Drugs Mechanism of Action Nursing Responsibilities

OMX *Probiotics contains a proprietary blend of 92 organic crops, SIDE EFFECTS:

-Probiotics including plants, vegetables, fruits, leaves & seaweeds Sleepiness or inability
combined with pure mountain spring water harvested from to sleep
the cold mountain regions of Japan Headache
* OMX Probiotics contains 12 strains of natural live lactic Hypersensitivity
acid bacteria - Certified to be 6.25 times stronger than any reactions
other probiotics available in the market today Warmth
* OMX Probiotics also contains 10 vitamins, 8 minerals, 18
amino acids, & 4 organic acids
* OMX Probiotics has important natural by-products
including hydrogen peroxide & natural antibiotics
OMX Probiotic formula is a very strong immune enhancer
and that OMX Probiotics is effective against certain of the
deadly superbugs like methicillin-resistant
Each of the OMX Probiotics ingredients is readily absorbed
and used for various important functions of the human body,
thus enhancing proper cellular functions and strengthening
the body's autoimmune system. Among the many benefits:
* probiotics help to manufacture specific vitamins,
* probiotics regulate peristalsis & regulate bowel movements,
* probiotics assist immune functions by keeping the colon at
the proper pH level,
* probiotics break down and rebuild hormones,
* and probiotics help to normalize cholesterol and
triglycerides

DOMPERIDONE *Domperidone is a peripherally selective dry mouth, abdominal

-Antiemetic dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist. cramps, diarrhea, nausea,
grastroprokineti *The drug provides relief from nausea by blocking receptors rash, itching, hives, and
c agent at the chemoreceptor trigger zone (a location in the nervous hyperprolactinemia
-D2 receptor system that mediates nausea) at the floor of the
antagonist fourth ventricle (a location near the brain).
*It increases motility in the upper gastrointestinal tract to a
moderate degree and increases lower esophageal
sphincter pressure by blocking dopamine receptors in
the gastric antrum and the duodenum.
*It blocks dopamine receptors in the anterior pituitary gland
increasing release of prolactin which in turn
increases lactation.

NEUROAID *is a natural product combining several active ingredients

including nine herbal extracts in the form of capsules. It
addresses a worldwide medical gap in post-stroke recovery.

*Its multi-ingredient composition gives NeuroAiD a multimodal

mechanism of action enhancing the natural brain self-repair
process by stimulating

Neuroplasticity
Neurogenesis
 Angiogenesis
These properties give the possibility to repair the damaged areas
to regain cognitive and functional capabilities.

ZYLKAST *Montelukast SIDE EFFECTS

anti-leukotriene *The cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) are potent Asthenia, fatigue, fever,
anti-histamine inflammatory eicosanoids released from various cells abdominal pain, trauma,
including mast cells and eosinophils. These important dyspepsia, infectious
mediators bind to cysteinyl leukotriene receptors. Cysteinyl gastroenteritis, dental
leukotriene have been correlated with the pathphysiology of pain, dizziness, headache,
asthma and allergic rhinitis. In asthma, leukotriene mediated nasal congestion, cough
effects include bronchoconstriction, mucuos secretion, &
vascular permeability and eosinophil recruitment. In allergic influenza, dry mouth
rhinitis, cysteinyl leukotrienes are released from nasal
mucosa after allergen exposure during both early- and late-
phase reactions and are associated with symptoms of allergic
rhinitis. Intranasal challenge with cysteinyl leukotrienes has
been shown to increase nasal airway resistance and
symptoms of nasal obstruction. Montelukast is an orally
active compound which binds with high affinity and
selectively to the cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor
thereby preventing cysteinyl leukotriene from exerting their
effects.

*Levocetirizine
*Levocetirizinem the active enantiomer of cetirizine, is an
antihistamine. Its principal effects are mediated via selective
inhibition of H1 receptors. The antihistamine activity of
Levocetirizine has been documented in a variety of animal
and human models.

METFORMIN Metformin's main effect is to decrease liver glucose

BIGUANIDE production.[76] It also increases insulin sensitivity, which
Anti-diabetic increases peripheral glucose uptake.[91]
Metformin decreases high blood sugar, primarily by
suppressing liver glucose production
(hepatic gluconeogenesis).[76] The average patient with type 2
diabetes has three times the normal rate of gluconeogenesis;
metformin treatment reduces this by over one-third.[92] The
molecular mechanism of metformin is incompletely
understood. Multiple potential mechanisms of action have
been proposed, including; inhibition of the mitochondrial
respiratory chain (complex I), activation of AMP-activated
protein kinase (AMPK), inhibition of glucagon-induced
elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) with
reduced activation of protein kinase A (PKA), inhibition of
mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and an
effect on gut microbiota.[93][94][95]
*Activation of AMPK was required for metformin's
inhibitory effect on liver glucose production. AMPK is an
 enzyme that plays an important role in insulin signaling,
whole body energy balance and the metabolism of glucose
and fats.
* AMPK Activation was required for an increase in the
expression of small heterodimer partner, which in turn
inhibited the expression of the hepatic gluconeogenic
genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6-
phosphatase.
* The mechanism by which biguanides increase the activity
of AMPK remains uncertain; however, metformin increases
the concentration of cytosolic adenosine
monophosphate (AMP) (as opposed to a change in total AMP
or total AMP/adenosine triphosphate).[99] Increased cellular
AMP has been proposed to explain the inhibition of
glucagon-induced increase in cAMP and activation of
PKA.[93]Metformin and other biguanides may antagonize the
action of glucagon, thus reducing fasting glucose
levels.[100] Metformin also induces a profound shift in the
faecal microbial community profile in diabetic mice and this
may contribute to its mode of action possibly through an
effect on glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion.[94]
In addition to suppressing hepatic glucose production,
metformin increases insulin sensitivity, enhances
peripheral glucose uptake (by inducing the phosphorylation
of GLUT4enhancer factor), decreases insulin-induced
suppression of fatty acid oxidation,[91] and decreases
absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract.
Increased peripheral use of glucose may be due to improved
insulin binding to insulin receptors.[101] The increase in
insulin binding after metformin treatment has also been
demonstrated in patients with NIDDM.[102]

CARVEDILOL dizziness
*Carvedilol reversibly binds to beta adrenergic receptors on
Beta blocker cardiac myocytes. Inhibition of these receptors prevents a fatigue
response to the sympathetic nervous system, leading to low blood pressure
decreased heart rate and contractility. This action is beneficial diarrhea
in heart failure patients where the sympathetic nervous weakness
system is activated as a compensatory mechanism.[9] slowed heart rate
*Carvedilol blockade of 1 receptors causes vasodilation of weight gain
blood vessels. This inhibition leads to decreased peripheral erectile dysfunction
vascular resistance and an antihypertensive Bronchospasm
 Eye Dilates pupil
Heart Increases rate and force of contraction
Dilates bronchioles via circulating
Lungs
adrenaline[9]
Blood vessels Vasoconstriction
Constricts in gastrointestinal organs
Sweat glands Activates sweat secretion
Digestive
Inhibits peristalsis
tract
Kidney Increases renin secretion

CITICOLINE *It acts by increasing the blood flow and O2 consumption of Fleeting and
CNS STIMULANT discrete hypotension effect
the brain and involved in the biosynthesis action. In simplest
Neurotropic terms, Citicoline promotes brain metabolism. , increased
*Citicoline increases blood flow and O2 consumption in the brain. parasympathetic effects,
It is also involved in the biosynthesis action. low blood pressure

Itching or hives, swelling

in face or hands, chest
tightness, tingling
in mouth and throat

LACTULOSE *Lactulose is used in the treatment of chronic constipation in Abdominal pain

Laxative patients of all ages as a long-term treatment. Lactulose is used
for chronic idiopathic constipation, i.e. chronic constipation Cramping
occurring without any identifiable cause. Lactulose may be
used to counter the constipating effects of opioids, and in the Borborygmus
symptomatic treatment of hemorrhoids as a stool softener.
*Lactulose is not absorbed in the small intestine nor broken flatulence
down by human enzymes, thus stays in the digestive bolus
through most of its course, causing retention of water
through osmosis leading to softer, easier to pass stool. It has a
secondary laxative effect in the colon, where it
is fermented by the gut flora, producing metabolites which
have osmotic powers and peristalsis-stimulating effects (such
as acetate), but also methane associated with flatulence.
Lactulose is metabolized in the colon by bacterial flora to
short chain fatty acids including lactic acid and acetic acid.
These partially dissociate, acidifying the colonic contents
(increasing the H+ concentration in the gut).[16] This favors
the formation of the nonabsorbable NH+
4 from NH3, trapping NH3 in the colon and effectively
reducing plasma NH3concentrations.
TELMISARTAN Blockes angiotensin 1. The AT1 receptor mediates the major Tachycardia
Angiotensin 2 cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II. Effects
receptor include vasoconstriction, aldosteronesynthesis and Bradycardia
antagonist secretion,increased vasopressin secretion, cardiac hypertroph
y, augmentation of peripheral noradrenergic Hypotension
activity, vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation,
decreased renal blood flow, renal renin inhibition, renal Edema
tubular sodiumreuptake, modulation of central sympathetic
nervous system activity, cardiac contractility, Allergic reactions
central osmocontrol and extracellular matrix formation