Construction and Building Materials 125 (2016) 10281034

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Construction and Building Materials

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Novel ternary blends of Type 1 Portland cement, residual rice husk ash,
and limestone powder to improve the properties of self-compacting
concrete
Gritsada Sua-iam a, Prakasit Sokrai b, Natt Makul b,
a
Division of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bangkokthonburi University, 16/10 Leabklongtaweewatana Road, Taweewatana, Bangkok 10170, Thailand
b
Department of Building Technology, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Phranakhon Rajabhat University, 9 Changwattana Road, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10220, Thailand

h i g h l i g h t s

 Novel ternary blends of cementitious materials (TCM) are investigated.

 TCM comprise Portland cement, residual rice husk ash, and limestone powder.
 Self-compacting concrete (SCC) prepared using TCM satisfies EFNARC requirements.
 TCM investigated showed greater mechanical properties, more than 40 MPa at 28 days.
 TCM is shown to be a low-cost way of improving the mechanical properties of SCC.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: We investigated the use of novel ternary blends of cementitious materials (TCM) (Type 1 Portland cement
Received 28 April 2016 (OPC) with residual rice husk ash (RHA) and limestone powder (LS)) to improve the fresh and mechanical
Received in revised form 17 August 2016 properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). The SCC mixtures were designed using a constant water/
Accepted 1 September 2016
TCM ratio of 0.28 by weight, a TCM content of 450 kg/m3, and an OPC replacement percentage of 0 or
Available online 7 September 2016
20 wt.%. of TCM. We systematically investigated the fresh and hardened properties including unit weight,
slump flow diameter, slump flow time, J-ring flow, V-funnel flow time, L-box, ultrasonic pulse velocity
Keywords:
(UPV), and compressive strength. The test results clearly showed that the ternary (PC + RHA + LS) systems
Ternary blends of cementitious materials
Self-compacting concrete
satisfy EFNARC requirements and produce SCC that has significantly better workability than does conven-
Residual rice husk ash tional SCC. The TCMs resulted in greater mechanical properties than was the case for the conventional
Limestone powder SCC: with TCM replacing cement, more than 40 MPa at 28 days can be achieved and 13% higher compres-
Rheology sive strength than that of conventional SCC.
Strength 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
A recent innovation in concrete technology, self-compacting
concrete (SCC) has numerous advantages over conventional con-
crete and is, therefore, regarded as a very promising development
in the construction industry. SCC does not require external or inter-
nal compaction. Instead, it becomes level and compact under its
own weight. Good consolidation can be achieved in the absence
of vibration without adverse effects due to segregation and bleed-
ing. SCC is used to improve productivity when casting congested
sections and to ensure proper filling of restricted areas. It can be
placed in and compacted into every corner of the form work purely
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shinomomo7@gmail.com (N. Makul).
by means of its own weight [1]. The prototypical SCC was devel-
oped in 1988 with the purpose of producing durable concrete
structures during a shortage of skilled construction workers in
Japan. Self-compactability requires the past or mortar to have a
high level of deformability. However, this property also requires
resistance to segregation between the coarse aggregate and the
mortar as the concrete flows through confined regions near
reinforcing bars. To meet these requirements, SCC mixtures are for-
mulated such that they consist of (1) limited aggregate content, (2)
a low waterpowder ratio, and (3) a superplasticizer admixture [2].
The increased fluidity of SCC mixtures as compared to normal
concrete may cause segregation and bleeding during pouring.
Efforts to overcome this increased fluidity and the effects that
result from it have included using a high Portland cement content,
a high fine aggregate content, or superplasticizer, and other

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.002
0950-0618/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 G. Sua-iam et al. / Construction and Building Materials 125 (2016) 10281034 1029

Table 1
Physical and chemical properties of OPC, RHA, and LS.

OPC RHA LS

Cumulative passing (%)

Chemical composition (% by mass)
SiO2 16.37 1.25 93.00 5.92 8.97 1.24
Al2O3 3.85 0.28 0.35 0.10 1.02 0.24
Fe2O3 3.48 0.12 0.23 0.04 0.37 0.06
MgO 0.64 0.05 0.41 0.12 2.38 0.16
CaO 68.48 3.57 1.31 0.03 46.77 3.28
Na2O 0.06 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.02 0.01
K2O 0.52 0.06 1.61 0.21 0.13 0.02
SO3 4.00 0.42 0.03 0.01 0.33 0.03
Loss on ignition 1.70 0.05 1.90 0.01 39.54 1.34
Physical properties
Particle size DV,50 (lm) 23.32 1.34 24.32 1.79 15.63 1.88 Particle diameter (m)
Specific gravity 3.20 0.67 2.20 0.54 2.76 0.43
Specific surface area (cm2/g) 610 13.22 840 17.11 1300 25.90 Fig. 1. Particle size distribution of cement, LS powder, and RHA plotted using a
semi-logarithmic scale.

viscosity-modifying admixtures [3]. One disadvantage of SCC is its

high costthe result of the chemical admixtures and high volume
of Portland cement used to manufacture it. Given that cement is
the most expensive component of concrete, reducing cement con-
tent is an economical solution. Another way to reduce the cost of
SCC is by adding mineral additives such as limestone powder
(LS), rice husk ash (RHA), fly ash (FA) or natural pozzolans to the
concrete as separate ingredients either before or during mixing
[47]. As these mineral additives replace some of the Portland
cement, the cost of SCC is reduced, particularly when the mineral
additive is an industrial by-product. Incorporating mineral admix-
tures further enhances the rheological behavior and compressive
strength of SCC even at early ages. Conversely, the use of mineral
admixtures has some deleterious effects on the concrete, including
a significant increase in the setting time and low early strength.
However, these negative effects can be reduced by employing a
combination of mineral admixtures [8].
We investigated the effects of incorporating binary and ternary
mixtures of cementitious materials on the fresh and hardened
properties of SCC. A total of 4 SCC mixtures were designed and cast.
In the control mixture, only Portland cement was used as the bin-
der whereas the remaining mixtures incorporated binary and tern-
ary blends of Portland cement, residual rice husk ash (RHA), and
limestone powder (LS) as the binder. In addition to the economic
benefits of making concrete that incorporates byproducts or waste
materials, there is the potentially far-reaching benefit of reducing
environmental pollution and the amount of materials deposited
in landfills.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
Ordinary Type 1 Portland cement (OPC) that complied with
ASTM C150 [9] was used in the experiments. Rice husk ash
(RHA) was obtained from an electric power plant in Chainat Pro-
vince, Thailand, and was ground in a ceramic ball mill for 4 h. Lime-
stone powder (LS) was obtained from an industrial rock-crushing
plant located in Saraburi Province, Thailand. The physical proper-
ties and chemical compositions of the cement and mineral admix-
tures are provided in Table 1.
The particle size distributions of the OPC, RHA, and LS, which
were determined using a laser granulometer (Malvern Master-
sizer), are shown in Fig. 1. The particle morphology was examined
using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Figs. 2ac are SEM
images obtained at approximately 1000  magnification. The fine
aggregate was river sand with a nominal maximum size of
4.75 mm, and the coarse aggregate was crushed limestone rock
with a nominal maximum size of 10.0 mm.
2.2. Testing procedures
The unit weight of the freshly prepared SCC was measured as
specified in ASTM C29 [10]. Slump flow tests were performed using
an inverted mold without tamping in accordance with ASTM
C1611 [11]. The reported spread diameters were determined by
averaging the four measurements. The passing ability was tested
using a J-ring according to the procedure set out in ASTM C1621
[12]. The V-funnel test was used to determine the flowability and
segregation resistance of the concrete mixtures, and the L-box test
was used to assess the ability of the SCC mixtures to pass through
steel bars in accordance with EFNARC [13]. The testing devices are
represented in Fig. 3. The hardened mechanical property was
determined by measuring the compressive strength of triplicate
100  200 mm cylinders at 1, 7, and 28 days in accordance with
ASTM C39 [14].
2.3. Mix proportions
One control and three mineral-containing mixtures were pre-
pared and examined to quantify the properties of SCC. The concrete
mixtures were designed to have a constant water/binder ratio of
0.28 and a total binder content of 450 kg/m3. The control mixture
included only Type 1 Portland cement (OPC) as the binder whereas
the remaining mixtures incorporated either a binary (OPC + RHA,
OPC + LS) or a ternary (OPC + RHA + LS) blend in which a portion
of the Portland cement was replaced with 20 wt.% of the mineral
admixtures. The mixture proportions are summarized in Table 2.
A polycarboxylate-based high-range water-reducing admixture
[HRWR] conforming to ASTM C494 [15] standard type F was also
used in the mixtures at a concentration of 2.0 wt.% of the binder
materials to provide the desired fluidity in the wet mixture. The
solids content of the HRWR was 42% and the specific gravity was
1.05.
3. Results
3.1. Fresh properties
3.1.1. Unit weight
The unit weight of SCC was slightly (0.52.3%) lower in mix-
tures containing RHA or LS as shown in Fig. 4, due to the lower
specific gravity of LS (2.76) and RHA (2.2) as compared to that of
OPC (3.2).
1030 G. Sua-iam et al. / Construction and Building Materials 125 (2016) 10281034
(a) OPC
(c) Limestone powder
Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs (1000) of (a) OPC, (b) ground RHA, and (c) LS powder.
3.1.2. Slump flow
The slump flow measurements are presented in Table 3. All
mixtures exhibited good workability with a flow value of at least
700 mm. EFNARC guidelines typically require slump flows of
650800 mm. The slump flow of the mineral-containing mixtures
was slightly lower than that of the mixtures without minerals. This
may have been due to the increased water demand arising from
the greater surface area of the RHA and LS particles (Table 1) in
the mineral-containing mixtures as compared with the lesser sur-
face area of the OPC particles in the other mixtures [6,7]. Both the
surface area and shape of the particles in the concrete mixtures are
important in determining slump flow characteristics. LS particles
have has a larger surface area than RHA particles do and also a
smoother texture and more spherical shape such that OPC.
3.1.3. Slump flow time
The slump flow times are plotted in Fig. 5. The times ranged
from 3 to 10 s depending on the mineral admixture used. EFNARC
guidelines typically require a slump flow time of 25 s. The con-
crete mixture with 20% LS had the shortest slump flow time,
whereas the mixture containing 20% RHA had the longest flow
time. This behavior seems to be related to a lack of cohesion in
the mixture and greater compactness of the concrete granular
skeleton.
3.1.4. V-funnel flow time
The V-funnel flow times were between 6 and 16 s and
depended mainly on the mineral admixture used, as shown in
Fig. 5. A V-funnel flow time of 612 s is the standard EFNARC
requirement. The control mixture had the shortest V-funnel flow
time, whereas the mixture containing 20% RHA had the longest
flow time. A long V-funnel time indicates relatively high viscosity,
whereas a long slump flow time indicates a higher yield stress. The
concrete containing 20% RHA absorbed a large amount of the
added water, resulting in a highly viscous mix. Incorporating LS
(b) Ground RHA
generally made the concrete more viscous by increasing the pack-
ing density and decreasing the flow resistance.
3.1.5. L-box
The L-box ratio characterizes the filling and passing ability of
the concrete materials. There is a risk of blocking when the L-box
ratio is below 0.8. EFNARC guidelines specify a blocking ratio of
0.81. The blocking ratios of SCCs containing mineral admixtures
are provided in Table 3. The blocking ratios (h2/h1) of all the mix-
tures were within the target range (0.801.00). The introduction of
the mineral admixture did not have a negative effect on the block-
ing ratio because of the concurrent decrease in viscosity.
3.1.6. J-ring
The J-ring test in conjunction with the slump flow test provides
a means of determining the passing ability of a concrete mixture,
i.e., the ability of the concrete to flow under its own weight to com-
pletely fill all voids. A similar test was performed without the J-ring
in place, and the difference in the flow diameters was used to
assess blocking. The blocking criteria conforming to ASTM C1621
[12], in which a 025 mm [01 in.] difference is defined as no vis-
ible blocking, 2550 mm [12 in.] as minimal to noticeable block-
ing, and greater than 50 mm [2 in.] as noticeable to extreme
blocking. The differences in slump flow with and without the J-
ring did not exceed 25 mm for any of the mixtures, as reported
in Table 3.
3.1.7. Slump loss
The changes in the slump flow of the SCC mixtures with time
are plotted in Fig. 6. The decrease in flowability is due to the hydra-
tion of the cement, which increases the cohesiveness of the cement
paste. The rate of slump loss after 120 min for the control, 20%
RHA, 20% LS, and 10% RHA + 10% LS mixtures were 190, 220, 220,
and 180 mm, respectively. The differences between the mixtures
in this respect may have been due to the additional water demand
G. Sua-iam et al. / Construction and Building Materials 125 (2016) 10281034 1031

(a) Slump flow test

(b) J- ring test

Di mensions in mm

(c) V-funnel flow test

(d) L-box test

Fig. 3. Workability test apparatus.
1032 G. Sua-iam et al. / Construction and Building Materials 125 (2016) 10281034

Table 2
Mixture proportions of SCC.

Materials SCC Type

3
(kg/m ) Control R20 LS20 R10LS10
Cement 450 360 360 360
Rice husk ash 90 45
Limestone 90 45
Aggregate fine 922 922 922 922
Coarse 804 804 804 804
Water 126 126 126 126
HRWR (%) 2 2 2 2

3.2.2. Compressive strength

Unit weight wrt control mixture

The compressive strength results are plotted in Fig. 8. The

compressive strength continued to increase over the 28-day curing
period. The 1-day compressive strength varied from 16 to 24 MPa,
the 3-day compressive strength from 24 to 32 MPa, the 7-day com-
pressive strength from 30 to 38 MPa, and the 28-day compressive
strength from 38 to 45 MPa. The 20% LS mixtures achieved the
highest compressive strength, whereas the control mixtures exhib-
ited the lowest compressive strength at all ages.
The high strength of concrete in which LS has been used as a
partial substitute for cement is due to the small size of the LS
particles, which enables them to fill micro-voids in the cement
SCC Mixtures mixture. The main component of LS is calcium carbonate, which
reacts very little with cement hydrates. Therefore, the improve-
Fig. 4. Unit weight of freshly hardened concrete. ment in strength essentially arises from a filler effect, whereby
the material provides an increase in compactness [17], mechani-
cally improving the microstructure in the bulk paste matrix and
of the formulations containing mineral admixtures, which in turn
transition zone and leading to increased compressive strength.
resulted, as expected, in a greater loss of fluidity.
Samples containing RHA exhibited higher compressive strength
than the control mixtures did mostly due to the micro-filling abil-
ity and pozzolanic activity of RHA. In addition to void-filling ability,
3.2. Hardened properties these materials result in the formation of a greater amount of C-S-H
products, which leads to greater compressive strength [5,18].
The compressive strength and ultrasonic velocity of the mix- Fig. 9 presents the relationship between compressive strength
tures were tested at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days. Each reported value is and UPV. The UPV values increased with increasing compressive
the mean of the results from the three specimens. strength for all the mixtures. Similar results were obtained in a
previous study [4]. There was a good correlation between the
compressive strength and UPV (R2 = 0.966 for all mixtures).

3.2.1. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)

UPV testing is a non-destructive technique to evaluate the
homogeneity of concrete samples [16]. The velocity of ultrasonic
pulses traveling in a solid depends on the density and elastic prop-
erties of the material. In the tests performed for the present study,
the trend for UPV was similar to that for compressive strength:
UPV increased with increasing compressive strength for all the
mixtures. The average ultrasonic pulse velocities in the SCC mix-
tures after 1, 3, 7, and 28 days are presented in Fig. 7. The velocity
varied from between 2.5 and 4.2 km/s. The variations correspond
to the degree of densification in the internal structure of the SCC
mixtures, and a high velocity generally indicated a better densified
quality mixture. The UPV measurements for all the mixtures con-
taining 20% LS were higher than for the all-SCC mixtures. This
result is affected by the reduction of pore refinement and porosity
leading to a higher UPV.
3.3. Discussion
For the purpose of comparing SCC with a ternary system with
the control concrete, a number of tests can be used to evaluate
the self-compactability of concrete. Binary or ternary binders of
pozzolanic or nonpozzolanic fillers, such as rice husk ash and
limestone powder, can be used to reduce the cement content and
the heat of hydration. We found that the inclusion of LS powder
and RHA increased viscosity to a remarkable extent. Generally,
mixtures containing mineral admixtures have been shown to per-
form better than the control mixture in regard to workability [4].
Previous studies [8] have shown that the effects of using a ternary
cementitious blend such as fly ash, ground granulated blast
furnace slag, and silica fume significantly improved both the filling
ability and the passing ability of SCC. The purpose of using a fillers

Table 3
Workability test results.

SCC type Slump flow (mm) J-ring flow (mm) Blocking assessment L-box
Control 750 730 No. 0.90
R20 700 680 No. 0.85
LS20 720 700 No. 0.89
R10LS10 720 700 No. 0.88
 G. Sua-iam et al. / Construction and Building Materials 125 (2016) 10281034
Flow time (seconds)
SCC mixtures
Fig. 5. Slump flow times and V-funnel flow times.
Slump flow (mm)
Elapsed time (minutes)
Fig. 6. Changes in slump flow over time.
SCC Mixtures
UPV (km/s)
Fig. 7. UPV measurements.
in multiphase materials is to enhance the particle distribution of
the powder skeleton, thus reducing interparticle friction and
ensuring a better packing density of the system. This can free some
of the mixing water that would otherwise remain entrapped in the
system [7]. According to Khayat [3], it is also essential to reduce
the coarse aggregate volume and the sand volume and increase
the paste volume to enhance deformability. The incorporation of
continuously graded cementitious materials and fillers can also
reduce interparticle friction. Further, in order to select an appropri-
ate binary or ternary binder, it is necessary to take into account the
effect of each of these on the adsorption of water and admixtures,
on workability loss, and temperature increases, as well as on the
development of engineering properties and durability. In addition,
when a mineral admixture such as RHA and LS powder is used, the
1033
Compressive strength (MPa)
Elapsed time (days)
Fig. 8. Compressive strength development.
Compressive strength (MPa)
UPV (km/s)
Fig. 9. Relationship between compressive strength and UPV.
unit weight can decrease with a simultaneous improvement in
workability. Hence, RHA content greater than 15% is too high to
produce mortars with a high level of flowing ability. Based on
the flowing ability results of the mortars, it can also be deduced
that RHA content higher than 15% may not be suitable to achieve
good flowing ability in the corresponding parent SCC [6]. More-
over, combinations of RHA and LS powder were lighter than the
control mixtures [19]. When a mineral admixture was incorpo-
rated in SCC, the unit weight decreased yet improved workability
was simultaneously obtained. The self-weight of SCC, and thus
the dead weight of the structure can be decreased with this reduc-
tion in unit weight [4].
When compared to the control mixture, increasing amounts of
LS powder generally leads to a decrease in concrete strength [4].
In a study by Gesoglu [8], there was a gradual decrease in the
compressive strength of concrete incorporating a ternary blend
including fly ash. In contrast, concrete in which LS filler was used
as a partial substitute for cement exhibits higher early strength
than standard OPC does [18]. In another study, Gesoglu [20]
reported that SCC with LS powder showed a clear increase in com-
pressive strength values at both 28 and 90 days. Further, Gesoglu
[20] observed a similar trend for ternary system mixtures with
fly ash. With suitable proportions of amorphous RHA and LS pow-
der included in the concrete mixture, the compressive strength and
UPV both increased, mostly because the RHA and LS powder parti-
cles were small enough to fill micro-voids in the cement particles
and because of the pozzolanic activity of RHA [19]. The ternary
composition of the RHA and LS powder used as binders can provide
economic and environmental advantages by reducing Portland
cement production, and thus CO2 emission. Moreover, using a
1034 G. Sua-iam et al. / Construction and Building Materials 125 (2016) 10281034
binder or binders in a ternary blend improved the fresh and hard-
ened properties of SCC [20].
4. Conclusions
In the present study, we systematically investigated the fresh
and hardened properties of SCC containing binary and ternary min-
eral admixture blends. Based on the results, the following conclu-
sions can be drawn:
 The unit weight of the SCC mixture decreased when OPC was
replaced with a mineral admixture. The use of a ternary blend
decreased the unit weight by 1.3% as compared to the unit
weight of the control mixture.
 In terms of the slump flow, T50 time, V-funnel, J-ring, and L-box
ratio tests results, all the SCC mixtures remained within the tar-
get range for each test with the exceptions of the T50 time and
V-funnel times for the mixtures containing 20% RHA. In partic-
ular, the SCC samples with a ternary system satisfied the
EFNARC requirements.
 The workability of SCC depends mainly on the type of mineral
admixture(s) used. LS improved workability more than RHA
did and produced a concrete with workability equal to or better
than the control. LS particles possessed the smoothest surface
characteristics and were the most spherical, both of which are
important to the workability characteristics of SCC mixtures.
A clear trend was also evident whereby the ternary blends con-
taining both RHA and LS also significantly improved
workability.
 The concrete samples containing RHA generally exhibited lower
compressive strength than did the concrete samples containing
LS. However, the use of mineral admixtures in various combina-
tions provided greater mechanical properties. More than
40 MPa at 28 days can be manufactured with ternary (PC
+ RHA + LS) blends replacing cement and resulted in 13% higher
compressive strength than that of the conventional SCC.
 The addition of filler materials increased the compressive
strength and UPV of the SCC mixtures. There was a good corre-
lation (R2 = 0.966) between compressive strength and the UPV
for all mixtures.
 The development of low-cost SCC formulations using a mineral
admixture (RHA and LS powder) is feasible. SCC can be prepared
by incorporating some percentage of mineral admixtures along
with the main ingredients of cement, aggregate, and
superplasticizer.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Phranakhon Rajabhat University under the
project Survey, assessment and development of cementitious
potential of byproducts obtained from biomass power plant in
Thailand as concrete materials in the production of special con-
crete for providing financial support for this project.
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