
CHARGE Z flE 10U pr. iPM' te~Ci PY (KM?'
Xjj2C
U I 19 244
XM1US AAik'k 26j b110 1662.

30 1,i3 126
T 0 3- fTH4 .\%LT"UDE - ~ iSETy
0M0 T, IMPACT TIMEI
41 CIf'tB LI)'iPAT 71 /'IANA

.SF&
t Olt( Z 020 4R
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XMIW HOWITZER
ZONE NO. 7
YM21I E2 CHARGE ""
Of 45 DIOPfiE /
I
I NOTT 21.2 KILU)METERS
EXTTENDN
IMLE MAXIMU'A
AG SEYND 203 KILOIEERS
CQUISITION COND!TIOkS. (0.6 TARGET
REFLECTANCE 116MJ LAER
2I
4
7
"3 -
22
NOINALI
FUFOAN4E IRN
19 20 204 2022 21.

FLVOUl RANGE KM
Fig 13. Maximum FUF'O 9uided range, XM198 howitzer
5.
BALLISTIC IMPACT
at (OEfAl IMPACT POINT (KIM) TIME (SEC)
75 4 ,'4 49
70 L,14 4 : 10
M109A1 5
30
679
5 02
4I.0
k7 3
15 30 146
12
10-- ~ 7 30 DEQR
90 GA f 2
11 U5D DEGRE
Fig 14i. ,Minimum ran~ge trajectories with MI09A1 howitzer, charge 4
52
I SE (DEGI
BALLISI Kji~-Z
UI4PAcTr POmIFhl() iIM ~im.E:sfC)
70 364 7
476 4b 3
86
30 402
16 3.10 1 3.6
it.4AIj 10.3
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78 DJEGREE
-
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f1#4 65, -#6 46c

#4C,00 -#4 450
2. 4 "- 4i-
1.0
U.
.u
MN. NRANGE T KM MAX. FLY OUT
Fig o16. Trajctory

.LSI / =- flexibilityCIUdueI00FE
to FJFO and hig/iti ow OF options
- -- _ _
>.1.0 - - -
0 OALLISTIC 3WFEET CEIUI'eG

L .6
0O.4
IC OBAL(LISTIC = FAIR WEATHER
_____ FUFO =i 300FEET CF. ING/
I FUFO = FAI$ WEATHER
o 4 G 16 20 4
rt
TARGET RANGE -- KM
F 17. Engagement probabili, ballistic and FUFO
i54
APPENDIX A
COMPACTED FIRING TABLES OR SIMULATIONS
4, 55
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,ARPENDIX C
AERODYNAMIC DATA
CANNON-LAUNCHED GUIDED PROJECTILE
XM712 AD configuratier,
T9
- - - -- - -- - -- - -- -
-~
This summarizes the pertinent data rnrd conclusions pertaining to the
aerodynamic characteristics and flight test performance of the Cannon
Launched Cuided Projectile (CLGP) configuration. The de'velopment of th-
aerodynamic characterization of this c-,figuration is briefly surrmarized,
including both theoretical analyses and wind tunnel and fiight test results.
A combination of theoretical anal' :3,e-, v"ind tunnel testing and flight

testing was utiiized to examine the aerodynamic performance capabilities
of the CLGP airframe. The aerodynamic properties )f the first basic CLGP
configuration were obtained by utilizing tile Martin-developed "CAMS com-
puter program. The CAMS (Computer Aided Missile Synthesis) program
aerodynamic module is basically a computerized adaptation and extension
of the US Ai- Force DATCOM Stability and Control Handbook. The CAMS
program contains provisions to evaluate both finear and nonlinear con-
tributions to aerodynamic coefficients, including the influence c.n alt lifting
surfaces of vortices gEnerated by forward lifting surfaces, body vortex
effects on !ifting surfaces, aid stall characteristics. Initial CL.GP aero-
dynamics were based on a configuration with a length of 47 inches, .;'r-
respur,ding to the alter nate proposed configuration.
In order to verify the aerodynamic characterisijis as predicted by

the CAMS pro-ram, a wind tunnel tes-t ,.as also- cond,_,tcd during the
proposal preparation. A 75 percent szale model was constructed of alumi-
num with high strength steel fins was used. This model included bour-
reaets and the rear-mounted cbturator. TIe test were conducted in the
Ling-.rernco \.!oujhL 4,-fout, high speed wind tunnel facility through a Mach
nurnbhr range of 0.4 to 2.2, with Reynold's numbers of 6.55x106 to
7.07xl06 per foot. The model was mounted tn a bent sting that had an
angle-of-attack range of from --5 to +3) degrees. The tail fins were man-
uaily adjustable with settings at 5-degr-. irncremerts from -2r tc +10
deqree. Data from the wind tunnel test in general substantiated the pre-
dicted aerodynamic characteristics as developed by the CAMS program,
with the 'llowing exceptiors. To obtain equivalent trim values of normal
force coefficient, the test indicated a required increase in angle of attack
of 2 to 3 degrees and approximately a 5-degree increase in fin deflcction.
Extaction of linear values of normal force, pitching moment and control
power from test data at subsonic Mach numbers revealed a reduction from
predicted values of 30 to 35 percert. Following the wind tunnel test, aero-
d'namic coefficient revisions were inc-orporated :n the 6--degree -of-Ireedom
system simulation program in order to bring the aerodynamic data inputs
into agreement with the wind tunne! results.
221
BOecause the wind tunnel test was conducted on a 75 percent scale
model of the 47-inch proposed alternate baseline configuration, it was
necessary to apply corrections in order to characterize the 54-inch air-
frame. These corrections were based upon theoretical modificati,,ns to
the 47-inch wind tunnel data.
The addition of four strakes to the optical nose corne of the Baseline
CLGP produced a new configuration identified as Baseline Ill. Estimated
aerodynamic characteristics of this configuration were outained by appl\'-
ing theoretical corrections to the baseline aerodynamics in order to ac-
coun. for the four large strakes on the nose.
At the time the Baseiine III aerodynamic char3cteristics were de-

veloped, it was recogni7ed that another wind tunnel test would be required
in order to verify the predicted coefficients. A series of tests was conducted
in May 1972 at both the Ling-Temco-Vought High Speed Wind Tunnel and
the Arnold Engineering Development Center Propulsion Wind Tunnel (4T).
In general, substantiation of earlier data was obtained, with the exception
that the Baseli.--e II! configuration with lat ge-size strakes was found, during
the LTV test, to be statically unstable at the higher Mach numbers. There-
fore, emphasis during the AEDC test was placed en a configuration with a
very much redLCed strake area which was sUbsequently to develop into
the curt ent Baseline IV configuration. The aerodynamic characteristics
of thc Baseline IV airframe are given. These data represent the current
aerodynamic characterization of the CLGP configuration.
Tht following four pIcts (Figures 2 through 5) present out-of-plane

aerodynamic coefficients on a body axis system for roll attitudes of G, 22.5,
45, and 90 degreeas. They were derived from the AEDC wind tunnel test
data, :nd are based on 5 degrees of rolil ccmmand.They are directly applic-
able to the nitching and yawing moments deriving from vertical fin (num-
bers 1 and 3) roll deflections. The similar contributions of the horizontal
fins (numbces 2 and 4) may; be obta-ned from the four plots as foilows:
Use 4=0' for { 90'

* 22.50 for * 112.50
- =450 for * 1350
*=90' for 0 0'

and switch C and CMY
u and p
222
where CMPis the pitching moment coefficient
C MYis the y-aving moment coefficient
a is the pitchi angle of &ttack
0 is the yavv angie of attlack
.'ith the addition of these out-of-plane coefficients to the aerodynamics,

the test flight coning behavior was then predicted,
I Fxamiriation of fl'ght test reiuits aist; pr-irtted out a discrepancy

between predicted and 'actual roll rates during ballistic flight. Roil rates
were typically' 10 to 20 percent lower 'han pre(Bc-tedl. Roli power was sub-
sequently redefirnod a3 a function of total f;io incident ar~gie rather than the
previous fin deflection alone. Fin~ incidcit. angle is dlefined as the sum of
free-stream or bodv. ang~le of attack, fir, oeflectior1 , and body upwash. In
the lateral case, it is the sum Jbody sicde-,lip angle, fin -deflec-tion, arid
body sideviash. $;i~ce the CLGP_ 15 t5)rFi1HeLr ci~a dbot~ its X-A axi5, arikle,
I of attack and body upwash are interchangeable with sideslip angie an

body sidewash.
To evaluate body upwash (and sidewash) , plots of angle of attack
versus pitching moment coefficient were drawni for the body along and for,
the body plus fins at seve/.ral fin deflections. At the angle of attaeck for
which the body and the body plus deflected fin pitch moment coefficients
are equal , the fin incident angle must be zero. Knowing the drigle of
attack arid fin deflection for each intersection then provides a solutiorn for
body upwash as a function oi angle of ati~ack and thus the slope of upwash
with angle of attack. Thns2: solutions were repeated for each of the wind
tunnel data Mach numbers to provide the upwash slope variation with Mach
number.
With the f in incident angl e thus lef in d, rollI power wa-, then gen-
erated from the wind tunnel data as a function of this angle for several
Mach numbw-,-. These data are shown on Figure 6. Note that total rolling
moment coefficient is then dlefioed as:
223
Cg- &M, 81 I
1( do
d._
" C M, 82 - 1 +da'
QC - dp,
"+C &A, 8 3 +13 1 +d--a
"+ C M, 64 +a 1 +d- I
This inclusion of upward (or sidewash) in the aerodynamics then
provided a close match with test roll rates.
In summary, the aerodynamics as presented in this report are con-

sidered adequate io descr be the AD CLGP flight environment as verified
by comparison w;th test flights. The major conclusion to be drawn from
this report is th3t, based up-n existing flight test data and analyse,., the
Baeline IV Final Aerodynamics appear to adequately describe the C.LGP
airframe aerod,/naric characteri st;cs.
The inci'Jded curves of aerodynamic coefficients are those data

recommended for use in flight simulations of the CLGP projectile. Stability
and control, axial ,orce, roll characteristics, and damping derivatives
have been given for projectile roll attitudes of 0 and 45 degrees.
The data curves given were based on wind tunnel data measured on
a 75 perceni scale modae tested during May 1972, Figure 7 presents the
axis system and sign convention, Reference area and length for all co--
efficierts were 0.196 ft 2 arid 0.5 ft, re.spectively. The collected aerodynamic
coefficients are plotted in Figures 8-34.
224
9!
Figure 1 in the report from which this Appendix C is excerpted

was rnot needed.
tI
225
1.
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Fig 2. Pitching moment and yawing moment due to roll command
226
II I Il
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o 0.04
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F; 9 3. Pitching moment and yawing moment due to roll command
227
boa-<;Nv
A~M OA
0.0.1
0.01 T
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228
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S~Fig S. Pitching moment and

to .0t,
yawing moment due to
r-oll command
229
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IT 'M=| FOR:,
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Fig 6. Roll power
230
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Sr-ig -7. Axis system and sign conventhiti
231
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F i. L r- t u i a st b l t , . 4
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Fig 8. L o,.
232
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00
in 0 r
0 0 0 0
237-
'K'0 0
*2 8
I
*1
0C 0 -
-p 1
/
CM
-~
0
-l
dw ' 0..5 f T
Fig15. Longitudinal stability, M = 1.3, 4

= L5'
P> ~239
2 .
S.. . -,i
I
I
N x
,--.-. . ....... J
""
L
.. . -2Z-.
MIX
- M~r~ts$7D vrs
Fig 16. Pitching moment dUe to

str'ake S., 0
240
/ .1
91
-t . -. -. . . .
LII
I. - A. ... "
e~
.f 2.0 t4
Fig 17. Pitching moment due to strake S, p = 45'
S2141
II
...........................
-
cw.0
I
-j
lOg
. ... * *3
Fig 18. Longitudinal stability M. 1.8
242
t
0.7
"II
0.3.
I I
-MC V4%S,.- N
0.I
0 0.4. 0.8 L 243 . ,

MACH tU MeER.
i ~~Fig 19. Axial Force, 0 = 0u & 45 a = 05, o0, altitude = 4000 ft
243
1A
SY(VS 's'" RUN
V 0
0 -5 37164 y
o 0 -0 6 .
4)1C
0 5 (.
-~t5 545 CA -
oi0 Axia Forc M3= 4 .. 0atiu 00f

21C
t
1.4 . . . . . ... .. .. . .. . ...

rYM J.,,S
S*,,$ RUWI
/ 17 -10 10 57
_0 0 0 &
.o - 5
...-. - lo -o 4
5--6 5
C.8'
o , _-o- 5---
* . .. '
N N
0 a DEtPXEES
Fig 21. Axial Force M 0.4, m 4 &ltitude 4000 ft I
24I
/i
7 1 0 0 18
S 0 -0 t
bo
O 0; 20 E
._-- t~bEGREE.S
Fig 22 Axis! force M = 0.8, - 0, a4ti., ," 4000 't
2416
t
IA 5& F .. -10 '0 72

CD - 5 (.
0 0 0 7
" A -,5 (4
0 .01 -10o w7
A is -is 74
~ao-~o75
:!4
.Z
0 5 10
(-" T)ECRECS
Fig 23. Axial force M = 0.8, - 45I, alt-tude 4000 ft
247
C 0 5 20
vo 10 215
0" 0
CA
CI2
_-----F--.. .__
Ca-
0 20 EOISoZ
01- DEGR(-LUS
Fig 21;. Axial force M = 1 . , : 0?,altitude = 4000 ft
248
4
I ik .i1 T
".l&FT"
fAI'
Y ,, ,
U
k
94V -1o t10 8-
... O
0 o 14
o 1 $4
Ca
oZ
ao 5 IQ VSoZ
Fig 25. Axial rorce M = 1.0, { =45 altitude 4000 ft
249
/
- . ..I-..
M' SYM , , RUN" .
13 0
LS /_ D 0 I o0 1
iz
2 5 (PAEDC)
(LTV)__ '..... . . ... .
CA.. . . . . - . ,1 -_
- - -- ....--
S.......... - - ---- -- - - - -.....-
- - - - - --
- - -- -- - ....
-..
.8 a... ..
01----
.d-D- 3GRE5
.;2
Fig 2G. Axial force M 1.3 & 1.8. 0laititudc-

O 4000 ft,
81 3 = 2 40
250

M.YI If ......
EDC...............
1.3 a0 Z7 (FEDC_
D 0olo 2 (LTV)
1.0 .. ..-. . . . . . . . . . . . .
.0
CO,
.4
00
01 AC I0 I 20 E-s
Fig 27. Axial force M = 1.3 & 1.8, - 45V altitude 4000 ft.
8
t 3 = 62 4 = 0
251
06D4 0
0,0o .. .. ... .. . ... . . . .... .. -..-. .
402 I,01
0 1,2 1.6,,
SO -f 0.6
Fig 28. Roll power-, C, I =
252
M
A(
VMA H UUM
8EO
RG&v
Fig 29. Rol power, C , 5
253
4,0
( LoEr.
IJWQ F fC;CKab.
&Z0
o0
aa 4 10z
LLp
4 8z 16 2
Fig 30. Induced roll coefficientMoc 0.4S
254
/w
1450
I.-o
.0.f Id. 1
- J *O i)LE0
0.1
J90GLE OPq-AL
0~ '4
0. o
z -20
A i1
I-HUXL Uf 9-f TACIK C<ba
5x-z -- --
Fig 3?. If(auce- ru'!C tcl.rIM 1.0
256
I
-300
4:OO .
- '0 . . "-B C..

2!00
-300
- 200
- I00
MbX -
Fig 33. Pitch dampirn,, 0O
257
30 .... Ctrs I
10
F~Ct. lJUMAER
Fig 34. Roll damping, C,, a 00

p
253
11
I
APPENDIX C
CANNON-LAUNCHED GUIDWD PROJECTILE AERODYNAMIC DATA

SXM712 ED coInfigato I
-?"
"."
.4 ,I.:.
.-. -G.,:', a.:,-W..M '..., _.,:I
I III I I I I III I I
9259
GEOMETRY AND MASS PROPERTIES
1 hesc are presented in Figure 3$.
AERODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Static. stability, drag buildup, and control effectiveri:-s dzta were

obtained !- :;rn a 75-percent scale model wind tunnel test conducted i-n
March 1975. TIh-moretical czlculations were performed to define the dynamric
dlamping coefficients. Ti1-e values calculated wore thien correlated with
similar data for- the AD -LGk",. with good agreement. No -aerodynarnic cr~is;
coupling and control interaction eifects vv~re measured.
The ae:-cdynarnic: data on Figu-e~s 3G through 49 are presented in a

bo~dy axis sys'em about a center of grzvity located F. 17 ciJlbers aft of the
nose. The refer ence area is 0.1it6 ft 2 and the reference length is 0. 5 foot.
Pote,tial!v, critiv-al cortfiguration areas have been minimized in the

proposed conficuration. -The fins were sizeo to provideo a one-hailt caliber
static margin at t!,e highe5.t 1aunich kloci ~ii-; The vvings wf're th~en
t sized to maximize tr'm loadi factor capability at the low.Aer mach numbers
that will be encount~red in maneuvering flight, and a~t the iame time, be
compatible 6.th the ;pn restrictions imposed by the- foldout concept.
Model buildup riS were conduc-ted to provide critical evaluation

of forebdV., base, fir, arc: wing d;-ag. Trhc effcfs o, tiurrelets, open
slatted coni-roi hou:.ing, ar~d c.:tngravprJ obtui-ator were- evuluated during
A-) tesd no. These c'at; confirm p; ictec: configuration range performance.
Dur-ing AD fliqhi. t-stdng, configuration inslabilities; arising from

aerodvnarric; crot s (cou,. irng were exoewiricced. Consequo'ntiy these cress.
coupling coefficiknr; were estima ted
J4
- '-
-c!J c4e , 4m .;* r 0 c
6v w
0-0
Fiq
35 eo er ai as rpete
631
,%ODY-WINU-TAIL glaul 0.1il F--
0.4 _ _.
0-t
SODY-TAIL
, 0.4 O. d.0 22
MACH NUMBER
KOWAPAL FORCE COiFFiC11"T "Pt VIERSO8 MACH SUM6111
Fig 36. Normal f'orce coefficient sJ,..pe versus Mach number
0264
selfl " GIN FT'
4a0 - ,j.I-FT
* -Q4
I
2 I
CODY .TAIL
II
04 0.0 2 Is 2.0
M'CHN UMBER
Fig 37. Pitching rnomen coefficient slope versus Mach number
*11
a< a <a D,p i darp - U0.1bT
Sa
- ~NL.PY-TAI,
SOL'I'-
1 _ _
-1%4-..- 1
0 Te
FMAg N3JM. Ev M
Fig 38. Ct~'er of pressure ver'sus Mach-F'unuber
I'
26i,
600V WInM TAIL
BODY TAIL in 9-
o I
02
BlASD ON krV TiST DATA

601 - 2 PFINMOLLPOK'CTIOMN MARCH 191
MACH HUMIR~dll M
Fig 39. Axia; force coefficient versus Mach rnumber
alo - 0.190I
ep _
0
SII~ARCH
MAUDi ON LTV TRIET DATA
1il76I
B
iCI~ 1100Y*v
I0i CLEAN r0.F 10
C.AN"
06OO*0
Fig 40. Axial force coefficient breakdown
"6 266
; M D~g IAA I I I I I-a
I II II FIIgI
I O AxIal forc cIeIdInI brIdw
COEFFICIENT VCSf.U4 flIO DIELECTIZV
1
6 MACH0 %
*0 14'I W a .6.
04
01,
0 ACH 0- -
02 0100
2a-I i.o. b 20 - -i
0
ersf, in deTfi 0
0 -0. 0
0a -
0.
-01 0-0a -1lb
01
,10 10 -10 -20 -30 J

'i I|AC(1-,'.-l O.
Fi.' 41, incremental axial force cocfficient 03 0.'

versus fin deflection, M 0.5
040
-o
Fig 4.:.lncr-emental axial force coefficiept
4.0* a W ersu's fin deflection, M 01.8
03 01
021
AC.
0101
OS 'IAC I a-01
Fig. 143. IncremeriLi axial force coefficietft
9 ~J67
vgmap - 0.1" FT2
a_SF
SODY-WING TAIL
00.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.0
MACH NUMiR"
Fig 44. Pitch and yaw damping derivatives

versus Mach nunmber
aJ
aI
UI
645Bll1 ,- 0A1
iI *"1
' ( VtNU'~l
Fig p45. Roll damplnq, derivative

2-:
O| DY- I I
.400
UA.3I e fuT -I NG T I
6pt"I -0.183 I i
______ I0 .___S__
0.11
a.4 0.4 0.8 1.
w ,ith Fin pow~~ inpicha~nd yaw

ersu
269-tiiichnm e
OLL
P MOWEVMIAACIF110"410
____I0- CLOP
Fig 48. Roll power versus

e I Mach number-
jJ 12 OOOTMS
I
ii
as 1
Fig 49. Trimmed load factor and C tri

S:I i
versus pitch fin daflection /ia.,,
itch-fi -ersu- - -!flecion
-12 ao
PITCH PIN ORPLI"TON IEGaP1"W
270
i-' I
APPENDIX LD
CAI-:rA-ON-L.AUJNCHED GUItWDI PROJ ECTI LES RECOMMENDED

WiNiy-l UNNU-L. 1 E: I PROGRAMkS
Ca nzird -coritrol lot taxed-tail design1
271
Early EDT.
Winci Tunnel 'Tes for Deiign Purposesi
'Vest Outline
1. Body and Tail (controls undiflected, rollin.s &,onrolling)
A. Test Conditions (except. a-; noted, number in parenthescs is
number of values of that variable)
1. Mach No.: 0.04, 0,A, 0.C, 0.95, 1.0, 1 ., 1.25, 1.5, 2.0(9)
2. Angles of Attack: -+60, +40, +20, .+,,, +0.50.. c, -20, _C

-60, -80, -10-, -1 20, -.14-, -165, -0'B, -20'" (le,)
3. Yaw.Angles. 0' (11
4. Roil Angles (N.A. when rolling) W., 22.50, 450, 67.5':, 90- (5)
5. RoW iates: d.-J/2V = 0, 0.0020, (.015, 0.020 (4)
B.NUrniw-r o01 Ruois (vise -un IH

I!.. a~l~fhynsg.m
of t~i ;w
1. Mach= 0 S. Roll Ar,.les = 0', W', 180'", 2700: 4
(correct army model asymmetir-e. detected.)
2. I. A. 1-5 (roling) 2'
contingency runs 13
3. I. A. 1-5 (nonrolling) 45
ctontingency runs 22
4. 'Total 111
C. Re\,i'-,; upsigr as required.
II. Body and td Canr-rdF (controls, .indeflcte.()

an!
A. test ,ond.tcons
I. - No.. 0.R, t'.9, ..95, 1.0 (4)
273
2. /-i-gles of Attack: Same a- I
3. Yaw Angles: Sarne as I (1)
4. Roll Angles: Same as I (5)
5. Roll Rat pd/2V = 0,0.015 (3)
B. Numnber of Runs
1. M = 0.8, Roll A nglecs = 0', 90', 180', 270: 4
(correc' a symmetries)
2. II. A. (nonrolling) 20
contingency runc 10
3. II. A. (rolling) 8
contingency runs 4
4. Tota, T6
Ill. Body and TIal Canards (cntrols deflected)
A. Test Conditions
1. Mach No.: Same as l1 (4)
2. Angles of Attack: Same as 1
3. Yaw Angles: Same asl (1)
4. Roll Angles: A: Wf, 22.50, 45, 67.50, 900 (5)
0
B: A plus 12.5*, 135', 157., (0)
5. Roll Rates: pd/2V = 0, 0.0075, 0.015 (3)
214
9
6. Control Deflections
a. Roll Program
A at all Mach
No.: (nonrc'ing)
pitch: +5, -50,
-7.5, -10 (4)
yaw: oo (1.)
b. Roll Program
A at all Mach
No.: (nonrolling)
pitch: 00 (1)
yaw: -. 5, +50,
7.50 -,10 (4)
c. Roll Program
[3 (nonrolling)
Pitch: +5o,
-so, -100 (3)
yaw: -50, +50,
+100 (3)
3. Nunlber of
Runs
1. Nonr-lling
a. Pitch deflection
onl y:
b. yaw deflection only:

c. pit-l and yaw
80
d. Total
284
2. Rollin 44a
a. Pitch '-eflection
ornly:
b, yaw defleciion onlv:
32
c. Pitch and yaw:
2
d. Total 72
C Revise Design as Requirea
IV. Grand Tot1 1
of Runs: 7411 (minimurm)
V. General T,,t
Consideraqion$
A. Test Methods
1. Six cOflponent
balance.
275
'"4
2. Base pressure measurements will be taken at least at 4 points.
3. Model will represent expected flight condition (either en-

graved obturator on or off).
4. Flow visualization techniques will be used.
B. Test Models/Facilities
1. 0.5 percent blockage ratio not to be exceeded at full control

deflectioiv and zero angle of attack.
2. Test Reynolds number should be as close to flight Reynolds

number as possible; and net below 2 x 106 (based on diameter) at Mach 1.0.
3. Facilities
a. NASA Unitary Tunnels, Ames Laboratory.
(1) High Reynolds Number. Ca., match flight on a

full-scale model.
(2) A full-scale model would have less than 0,5 percent

blockage ratio.
(3) Match number range is 0.7 to 1.4 in 11-foot hy 11-

foot and 1.5 to 2.5 in 9-foot by 7-foot tunnel.
(4) Availablk at no cost.
(5) Availability of test time depends on national

M . ' "Igy m e n,s G to 12 m o n,h w a IL.)
/ rIy "' Yp F"i:r
(6) Low number of runs pcr hour (-2)
b. CALSPAN 8-foot by 8-foot.
(1) Capable of exceeding a Reynolds number of

2 x I0 throt',ghout control led flic-t Mach number regime.
(2) A full-scale model wouid have less than 0.5

percent blockage ratio,
276
I
(3) Mach number ranae s 0.1 to 1 .3.
(4) Another tunnel is required for supersonic testing.
(5) Cost is $1500 per hour.
(6) Test time available immediately.
(7) Very high number of runs per" hour (k10) with re-
motely controlled spin and control surfaces.
c. AEDC 4T with Supersonic Blocks
(1) Capable of exceeding a Reynolds number of

2 x 106 at M=1 .6 and 2.0.
(2) Blockage requirements are not limiting for super-
sonic conditions.
(3) Mach numbers are 1 .6 and 2.0.
,(,4) Ths. r, on s; d er ed the rmin -hoire tunnel for

supersonic testing.
(6) Availability of test time depends upon DOD priority.
(7)
High number of runs per hour (-6) with remotely
controlled spin and control surfaces.
d. AEDC 16-foot by 16-foot.
(1)
Can maintain Re = 2 x 106 (based on diameter) at
all Mach numbers up to 1.6.
(2) A full-scale model would not exceed 0.5 percent

blockage.
(3) Cost is $1400 per hour of tunnel occupancy.
* 277
--------------------------------
(5) High number of runs per hour ('6) with remotely
controlled fins and spin.
4. Models
a. Use of existing model would not allow spin control or

remote control setting of fin deflections.
b, Use of proposed 3/4 scale model would allow remote
control of tins but would not allow spin control.
c. (1) A model incorporating the features in (a) must be

built.
(2) The test time required for the transonic portion of

the final test program is probably too long at any NASA tunnel.
VI. Recommendations:
A. The NASA tunnel, have been discussed because they are available
at no cost. But if a high nationa! priority cannot be eiJblished, the time
delay in getting into these tunnels renders them useless. Therefore, it
is recommended that the CALSPAN 8-foot by 8-foot tannel be used for tran-
sonic testing (it is available on call) and the AEDC 4T with supersonic
blocks be used for supersonic testing.
B. The same order of recommendations is made for the final aero-

dynamic data package required. Scheduling will be tighter here, and the
NASA tunnels are definetely out.
C. In light of the Reynolds number problem and the final configu-

raturi aerodynamic testing required later in ED, it is recommended that
the early ED testing be done with a full-scale, remotely controlled spin
and control surfaces model.
278
Minimum Wind Tunnel Test Program of Final Configuration:
Wind Tunnel Test Requirements.
1. Test configuration will be full-scale, preferably based on actual

hardware to reduce model costs and for surface finish, and Reynolds' number
matching.
2. Test configuration will be expected flight configuration, e.g.,

obturator either on or off as intended. If obturator is on, it should be
engraved.
3. All tests will be made with a 6-componet t balance plus instru-

mentation to obtain hinge forces and moments on control surfaces. Base
pressure will be measured.
4. The model must be capable of remote and independent control

of all control surfaces and of model 3pin rate.
5. These surface variations must be set within 0.0020 and data on

all control variations and the spin rate must be available continuously
during a tunnel run.
6. Base pressure measurements will be taken at least at one radius

every 90P; this radius should be half-way between the sting and the edge
of the base of the projectile. Tha pressure taps should be in the base and
the plumbing routed inboard and then out along the sting. External rakes
should not be used.
7. Data reduction will includ,! plots of all force and moment co-
efficients as functions of all variables in test.
8. Flow visualization techniques will be employed at all times.
9. Read also the Early ED Test Plan. Give special attention to

Section V - a discussion of Model/Facility choice.
10. If full-scale controllable model was used in early EL), the model
is already available and paid for. Any testing done in early ED on same
external configuration as final design doesn't have to be done again and
their time and costs may be deducted from this plan.
279
- . - - - - - ~ -
Test Outline
I. Body Alone
A. Test Condition (number in parentheses is number of values of

that variable)
1. Mach No.: 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0, 1.05, 1.1, 1.25,
1.50, 2.0 (11)
2. Angles of Attack: +60, +4, +20, +1, 0.50, 00, - 0 . 50, -1,
-2", -4, -6, -80, -10, -120, -140, -I60, -180, -200 (18)
3. Roll Angles: 0", 22.50, 450, 67. 50, 90P, 180", 2700 (7)
4. Yaw Angle: 0" (1)
B. Number of Runs (considering an angle of attack sweep as one

run): 77
C. Any model asymmetries detected should be corrected and any

flow asymmetries noted for correction of data.
II. Body and Tail (rolling and nonrolling)
A. Test Conditions
1. Mach No.: Same asl (11)
2. Angles of Attack: Same as I.
3. Roll Angles: 00, 22.50, 450, 67.50, 90", 112.50, 1350, 157.5",
except as noted (8)
4. Yaw Angles: 0" (1)
5. Roll Rates: pd/2V = 0, 0. 0075, 0.015, 0.030 (4)
6. Control Deflections: 0 (1)
B. Number of Runs
280
t
1. p = 0, 00, 1800, 2700, M 0.8: 4 (Asymmetry check)
2. p=0: 88
3. pif0: 33
4. Tota I 125
C. Correct any model asymmetries detected in li.B.1 and note flow

asymmetries.
Ill. Body and Tail and Canards (No control deflections).
A. Test Conditions
I. Mach No.: 0.4, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0 (5)
3. Roll Angles: Same as II (8)
4. Yaw Angles: Same as 1 (1)
5. Roll Rates: Same as II (4)
6. Control Deflections: 0 (1)
B. Number of Runs
1. p 0: 40 runs
2. p 0: 15 runs
55 runs
IV. Body and Tail and Canards (controls deflected, no roll rate)
A. Test Conditions are the same as the early ED plan except Mach
No. are the same as III (5).
B. Number of Runs
I 281
it
1. pitch deflection only: 100
2. yaw deflection only: 100
3. pitch and yaw: 360
4. Total 560
V. Body and Tail and Canards (controls deflected, rolling)
A. Test Conditions are the same as IV.
B. Number of Runs (same as early ED).
1. pitch deflectiononly: 40
4. Total 170
VI. Dynamic Testing
A. Test Conditions
1. Mach No.:
a. Body: Same as 1 (11)
b. Bodyand Tail: Sameasl (11)
c. Body and Tail and Canards: Same as III (5)
2. Angles of attack: Or (1)
3. Roll Angles: 0, 22.50, 450 (3)
4. Yaw Angles: 0'
5. Roll Rates: 0O
6. Control Deflections: All 0
282
VI. A. 8. Configurations: Body, Body and Tail, Body and Tail and
Canards (3)
B. Number of Runs
TOTAL: 81 1
VII. Total Number of Runs
A. I: 77
B. II: 125
C. II1: 55
D. IV: 560
E. V: 170
F. V!: 81
G . Total 1149
VIII. Cost and Time
A. Model(s): $50,000 (full-scale)
+$20, 000 if two tunnels are used.
B. Tunnel Times (alternatives)
1. Ames Unitary Tunnels: 575 hours
2. CALSPAN 8'x 8' and Ames 9'x 7': 118 +32 150 hours
3. CALSPAN 8'x 8' andAEDC 4T: 118 + 16= 134 hours
C. Tunnel Costs
1. Ames Unitary Tunnels: 0
2. CALSPAN 8' x 8' and Ames 9' x 7': $177K + 0 $177K
.3
283
1* is
3. CALSPAN 8' x 8' and AEDC 4T: $177K + $12K = $189K
D. Total Costs (briodel & tunnel time)
1. Ames Unitary Tunnels: $50K
2. CALSPAN 8' x 8'and Ames 9' x 7': $247K
3. CALSPAN 8' x 8' and AEDC 4T' $259K
E. Estimated Priority Required to Obtain Tests on Time
1. High priority at national level.
2. Available immediately and high national priority.
3. Available immediately and medium priority at DOD level.
284
91
APPENDIX D
CANNON-LAUNCHED GUIDED PROJECTILES RECOMMENDED

WIND-TUNNEL TEST PROGRAMS
Fixed-wing. tail-controlled design
aV
S~285
Early ED Wind Tunnel Test for Design Purposes
Test Outline
I. Body and Tail (controls undeflected, rolling and non-rolling)
A. Test Conditions (number in parentheses is number of values of
that variable)
1. Mach No. 0.4, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0, 1.1, 1.25, 1.50, 2.0 (9)
2. Angles of Attack: +60, +4, +20, +10, +0.5, 00, -0.5o, -10, -40,
-60, -80, -100, -120, -140, -160, -180, -200 (18).
3. Yaw Angles: 00 (1).
4. Roll Angles: 00, 22.50, 450, 67.50, 900 (5) except as noted.
5. Roll Rates. pd/2V = 0, 0.015, 0.030 (3).
B. Number of Runs.
a 1. Mach = 0.8, Roll Angles = C0, 90, 1H0, 2/tfr: 4 (asymmetry

check)
2. Non-rolling: 45
contingency runs: 22
3. Rolling 18
contingency runs: 9
4. Total 98
C. Revise design as required, correct model asymmetries.
II. Body and Tail and Wing (controls undeflected, non-rolling)
A. Test conditions (except as noted).
1. Mach No. 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0 (4)
2. Same as I
. 287
3. Yaw Angles: 0' (1)
4Roll Angles: it', 22. '), 4450, 67.5 900go(5)
B . Number ot Runs (one run is. one angle of attack sweep)
1 . Mach = 0.8, Roll Angles =0*, '' 1801, 270'. P (asymmetry

c hec k)
2. 11. A. I1.-S5.: 20
continge~ncy runs 10
3. Total 34
C. Revise design as required (correct model aqymmetries).
Ill. Body and Tail and Wing (controls deflected, no rolling) .
A Test Conditintrs
1. Mach No.: Same as 11 (4).
2. Angles of Attack: Same as 1.
3. Yaw Angles: 0P (1) .
4. Roll Angles: A: 0*', 22. 50, 450, 67j. 50 90" (5).
B. A plus 112.50, 135", 157.5' (8).
5. Control Deflections:I
a. Roil IProgram A at all Mach No.
pitch: +5O1 -V,5( -10", -8 PMx(4).
yaw: OP (1).
roll: 0" (1) .
288
b. Roll Program A at all Mach No.
I[ rpitch: 00 (1).
yaw. -50, +50, +100, +1(4).SMax
roll- o0 (1).
c . RollI Proyram B at M 0. 8 and 8R 50, Program A elsewhere.

I pitch: 00 (1)
roaw: 02' (1).c(3
d. Roll Program B at M = 0.8, Program A elsewhere.
pitch: 50 , 50, -10 (3)
Yaw: 50 +S; +10 (3)1
roll: 0- (1).
e . Roll Program B at M = 0.8, Program A elsewhere.
1 lpitch: -5', +5'

(2) .
yaw: 00 (1).
roll: 50, 50 (2).
f. Roll Program B at M = 0.8, Program A elsewhere.
pitch: 0- (1) .
yaw: +50, -'5 (2).
roll: -50, +50 (2).
1t 289
2
g. Roll Program B at M = 0.8, Program A elsewhere.
pitch: +5O, -5' (2).
yaw: -5, +50 (2).
roll: -5", +5' (2).
B. Number of Runs.
3. roll differential deflection only: 61
5. pitch and roll: 92
6. yaw and roii: 92
7. pitch, yaw, and roll: ;84
8. Total 798
C. Revise design as required
IV. Grand Total of Runs: 930 (minimum)
V. Grand Test Considerations.
A. Test Methods.
1. 6-component balance.
2. Base pressure measuremtrnts will be taken at least at 4 points.
3. Model will represent expected flight condition (either en-

graved obturator on or off).
4. Flow visualization techniques will be used.
290
B. Test Models/Facilities.
1. 0. 5%blockage ratio not to be exceeded at full control deflec-

tions and zero angle of attack.
2. Test Reynolds number should be as close to flight Reynolds

number as possible; and not below 2 x 1 0 6 (based on diameter) at Mach 1.0.
3. Facilities.
a. NASA Unitary Tunnels, Ames Laboratory.
(1) High Reynolds number - can match flight on a

full-scale model.
(2) A full-scale model would have less than 0,55% block-

age ratio.
(3) Mach number range is 0.7 to 1 .4 in 11-foot by 11-

foot and 1 .5 to 2.5 in 9-foot by 7-foot tunnel.
t (4) Available at no cost.
(5) Availability of test time depends on national priority.

(High Army priority means 6 to 12 month wait.)
(6) Low number of runs per hour (-2).
b. CALSPAN 8-foot by 8-foot.
(1) Capable of Exceeding a [Faynolds' number of

2 x 106 throughout controlled flight Mach number regime.
(2) A full-scale model would have less than 0.5%block-

age ratio.
(3) Mach number range is 0.1 to 1.3.
(4) Another tunnel is required for 5upersonic testing.
* 291
II
(6) Test time available immediately.
(7) Very high number of runs per hour (1 0) with

remotely controlled spin and control surfaces.
c. AEDC 4T with Supersonic Blocks.
(1) Capable of exceeding a Reynolds' i~umber of

2 x 106 at M = 1.6 and 2.0.
(2) Blockage requirements are not limiting for supersonic

conditions.
(3) Mach numbe, s are I A and 2.0.
(4) This is considered the main choice tunnel for super-

sonic testing.
(5) Cost is $720 pv," hour.
(7) High number of runs per hour (--z6) with remotely

controlled spin and control surfaces.
d. AE.C 16-foot by 16-foot.
(1) Can maintain Re = 2 x 106 (based on diameter) at

all Mach numbers up to 1.6.
(2) A full-scale model would not exceed 0.5%blockage.
(3) Cost is $1400 per hour of tunnel occupancy.
(5) High number of runs per ho..jr (6) with remot-ly

controlled fins and spin.
4. Models
a. Use of existing model would not allow spin control or

remote control setting of fin deflections,
292
b. Use of proposed 3/4-scale model would allow remote
control of fins but would not allow spin control.
c. (1) A model incorporating the features in (a) must be

built.
(2) The test time required for the transonic portion of

the final test program is probably too long at any NASA tunnel.
VI. Recommendations:
A. The NASA tunnels have been discussed because they are avail-
able at no cost. -But if a high national priority cannot be established, the
time delay in getting into these tunnels renders them useless. Therefore,
it is recommended that the CALSPAN 8-foot by 8-foot tunnel be used for
transonic testing (it is available on call) and the AEDC 4T with supersonic
blocks be used for supersonic testing.
B. The same order of recommendations is made for the finai aero-

dynamic data ckage
.- required. Scheduf-n"g -ill be tighter here and the
NASA tunnels are definitely out.
*
C. In light of the Reynolds' -lumber problem and the final configu-
ration aerodynamic testing required later in ED, it is recommended that
the early ED testing be done with a full-scale, remotely controlled spin
and control surfaces model.
93
)I
Minimum Wind Tunnel Test Progremr cf Final Configuration:
Wind Tunnel Test Requirements.
1. Test configuration will be full-scale, preferabLy based on actual

hardware to reduce model costs and for .;urface finish, and Reynolds'
number matching.
2. Test configuration will be expe.-:ted flight configuration, e.g.,

obturator either on or off as Intended. If obturator is on, it should be en-
graved.
3. All tests will be made with a 6-component balance plus instru-

mentation to obtain hmioi forces and moments on control surfaces. Base
pressure will be measured.
4. The model must be capable of remote 1nd independent control of

all control surfaces and of model spin rate.
5. These surface variations must be set within 0.002* and data on

all control variations and the spin rate must be available continuously
during a tunnel run.
6. Base pressure measurements will be taken at least at one radius

every 900; this radius should he half-way between the sting and the edge
of the base of the projectile. The pressure taps should be in the base and
the plumbing routed inboard and then out along the sting. External rakes
should not be used.
7. Data reduction will include plots of all force and moment co-
efficients as functions of all variables in test.
8. Flow visualization techniques will be employed at all times.
9. Read also the Early ED Test Plan. Give special attention to

Section V - a discussion of Model/Facility choice.
10. If full-scale controllable model was used In early ED, the model
is already available and paid for. Any testing done in early ED on same
external configuration as final design doesn't have to be done again and
their time and costs may be deducted from this plan.
294
V
Test Outline
I. Body A!one
A. Test Conditions (number in parentheses is number of values of

that variable)
1. Mach No.: 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0, 1.05, 1.1, 1.25,
1.50, 2.0 (11)
2. Angles of Attack: +6P, +40, +20, +1, 0.50, -0.50, -10, -20,
-40, -60, fo, -I100, -120, -140, -1 6, -180, -200 (18)
3. Roll Angles: 00, 9 0, 1800, 2700 (4)
4. Yaw Angle: 00 (1)
B. Number of Runs (an angle of attack sweep is one run):
1. Total 44
C. Any model asymmetries detected should be corrected and flow

I asymmetries noted for data correction.
II. Body and Tail (rol!ing and non-rolling).
A. Test Conditions.
1. Mach No.: Same as I (11)
3. Roll Angles: 00, 22.5', 45, 67.50, 900 (5)

except as noted
4. Yaw Angles: 00 (1) 4

5. Roll Rates: pd/2V= 0, 0.015, 0,030 (3)
6. Control Deflections: all 0, (1) 6 R -2', -5. (2)
B. Number of Runs
295
1. p=0, all = 0, *= 00, 1800, 270", M =0.8: 4 (asymmetry
check)
2. p 0, all6=0 22
3. p=0, R8 0 110
4. Total 136
C. Correct any model asymmetries detected in I1. B. 1. and note
flow asymmetries for data corrcction.
Ill. Body and Tail and Wing (no control deflection, non-roiling)
A. Test Conditions
1. Mach No.: 0.4, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0 (5)
2. Angles of Attack: Same as I
I IU
' I ;;' U .. ,, ,, 0 "-'..+ '0 ^no I.. ,I-).
nU ro IIr.) o I.1 r ...
4. Yaw Angles: 0 (1)
5. Roli Rates: 0 (1)
6. Control Deflections: Same as II (1)
B. Number of Runs:
1. p= 0, al18 = 0: 40
2. Total 40
IV. Body and Tai, and Wing (controls deflecttd, no roll rate)
A. Test Conditions are the same as the early ED plan except Match
No. same as ill (5)
B. Number of Runs:
296
"" Si
AV
3. roll differential deflection only: 78
4. pitch and yaw deflections: 252
5. yaw and roll deflections: 112
6. yaw and roll deflections: 112
7. pitch, yaw, and roll deflecticns: 224
8. Total 978
V. Dynamic Testing
A. Test Conditions
1. Mach No..
9 a. Body: Same as 1 (11)
b. Body and Tail: Sameasl (11)
c. Body and Tail and Wing: Same as 111 (5)
2. Rol! Angles: 0", 22.5", 450 (3)
3. Yaw Angies: 0 (i)
4. Roll Rates: 0 (1)
5. Control Deflections: A110
6. Configurations: Body, Body and Tail, Body and Tail and

Wing (3)
B. Number of Runs
I . Total 81
*p 297
VI. Grand Total of Runs Required
A. I 44
B. II 136
C. dIi 40
D. IV 978
E. V 81
F. Total 1279
VII. Costand Time
A. Model(s): $50,000 (full-scale)

+$20, 000 if two tunnels are used.
B. Tunnel Times (alternatives):
1. Ames Unitary Tunnels: 656 hours
2. CALSPAN 8' x 8' and Ames 9' x 7' : 132 +30 162 hours
3. CALSPAN 8' x 8' and AEDC 4T: 132 +16 = 148 hours
C. Tunnel Costs
1. Ames Unitary Tunnels: 0
2. CALSPAN 8' x 8' and Ames 9' x 7' : pN.98K +0 = $198K
3. CALSPAN 8' x 8' and ALDC 4T: $198K + $12K= $21,9l.K
D. Total Costs (model and tunnel time)
1, Ames Unitary tunnels: $50K
2. CALSPAN 8' x a' and Ames 9' x 7': $268K
3. CALSPAN 8' x 8' and AEDC 4T: $280K
298
.......... . .
r. Estimated Priority Required to Obtain Tests on Time
1. High priority at national level
2. Available immediately and high national priority
3. Available immediately and medium priority at DOD level
299
DISTRIBUTION LIST
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Aerodynamics and Performance of Artillery Projectiles

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UNCLASSIFIED

NEW LIMITATION CHANGE

Per USAARDEC ltr 23 Jun 1989.

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED

a COPY AVAILABLE TO COG DOES NOT

HENRY E. HUDGINS, JR.

Destroy thi.s report when no longer needed. Do not

REPORT DOCU92NTATION PAGE aEFORE COMPLET1ING FORM

Technical Report '4911 -

_AERODYNA S _DIMENSIONS, IjNERTIAL,)________

Massachusetts Institute of Technology JanM E77

1S. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of MS. RopoI)

DimnsinsDispersion Firing tables Guidance

DD " 0 "~T umQ

,": /20. ABSTRACT (contd) vie,

- aerodytiamics is also presented. A similar effort for Soviet munitions is reported

Many people coopera in

A projectile reference area, n d2/4

CNPA[5] SPIN73 label - Magnus moment secant slope per radian

C axial force coefficient, X/ (1/2PV 2 A)

C Side force coefficient, Y/ (1I/2pV 2 A)

d projectile referenCe d&ameter

Q non-dimensional pitch rate, qd/2V

Xcg axial distance from projectile nose to center of gravity,

Projcclile Dimcnsions and Inertial

1. Control Aerodynamics Analytical

A Compacted Firing Tables or Simulations 55

A-1 M30 mortar, 4.2-inch, firing M329A1 57

A-2 M30 mortar, L4.2-inch, firing M329A2 (M329AIE1) 60

A-3 MI01, M101A1 howitzer, 105mm, firing MI 63

A-4 M102 howitzer, 105mm, firing M1 70

A-5 M102 howitzer, 105rmim, firing M548 77

A-6 XM204 howitzer, 165mm, firing MI 83

A-7 M109 howitzer, 155mm, firing M107 85

A-8 Ml090 ,o.itz.r, 55mn-, fi;r:, ,,,

A-9 M109 howitzer, 155mm, firing M454 105

A-10 M109 howitzer, 155mm, firing XM718 108

A-11 M109A1 howitzer, 155mm, firing M107 11II

A-12 M109A1, XM198 howitzers, 155mm, firing M483AI 121

A-13 M1I9A1, XM198 howitzers, 155mm, firing XM715-2 129

A-14 M109A1, XrAi.;8 howitzers, 155mm, f;rirg XM708E3 131

A-15 M107 self-propelled gun, 17Smm, firing 133

A-16 Ml10 self-propelled how!zer, 8-inch, 136

A-17 Ml10 self-propelled h-,vitzcr, 8-inch, 143

A-1 9 M110 self- .-)ropeIled hovvt-'er. 3-inch, 147

A-20~ M110 self-propelled hc~witzer, 8-inch, 149

A-21 Ml110F2 self-propcli -d howitzer. &-.incl. . 5:

A,-?2 M1 1 OE2 :,elf-propellkd itowitzer, 8-inch, 158

A-2? M1iOE. seil-propelleJ ho-vitzer, 8-inch, 159

t. 4.-'- .nch M329AI without extension- 171,

` -2 4.2-inch M'Z9A1 wiz,- eAtension 172

E,- 3 4.2-ir.cn M328AI wichout xtensicn 173

B.-,: .2-i.-ich Mi28AI with uxtension 174

3-5 4.2-inch M3.10.i wit;hu.41 excension 1-5

E-C 4.2- 11ch~ M335A1 w,i, extensioi, 176

6-7 ~4. 2-inch M32f'A2 'A32,,A~r.1) 17,7

Li-G 105mmr Mi (VI!E) 178

F,-9 1O5mry %,60tWP;j 179

13-10 1Q&,nm M60 (96% or sw~oke) 180

3-11 3.5mm MC4, 131 BE 1{,rnok2)j 181

B-12 105mm M314A1EI (ilium) 182

B-13 105mm M444 (ICM) 183

B-IP '05mm XM710 (ICM) 184